Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.51 and 1.227

version 1.51, 2002/07/19 12:22:25 version 1.227, 2016/07/21 08:43:33
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.227  2016/07/21 08:43:33  brouard
      Summary: 0.99 working (more or less) for Asian Workshop on multitate methods
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Revision 1.226  2016/07/12 18:42:34  brouard
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    Summary: temp
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the  
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a    Revision 1.225  2016/07/12 08:40:03  brouard
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    Summary: saving but not running
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are  
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a    Revision 1.224  2016/07/01 13:16:01  brouard
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    Summary: Fixes
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The  
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the    Revision 1.223  2016/02/19 09:23:35  brouard
   probability to be observed in state j at the second wave    Summary: temporary
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore  
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    Revision 1.222  2016/02/17 08:14:50  brouard
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more    Summary: Probably last 0.98 stable version 0.98r6
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program  
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    Revision 1.221  2016/02/15 23:35:36  brouard
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the    Summary: minor bug
   convergence.  
     Revision 1.219  2016/02/15 00:48:12  brouard
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple    *** empty log message ***
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not  
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an    Revision 1.218  2016/02/12 11:29:23  brouard
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into    Summary: 0.99 Back projections
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    
     Revision 1.217  2015/12/23 17:18:31  brouard
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h    Summary: Experimental backcast
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be  
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    Revision 1.216  2015/12/18 17:32:11  brouard
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    Summary: 0.98r4 Warning and status=-2
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx  
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Version 0.98r4 is now:
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply     - displaying an error when status is -1, date of interview unknown and date of death known;
   hPijx.     - permitting a status -2 when the vital status is unknown at a known date of right truncation.
     Older changes concerning s=-2, dating from 2005 have been supersed.
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also  
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    Revision 1.215  2015/12/16 08:52:24  brouard
      Summary: 0.98r4 working
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).  
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    Revision 1.214  2015/12/16 06:57:54  brouard
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    Summary: temporary not working
   from the European Union.  
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Revision 1.213  2015/12/11 18:22:17  brouard
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Summary: 0.98r4
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .  
   **********************************************************************/    Revision 1.212  2015/11/21 12:47:24  brouard
      Summary: minor typo
 #include <math.h>  
 #include <stdio.h>    Revision 1.211  2015/11/21 12:41:11  brouard
 #include <stdlib.h>    Summary: 0.98r3 with some graph of projected cross-sectional
 #include <unistd.h>  
     Author: Nicolas Brouard
 #define MAXLINE 256  
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"    Revision 1.210  2015/11/18 17:41:20  brouard
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/    Summary: Start working on projected prevalences
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80  
 /*#define DEBUG*/    Revision 1.209  2015/11/17 22:12:03  brouard
 #define windows    Summary: Adding ftolpl parameter
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Author: N Brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */  
     We had difficulties to get smoothed confidence intervals. It was due
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    to the period prevalence which wasn't computed accurately. The inner
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    parameter ftolpl is now an outer parameter of the .imach parameter
     file after estepm. If ftolpl is small 1.e-4 and estepm too,
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    computation are long.
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */  
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Revision 1.208  2015/11/17 14:31:57  brouard
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    Summary: temporary
 #define MAXN 20000  
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    Revision 1.207  2015/10/27 17:36:57  brouard
 #define AGESUP 130    *** empty log message ***
 #define AGEBASE 40  
 #ifdef windows    Revision 1.206  2015/10/24 07:14:11  brouard
 #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'    *** empty log message ***
 #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'  
 #else    Revision 1.205  2015/10/23 15:50:53  brouard
 #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'    Summary: 0.98r3 some clarification for graphs on likelihood contributions
 #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'  
 #endif    Revision 1.204  2015/10/01 16:20:26  brouard
     Summary: Some new graphs of contribution to likelihood
 char version[80]="Imach version 0.8i, June 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";  
 int erreur; /* Error number */    Revision 1.203  2015/09/30 17:45:14  brouard
 int nvar;    Summary: looking at better estimation of the hessian
 int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;  
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Also a better criteria for convergence to the period prevalence And
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    therefore adding the number of years needed to converge. (The
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    prevalence in any alive state shold sum to one
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
 int popbased=0;    Revision 1.202  2015/09/22 19:45:16  brouard
     Summary: Adding some overall graph on contribution to likelihood. Might change
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */  
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    Revision 1.201  2015/09/15 17:34:58  brouard
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    Summary: 0.98r0
 int mle, weightopt;  
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    - Some new graphs like suvival functions
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    - Some bugs fixed like model=1+age+V2.
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */  
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    Revision 1.200  2015/09/09 16:53:55  brouard
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    Summary: Big bug thanks to Flavia
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;  
 FILE *ficlog;    Even model=1+age+V2. did not work anymore
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;  
 FILE *ficresprobmorprev;    Revision 1.199  2015/09/07 14:09:23  brouard
 FILE *fichtm; /* Html File */    Summary: 0.98q6 changing default small png format for graph to vectorized svg.
 FILE *ficreseij;  
 char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.198  2015/09/03 07:14:39  brouard
 FILE  *ficresvij;    Summary: 0.98q5 Flavia
 char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 FILE  *ficresvpl;    Revision 1.197  2015/09/01 18:24:39  brouard
 char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    *** empty log message ***
 char title[MAXLINE];  
 char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.196  2015/08/18 23:17:52  brouard
 char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];    Summary: 0.98q5
   
 char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.195  2015/08/18 16:28:39  brouard
 char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */    Summary: Adding a hack for testing purpose
 char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];    After reading the title, ftol and model lines, if the comment line has
 char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];    a q, starting with #q, the answer at the end of the run is quit. It
     permits to run test files in batch with ctest. The former workaround was
 char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];    $ echo q | imach foo.imach
   
 #define NR_END 1    Revision 1.194  2015/08/18 13:32:00  brouard
 #define FREE_ARG char*    Summary:  Adding error when the covariance matrix doesn't contain the exact number of lines required by the model line.
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  
     Revision 1.193  2015/08/04 07:17:42  brouard
 #define NRANSI    Summary: 0.98q4
 #define ITMAX 200  
     Revision 1.192  2015/07/16 16:49:02  brouard
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    Summary: Fixing some outputs
   
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    Revision 1.191  2015/07/14 10:00:33  brouard
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    Summary: Some fixes
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);  
     Revision 1.190  2015/05/05 08:51:13  brouard
 #define GOLD 1.618034    Summary: Adding digits in output parameters (7 digits instead of 6)
 #define GLIMIT 100.0  
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    Fix 1+age+.
   
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Revision 1.189  2015/04/30 14:45:16  brouard
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Summary: 0.98q2
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
      Revision 1.188  2015/04/30 08:27:53  brouard
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    *** empty log message ***
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  
     Revision 1.187  2015/04/29 09:11:15  brouard
 static double sqrarg;    *** empty log message ***
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Revision 1.186  2015/04/23 12:01:52  brouard
     Summary: V1*age is working now, version 0.98q1
 int imx;  
 int stepm;    Some codes had been disabled in order to simplify and Vn*age was
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    working in the optimization phase, ie, giving correct MLE parameters,
     but, as usual, outputs were not correct and program core dumped.
 int estepm;  
 /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/    Revision 1.185  2015/03/11 13:26:42  brouard
     Summary: Inclusion of compile and links command line for Intel Compiler
 int m,nb;  
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    Revision 1.184  2015/03/11 11:52:39  brouard
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    Summary: Back from Windows 8. Intel Compiler
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;  
 double dateintmean=0;    Revision 1.183  2015/03/10 20:34:32  brouard
     Summary: 0.98q0, trying with directest, mnbrak fixed
 double *weight;  
 int **s; /* Status */    We use directest instead of original Powell test; probably no
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    incidence on the results, but better justifications;
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    We fixed Numerical Recipes mnbrak routine which was wrong and gave
     wrong results.
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */  
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    Revision 1.182  2015/02/12 08:19:57  brouard
     Summary: Trying to keep directest which seems simpler and more general
 /**************** split *************************/    Author: Nicolas Brouard
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )  
 {    Revision 1.181  2015/02/11 23:22:24  brouard
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    Summary: Comments on Powell added
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */  
     Author:
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */  
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Revision 1.180  2015/02/11 17:33:45  brouard
    s= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */    Summary: Finishing move from main to function (hpijx and prevalence_limit)
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */  
      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)    Revision 1.179  2015/01/04 09:57:06  brouard
        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/    Summary: back to OS/X
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */  
       extern char       *getwd( );    Revision 1.178  2015/01/04 09:35:48  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {  
 #else    Revision 1.177  2015/01/03 18:40:56  brouard
       extern char       *getcwd( );    Summary: Still testing ilc32 on OSX
   
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    Revision 1.176  2015/01/03 16:45:04  brouard
 #endif    *** empty log message ***
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );  
       }    Revision 1.175  2015/01/03 16:33:42  brouard
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    *** empty log message ***
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */  
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    Revision 1.174  2015/01/03 16:15:49  brouard
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    Summary: Still in cross-compilation
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    Revision 1.173  2015/01/03 12:06:26  brouard
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    Summary: trying to detect cross-compilation
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */  
    }    Revision 1.172  2014/12/27 12:07:47  brouard
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    Summary: Back from Visual Studio and Intel, options for compiling for Windows XP
 #ifdef windows  
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Revision 1.171  2014/12/23 13:26:59  brouard
 #else    Summary: Back from Visual C
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }  
 #endif    Still problem with utsname.h on Windows
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */  
    s++;    Revision 1.170  2014/12/23 11:17:12  brouard
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */    Summary: Cleaning some \%% back to %%
    l1= strlen( name);  
    l2= strlen( s)+1;    The escape was mandatory for a specific compiler (which one?), but too many warnings.
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);  
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;    Revision 1.169  2014/12/22 23:08:31  brouard
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    Summary: 0.98p
 }  
     Outputs some informations on compiler used, OS etc. Testing on different platforms.
   
 /******************************************/    Revision 1.168  2014/12/22 15:17:42  brouard
     Summary: update
 void replace(char *s, char*t)  
 {    Revision 1.167  2014/12/22 13:50:56  brouard
   int i;    Summary: Testing uname and compiler version and if compiled 32 or 64
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Testing on Linux 64
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.166  2014/12/22 11:40:47  brouard
     (s[i] = t[i]);    *** empty log message ***
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  
   }    Revision 1.165  2014/12/16 11:20:36  brouard
 }    Summary: After compiling on Visual C
   
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 {  
   int i,j=0;    Revision 1.164  2014/12/16 10:52:11  brouard
   int lg=20;    Summary: Merging with Visual C after suppressing some warnings for unused variables. Also fixing Saito's bug 0.98Xn
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(s);    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    Revision 1.163  2014/12/16 10:30:11  brouard
   }    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   return j;  
 }    Revision 1.162  2014/09/25 11:43:39  brouard
     Summary: temporary backup 0.99!
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.1  2014/09/16 11:06:58  brouard
   /* cuts string t into u and v where u is ended by char occ excluding it    Summary: With some code (wrong) for nlopt
      and v is after occ excluding it too : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",2)  
      gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */    Author:
   int i,lg,j,p=0;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.161  2014/09/15 20:41:41  brouard
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Summary: Problem with macro SQR on Intel compiler
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;  
   }    Revision 1.160  2014/09/02 09:24:05  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    Revision 1.159  2014/09/01 10:34:10  brouard
     (u[j] = t[j]);    Summary: WIN32
   }    Author: Brouard
      u[p]='\0';  
     Revision 1.158  2014/08/27 17:11:51  brouard
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    *** empty log message ***
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  
   }    Revision 1.157  2014/08/27 16:26:55  brouard
 }    Summary: Preparing windows Visual studio version
     Author: Brouard
 /********************** nrerror ********************/  
     In order to compile on Visual studio, time.h is now correct and time_t
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    and tm struct should be used. difftime should be used but sometimes I
 {    just make the differences in raw time format (time(&now).
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    Trying to suppress #ifdef LINUX
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    Add xdg-open for __linux in order to open default browser.
   exit(1);  
 }    Revision 1.156  2014/08/25 20:10:10  brouard
 /*********************** vector *******************/    *** empty log message ***
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)  
 {    Revision 1.155  2014/08/25 18:32:34  brouard
   double *v;    Summary: New compile, minor changes
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Author: Brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
 }    Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
   
 /************************ free vector ******************/    Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
 {    Author: Brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
     Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
 /************************ivector *******************************/  
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
 {    *** empty log message ***
   int *v;  
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Author: brouard
 }  
     Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
 /******************free ivector **************************/    Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Author: Nicolas Brouard
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
 }    Summary: Nothing new
     Author: Brouard
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */  
 {    Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    *** empty log message ***
   int **m;  
      Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    Summary: Merge
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    Author: Brouard
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;    Merge, before building revised version.
   m -= nrl;  
      Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
      Summary: Debugging with valgrind
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    improve the code.
      No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
      Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
   return m;    the source code.
 }  
     Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  
       int **m;    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */  
 {    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
   double **m;    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
   m += NR_END;    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
   m -= nrl;  
     Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    *** empty log message ***
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
     than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
   return m;    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
 }    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
     of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 }  
     Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  
 {    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    just nforces
   double ***m;  
     Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Many tings
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
   m -= nrl;    Some dimensions resccaled
   
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
   
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
     Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;  
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
      imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
   }    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
   return m;    computation.
 }    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
     expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
 {    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    Version 0.98h
 }  
     Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
 extern int ncom;    Forecasting file added.
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;  
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
      Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 double f1dim(double x)    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 {  
   int j;    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
   double f;    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
   double *xt;    name. <head> headers where missing.
    
   xt=vector(1,ncom);    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    otherwise the weight is truncated).
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
   return f;    1.
 }    Version 0.98g
   
 /*****************brent *************************/    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 {    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
   int iter;    otherwise the weight is truncated).
   double a,b,d,etemp;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;    1.
   double ftemp;    Version 0.98g
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;  
   double e=0.0;    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
      * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);  
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   x=w=v=bx;    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  
     xm=0.5*(a+b);    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
     fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);  
 #ifdef DEBUG    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
     fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  
 #endif    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
       *xmin=x;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
       return fx;    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     }    (Module): Function pstamp added
     ftemp=fu;    (Module): Version 0.98d
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
       q=2.0*(q-r);    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    (Module): Function pstamp added
       q=fabs(q);    (Module): Version 0.98d
       etemp=e;  
       e=d;    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
       else {  
         d=p/q;    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
         u=x+d;    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
       }    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
     } else {    filename with strsep.
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
     }    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
     fu=(*f)(u);    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
     if (fu <= fx) {    allocation too.
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
         } else {  
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
             v=w;    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
             w=u;    can be a simple dot '.'.
             fv=fw;  
             fw=fu;    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
             v=u;  
             fv=fu;    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
           }    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
         }  
   }    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");    Gnuplot problem appeared...
   *xmin=x;    To be fixed
   return fx;  
 }    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
     Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  
     Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    Some cleaning and links added in html output
             double (*func)(double))  
 {    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    *** empty log message ***
   double fu;  
      Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
   if (*fb > *fa) {    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
       }    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  
   while (*fb > *fc) {    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
       fu=(*func)(u);    Fix on curr_time
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  
       fu=(*func)(u);    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
       if (fu < *fc) {    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
           }    *** empty log message ***
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  
       u=ulim;    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
       fu=(*func)(u);    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
     } else {    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
       fu=(*func)(u);    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
     }    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    from other sources like vital statistic data.
       }  
 }    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   
 /*************** linmin ************************/    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
     former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
 int ncom;  
 double *pcom,*xicom;    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
    
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))    Current limitations:
 {    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   double f1dim(double x);  
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
   int j;    suppressed.
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  
   double fx,fb,fa;    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
      * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
   ncom=n;    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   pcom=vector(1,n);  
   xicom=vector(1,n);    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
   nrfunc=func;    * imach.c (Repository):
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
     pcom[j]=p[j];    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  
   }    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
   ax=0.0;    Just cleaning
   xx=1.0;  
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 #ifdef DEBUG    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    (Module): Version 0.96b
   fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  
 #endif    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
     xi[j] *= xmin;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
     p[j] += xi[j];  
   }    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
 }    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
     is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
 /*************** powell ************************/    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  
             double (*func)(double []))    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
 {    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
               double (*func)(double []));    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   int i,ibig,j;  
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
   double fp,fptt;    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
   double *xits;    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   pt=vector(1,n);    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   ptt=vector(1,n);  
   xit=vector(1,n);    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
   xits=vector(1,n);    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
   *fret=(*func)(p);  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {    Version 0.96
     fp=(*fret);  
     ibig=0;    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
     del=0.0;    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);    routine fileappend.
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
     fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12f",i, p[i]);    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
     printf("\n");    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];    interview.
       fptt=(*fret);    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
 #ifdef DEBUG    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
       fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);    truncation)
 #endif    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
         ibig=i;    parcimony.
       }    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    *** empty log message ***
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
         fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  
       }  */
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /*
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);     Interpolated Markov Chain
         fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);  
       }    Short summary of the programme:
       printf("\n");    
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies or State-specific
 #endif    (if states aren't health statuses) Expectancies from
     }    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: 
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  
 #ifdef DEBUG    -1- a first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages
       int k[2],l;    are interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in
       k[0]=1;    the case of a health survey which is our main interest)
       k[1]=-1;  
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    -2- at least a second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which
       fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    measure each change (if any) in individual health status.  Health
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    expectancies are computed from the time spent in each health state
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    according to a model. More health states you consider, more time is
         fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);    necessary to reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved
       }    in the model.  The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model
       printf("\n");    where pij is the probability to be observed in state j at the second
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    wave conditional to be observed in state i at the first
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {    wave. Therefore the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex +
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];    have a more complex model than "constant and age", you should modify
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);    the program where the markup *Covariates have to be included here
           fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);    again* invites you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
         }    convergence.
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  
         fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
       }    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
 #endif    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
     intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
     account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  
       free_vector(xits,1,n);    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
       free_vector(pt,1,n);    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
       return;    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
     }    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];    hPijx.
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  
       pt[j]=p[j];    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
     }    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence.
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  
     if (fptt < fp) {  Back prevalence and projections:
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  
       if (t < 0.0) {   - back_prevalence_limit(double *p, double **bprlim, double ageminpar,
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);     double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, double
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {     dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass, int
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];     mobilavproj)
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  
         }      Computes the back prevalence limit for any combination of
 #ifdef DEBUG      covariate values k at any age between ageminpar and agemaxpar and
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);      returns it in **bprlim. In the loops,
         fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++){     - **bprevalim(**bprlim, ***mobaverage, nlstate, *p, age, **oldm,
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);         **savm, **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
           fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);  
         }     - hBijx Back Probability to be in state i at age x-h being in j at x
         printf("\n");     Computes for any combination of covariates k and any age between bage and fage 
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
 #endif                          oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
       }  
     }     - hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
   }       Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
 }       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
        age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
   
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)       Returns p3mat[i][j][h] after calling
 {       p3mat[i][j][h]=matprod2(newm,
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit       bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm,
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */       dsavm,ij),\ 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
        oldm);
   int i, ii,j,k;  
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;  Important routines
   double **matprod2();  
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  - func (or funcone), computes logit (pij) distinguishing
   double **newm;    o fixed variables (single or product dummies or quantitative);
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */    o varying variables by:
      (1) wave (single, product dummies, quantitative), 
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)     (2) by age (can be month) age (done), age*age (done), age*Vn where Vn can be:
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){         % fixed dummy (treated) or quantitative (not done because time-consuming);
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);         % varying dummy (not done) or quantitative (not done);
     }  - Tricode which tests the modality of dummy variables (in order to warn with wrong or empty modalities)
     and returns the number of efficient covariates cptcoveff and modalities nbcode[Tvar[k]][1]= 0 and nbcode[Tvar[k]][2]= 1 usually.
    cov[1]=1.;  - printinghtml which outputs results like life expectancy in and from a state for a combination of modalities of dummy variables
      o There are 2*cptcoveff combinations of (0,1) for cptcoveff variables. Outputting only combinations with people, éliminating 1 1 if
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */      race White (0 0), Black vs White (1 0), Hispanic (0 1) and 1 1 being meaningless.
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){  
     newm=savm;  
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */    
      cov[2]=agefin;    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
               Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    from the European Union.
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
       }    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
     or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/    
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/    **********************************************************************/
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/  /*
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);    main
     read parameterfile
     savm=oldm;    read datafile
     oldm=newm;    concatwav
     maxmax=0.;    freqsummary
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){    if (mle >= 1)
       min=1.;      mlikeli
       max=0.;    print results files
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {    if mle==1 
         sumnew=0;       computes hessian
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);        begin-prev-date,...
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);    open gnuplot file
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);    open html file
       }    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
       maxmin=max-min;     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
     }      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){  
       return prlim;    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
     }     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
   }         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
 }         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
   
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
          1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
 {     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
   double s1, s2;     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
   /*double t34;*/  
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
     health expectancies
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    Variance-covariance of DFLE
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){    prevalence()
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){     movingaverage()
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/    varevsij() 
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/    total life expectancies
       }    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
       ps[i][j]=s2;   end
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  */
     }  
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  /* #define DEBUG */
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  /* #define DEBUGBRENT */
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  /* #define DEBUGLINMIN */
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  /* #define DEBUGHESS */
       }  #define DEBUGHESSIJ
       ps[i][j]=s2;  /* #define LINMINORIGINAL  /\* Don't use loop on scale in linmin (accepting nan) *\/ */
     }  #define POWELL /* Instead of NLOPT */
   }  #define POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST /* Skip test */
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/  /* #define POWELLORIGINAL /\* Don't use Directest to decide new direction but original Powell test *\/ */
   /* #define MNBRAKORIGINAL /\* Don't use mnbrak fix *\/ */
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  
      s1=0;  #include <math.h>
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  #include <stdio.h>
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  #include <stdlib.h>
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  #include <string.h>
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  #include <ctype.h>
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  #ifdef _WIN32
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  #include <io.h>
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  #include <windows.h>
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  #include <tchar.h>
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  #else
   } /* end i */  #include <unistd.h>
   #endif
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  #include <limits.h>
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  #include <sys/types.h>
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  
     }  #if defined(__GNUC__)
   }  #include <sys/utsname.h> /* Doesn't work on Windows */
   #endif
   
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  #include <sys/stat.h>
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  #include <errno.h>
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);  /* extern int errno; */
    }  
     printf("\n ");  /* #ifdef LINUX */
     }  /* #include <time.h> */
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  /* #include "timeval.h" */
 /*  /* #else */
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
   goto end;*/  /* #endif */
     return ps;  
 }  #include <time.h>
   
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  #ifdef GSL
   #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
 {  #endif
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  #ifdef NLOPT
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  #include <nlopt.h>
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  typedef struct {
   long i, j, k;    double (* function)(double [] );
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  } myfunc_data ;
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  #endif
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  /* #include <libintl.h> */
   /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
   return out;  
 }  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
   
   #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
   #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  
 {  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
      duration (i.e. until  
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  #define NINTERVMAX 8
      included manually here.  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
      */  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
   #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
   int i, j, d, h, k;  /*#define decodtabm(h,k,cptcoveff)= (h <= (1<<cptcoveff)?(((h-1) >> (k-1)) & 1) +1 : -1)*/
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  #define decodtabm(h,k,cptcoveff) (((h-1) >> (k-1)) & 1) +1 
   double **newm;  #define MAXN 20000
   #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  /* #define AGESUP 130 */
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  #define AGESUP 150
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  #define AGEMARGE 25 /* Marge for agemin and agemax for(iage=agemin-AGEMARGE; iage <= agemax+3+AGEMARGE; iage++) */
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  #define AGEBASE 40
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  #define AGEOVERFLOW 1.e20
     }  #define AGEGOMP 10 /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  #ifdef _WIN32
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
       newm=savm;  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  #else
       cov[1]=1.;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  #endif
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  /* $Id$ */
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  /* $State$ */
   #include "version.h"
   char version[]=__IMACH_VERSION__;
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  char copyright[]="February 2016,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121), Intel Software 2015-2018";
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  char strstart[80];
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
       savm=oldm;  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
       oldm=newm;  int nagesqr=0, nforce=0; /* nagesqr=1 if model is including age*age, number of forces */
     }  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates in the model V2+V1 =2 */
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  int cptcovsnq=0; /**< cptcovsnq number of simple covariates in the model but non quantitative V2+V1 =2 */
          */  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
       }  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
   } /* end h */  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
   return po;  int ncoveff=0; /* Total number of effective covariates in the model */
 }  int nqfveff=0; /**< nqfveff Number of Quantitative Fixed Variables Effective */
   int ntveff=0; /**< ntveff number of effective time varying variables */
   int nqtveff=0; /**< ntqveff number of effective time varying quantitative variables */
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
 double func( double *x)  int ncovcombmax=NCOVMAX; /* Maximum calculated number of covariate combination = pow(2, cptcoveff) */
 {  int npar=NPARMAX;
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
   double **out;  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  int  nqv=0, ntv=0, nqtv=0;    /* Total number of quantitative variables, time variable (dummy), quantitative and time variable */ 
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */  int popbased=0;
   long ipmx;  
   /*extern weight */  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
   */                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
   cov[1]=1.;  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
   int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  int countcallfunc=0;  /* Count the number of calls to func */
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  double **matprod2(); /* test */
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
         newm=savm;  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  double   **ddnewms, **ddoldms, **ddsavms; /* for freeing later */
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {  
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
         }  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficresphtm, *ficresphtmfr, *ficrespl, *ficresplb,*ficrespij, *ficrespijb, *ficrest,*ficresf, *ficresfb,*ficrespop;
          FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
         savm=oldm;  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
         oldm=newm;  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
          char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
          char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
       } /* end mult */  FILE *ficresilk;
        FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
       ipmx +=1;  FILE *ficreseij;
       sw += weight[i];  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;  FILE *ficresstdeij;
     } /* end of wave */  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
   } /* end of individual */  FILE *ficrescveij;
   char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  FILE  *ficresvij;
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   return -l;  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  char title[MAXLINE];
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH],  fileresplb[FILENAMELENGTH];
   char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
   char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  int  outcmd=0;
 {  
   int i,j, iter;  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespijb[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double **xi,*delti;  char fileresu[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* fileres without r in front */
   double fret;  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
   printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  
   /* struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time; */
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  /* struct timezone tzp; */
   fprintf(ficlog,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  /* extern int gettimeofday(); */
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  struct tm tml, *gmtime(), *localtime();
   
 }  extern time_t time();
   
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  struct tm start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  time_t  rstart_time, rend_time, rcurr_time, rlast_time, rforecast_time; /* raw time */
 {  struct tm tm;
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;  
   double **hess;  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
   int i, j,jk;  
   int *indx;  char *endptr;
   long lval;
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);  double dval;
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;  #define NR_END 1
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;  #define FREE_ARG char*
   #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   #define NRANSI 
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  #define ITMAX 200 
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/  
   }  #define GOLD 1.618034 
    #define GLIMIT 100.0 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  
       if (j>i) {  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
         fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);    
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];      #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
       }  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/myutils_8h-source.html */
     }  #define mytinydouble 1.0e-16
   }  /* #define DEQUAL(a,b) (fabs((a)-(b))<mytinydouble) */
   printf("\n");  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/mynrutils_8h-source.html */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  /* static double dsqrarg; */
   /* #define DSQR(a) (DEQUAL((dsqrarg=(a)),0.0) ? 0.0 : dsqrarg*dsqrarg) */
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");  static double sqrarg;
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
    #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   x=vector(1,npar);  int imx; 
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  int stepm=1;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];  
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  int estepm;
   /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  int m,nb;
     x[j]=1;  long *num;
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *cens;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  int *ncodemax;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];                     covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
     }                     undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
   }  int *ncodemaxwundef;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
                                covariate for which somebody answered including 
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");                               undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  double **pmmij, ***probs; /* Global pointer */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  double ***mobaverage, ***mobaverages; /* New global variable */
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  double dateintmean=0;
     }  
     printf("\n");  double *weight;
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  int **s; /* Status */
   }  double *agedc;
   double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
   /* Recompute Inverse */                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*age; */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  double **coqvar; /* Fixed quantitative covariate iqv */
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  double ***cotvar; /* Time varying covariate itv */
   double ***cotqvar; /* Time varying quantitative covariate itqv */
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");  double  idx; 
   int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  int *Typevar; /**< 0 for simple covariate (dummy, quantitative, fixed or varying), 1 for age product, 2 for  product */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  int *Fixed; /** Fixed[k] 0=fixed, 1 varying, 2 fixed with age product, 3 varying with age product */ 
     x[j]=1;  int *Dummy; /** Dummy[k] 0=dummy (0 1), 1 quantitative (single or product without age), 2 dummy with age product, 3 quant with age product */ 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  int *Tage;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  int anyvaryingduminmodel=0; /**< Any varying dummy in Model=1 yes, 0 no, to avoid a loop on waves in freq */ 
       y[i][j]=x[i];  int *Tmodelind; /** Tmodelind[Tvaraff[3]]=9,Tvaraff[1]@9={4, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, model=V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1*/
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);  /* int **codtab;*/ /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
     }  int **Tvard;
     printf("\n");  int *Tprod;/**< Gives the k position of the k1 product */
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  int *Tposprod; /**< Gives the k1 product from the k position */
   }  /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
   */     if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
      Tposprod[k]=k1 , Tposprod[3]=1, Tposprod[5]=2 
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);  */
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);  int cptcovprod, *Tvaraff, *invalidvarcomb;
   free_vector(x,1,npar);  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);  
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
   double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
   
 }  /**************** split *************************/
   static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/  {
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
 {       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
   int i;    */ 
   int l=1, lmax=20;    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
   double k1,k2;    int   l1=0, l2=0;                             /* length counters */
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  
   double res;    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   double fx;    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
   int k=0,kmax=10;    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
   double l1;      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
       /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
   fx=func(x);        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];      /* get current working directory */
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
     l1=pow(10,l);  #ifdef WIN32
     delts=delt;      if (_getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){  #else
       delt = delta*(l1*k);          if (getcwd(dirc, FILENAME_MAX) == NULL) {
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;  #endif
       k1=func(p2)-fx;        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;      }
       k2=func(p2)-fx;      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */    } else {                              /* strip directory from path */
            ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
 #ifdef DEBUG      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
 #endif      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */      dirc[l1-l2] = '\0';                 /* add zero */
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
         k=kmax;    }
       }    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
       }      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
         delts=delt;      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
       }    }
     }    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
   }    if (ss >0){
   delti[theta]=delts;      ss++;
   return res;      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
        l1= strlen( name);
 }      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
       strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
 {    }
   int i;  
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;  }
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  
   int k;  
   /******************************************/
   fx=func(x);  
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  {
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    int i;
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    int lg=0;
     k1=func(p2)-fx;    i=0;
      lg=strlen(t);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;      (s[i] = t[i]);
     k2=func(p2)-fx;      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
      }
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  }
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  
     k3=func(p2)-fx;  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
    { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    char *s;
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    s=out;
     k4=func(p2)-fx;    while (*in != '\0'){
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
 #ifdef DEBUG        in++;
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);      }
     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);      *out++ = *in++;
 #endif    }
   }    *out='\0';
   return res;    return s;
 }  }
   
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/  /* char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain) */
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)  /* { */
 {  /*   /\* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' *\/ */
   int i,imax,j,k;  /*   char *s, *t; */
   double big,dum,sum,temp;  /*   t=in;s=out; */
   double *vv;  /*   while ((*in != *chain) && (*in != '\0')){ */
    /*     *out++ = *in++; */
   vv=vector(1,n);  /*   } */
   *d=1.0;  
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  /*   /\* *in matches *chain *\/ */
     big=0.0;  /*   while ((*in++ == *chain++) && (*in != '\0')){ */
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  /*     printf("*in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;  /*   } */
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");  /*   in--; chain--; */
     vv[i]=1.0/big;  /*   while ( (*in != '\0')){ */
   }  /*     printf("Bef *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /*     *out++ = *in++; */
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {  /*     printf("Aft *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
       sum=a[i][j];  /*   } */
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  /*   *out='\0'; */
       a[i][j]=sum;  /*   out=s; */
     }  /*   return out; */
     big=0.0;  /* } */
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {  char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain)
       sum=a[i][j];  {
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)    /* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' */
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    /* in="V1+V1*age+age*age+V2", chain="age*age" */
       a[i][j]=sum;  
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {    char *strloc;
         big=dum;  
         imax=i;    strcpy (out, in); 
       }    strloc = strstr(out, chain); /* strloc points to out at age*age+V2 */
     }    printf("Bef strloc=%s chain=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, out);
     if (j != imax) {    if(strloc != NULL){ 
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {      /* will affect out */ /* strloc+strlenc(chain)=+V2 */ /* Will also work in Unicode */
         dum=a[imax][k];      memmove(strloc,strloc+strlen(chain), strlen(strloc+strlen(chain))+1);
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];      /* strcpy (strloc, strloc +strlen(chain));*/
         a[j][k]=dum;    }
       }    printf("Aft strloc=%s chain=%s in=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, in, out);
       *d = -(*d);    return out;
       vv[imax]=vv[j];  }
     }  
     indx[j]=imax;  
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
     if (j != n) {  {
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before FIRST occurence of char 'occ' 
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     }       gives blocc="abcdef" and alocc="ghi2j".
   }       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */    */
 ;    char *s, *t;
 }    t=in;s=in;
     while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])      *alocc++ = *in++;
 {    }
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;    if( *in == occ){
   double sum;      *(alocc)='\0';
        s=++in;
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    }
     ip=indx[i];   
     sum=b[ip];    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
     b[ip]=b[i];      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
     if (ii)      in=s;
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    }
     else if (sum) ii=i;    while ( *in != '\0'){
     b[i]=sum;      *blocc++ = *in++;
   }    }
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {  
     sum=b[i];    *blocc='\0';
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    return t;
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];  }
   }  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
 }  {
     /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before LAST occurence of char 'occ' 
 /************ Frequencies ********************/       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
 {  /* Some frequencies */       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
      */
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    char *s, *t;
   int first;    t=in;s=in;
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */    while (*in != '\0'){
   double *pp;      while( *in == occ){
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;        *blocc++ = *in++;
   FILE *ficresp;        s=in;
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];      }
        *blocc++ = *in++;
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);    }
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);    else
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    in=s;
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    while ( *in != '\0'){
     exit(0);      *alocc++ = *in++;
   }    }
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);  
   j1=0;    *alocc='\0';
      return s;
   j=cptcoveff;  }
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  
   int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   first=1;  {
     int i,j=0;
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){    int lg=20;
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    i=0;
       j1++;    lg=strlen(s);
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
         scanf("%d", i);*/    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      }
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)      return j;
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)  }
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;  
        /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
       dateintsum=0;  /* { */
       k2cpt=0;  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
         bool=1;  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
         if  (cptcovn>0) {  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)  /*   i=0; */
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
               bool=0;  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
         }  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
         if (bool==1) {  /*   } */
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){  
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  /*   } */
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
               if (m<lastpass) {  
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
               }  /*   } */
                /* } */
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {  
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;  #ifdef _WIN32
                 k2cpt++;  char * strsep(char **pp, const char *delim)
               }  {
             }    char *p, *q;
           }           
         }    if ((p = *pp) == NULL)
       }      return 0;
            if ((q = strpbrk (p, delim)) != NULL)
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    {
       *pp = q + 1;
       if  (cptcovn>0) {      *q = '\0';
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");    }
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    else
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");      *pp = 0;
       }    return p;
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  }
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);  #endif
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");  
        /********************** nrerror ********************/
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  
         if(i==(int)agemax+3){  void nrerror(char error_text[])
           fprintf(ficlog,"Total");  {
         }else{    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
           if(first==1){    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
             first=0;    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
             printf("See log file for details...\n");  }
           }  /*********************** vector *******************/
           fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
         }  {
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    double *v;
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
         }    return v-nl+NR_END;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  }
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)  
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];  /************************ free vector ******************/
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
             if(first==1){  {
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
             }  }
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);  
           }else{  /************************ivector *******************************/
             if(first==1)  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
               printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  {
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    int *v;
           }    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
         }    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     return v-nl+NR_END;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  }
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)  
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  /******************free ivector **************************/
         }  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
   {
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
           pos += pp[jk];  }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
           if(pos>=1.e-5){  /************************lvector *******************************/
             if(first==1)  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  {
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);    long *v;
           }else{    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
             if(first==1)    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    return v-nl+NR_END;
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  }
           }  
           if( i <= (int) agemax){  /******************free lvector **************************/
             if(pos>=1.e-5){  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);  {
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/  }
             }  
             else  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
           }       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
         }  { 
            long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    int **m; 
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
             if(first==1)    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
               printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
               fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);    m += NR_END; 
             }    m -= nrl; 
         if(i <= (int) agemax)    
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");    
         if(first==1)    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
           printf("Others in log...\n");    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
       }    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
     }    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
   }    
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
      
   fclose(ficresp);    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);    return m; 
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  } 
    
   /* End of Freq */  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
 }  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
         int **m;
 /************ Prevalence ********************/        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
 {  /* Some frequencies */  { 
      free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */  } 
   double *pp;  
   double pos, k2;  /******************* matrix *******************************/
   double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  {
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
      double **m;
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);  
   j1=0;    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
      if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   j=cptcoveff;    m += NR_END;
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    m -= nrl;
    
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
       j1++;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
          m[nrl] -= ncl;
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)      for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    return m;
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
        m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
         bool=1;     */
         if  (cptcovn>0) {  }
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)  
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])  /*************************free matrix ************************/
               bool=0;  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
         }  {
         if (bool==1) {    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);  }
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {  
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
               if (m<lastpass) {  {
                 if (calagedate>0)    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];    double ***m;
                 else  
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
               }    m += NR_END;
             }    m -= nrl;
           }  
         }    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       }    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){    m[nrl] += NR_END;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    m[nrl] -= ncl;
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)  
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
         }  
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
         }    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
            for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
         }      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
              for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
            }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        return m; 
           if( i <= (int) agemax){    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
             if(pos>=1.e-5){             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;    */
             }  }
           }  
         }/* end jk */  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
       }/* end i */  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
     } /* end i1 */  {
   } /* end k1 */    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
      free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  }
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  
    /*************** function subdirf ***********/
 }  /* End of Freq */  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
   {
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
 {    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.    return tmpout;
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).  }
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i  
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
      */  {
     
   int i, mi, m;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   int first;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   double sum=0.;    return tmpout;
   first=0;  }
   jmin=1e+5;  
   jmax=-1;  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
   jmean=0.;  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  {
     mi=0;    
     m=firstpass;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
       if(s[m][i]>=1)    strcat(tmpout,"/");
         mw[++mi][i]=m;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
       if(m >=lastpass)    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
         break;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       else    return tmpout;
         m++;  }
     }/* end while */   
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  /*************** function subdirfext ***********/
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */  char *subdirfext(char fileres[], char *preop, char *postop)
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */  {
          /* Only death is a correct wave */    
       mw[mi][i]=m;    strcpy(tmpout,preop);
     }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     strcat(tmpout,postop);
     wav[i]=mi;    return tmpout;
     if(mi==0){  }
       if(first==0){  
         printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);  /*************** function subdirfext3 ***********/
         first=1;  char *subdirfext3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *postop)
       }  {
       if(first==1){    
         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       }    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     } /* end mi==0 */    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   }    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){    strcat(tmpout,postop);
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){    return tmpout;
       if (stepm <=0)  }
         dh[mi][i]=1;   
       else{  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {  {
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
           k=k+1;    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
           sum=sum+j;    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
           }    return ascdiff;
         }  }
         else{  
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));  /***************** f1dim *************************/
           k=k+1;  extern int ncom; 
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */   
           sum=sum+j;  double f1dim(double x) 
         }  { 
         jk= j/stepm;    int j; 
         jl= j -jk*stepm;    double f;
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;    double *xt; 
         if(jl <= -ju)   
           dh[mi][i]=jk;    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
         else    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */    return f; 
       }  } 
     }  
   }  /*****************brent *************************/
   jmean=sum/k;  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);  {
   fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);    /* Given a function f, and given a bracketing triplet of abscissas ax, bx, cx (such that bx is
  }     * between ax and cx, and f(bx) is less than both f(ax) and f(cx) ), this routine isolates
      * the minimum to a fractional precision of about tol using Brent’s method. The abscissa of
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/     * the minimum is returned as xmin, and the minimum function value is returned as brent , the
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)     * returned function value. 
 {    */
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;    int iter; 
   int cptcode=0;    double a,b,d,etemp;
   cptcoveff=0;    double fu=0,fv,fw,fx;
      double ftemp=0.;
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;    double e=0.0; 
    
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);    x=w=v=bx; 
       Ndum[ij]++;    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
     }      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
       /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
     }  #ifdef DEBUGBRENT
     ij=1;      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {  #endif
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {        *xmin=x; 
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;        return fx; 
                } 
           ij++;      ftemp=fu;
         }      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
       }          q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
     }        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
   }          q=2.0*(q-r); 
         if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;        q=fabs(q); 
         etemp=e; 
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {        e=d; 
    ij=Tvar[i];        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
    Ndum[ij]++;                                  d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
  }        else { 
                                   d=p/q; 
  ij=1;                                  u=x+d; 
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {                                  if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){                                          d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;        } 
      ij++;      } else { 
    }        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
  }      } 
        u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
  cptcoveff=ij-1;      fu=(*f)(u); 
 }      if (fu <= fx) { 
         if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )      } else { 
         if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
 {        if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
   /* Health expectancies */                                  v=w; 
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;                                  w=u; 
   double age, agelim, hf;                                  fv=fw; 
   double ***p3mat,***varhe;                                  fw=fu; 
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
   double *xp;                                  v=u; 
   double **gp, **gm;                                  fv=fu; 
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;        } 
   int theta;      } 
     } 
   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
   xp=vector(1,npar);    *xmin=x; 
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);    return fx; 
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);  } 
    
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)              double (*func)(double)) 
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);  { /* Given a function func , and given distinct initial points ax and bx , this routine searches in
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");  the downhill direction (defined by the function as evaluated at the initial points) and returns
   new points ax , bx , cx that bracket a minimum of the function. Also returned are the function
   if(estepm < stepm){  values at the three points, fa, fb , and fc such that fa > fb and fb < fc.
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);     */
   }    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
   else  hstepm=estepm;      double fu; 
   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months  
    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example    double scale=10.;
    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them    int iterscale=0;
    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear  
    * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according    *fa=(*func)(*ax); /*  xta[j]=pcom[j]+(*ax)*xicom[j]; fa=f(xta[j])*/
    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we    *fb=(*func)(*bx); /*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) */
    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months  
    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear  
    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise    /* while(*fb != *fb){ /\* *ax should be ok, reducing distance to *ax *\/ */
    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */    /*   printf("Warning mnbrak *fb = %lf, *bx=%lf *ax=%lf *fa==%lf iter=%d\n",*fb, *bx, *ax, *fa, iterscale++); */
     /*   *bx = *ax - (*ax - *bx)/scale; */
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */    /*   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  /\*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) *\/ */
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.    /* } */
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim  
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.    if (*fb > *fa) { 
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */      SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the    } 
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same  #ifdef DEBUG
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.    printf("mnbrak0 a=%lf *fa=%lf, b=%lf *fb=%lf, c=%lf *fc=%lf\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx, *fc);
   */    fprintf(ficlog,"mnbrak0 a=%lf *fa=%lf, b=%lf *fb=%lf, c=%lf *fc=%lf\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx, *fc);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */  #endif
     while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining a,b,c with fa> fb > fc. If fc=inf it exits and if flat fb=fc it exits too.*/
   agelim=AGESUP;      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); /* What if fa=inf */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); /* Minimum abscissa of a parabolic estimated from (a,fa), (b,fb) and (c,fc). */
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); /* Maximum abscissa where function should be evaluated */
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { /* if u_p is between b and c */
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */        fu=(*func)(u); 
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  #ifdef DEBUG
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);        /* f(x)=A(x-u)**2+f(u) */
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);        double A, fparabu; 
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);        A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
         fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored        printf("\nmnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f, q=%lf < %lf=r)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu,q,r);
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */        fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f, q=%lf < %lf=r)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu,q,r);
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);          /* And thus,it can be that fu > *fc even if fparabu < *fc */
          /* mnbrak (*ax=7.666299858533, *fa=299039.693133272231), (*bx=8.595447774979, *fb=298976.598289369489),
           (*cx=10.098840694817, *fc=298946.631474258087),  (*u=9.852501168332, fu=298948.773013752128, fparabu=298945.434711494134) */
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */        /* In that case, there is no bracket in the output! Routine is wrong with many consequences.*/
   #endif 
     /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */  #ifdef MNBRAKORIGINAL
   #else
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){  /*       if (fu > *fc) { */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  /*       printf("mnbrak4  fu > fc \n"); */
       }  /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak4 fu > fc\n"); */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    /* #endif */
    /*      /\* SHFT(u,*cx,*cx,u) /\\* ie a=c, c=u and u=c; in that case, next SHFT(a,b,c,u) will give a=b=b, b=c=u, c=u=c and *\\/  *\/ */
       cptj=0;  /*      /\* SHFT(*fa,*fc,fu,*fc) /\\* (b, u, c) is a bracket while test fb > fc will be fu > fc  will exit *\\/ *\/ */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){  /*      u = *cx; */
           cptj=cptj+1;  /*      *cx = dum; */
           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){  /*      dum = fu; */
             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;  /*      fu = *fc; */
           }  /*      *fc =dum; */
         }  /*       } else { /\* end *\/ */
       }  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
        /*       printf("mnbrak3  fu < fc \n"); */
        /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak3 fu < fc\n"); */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)  /* #endif */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    /*      u = *cx; */
        /*      *cx = dum; */
       cptj=0;  /*      dum = fu; */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /*      fu = *fc; */
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){  /*      *fc =dum; */
           cptj=cptj+1;  /*       } */
           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){  #ifdef DEBUGMNBRAK
             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;                   double A, fparabu; 
           }       A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
         }       fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
       }       printf("\nmnbrak35 ax=%lf fa=%lf bx=%lf fb=%lf, u=%lf fp=%lf fu=%lf < or >= fc=%lf cx=%lf, q=%lf < %lf=r \n",*ax, *fa, *bx,*fb,u,fparabu,fu,*fc,*cx,q,r);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak35 ax=%lf fa=%lf bx=%lf fb=%lf, u=%lf fp=%lf fu=%lf < or >= fc=%lf cx=%lf, q=%lf < %lf=r \n",*ax, *fa, *bx,*fb,u,fparabu,fu,*fc,*cx,q,r);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){  #endif
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];        dum=u; /* Shifting c and u */
         }        u = *cx;
      }        *cx = dum;
            dum = fu;
 /* End theta */        fu = *fc;
         *fc =dum;
      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);  #endif
       } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { /* u is after c but before ulim */
      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)  #ifdef DEBUG
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)        printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim\n",u,*cx);
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim\n",u,*cx);
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];  #endif
              fu=(*func)(u); 
         if (fu < *fc) { 
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)  #ifdef DEBUG
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)                                  printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim=%lf AND fu=%lf < %lf=fc\n",u,*cx,ulim,fu, *fc);
         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;                            fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim=%lf AND fu=%lf < %lf=fc\n",u,*cx,ulim,fu, *fc);
   #endif
      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);                            SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);                                  SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){  #ifdef DEBUG
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){                                          printf("\nmnbrak2 shift GOLD c=%lf",*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx));
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  #endif
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);        } 
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { /* u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c) */
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)  #ifdef DEBUG
             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;        printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf outside ulim=%lf (verifying that ulim is beyond c=%lf)\n",u,ulim,*cx);
       }        fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf outside ulim=%lf (verifying that ulim is beyond c=%lf)\n",u,ulim,*cx);
     }  #endif
     /* Computing expectancies */        u=ulim; 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        fu=(*func)(u); 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      } else { /* u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum) */
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){  #ifdef DEBUG
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;        printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf could be left to b=%lf (if r=%lf > q=%lf parabola has a maximum)\n",u,*bx,r,q);
                  fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf could be left to b=%lf (if r=%lf > q=%lf parabola has a maximum)\n",u,*bx,r,q);
 /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/  #endif
         u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
         }        fu=(*func)(u); 
   #ifdef DEBUG
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );        printf("\nmnbrak2 new u=%lf fu=%lf shifted gold left from c=%lf and b=%lf \n",u,fu,*cx,*bx);
     cptj=0;        fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2 new u=%lf fu=%lf shifted gold left from c=%lf and b=%lf \n",u,fu,*cx,*bx);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  #endif
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){      } /* end tests */
         cptj++;      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );      SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
       }  #ifdef DEBUG
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        printf("\nmnbrak2 shift (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc);
            fprintf(ficlog, "\nmnbrak2 shift (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc);
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);  #endif
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    } /* end while; ie return (a, b, c, fa, fb, fc) such that a < b < c with f(a) > f(b) and fb < f(c) */
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);  } 
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);  
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  /*************** linmin ************************/
   }  /* Given an n -dimensional point p[1..n] and an n -dimensional direction xi[1..n] , moves and
   printf("\n");  resets p to where the function func(p) takes on a minimum along the direction xi from p ,
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  and replaces xi by the actual vector displacement that p was moved. Also returns as fret
   the value of func at the returned location p . This is actually all accomplished by calling the
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);  routines mnbrak and brent .*/
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);  int ncom; 
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);  double *pcom,*xicom;
   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
 }   
   #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
 /************ Variance ******************/  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
 void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased)  #else
 {  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []), int *flat) 
   /* Variance of health expectancies */  #endif
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/  { 
   /* double **newm;*/    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
   double **dnewm,**doldm;                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
   double **dnewmp,**doldmp;    double f1dim(double x); 
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
   int k, cptcode;                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
   double *xp;    int j; 
   double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */    double fx,fb,fa;
   double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */  
   double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */  #else
   double ***p3mat;    double scale=10., axs, xxs; /* Scale added for infinity */
   double age,agelim, hf;  #endif
   int theta;    
   char digit[4];    ncom=n; 
   char digitp[16];    pcom=vector(1,n); 
     xicom=vector(1,n); 
   char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];    nrfunc=func; 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   if(popbased==1)      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
     strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-");      xicom[j]=xi[j]; /* Former scale xi[j] of currrent direction i */
   else    } 
     strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");  
   #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev");    xx=1.;
   sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);  #else
   /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/    axs=0.0;
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */    xxs=1.;
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not */    do{
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);      xx= xxs;
   if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {  #endif
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);      ax=0.;
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);      mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  /* Outputs: xtx[j]=pcom[j]+(*xx)*xicom[j]; fx=f(xtx[j]) */
   }      /* brackets with inputs ax=0 and xx=1, but points, pcom=p, and directions values, xicom=xi, are sent via f1dim(x) */
   printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);      /* xt[x,j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]  f(ax) = f(xt(a,j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 0 * xi(j)) and  f(xx) = f(xt(x, j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 1 * xi(j))   */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);      /* Outputs: fa=f(p(j)) and fx=f(p(j) + xxs * xi(j) ) and f(bx)= f(p(j)+ bx* xi(j)) */
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying during a year and weighted mean w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n");      /* Given input ax=axs and xx=xxs, xx might be too far from ax to get a finite f(xx) */
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);      /* Searches on line, outputs (ax, xx, bx) such that fx < min(fa and fb) */
   for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){      /* Find a bracket a,x,b in direction n=xi ie xicom, order may change. Scale is [0:xxs*xi[j]] et non plus  [0:xi[j]]*/
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  #else
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);      if (fx != fx){
   }                            xxs=xxs/scale; /* Trying a smaller xx, closer to initial ax=0 */
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");                          printf("|");
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {                          fprintf(ficlog,"|");
     printf("Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);                          printf("\nLinmin NAN : input [axs=%lf:xxs=%lf], mnbrak outputs fx=%lf <(fb=%lf and fa=%lf) with xx=%lf in [ax=%lf:bx=%lf] \n",  axs, xxs, fx,fb, fa, xx, ax, bx);
     exit(0);  #endif
   }      }
   else{    }while(fx != fx && xxs > 1.e-5);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");  #endif
   }    
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL) {  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     printf("Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);    printf("\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
     exit(0);  #endif
   }  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   else{  #else
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing step probabilities of dying and weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");          if(fb == fx){ /* Flat function in the direction */
   }                  xmin=xx;
   varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);      *flat=1;
           }else{
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");      *flat=0;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");  #endif
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                  /*Flat mnbrak2 shift (*ax=0.000000000000, *fa=51626.272983130431), (*bx=-1.618034000000, *fb=51590.149499362531), (*cx=-4.236068025156, *fc=51590.149499362531) */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); /* Giving a bracketting triplet (ax, xx, bx), find a minimum, xmin, according to f1dim, *fret(xmin),*/
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);    /* fa = f(p[j] + ax * xi[j]), fx = f(p[j] + xx * xi[j]), fb = f(p[j] + bx * xi[j]) */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");    /* fmin = f(p[j] + xmin * xi[j]) */
     /* P+lambda n in that direction (lambdamin), with TOL between abscisses */
   xp=vector(1,npar);    /* f1dim(xmin): for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+xmin*xicom[j]; */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  #ifdef DEBUG
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    printf("retour brent from bracket (a=%lf fa=%lf, xx=%lf fx=%lf, b=%lf fb=%lf): fret=%lf xmin=%lf\n",ax,fa,xx,fx,bx,fb,*fret,xmin);
   dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent from bracket (a=%lf fa=%lf, xx=%lf fx=%lf, b=%lf fb=%lf): fret=%lf xmin=%lf\n",ax,fa,xx,fx,bx,fb,*fret,xmin);
   doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);  #endif
   #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);  #else
   gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);                          }
   gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);  #endif
   trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
      printf("linmin end ");
   if(estepm < stepm){    fprintf(ficlog,"linmin end ");
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);  #endif
   }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   else  hstepm=estepm;    #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */      xi[j] *= xmin; 
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.  #else
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.      if(xxs <1.0)
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size        printf(" before xi[%d]=%12.8f", j,xi[j]);
      and note for a fixed period like k years */  #endif
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the      xi[j] *= xmin*xxs; /* xi rescaled by xmin and number of loops: if xmin=-1.237 and xi=(1,0,...,0) xi=(-1.237,0,...,0) */
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if      if(xxs <1.0)
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same        printf(" after xi[%d]=%12.8f, xmin=%12.8f, ax=%12.8f, xx=%12.8f, bx=%12.8f, xxs=%12.8f", j,xi[j], xmin, ax, xx, bx,xxs );
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.  #endif
   */  #endif
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */      p[j] += xi[j]; /* Parameters values are updated accordingly */
   agelim = AGESUP;    } 
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    printf("\n");
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */    printf("Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    fprintf(ficlog,"Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      printf(" xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      fprintf(ficlog," xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
       if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
         printf("\n");
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */      }
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    }
       }  #else
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    #endif
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
     free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
       if (popbased==1) {  } 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];  
       }  /*************** powell ************************/
    /*
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  Minimization of a function func of n variables. Input consists of an initial starting point
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  p[1..n] ; an initial matrix xi[1..n][1..n] , whose columns contain the initial set of di-
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)  rections (usually the n unit vectors); and ftol , the fractional tolerance in the function value
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];  such that failure to decrease by more than this amount on one iteration signals doneness. On
         }  output, p is set to the best point found, xi is the then-current direction set, fret is the returned
       }  function value at p , and iter is the number of iterations taken. The routine linmin is used.
       /* This for computing forces of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */   */
       for(j=nlstate+1,gpp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)  #else
           gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];          int *flatdir; /* Function is vanishing in that direction */
       }              int flat=0, flatd=0; /* Function is vanishing in that direction */
       /* end force of mortality */  #endif
   void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */              double (*func)(double [])) 
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  { 
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
                  double (*func)(double [])); 
       if (popbased==1) {  #else 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];                                                   double (*func)(double []),int *flat); 
       }  #endif
     int i,ibig,j; 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    double directest;
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)    double fp,fptt;
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];    double *xits;
         }    int niterf, itmp;
       }  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
       /* This for computing force of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */  #else
       for(j=nlstate+1,gmp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)    flatdir=ivector(1,n); 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) flatdir[j]=0; 
       }      #endif
       /* end force of mortality */  
     pt=vector(1,n); 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */    ptt=vector(1,n); 
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    xit=vector(1,n); 
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];    xits=vector(1,n); 
         }    *fret=(*func)(p); 
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
         gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];    rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
       }    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
       fp=(*fret); /* From former iteration or initial value */
     } /* End theta */      ibig=0; 
       del=0.0; 
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */      rlast_time=rcurr_time;
       /* (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      curr_time = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time);fflush(stdout);
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret,rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time); fflush(ficlog);
   /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec); */
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
         trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */      }
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      printf("\n");
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
       if(*iter <=3){
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){        tml = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tml));
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        rforecast_time=rcurr_time; 
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)                                  strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for the last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
       }        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
     }        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
                                   rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
     /* pptj */                                  forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
     matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);                                  strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
     matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);                                  itmp = strlen(strfor);
     for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)                                  if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
       for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)                                          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
         varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];                                  printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     /* end ppptj */                                  fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          }
     prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      }
        for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { /* For each direction i */
     if (popbased==1) {        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; /* Directions stored from previous iteration with previous scales */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        fptt=(*fret); 
         prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];  #ifdef DEBUG
     }        printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
            fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
     /* This for computing force of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */  #endif
     for(j=nlstate+1,gmp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout); /* print direction (parameter) i */
       for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
         gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
     }            linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
     /* end force of mortality */  #else
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func,&flat); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);                          flatdir[i]=flat; /* Function is vanishing in that direction i */
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){  #endif
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));                          /* Outputs are fret(new point p) p is updated and xit rescaled */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { /* We are keeping the max gain on each of the n directions */
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);                                  /* because that direction will be replaced unless the gain del is small */
       }                                  /* in comparison with the 'probable' gain, mu^2, with the last average direction. */
     }                                  /* Unless the n directions are conjugate some gain in the determinant may be obtained */
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");                                  /* with the new direction. */
                                   del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );                                  ibig=i; 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        } 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  #ifdef DEBUG
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
       }        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);                                  xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);                                  printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);                                  fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   } /* End age */                                  printf(" p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
   free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);                                  fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
   free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);        }
   free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);        printf("\n");
   free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");  #endif
   /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */      } /* end loop on each direction i */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");      /* Convergence test will use last linmin estimation (fret) and compare former iteration (fp) */ 
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);      /* But p and xit have been updated at the end of linmin, *fret corresponds to new p, xit  */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);      /* New value of last point Pn is not computed, P(n-1) */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",fileresprobmorprev,fileresprobmorprev);                                  if(flatdir[j] >0){
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);                                          printf(" p(%d)=%lf flat=%d ",j,p[j],flatdir[j]);
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,digit);                                          fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%lf flat=%d ",j,p[j],flatdir[j]);
                                   }
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);                                  /* printf("\n"); */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);                                  /* fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);                          }
   free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) { /* Did we reach enough precision? */
   free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);        /* We could compare with a chi^2. chisquare(0.95,ddl=1)=3.84 */
   free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);        /* By adding age*age in a model, the new -2LL should be lower and the difference follows a */
   fclose(ficresprobmorprev);        /* a chisquare statistics with 1 degree. To be significant at the 95% level, it should have */
   fclose(ficgp);        /* decreased of more than 3.84  */
   fclose(fichtm);        /* By adding age*age and V1*age the gain (-2LL) should be more than 5.99 (ddl=2) */
         /* By using V1+V2+V3, the gain should be  7.82, compared with basic 1+age. */
 }        /* By adding 10 parameters more the gain should be 18.31 */
                           
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/        /* Starting the program with initial values given by a former maximization will simply change */
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)        /* the scales of the directions and the directions, because the are reset to canonical directions */
 {        /* Thus the first calls to linmin will give new points and better maximizations until fp-(*fret) is */
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */        /* under the tolerance value. If the tolerance is very small 1.e-9, it could last long.  */
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/  #ifdef DEBUG
   double **newm;        int k[2],l;
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        k[0]=1;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;        k[1]=-1;
   int k, cptcode;        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   double *xp;        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   double *gp, *gm;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   double **gradg, **trgradg;          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
   double age,agelim;          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
   int theta;        }
            printf("\n");
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalence's limit\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
             fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   xp=vector(1,npar);          }
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
          }
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */  #endif
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  
   agelim = AGESUP;  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  #else
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        free_ivector(flatdir,1,n); 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  #endif
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
         return; 
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      } /* enough precision */ 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { /* Computes the extrapolated point P_0 + 2 (P_n-P_0) */
       }        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        pt[j]=p[j]; 
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];      } 
          fptt=(*func)(ptt); /* f_3 */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */  #ifdef NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  /* No change in drections until some iterations are done */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);                  if (*iter <=4) {
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  #else
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  #endif
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];  #ifdef POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST    /* skips test F3 <F1 */
   #else
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  #endif
     } /* End theta */        /* (x1 f1=fp), (x2 f2=*fret), (x3 f3=fptt), (xm fm) */
         /* From x1 (P0) distance of x2 is at h and x3 is 2h */
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);        /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere.  */
         /* Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3) */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        /* will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f"m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        /* Conditional for using this new direction is that mu^2 = (f1-2f2+f3)^2 /2 < del or directest <0 */
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        /* also  lamda^2=(f1-f2)^2/mu² is a parasite solution of powell */
         /* For powell, inclusion of this average direction is only if t(del)<0 or del inbetween mu^2 and lambda^2 */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;        /*  Even if f3 <f1, directest can be negative and t >0 */
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        /* mu² and del² are equal when f3=f1 */
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);                          /* f3 < f1 : mu² < del <= lambda^2 both test are equivalent */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)                          /* f3 < f1 : mu² < lambda^2 < del then directtest is negative and powell t is positive */
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */                          /* f3 > f1 : lambda² < mu^2 < del then t is negative and directest >0  */
                           /* f3 > f1 : lambda² < del < mu^2 then t is positive and directest >0  */
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );  #ifdef NRCORIGINAL
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)- del*SQR(fp-fptt); /* Original Numerical Recipes in C*/
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));  #else
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del); /* Intel compiler doesn't work on one line; bug reported */
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);        t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);  #endif
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);        directest = fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt - 2.0 * del; /* If delta was big enough we change it for a new direction */
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);  #ifdef DEBUG
   } /* End age */        printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf  directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
         fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        printf("t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        fprintf(ficlog,"t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
                (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
 }        printf("tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
         fprintf(ficlog, "tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/  #endif
 void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)  #ifdef POWELLORIGINAL
 {        if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
   int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;  #else
   int k2, l2, j1,  z1;        if (directest*t < 0.0) { /* Contradiction between both tests */
   int k=0,l, cptcode;                                  printf("directest= %.12lf (if <0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt,del);
   int first=1, first1;          printf("f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
   double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;          fprintf(ficlog,"directest= %.12lf (if directest<0 or t<0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt, del);
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          fprintf(ficlog,"f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
   double *xp;        } 
   double *gp, *gm;        if (directest < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
   double **gradg, **trgradg;  #endif
   double **mu;  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];                                  printf("Before linmin in direction P%d-P0\n",n);
   double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */                                  for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   int theta;                                          printf(" Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];                                          fprintf(ficlog," Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
   char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];                                          if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
   char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];                                                  printf("\n");
                                                   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   double ***varpij;                                          }
                                   }
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");  #endif
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {                                  linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);  #else
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);                                  linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func,&flat); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
   }                                  flatdir[i]=flat; /* Function is vanishing in that direction i */
   strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov");  #endif
   strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);  
   if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);                                  for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);                                          printf("After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
   }                                          fprintf(ficlog,"After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
   strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor");                                          if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
   strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);                                                  printf("\n");
   if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {                                                  fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);                                          }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);                                  }
   }  #endif
   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);                                  for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);                                          xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace direction with biggest decrease by last direction n */
   printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);                                          xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and this nth direction by the by the average p_0 p_n */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);                                  }
   printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);  #else
                                    for (j=1, flatd=0;j<=n;j++) {
   fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");                                          if(flatdir[j]>0)
   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");                                                  flatd++;
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");                                  }
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");                                  if(flatd >0){
   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");                                          printf("%d flat directions\n",flatd);
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");                                          fprintf(ficlog,"%d flat directions\n",flatd);
                                           for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
                                                   if(flatdir[j]>0){
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                                                          printf("%d ",j);
     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){                                                          fprintf(ficlog,"%d ",j);
       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);                                                  }
       fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);                                          }
       fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);                                          printf("\n");
     }                                            fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");                                  }
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");  #endif
   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");                                  printf("Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
   xp=vector(1,npar);                                  fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);                                  
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));  #ifdef DEBUG
   mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);                                  printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
   varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);                                  fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
   first=1;                                  for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {                                          printf(" %lf",xit[j]);
     printf("Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);                                          fprintf(ficlog," %lf",xit[j]);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);                                  }
     exit(0);                                  printf("\n");
   }                                  fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   else{  #endif
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");        } /* end of t or directest negative */
   }  #ifdef POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL) {  #else
     printf("Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);      } /* end if (fptt < fp)  */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);  #endif
     exit(0);  #ifdef NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  /* No change in drections until some iterations are done */
   }                  } /*NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  No change in drections until some iterations are done */
   else{  #else
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");  #endif
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");    } /* loop iteration */ 
   } 
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing matrix of variance-covariance of step probabilities</h4></li>\n");  
     fprintf(fichtm,"\nWe have drawn ellipsoids of confidence around the p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf> to understand the covariance between two incidences. They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> We have drawn x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 where x is the column vector (pij,pkl). It means that if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2X2) matrix would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 standard deviations wide on each axis. <br> When both incidences are correlated we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix and made the appropriate rotation.<br> \n");  
   double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij)
   }  {
     /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x and for covariate ij by left multiplying the unit
         matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
   cov[1]=1;    /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
   tj=cptcoveff;    /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
   if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
   j1=0;    /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
   for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){    /* Initial matrix pimij */
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){    /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
       j1++;    /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
          /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
       if  (cptcovn>0) {    /*
         fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");     * and after some iteration: */
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
         fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");    /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable ");    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#");    /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
            /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
         fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable ");    /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, "# V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);  
         fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#");    int i, ii,j,k;
            double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
            /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
         fprintf(fichtm, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable ");    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij(); /* **pmmij is a global variable feeded with oldms etc */
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    double **newm;
         fprintf(fichtm, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");    double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
            int ncvloop=0;
         fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");        
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    min=vector(1,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#");        max=vector(1,nlstate);
       }    meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
        
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){          /* Starting with matrix unity */
         cov[2]=age;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         }      }
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    cov[1]=1.;
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    
            /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));    /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));      ncvloop++;
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));      newm=savm;
          /* Covariates have to be included here again */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      cov[2]=agefin;
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)      if(nagesqr==1)
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
                for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);        /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
                                    /* Here comes the value of the covariate 'ij' */
           k=0;        cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){        /* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); */
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){      }
               k=k+1;      /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]*cov[2]; */
             }      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
           }      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
                  /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)        cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      
          /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
           k=0;      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
               k=k+1;                  /* age and covariate values of ij are in 'cov' */
               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
             }      
           }      savm=oldm;
            oldm=newm;
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)  
             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];        for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
         }        max[j]=0.;
         min[j]=1.;
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)      }
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        sumnew=0;
                for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){ 
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
                  max[j]=FMAX(max[j],prlim[i][j]);
         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);          min[j]=FMIN(min[j],prlim[i][j]);
                }
         k=0;      }
         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){  
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){      maxmax=0.;
             k=k+1;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
             mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];        meandiff[j]=(max[j]-min[j])/(max[j]+min[j])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
           }        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[j]);
         }        /* printf(" age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, j, meandiff[j],(int)agefin, j, max[j], j, min[j],maxmax); */
         for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)      } /* j loop */
           for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)      *ncvyear= (int)age- (int)agefin;
             varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];      /* printf("maxmax=%lf maxmin=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, maxmin, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
       if(maxmax < ftolpl){
         /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);        /* printf("maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%ld, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){        free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));        free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));        free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
      }*/        return prlim;
       }
         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);    } /* age loop */
         fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);      /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
         fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);    printf("Warning: the stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
   Earliest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)    /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
           fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));    free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){    free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);    free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);    
         }    return prlim; /* should not reach here */
         i=0;  }
         for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){  
           for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){  
             i=i++;   /**** Back Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);  
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);   /* double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij) */
             for (j=1; j<=i;j++){   /* double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij) */
               fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);   double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij)
               fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));  {
             }    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x and covariate ij by left multiplying the unit
           }       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
         }/* end of loop for state */    /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
       } /* end of loop for age */    /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
     /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
       /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */    /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
       /*    /* Initial matrix pimij */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");    /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");    /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);    /*
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);     * and after some iteration: */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);    /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);    /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
       */    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
     /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
       /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/    /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
       first1=1;    /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
       for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){    /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
         for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){  
           if(l2==k2) continue;    int i, ii,j,k;
           j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;    double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
           for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
             for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **bmij();
               if(l1==k1) continue;    double **newm;
               i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;    double         **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm;  /* for use */
               if(i<=j) continue;    double         **oldm, **savm;  /* for use */
               for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){  
                 if ((int)age %5==0){    double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
                   v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;    int ncvloop=0;
                   v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;    
                   cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;    min=vector(1,nlstate);
                   mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;    max=vector(1,nlstate);
                   mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;    meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
                   c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);  
                   /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */          dnewm=ddnewms; doldm=ddoldms; dsavm=ddsavms;
                   lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;          oldm=oldms; savm=savms;
                   lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;  
                   /* Eigen vectors */          /* Starting with matrix unity */
                   v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
                   /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */                  for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                   v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                   v12=-v21;      }
                   v22=v11;    
                   tnalp=v21/v11;    cov[1]=1.;
                   if(first1==1){    
                     first1=0;    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
                     printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);    /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
                   }    /* for(agefin=age+stepm/YEARM; agefin<=age+delaymax; agefin=agefin+stepm/YEARM){ /\* A changer en age *\/ */
                   fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);    for(agefin=age; agefin<AGESUP; agefin=agefin+stepm/YEARM){ /* A changer en age */
                   /*printf(fignu*/      ncvloop++;
                   /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */      newm=savm; /* oldm should be kept from previous iteration or unity at start */
                   /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */                  /* newm points to the allocated table savm passed by the function it can be written, savm could be reallocated */
                   if(first==1){      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
                     first=0;      cov[2]=agefin;
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");      if(nagesqr==1)
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);        cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
                     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);        /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
                     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);        cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);        /* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); */
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);      }
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);      /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]*cov[2]; */
                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
                   }else{        /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
                     first=0;        cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);      
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
                   }/* if first */      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
                 } /* age mod 5 */                  /* ij should be linked to the correct index of cov */
               } /* end loop age */                  /* age and covariate values ij are in 'cov', but we need to pass
               fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);                   * ij for the observed prevalence at age and status and covariate
               first=1;                   * number:  prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij]
             } /*l12 */                   */
           } /* k12 */      /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, ageminpar, agemaxpar, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij)); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
         } /*l1 */      /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij)); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
       }/* k1 */      out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent,ij)); /* Bug Valgrind */
     } /* loop covariates */      savm=oldm;
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);      oldm=newm;
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));        max[j]=0.;
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);        min[j]=1.;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);      }
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){ 
   }        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);                                  /* bprlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew); */
   fclose(ficresprob);                                  bprlim[i][j]= newm[i][j];
   fclose(ficresprobcov);                                  max[i]=FMAX(max[i],bprlim[i][j]); /* Max in line */
   fclose(ficresprobcor);                                  min[i]=FMIN(min[i],bprlim[i][j]);
   fclose(ficgp);        }
   fclose(fichtm);      }
 }                  
       maxmax=0.;
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/        meandiff[i]=(max[i]-min[i])/(max[i]+min[i])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[i]);
                   int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\        /* printf("Back age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, i, meandiff[i],(int)agefin, i, max[i], i, min[i],maxmax); */
                   int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\      } /* j loop */
                   int popforecast, int estepm ,\      *ncvyear= -( (int)age- (int)agefin);
                   double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \      /* printf("Back maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear);*/
                   double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;        /* printf("OK Back maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/        free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL)    {        free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);        free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);        return bprlim;
   }      }
     } /* age loop */
    fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files (first order: no variance)</h4>\n      /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
  - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n    printf("Warning: the back stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
  - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n  Oldest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
  - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n    /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months):    free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
    <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n</li>", \    free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
   jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,fileres,fileres,stepm,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);    free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
     
 fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");    return bprlim; /* should not reach here */
   }
  m=cptcoveff;  
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
   
  jj1=0;  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){  {
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
      jj1++;       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
      if (cptcovn > 0) {       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
        fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
        fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
      }       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
      /* Pij */       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months before: pe%s%d1.png<br>       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
 <img src=\"pe%s%d1.png\">",stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);           Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
      /* Quasi-incidences */       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: pe%s%d2.png<br>    */
 <img src=\"pe%s%d2.png\">",stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);    double s1, lnpijopii;
        /* Stable prevalence in each health state */    /*double t34;*/
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){    int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br>  
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);    for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
        }      for(j=1; j<i;j++){
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {        for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.png <br>          /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);          lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
      }          /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and        }
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.png<br>        ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
 <img src=\"e%s%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);        /*        printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
    } /* end i1 */      }
  }/* End k1 */      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");        for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
           /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
           lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><li><h4> Result files (second order: variances)</h4>\n          /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n        }
  - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n        ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
  - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"probcov%s\">probcov%s</a> <br>\n      }
  - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"probcor%s\">probcor%s</a> <br>\n    }
  - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n    
  - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n    for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
  - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);      s1=0;
       for(j=1; j<i; j++){
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n        s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n        /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n      }
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
  else        s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);        /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
 fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");      }
       /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
  m=cptcoveff;      ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}      /* Computing other pijs */
       for(j=1; j<i; j++)
  jj1=0;        ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){        ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
      jj1++;      /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
      if (cptcovn > 0) {    } /* end i */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");    
        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)    for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);      for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
        fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");        ps[ii][jj]=0;
      }        ps[ii][ii]=1;
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {      }
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident    }
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.png <br>    
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      
      }    /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
    } /* end i1 */    /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
  }/* End k1 */    /*    printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");    /*   } */
 fclose(fichtm);    /*   printf("\n "); */
 }    /* } */
     /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/    /*
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){      for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
                   goto end;*/
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;    return ps;
   int ng;  }
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);  /*************** backward transition probabilities ***************/ 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);  
   }   /* double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ***dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
   /* double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, double ***dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
 #ifdef windows   double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, int ij )
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);  {
 #endif    /* Computes the backward probability at age agefin and covariate ij
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);     * and returns in **ps as well as **bmij.
       */
  /* 1eme*/    int i, ii, j,k;
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    double **out, **pmij();
     double sumnew=0.;
 #ifdef windows    double agefin;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    
      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    double **dnewm, **dsavm, **doldm;
 #endif    double **bbmij;
 #ifdef unix    
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    doldm=ddoldms; /* global pointers */
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres);    dnewm=ddnewms;
 #endif    dsavm=ddsavms;
     
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    agefin=cov[2];
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    /* bmij *//* age is cov[2], ij is included in cov, but we need for
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");       the observed prevalence (with this covariate ij) */
 }    dsavm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    /* We do have the matrix Px in savm  and we need pij */
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      sumnew=0.; /* w1 p11 + w2 p21 only on live states */
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate;ii++){
 }        sumnew+=dsavm[ii][j]*prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij];
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      } /* sumnew is (N11+N21)/N..= N.1/N.. = sum on i of w_i pij */
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {      for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++){
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        if(sumnew >= 1.e-10){
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          /* if(agefin >= agemaxpar && agefin <= agemaxpar+stepm/YEARM){ */
 }            /*      doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));          /* }else if(agefin >= agemaxpar+stepm/YEARM){ */
 #ifdef unix          /*      doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0); */
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n");          /* }else */
 #endif          doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0);
    }        }else{
   }          printf("ii=%d, i=%d, doldm=%lf dsavm=%lf, probs=%lf, sumnew=%lf,agefin=%d\n",ii,j,doldm[ii][j],dsavm[ii][j],prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij],sumnew, (int)agefin);
   /*2 eme*/        }
       } /*End ii */
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    } /* End j, At the end doldm is diag[1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);    /* left Product of this diag matrix by dsavm=Px (newm=dsavm*doldm) */
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);    bbmij=matprod2(dnewm, dsavm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, doldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
        /* dsavm=doldm; /\* dsavm is now diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] but can be overwritten*\/ */
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {    /* doldm=dnewm; /\* doldm is now Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] *\/ */
       k=2*i;    /* dnewm=dsavm; /\* doldm is now Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] *\/ */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    /* left Product of this matrix by diag matrix of prevalences (savm) */
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++){
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        dsavm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij] : 0.0);
 }        }
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");    } /* End j, At the end oldm is diag[1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);    ps=matprod2(doldm, dsavm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, dnewm); /* Bug Valgrind */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    /* newm or out is now diag[w_i] * Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    /* end bmij */
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    return ps; 
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  }
 }    /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");  
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  double **bpmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  {
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
 }         model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
     }       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
   }       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
         j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
   /*3eme*/       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
        sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);    */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    double s1, lnpijopii;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);    /*double t34;*/
       /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);    int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");  
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);          for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);                  for(j=1; j<i;j++){
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");                          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);                                  /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
                                   lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
 */                                  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {                          }
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);                          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
                           /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
       }                  }
     }                  for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   }                          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
                                    /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
   /* CV preval stat */                                  lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {                                  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {                          }
       k=3;                          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"p%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);                  }
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);          }
           
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)          for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);                  s1=0;
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);                  for(j=1; j<i; j++){
                                s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;                          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);                  }
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {                  for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;                          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);                          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
       }                  }
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);                    /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
     }                  ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
   }                    /* Computing other pijs */
                    for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   /* proba elementaires */                          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){                  for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){                          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
       if (k != i) {                  /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){          } /* end i */
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);          
           jk++;          for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");                  for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
         }                          ps[ii][jj]=0;
       }                          ps[ii][ii]=1;
     }                  }
    }          }
           /* Added for backcast */ /* Transposed matrix too */
    for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/          for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
      for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {                  s1=0.;
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk,ng);                  for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
        if (ng==2)                          s1+=ps[ii][jj];
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");                  }
        else                  for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate; ii++){
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");                          ps[ii][jj]=ps[ii][jj]/s1;
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);                  }
        i=1;          }
        for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {          /* Transposition */
          k3=i;          for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
          for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {                  for(ii=jj; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
            if (k != k2){                          s1=ps[ii][jj];
              if(ng==2)                          ps[ii][jj]=ps[jj][ii];
                fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);                          ps[jj][ii]=s1;
              else                  }
                fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);          }
              ij=1;          /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
              for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {          /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
                if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {          /*      printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);          /*   } */
                  ij++;          /*   printf("\n "); */
                }          /* } */
                else          /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);          /*
              }                  for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
              fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");                  goto end;*/
                        return ps;
              for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){    }
                fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);  
                ij=1;  
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {  
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
                    ij++;  {
                  }    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
                  else       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
                }       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
                fprintf(ficgp,")");       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
              }    int i, j, k;
              fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
              if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
              i=i+ncovmodel;        out[i][k]=0.;
            }        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
          } /* end k */          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
        } /* end k2 */      }
      } /* end jk */    return out;
    } /* end ng */  }
    fclose(ficgp);  
 }  /* end gnuplot */  
   /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
   
 /*************** Moving average **************/  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){  {
     /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' and combination of covariate values corresponding to ij over 
   int i, cpt, cptcod;       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
           for the memory).
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){       included manually here. 
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){  
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){       */
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];  
           }    int i, j, d, h, k;
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
         }    double **newm;
       }    double agexact;
     }    double agebegin, ageend;
      
 }    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 /************** Forecasting ******************/        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
        }
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   int *popage;    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;        newm=savm;
   double ***p3mat;        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];        cov[1]=1.;
         agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /* age just before transition */
  agelim=AGESUP;        cov[2]=agexact;
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;        if(nagesqr==1)
           cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
            cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
          /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);          /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {          cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);        /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
   }          cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);        /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);        
         
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
         /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
   if (mobilav==1) {                          /* right multiplication of oldm by the current matrix */
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   }        /* if((int)age == 70){ */
         /*        printf(" Forward hpxij age=%d agexact=%f d=%d nhstepm=%d hstepm=%d\n", (int) age, agexact, d, nhstepm, hstepm); */
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;        /*        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++) { */
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;        /*          printf("%d pmmij ",i); */
          /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   agelim=AGESUP;        /*            printf("%f ",pmmij[i][j]); */
          /*          } */
   hstepm=1;        /*          printf(" oldm "); */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;        /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);        /*            printf("%f ",oldm[i][j]); */
   anprojmean=yp;        /*          } */
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);        /*          printf("\n"); */
   mprojmean=yp;        /*        } */
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);        /* } */
   jprojmean=yp;        savm=oldm;
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;        oldm=newm;
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;      }
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                                    po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){                                  /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){        }
       k=k+1;      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");    } /* end h */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {          /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    return po;
       }  }
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");  
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");  /************* Higher Back Matrix Product ***************/
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);  /* double ***hbxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
        double ***hbxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, int stepm, int ij )
        {
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);         age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
        nhstepm*hstepm matrices.
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;       for the memory).
                 Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);       included manually here.
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      */
          
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    int i, j, d, h, k;
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    double **newm;
             }    double agexact;
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    double agebegin, ageend;
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;    double **oldm, **savm;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                
                 if (mobilav==1)    oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
                 else {    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                 }        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               }      }
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
                              for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
               }        newm=savm;
             }        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
           }        cov[1]=1.;
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        agexact=age-((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /* age just before transition */
         }        /* agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /\* age just before transition *\/ */
       }        cov[2]=agexact;
     }        if(nagesqr==1)
   }          cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
                for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++)
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
         /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
   fclose(ficresf);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
 }          /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
 /************** Forecasting ******************/          cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){        /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;          cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
   int *popage;        /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;                          
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;                          
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
         /* Careful transposed matrix */
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        /* age is in cov[2] */
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        /* out=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij),\ */
   agelim=AGESUP;        /*                                                 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); */
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;        out=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent,ij),\
                       1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);        /* if((int)age == 70){ */
          /*        printf(" Backward hbxij age=%d agexact=%f d=%d nhstepm=%d hstepm=%d\n", (int) age, agexact, d, nhstepm, hstepm); */
          /*        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++) { */
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");        /*          printf("%d pmmij ",i); */
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);        /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {        /*            printf("%f ",pmmij[i][j]); */
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);        /*          } */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);        /*          printf(" oldm "); */
   }        /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);        /*            printf("%f ",oldm[i][j]); */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);        /*          } */
         /*          printf("\n"); */
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;        /*        } */
         /* } */
   if (mobilav==1) {        savm=oldm;
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        oldm=newm;
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);      }
   }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
          }
   agelim=AGESUP;      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
      } /* end h */
   hstepm=1;    /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;    return po;
    }
   if (popforecast==1) {  
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {  
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);  #ifdef NLOPT
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);    double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
     }    double fret;
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);    double *xt;
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);    int j;
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);    myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
      /* xt = (p1-1); */
     i=1;      xt=vector(1,n); 
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   xt[j]=p1[j-1]; /* xt[1]=p1[0] */
      
     imx=i;    fret=(d2->function)(xt); /*  p xt[1]@8 is fine */
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];    /* fret=(*func)(xt); /\*  p xt[1]@8 is fine *\/ */
   }    printf("Function = %.12lf ",fret);
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) printf(" %d %.8lf", j, xt[j]); 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){    printf("\n");
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){   free_vector(xt,1,n);
       k=k+1;    return fret;
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");  }
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {  #endif
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
       }  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");  double func( double *x)
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");  {
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");    int ioffset=0;
          double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {    double **out;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);      double sw; /* Sum of weights */
            double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    int s1, s2;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    int iv=0, iqv=0, itv=0, iqtv=0 ; /* Index of varying covariate, fixed quantitative cov, time varying covariate, quatitative time varying covariate */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    double bbh, survp;
              long ipmx;
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    double agexact;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    /*extern weight */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
            /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    */
             }  
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    ++countcallfunc;
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;  
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                  cov[1]=1.;
                 if (mobilav==1)  
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
                 else {    ioffset=0;
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];    if(mle==1){
                 }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
               }        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){           depending if the covariates are fixed or varying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/        */
               }        ioffset=2+nagesqr+cptcovage;
             }        /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /\* Simple and product covariates without age* products *\/ */
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){        for (k=1; k<=ncoveff;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
               kk1=0.;          cov[++ioffset]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){        }
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];        for(iqv=1; iqv <= nqfveff; iqv++){ /* Quantitatives and Fixed covariates */
                 }          cov[++ioffset]=coqvar[iqv][i];
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];        }
             }  
         /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);           has been calculated etc */
           }        /* For an individual i, wav[i] gives the number of effective waves */
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        /* We compute the contribution to Likelihood of each effective transition
         }           mw[mi][i] is real wave of the mi th effectve wave */
       }        /* Then statuses are computed at each begin and end of an effective wave s1=s[ mw[mi][i] ][i];
             s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   /******/           And the iv th varying covariate is the cotvar[mw[mi+1][i]][iv][i]
            But if the variable is not in the model TTvar[iv] is the real variable effective in the model:
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {           meaning that decodemodel should be used cotvar[mw[mi+1][i]][TTvar[iv]][i]
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);          */
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);          for(itv=1; itv <= ntveff; itv++){ /* Varying dummy covariates */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;            cov[ioffset+itv]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][itv][i];
                    }
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          for(iqtv=1; iqtv <= nqtveff; iqtv++){ /* Varying quantitatives covariates */
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            if(cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i] == -1){
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);                printf("i=%d, mi=%d, iqtv=%d, cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i]=%f",i,mi,iqtv,cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i]);
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            }
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {            cov[ioffset+ntveff+iqtv]=cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i];
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);          }
             }          /* ioffset=2+nagesqr+cptcovn+nqv+ntv+nqtv; */
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                  savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               }            }
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             }            newm=savm;
           }            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            cov[2]=agexact;
         }            if(nagesqr==1)
       }              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;  /* Should be changed here */
    }            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   }              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
              }
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   if (popforecast==1) {            savm=oldm;
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);            oldm=newm;
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);          } /* end mult */
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);                                  
   }          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
   fclose(ficrespop);           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
 }           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
            * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
 /***********************************************/           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
 /**************** Main Program *****************/           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
 /***********************************************/           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
            * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
 {           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
            */
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           /* bias bh is positive if real duration
   double fret;           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   double **xi,tmp,delta;           */
           /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   double ***p3mat;            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
   int *indx;               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[80];               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
   int c,  h , cpt,l;               as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
   int ju,jl, mi;               health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;               and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;               to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;               (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
   int hstepm, nhstepm;               introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;               the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
                contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;               stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
   double ftolpl=FTOL;               and month of death but the probability to survive from last
   double **prlim;               interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
   double *severity;               probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */               Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
   double  *p;               mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */               which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */               lower mortality.
   double *delti; /* Scale */            */
   double ***eij, ***vareij;            /* If, at the beginning of the maximization mostly, the
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */               cumulative probability or probability to be dead is
   double *epj, vepp;               constant (ie = 1) over time d, the difference is equal to
   double kk1, kk2;               0.  out[s1][3] = savm[s1][3]: probability, being at state
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;               s1 at precedent wave, to be dead a month before current
                 wave is equal to probability, being at state s1 at
                precedent wave, to be dead at mont of the current
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];               wave. Then the observed probability (that this person died)
                is null according to current estimated parameter. In fact,
                it should be very low but not zero otherwise the log go to
   char z[1]="c", occ;               infinity.
 #include <sys/time.h>            */
 #include <time.h>  /* #ifdef INFINITYORIGINAL */
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
    /* #else */
   /* long total_usecs;  /*        if ((out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]) < mytinydouble)  */
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;  /*          lli=log(mytinydouble); */
    /*        else */
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
   getcwd(pathcd, size);  /* #endif */
             lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   printf("\n%s",version);            
   if(argc <=1){          } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
     scanf("%s",pathtot);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   }            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
   else{            lli= log(survp);
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);          }
   }          else if  (s2==-4) { 
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/            lli= log(survp); 
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/          } 
           else if  (s2==-5) { 
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   chdir(path);            lli= log(survp); 
   replace(pathc,path);          } 
           else{
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
             /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
   /* Log file */          } 
   strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
   strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
   if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
     printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);          ipmx +=1;
     goto end;          sw += weight[i];
   }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);          /* if (lli < log(mytinydouble)){ */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s",version);          /*   printf("Close to inf lli = %.10lf <  %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[%d][i]=%d s1=%d s2=%d\n", lli,log(mytinydouble), i, mi,mw[mi][i], s[mw[mi][i]][i], s1,s2); */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: ");          /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Close to inf lli = %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[mw[mi][i]][i]=%d\n", lli, i, mi,s[mw[mi][i]][i]); */
   fprintf(ficlog,"pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);          /* } */
   fflush(ficlog);        } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
   /* */    }  else if(mle==2){
   strcpy(fileres,"r");      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   /*---------arguments file --------*/            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);            }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
     goto end;            newm=savm;
   }            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             cov[2]=agexact;
   strcpy(filereso,"o");            if(nagesqr==1)
   strcat(filereso,fileres);              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);            }
     goto end;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            oldm=newm;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          } /* end mult */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     puts(line);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     fputs(line,ficparo);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);        } /* end of wave */
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);      } /* end of individual */
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     puts(line);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     fputs(line,ficparo);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                }
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   cptcovn=0;            newm=savm;
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             cov[2]=agexact;
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;            if(nagesqr==1)
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
              for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   /* Read guess parameters */              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     ungetc(c,ficpar);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            savm=oldm;
     puts(line);            oldm=newm;
     fputs(line,ficparo);          } /* end mult */
   }        
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
            s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){          ipmx +=1;
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          sw += weight[i];
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       if(mle==1)        } /* end of wave */
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      } /* end of individual */
       fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         if(mle==1){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         }              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         else              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);            }
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       }            newm=savm;
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       if(mle==1)            cov[2]=agexact;
         printf("\n");            if(nagesqr==1)
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     }              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
              }
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;          
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   p=param[1][1];                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
              savm=oldm;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            oldm=newm;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          } /* end mult */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     puts(line);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     fputs(line,ficparo);          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   }            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
             for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);              survp += out[s1][j];
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */            lli= log(survp);
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){          }else{
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          }
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          ipmx +=1;
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);          sw += weight[i];
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);        } /* end of wave */
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);      } /* end of individual */
       }    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       printf("\n");        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   delti=delti3[1][1];              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            newm=savm;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     puts(line);            cov[2]=agexact;
     fputs(line,ficparo);            if(nagesqr==1)
   }              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);            }
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){          
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     if(mle==1)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       printf("%s",str);            savm=oldm;
     fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);            oldm=newm;
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);          } /* end mult */
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){        
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       if(mle==1){          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
         fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);          ipmx +=1;
       }          sw += weight[i];
       else          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        } /* end of wave */
     }      } /* end of individual */
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");    } /* End of if */
     if(mle==1)    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       printf("\n");    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    return -l;
   }  }
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)  
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];  double funcone( double *x)
      {
   if(mle==1)    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
     printf("\n");    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");          int ioffset=0;
     double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double **out;
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */    double llt;
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/    int s1, s2;
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */          int iv=0, iqv=0, itv=0, iqtv=0 ; /* Index of varying covariate, fixed quantitative cov, time varying covariate */
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */    double bbh, survp;
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {    double agexact;
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;    double agebegin, ageend;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;    /*extern weight */
     }    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
        /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     /*-------- data file ----------*/      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {    */
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;    cov[1]=1.;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;  
     }    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     ioffset=0;
     n= lastobs;    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);      ioffset=2+nagesqr+cptcovage;
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i]; */
     num=ivector(1,n);      for (k=1; k<=ncoveff+nqfveff;k++){ /* Simple and product fixed covariates without age* products */
     moisnais=vector(1,n);        cov[++ioffset]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     annais=vector(1,n);      }
     moisdc=vector(1,n);      for(iqv=1; iqv <= nqfveff; iqv++){ /* Quantitative fixed covariates */
     andc=vector(1,n);        cov[++ioffset]=coqvar[Tvar[iqv]][i];
     agedc=vector(1,n);      }
     cod=ivector(1,n);      
     weight=vector(1,n);      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  /* Varying with waves */
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */        for(itv=1; itv <= ntveff; itv++){ /* Varying dummy covariates */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);          cov[ioffset+itv]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][itv][i];
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);        }
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        for(iqtv=1; iqtv <= nqtveff; iqtv++){ /* Varying quantitatives covariates */
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);              cov[ioffset+ntveff+iqtv]=cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][iqtv][i];
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);        }
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     i=1;            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {          }
                
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){        agebegin=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]; /* Age at beginning of effective wave */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);        ageend=agev[mw[mi][i]][i] + (dh[mi][i])*stepm/YEARM; /* Age at end of effective wave and at the end of transition */
           strcpy(line,stra);        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  /* Delay between two effective waves */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          /*dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.*/
         }          newm=savm;
                  agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          cov[2]=agexact;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          if(nagesqr==1)
             cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
           }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          /* printf("i=%d,mi=%d,d=%d,mw[mi][i]=%d\n",i, mi,d,mw[mi][i]); */
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
         }                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         num[i]=atol(stra);          /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
                  /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){          savm=oldm;
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/          oldm=newm;
         } /* end mult */
         i=i+1;        
       }        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     }        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);        /* if(s2==-1){ */
        scanf("%d",i);*/        /*        printf(" s1=%d, s2=%d i=%d \n", s1, s2, i); */
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */        /*        /\* exit(1); *\/ */
         /* } */
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;        /* bias is positive if real duration
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;         */
     }*/        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;        } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
            lli= log(survp);
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/        }else if (mle==1){
   Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);        } else if(mle==2){
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   Tage=ivector(1,15);                lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
            } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   if (strlen(model) >1){          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
     j=nbocc(model,'+');          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
     cptcovn=j+1;        } /* End of if */
     cptcovprod=j1;        ipmx +=1;
            sw += weight[i];
     strcpy(modelsav,model);        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);        if(globpr){
       fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6.1f %6.1f %6d %2d %2d %2d %2d %3d %15.6f %8.4f %8.3f\
       goto end;   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
     }                  num[i], agebegin, ageend, i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],weight[i]*gipmx/gsw,
                      2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyze it */            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/          }
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */        }
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/      } /* end of wave */
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */    } /* end of individual */
           cptcovprod--;    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
           cptcovage++;    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;      gipmx=ipmx;
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/      gsw=sw;
         }    }
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */    return -l;
           cptcovprod--;  }
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');  
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  
           cptcovage++;  /*************** function likelione ***********/
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
         }  {
         else {  /* Age is not in the model */    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/       the selection of individuals/waves and
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */       Plotting could be done.
           Tprod[k1]=i;     */
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/    int k;
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */  
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];      strcpy(fileresilk,"ILK_"); 
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)      strcat(fileresilk,fileresu);
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
           k1++;        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
           k2=k2+2;        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
         }      }
       }      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) count ageb ageend s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight weight/gpw -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
       else { /* no more sum */      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i ageb agend i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight %%weight 2wlli out sav ");
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
       }    }
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);    
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
         scanf("%d",i);*/    if(*globpri !=0){
     } /* end of loop + */      fclose(ficresilk);
   } /* end model */      if (mle ==0)
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with initial parameters and mle = %d.",mle);
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);      else if(mle >=1)
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with optimized parameters mle = %d.",mle);
   fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);      fprintf(fichtm," You should at least run with mle >= 1 to get starting values corresponding to the optimized parameters in order to visualize the real contribution of each individual/wave: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
   scanf("%d ",i);*/      
     fclose(fic);        
       for (k=1; k<= nlstate ; k++) {
     /*  if(mle==1){*/        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probability p<sub>%dj</sub> by origin %d and destination j. Dot's sizes are related to corresponding weight: <a href=\"%s-p%dj.png\">%s-p%dj.png</a><br> \
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/  <img src=\"%s-p%dj.png\">",k,k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k);
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;      }
     }      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- The function drawn is -2Log(L) in Log scale: by state of origin <a href=\"%s-ori.png\">%s-ori.png</a><br> \
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/  <img src=\"%s-ori.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- and by state of destination <a href=\"%s-dest.png\">%s-dest.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s-dest.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      fflush(fichtm);
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {    }
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){    return;
          anint[m][i]=9999;  }
          s[m][i]=-1;  
        }  
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
       }  
     }  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   {
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    int i,j, iter=0;
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);    double **xi;
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    double fret;
         if(s[m][i] >0){    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
             if(agedc[i]>0)  
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)  #ifdef NLOPT
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];    int creturn;
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/    nlopt_opt opt;
            else {    /* double lb[9] = { -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL }; /\* lower bounds *\/ */
               if (andc[i]!=9999){    double *lb;
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);    double minf; /* the minimum objective value, upon return */
               fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);    double * p1; /* Shifted parameters from 0 instead of 1 */
               agev[m][i]=-1;    myfunc_data dinst, *d = &dinst;
               }  #endif
             }  
           }  
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
               agev[m][i]=1;        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
               agemin=agev[m][i];    strcpy(filerespow,"POW_"); 
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
             }    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
               agemax=agev[m][i];      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/    }
             }    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           }        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
           else { /* =9 */    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
             agev[m][i]=1;  #ifdef POWELL
             s[m][i]=-1;    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
           }  #endif
         }  
         else /*= 0 Unknown */  #ifdef NLOPT
           agev[m][i]=1;  #ifdef NEWUOA
       }    opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_NEWUOA,npar);
      #else
     }    opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_BOBYQA,npar);
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {  #endif
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    lb=vector(0,npar-1);
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {    for (i=0;i<npar;i++) lb[i]= -HUGE_VAL;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);      nlopt_set_lower_bounds(opt, lb);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);      nlopt_set_initial_step1(opt, 0.1);
           goto end;    
         }    p1= (p+1); /*  p *(p+1)@8 and p *(p1)@8 are equal p1[0]=p[1] */
       }    d->function = func;
     }    printf(" Func %.12lf \n",myfunc(npar,p1,NULL,d));
     nlopt_set_min_objective(opt, myfunc, d);
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);    nlopt_set_xtol_rel(opt, ftol);
  fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);    if ((creturn=nlopt_optimize(opt, p1, &minf)) < 0) {
       printf("nlopt failed! %d\n",creturn); 
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);    }
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    else {
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);      printf("found minimum after %d evaluations (NLOPT=%d)\n", countcallfunc ,NLOPT);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);      printf("found minimum at f(%g,%g) = %0.10g\n", p[0], p[1], minf);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);      iter=1; /* not equal */
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/    }
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);    nlopt_destroy(opt);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);  #endif
     free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
        fclose(ficrespow);
     wav=ivector(1,imx);    printf("\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
      
     /* Concatenates waves */  }
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);  
   /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   void hesscov(double **matcov, double **hess, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);  {
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
       ncodemax[1]=1;    /* double **hess; */
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);    int i, j;
          int *indx;
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);  
    h=0;    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    double hessij(double p[], double **hess, double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
      void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){    double gompertz(double p[]);
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){    /* hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar); */
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){  
            h++;    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
          }      printf("%d-",i);fflush(stdout);
        }      fprintf(ficlog,"%d-",i);fflush(ficlog);
      }     
    }       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);      
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){    }
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);    
       }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
       printf("\n");      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
       }        if (j>i) { 
       scanf("%d",i);*/          printf(".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
              fprintf(ficlog,".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,hess, delti,i,j,func,npar);
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */          
           hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
              /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
            }
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      }
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    }
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    printf("\n");
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */  
          printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */    
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     if(mle==1){    x=vector(1,npar);
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);    indx=ivector(1,npar);
     }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
          for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);  
      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
    jk=1;      x[j]=1;
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      }
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    }
        if (k != i)  
          {    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
            fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        printf("%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
              fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);      }
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);      printf("\n");
              jk++;      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
            }    }
            printf("\n");  
            fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    /* printf("\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");    /* fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
          }    /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  */
      }    /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  */
    }    /*     printf("%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
    if(mle==1){    /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
      /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */    /*   } */
      ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    /*   printf("\n"); */
      hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);    /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
    }    /* } */
    fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");  
    printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");    /* Recompute Inverse */
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");    /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) */
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j]; */
      for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){    /* ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd); */
        if (j!=i) {  
          fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n"); */
          printf("%1d%1d",i,j);  
          fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);    /* for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { */
          for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0; */
            printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    /*   x[j]=1; */
            fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);    /*   lubksb(a,npar,indx,x); */
            fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  */
            jk++;    /*     y[i][j]=x[i]; */
          }    /*     printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
          printf("\n");    /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    /*   } */
          fprintf(ficres,"\n");    /*   printf("\n"); */
        }    /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
      }    /* } */
    }  
        /* Verifying the inverse matrix */
    k=1;  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
    fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");    y=matprod2(y,hess,1,npar,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
    if(mle==1)  
      printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");     printf("\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix, should be unity:#\n");
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");     fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix. Should be unity:#\n");
    for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){  
      /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
          i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
          fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);        printf("%.2f ",y[i][j]);
          printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/        fprintf(ficlog,"%.2f ",y[i][j]);
      fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);      }
      if(mle==1)      printf("\n");
        printf("%3d",i);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"%3d",i);    }
      for(j=1; j<=i;j++){  #endif
        fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);  
        if(mle==1)    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
          printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
        fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    free_vector(x,1,npar);
      }    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
      fprintf(ficres,"\n");    /* free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar); */
      if(mle==1)  
        printf("\n");  
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  }
      k++;  
    }  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
      double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  { /* Around values of x, computes the function func and returns the scales delti and hessian */
      ungetc(c,ficpar);    int i;
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    int l=1, lmax=20;
      puts(line);    double k1,k2, res, fx;
      fputs(line,ficparo);    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
    }    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
    ungetc(c,ficpar);    int k=0,kmax=10;
    estepm=0;    double l1;
    fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);  
    if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;    fx=func(x);
    if (fage <= 2) {    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
      bage = ageminpar;    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
      fage = agemaxpar;      l1=pow(10,l);
    }      delts=delt;
          for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
    fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");        delt = delta*(l1*k);
    fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
    fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);        k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
            p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        k2=func(p2)-fx;
      ungetc(c,ficpar);        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by 2 because L and not 2*L */
      puts(line);        
      fputs(line,ficparo);  #ifdef DEBUGHESSII
    }        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
    ungetc(c,ficpar);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
    #endif
    fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
    fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
    fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);          k=kmax;
            }
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
      ungetc(c,ficpar);          k=kmax; l=lmax*10;
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        }
      puts(line);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
      fputs(line,ficparo);          delts=delt;
    }        }
    ungetc(c,ficpar);      } /* End loop k */
      }
     delti[theta]=delts;
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;    return res; 
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;    
   }
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);  
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);    double hessij( double x[], double **hess, double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);    {
      int i;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    int l=1, lmax=20;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
     puts(line);    int k, kmax=1;
     fputs(line,ficparo);    double v1, v2, cv12, lc1, lc2;
   }  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    int firstime=0;
     
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);    fx=func(x);
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);    for (k=1; k<=kmax; k=k+10) {
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      k1=func(p2)-fx;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
     puts(line);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
     fputs(line,ficparo);      k2=func(p2)-fx;
   }    
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);      k3=func(p2)-fx;
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);    
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);      k4=func(p2)-fx;
       res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]/k/delti[thetaj]/k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/      if(k1*k2*k3*k4 <0.){
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);        firstime=1;
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");        kmax=kmax+10;
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {      }
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);      if(kmax >=10 || firstime ==1){
   }        printf("Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; you may increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
   fclose(ficgp);        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; you may increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
  printinggnuplot(fileres, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);        printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       }
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);  #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");      v1=hess[thetai][thetai];
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {      v2=hess[thetaj][thetaj];
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);      cv12=res;
   }      /* Computing eigen value of Hessian matrix */
       lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
   fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n      lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n      if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
 \n        printf("Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n        fprintf(ficlog, "Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n        printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
  <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n      }
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n  #endif
  - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n    }
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a></ul>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot);    return res;
   fclose(fichtm);  }
   
  printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);      /* Not done yet: Was supposed to fix if not exactly at the maximum */
    /* double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar) */
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/  /* { */
  chdir(path);  /*   int i; */
    /*   int l=1, lmax=20; */
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);  /*   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx; */
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);  /*   double p2[MAXPARM+1]; */
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    /*   double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4; */
  free_ivector(num,1,n);  /*   int k=0,kmax=10; */
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);  /*   double l1; */
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/    
  fclose(ficparo);  /*   fx=func(x); */
  fclose(ficres);  /*   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /\* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum *\/ */
   /*     l1=pow(10,l); */
   /*     delts=delt; */
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/  /*     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){ */
    /*       delt = delti*(l1*k); */
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");  /*       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i]; */
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);  /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {  /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;  /*       k1=func(p2)-fx; */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;        
   }  /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);  /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);  /*       k2=func(p2)-fx; */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");        
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");  /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);  /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");  /*       k3=func(p2)-fx; */
          
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  /*       k4=func(p2)-fx; */
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  /*       res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /\* Because of L not 2*L *\/ */
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  /* #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ */
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */  /*       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
   k=0;  /*       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
   agebase=ageminpar;  /* #endif */
   agelim=agemaxpar;  /*       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)){ */
   ftolpl=1.e-10;  /*      k=kmax; */
   i1=cptcoveff;  /*       } */
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}  /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif)){ /\* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. *\/ */
   /*      k=kmax; l=lmax*10; */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){  /*       } */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  */
         k=k+1;  /*      delts=delt; */
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/  /*       } */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");  /*     } /\* End loop k *\/ */
         printf("\n#******");  /*   } */
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");  /*   delti[theta]=delts; */
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {  /*   return res;  */
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  /* } */
           printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
         }  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
         printf("******\n");  { 
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");    int i,imax,j,k; 
            double big,dum,sum,temp; 
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){    double *vv; 
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);   
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );    vv=vector(1,n); 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    *d=1.0; 
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      big=0.0; 
         }      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
       }        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
     }      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
   fclose(ficrespl);      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
     } 
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
        for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);        sum=a[i][j]; 
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;        a[i][j]=sum; 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;      } 
   }      big=0.0; 
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);        sum=a[i][j]; 
          for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/        a[i][j]=sum; 
         if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
   agelim=AGESUP;          big=dum; 
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          imax=i; 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        } 
       } 
   /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/      if (j != imax) { 
         for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
   k=0;          dum=a[imax][k]; 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){          a[j][k]=dum; 
       k=k+1;        } 
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");        *d = -(*d); 
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      } 
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");      indx[j]=imax; 
              if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */      if (j != n) { 
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
       } 
           /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/    } 
     free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  ;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  } 
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);    
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  { 
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    double sum; 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");   
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %f %f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );      ip=indx[i]; 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      sum=b[ip]; 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)      b[ip]=b[i]; 
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);      if (ii) 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
              }      else if (sum) ii=i; 
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      b[i]=sum; 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    } 
         }    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
     }      sum=b[i]; 
   }      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
   varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);    } 
   } 
   fclose(ficrespij);  
   void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
   {
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#IMaCh version %s, %s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,copyright, fullversion, strstart);
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){  }
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);  
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);  /************ Frequencies ********************/
   }  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, \
   else{                    int *Tvaraff, int *invalidvarcomb, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[], \
     erreur=108;                    int firstpass,  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[])
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);  {  /* Some frequencies */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);    
   }    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j, k, iv;
      int iind=0, iage=0;
     int mi; /* Effective wave */
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    int first;
     double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
   strcpy(filerest,"t");    double *meanq;
   strcat(filerest,fileres);    double **meanqt;
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {    double *pp, **prop, *posprop, *pospropt;
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    double pos=0., posproptt=0., pospropta=0., k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresphtm[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresphtmfr[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }    double agebegin, ageend;
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);      
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
     prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE); 
     posprop=vector(1,nlstate); /* Counting the number of transition starting from a live state per age */ 
   strcpy(filerese,"e");    pospropt=vector(1,nlstate); /* Counting the number of transition starting from a live state */ 
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    /* prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); */
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    meanq=vector(1,nqfveff); /* Number of Quantitative Fixed Variables Effective */
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    meanqt=matrix(1,lastpass,1,nqtveff);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    strcpy(fileresp,"P_");
   }    strcat(fileresp,fileresu);
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    /*strcat(fileresphtm,fileresu);*/
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   strcpy(fileresv,"v");      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);      exit(0);
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    }
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    strcpy(fileresphtm,subdirfext(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"));
   }    if((ficresphtm=fopen(fileresphtm,"w"))==NULL) {
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);      printf("Problem with prevalence HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtm,strerror(errno));
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtm,strerror(errno));
   calagedate=-1;      fflush(ficlog);
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);      exit(70); 
     }
   k=0;    else{
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      fprintf(ficresphtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh PHTM_ %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
       k=k+1;  Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");              fileresphtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    }
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    fprintf(ficresphtm,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Frequencies and prevalence by age at begin of transition</h4>\n",fileresphtm, fileresphtm);
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");      
     strcpy(fileresphtmfr,subdirfext(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"));
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");    if((ficresphtmfr=fopen(fileresphtmfr,"w"))==NULL) {
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      printf("Problem with frequency table HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtmfr,strerror(errno));
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with frequency table HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtmfr,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");      fflush(ficlog);
       exit(70); 
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");    }
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    else{
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh PHTM_Frequency table %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");  <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);              fileresphtmfr,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    }
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);      fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Frequencies of all effective transitions by age at begin of transition </h4>Unknown status is -1<br/>\n",fileresphtmfr, fileresphtmfr);
    
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    j1=0;
       varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0);    
       if(popbased==1){    /* j=ncoveff;  /\* Only fixed dummy covariates *\/ */
         varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased);    j=cptcoveff;  /* Only dummy covariates of the model */
        }    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
      first=1;
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");  
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);    /* Detects if a combination j1 is empty: for a multinomial variable like 3 education levels:
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");       reference=low_education V1=0,V2=0
        med_educ                V1=1 V2=0, 
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);       high_educ               V1=0 V2=1
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){       Then V1=1 and V2=1 is a noisy combination that we want to exclude for the list 2**cptcoveff 
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);    */
         if (popbased==1) {  
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,j); j1++){ /* Loop on covariates combination in order of model, excluding quantitatives V4=0, V3=0 for example, fixed or varying covariates */
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];      posproptt=0.;
         }      /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
                scanf("%d", i);*/
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);      for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){        for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];            freq[i][jk][m]=0;
             /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/        
           }      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  {
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];        for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
         }          prop[i][m]=0;
         posprop[i]=0;
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)        pospropt[i]=0;
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)      }
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];      /* for (z1=1; z1<= nqfveff; z1++) {   */
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));      /*   meanq[z1]+=0.; */
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){      /*   for(m=1;m<=lastpass;m++){ */
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));      /*  meanqt[m][z1]=0.; */
         }      /*   } */
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");      /* } */
       }        
     }      dateintsum=0;
   }      k2cpt=0;
 free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);      /* For that combination of covariate j1, we count and print the frequencies in one pass */
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      for (iind=1; iind<=imx; iind++) { /* For each individual iind */
     free_vector(weight,1,n);        bool=1;
   fclose(ficreseij);        if(anyvaryingduminmodel==0){ /* If All fixed covariates */
   fclose(ficresvij);          if (cptcoveff >0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
   fclose(ficrest);            /* for (z1=1; z1<= nqfveff; z1++) {   */
   fclose(ficpar);            /*   meanq[z1]+=coqvar[Tvar[z1]][iind];  /\* Computes mean of quantitative with selected filter *\/ */
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);            /* } */
              for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) {  
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/                /* if(Tvaraff[z1] ==-20){ */
               /*   /\* sumnew+=cotvar[mw[mi][iind]][z1][iind]; *\/ */
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");              /* }else  if(Tvaraff[z1] ==-10){ */
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);              /*   /\* sumnew+=coqvar[z1][iind]; *\/ */
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {              /* }else  */
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][iind]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]){
     exit(0);                /* Tests if this individual iind responded to j1 (V4=1 V3=0) */
   }                bool=0;
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);                /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, j1=%d\n", 
                    bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtabm(j1,z1),
   k=0;                   j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)],j1);*/
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){                /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtabm(7,3)=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){              } /* Onlyf fixed */
       k=k+1;            } /* end z1 */
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");          } /* cptcovn > 0 */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)        } /* end any */
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        if (bool==1){ /* We selected an individual iind satisfying combination j1 or all fixed */
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");          /* for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){ */
                for(mi=1; mi<wav[iind];mi++){ /* For that wave */
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);            m=mw[mi][iind];
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            if(anyvaryingduminmodel==1){ /* Some are varying covariates */
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);              for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) {
     }                if( Fixed[Tmodelind[z1]]==1){
  }                  iv= Tvar[Tmodelind[z1]]-ncovcol-nqv;
                   if (cotvar[m][iv][iind]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) /* iv=1 to ntv, right modality */
   fclose(ficresvpl);                    bool=0;
                 }else if( Fixed[Tmodelind[z1]]== 0) { /* fixed */
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/                  if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][iind]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) {
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);                    bool=0;
                    }
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);                }
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);              }
              }/* Some are varying covariates, we tried to speed up if all fixed covariates in the model, avoiding waves loop  */
              /* bool =0 we keep that guy which corresponds to the combination of dummy values */
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            if(bool==1){
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              /* dh[m][iind] or dh[mw[mi][iind]][iind] is the delay between two effective (mi) waves m=mw[mi][iind]
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);                 and mw[mi+1][iind]. dh depends on stepm. */
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              agebegin=agev[m][iind]; /* Age at beginning of wave before transition*/
                ageend=agev[m][iind]+(dh[m][iind])*stepm/YEARM; /* Age at end of wave and transition */
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);              if(m >=firstpass && m <=lastpass){
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);                k2=anint[m][iind]+(mint[m][iind]/12.);
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);                /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);                if(agev[m][iind]==0) agev[m][iind]=iagemax+1;  /* All ages equal to 0 are in iagemax+1 */
                 if(agev[m][iind]==1) agev[m][iind]=iagemax+2;  /* All ages equal to 1 are in iagemax+2 */
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");                if (s[m][iind]>0 && s[m][iind]<=nlstate)  /* If status at wave m is known and a live state */
   fclose(fichtm);                  prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind];  /* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
   fclose(ficgp);                if (m<lastpass) {
                    /* if(s[m][iind]==4 && s[m+1][iind]==4) */
                   /*   printf(" num=%ld m=%d, iind=%d s1=%d s2=%d agev at m=%d\n", num[iind], m, iind,s[m][iind],s[m+1][iind], (int)agev[m][iind]); */
   if(erreur >0){                  if(s[m][iind]==-1)
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);                    printf(" num=%ld m=%d, iind=%d s1=%d s2=%d agev at m=%d agebegin=%.2f ageend=%.2f, agemed=%d\n", num[iind], m, iind,s[m][iind],s[m+1][iind], (int)agev[m][iind],agebegin, ageend, (int)((agebegin+ageend)/2.));
     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);                  freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind]; /* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
   }else{                  /* freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][(int)((agebegin+ageend)/2.)] += weight[iind]; */
    printf("End of Imach\n");                  freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][iagemax+3] += weight[iind]; /* Total is in iagemax+3 *//* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
    fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");                }
   }              } /* end if between passes */  
   printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);              if ((agev[m][iind]>1) && (agev[m][iind]< (iagemax+3)) && (anint[m][iind]!=9999) && (mint[m][iind]!=99)) {
   fclose(ficlog);                dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */                k2cpt++;
                  /* printf("iind=%ld dateintmean = %lf dateintsum=%lf k2cpt=%lf k2=%lf\n",iind, dateintsum/k2cpt, dateintsum,k2cpt, k2); */
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/              }
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/            } /* end bool 2 */
   /*------ End -----------*/          } /* end m */
         } /* end bool */
       } /* end iind = 1 to imx */
  end:      /* prop[s][age] is feeded for any initial and valid live state as well as
 #ifdef windows         freq[s1][s2][age] at single age of beginning the transition, for a combination j1 */
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/  
 #endif  
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      pstamp(ficresp);
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/      /* if  (ncoveff>0) { */
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      if  (cptcoveff>0) {
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);        fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
  strcat(plotcmd," ");        fprintf(ficresphtm, "\n<br/><br/><h3>********** Variable "); 
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);        fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "\n<br/><br/><h3>********** Variable "); 
  system(plotcmd);        for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++){
           fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
 #ifdef windows          fprintf(ficresphtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
   while (z[0] != 'q') {          fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
     /* chdir(path); */        }
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
     scanf("%s",z);        fprintf(ficresphtm, "**********</h3>\n");
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");        fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "**********</h3>\n");
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);        fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);        for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);        fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n");
   }      }
 #endif      fprintf(ficresphtm,"<table style=\"text-align:center; border: 1px solid\">");
 }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
         fprintf(ficresphtm, "<th>Age</th><th>Prev(%d)</th><th>N(%d)</th><th>N</th>",i,i);
       }
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
       fprintf(ficresphtm, "\n");
         
       /* Header of frequency table by age */
       fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<table style=\"text-align:center; border: 1px solid\">");
       fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<th>Age</th> ");
       for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
         for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
           if(jk!=0 && m!=0)
             fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<th>%d%d</th> ",jk,m);
         }
       }
       fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "\n");
         
       /* For each age */
       for(iage=iagemin; iage <= iagemax+3; iage++){
         fprintf(ficresphtm,"<tr>");
         if(iage==iagemax+1){
           fprintf(ficlog,"1");
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>0</th> ");
         }else if(iage==iagemax+2){
           fprintf(ficlog,"0");
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>Unknown</th> ");
         }else if(iage==iagemax+3){
           fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>Total</th> ");
         }else{
           if(first==1){
             first=0;
             printf("See log file for details...\n");
           }
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>%d</th> ",iage);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", iage);
         }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][iage]; 
         }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
             pos += freq[jk][m][iage];
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
             if(first==1){
               printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
             }
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
           }else{
             if(first==1)
               printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
           }
         }
   
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){ 
           /* posprop[jk]=0; */
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)/* Summing on all ages */
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][iage];
         } /* pp[jk] is the total number of transitions starting from state jk and any ending status until this age */
   
         for(jk=1,pos=0, pospropta=0.; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
           pos += pp[jk]; /* pos is the total number of transitions until this age */
           posprop[jk] += prop[jk][iage]; /* prop is the number of transitions from a live state
                                             from jk at age iage prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind] */
           pospropta += prop[jk][iage]; /* prop is the number of transitions from a live state
                                           from jk at age iage prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind] */
         }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
           if(pos>=1.e-5){
             if(first==1)
               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
           }else{
             if(first==1)
               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
           }
           if( iage <= iagemax){
             if(pos>=1.e-5){
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",iage,prop[jk][iage]/pospropta, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
               fprintf(ficresphtm,"<th>%d</th><td>%.5f</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",iage,prop[jk][iage]/pospropta, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
               /*probs[iage][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
               /*printf("\niage=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",iage,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[iage][jk][j1]);*/
             }
             else{
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",iage,prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
               fprintf(ficresphtm,"<th>%d</th><td>NaNq</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",iage, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
             }
           }
           pospropt[jk] +=posprop[jk];
         } /* end loop jk */
         /* pospropt=0.; */
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
             if(freq[jk][m][iage] !=0 ) { /* minimizing output */
               if(first==1){
                 printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iage]);
               }
               fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iage]);
             }
             if(jk!=0 && m!=0)
               fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<td>%.0f</td> ",freq[jk][m][iage]);
           }
         } /* end loop jk */
         posproptt=0.; 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate; jk++){
           posproptt += pospropt[jk];
         }
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</tr>\n ");
         if(iage <= iagemax){
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresphtm,"</tr>\n");
         }
         if(first==1)
           printf("Others in log...\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       } /* end loop age iage */
       fprintf(ficresphtm,"<tr><th>Tot</th>");
       for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
         if(posproptt < 1.e-5){
           fprintf(ficresphtm,"<td>Nanq</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",pospropt[jk],posproptt);   
         }else{
           fprintf(ficresphtm,"<td>%.5f</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",pospropt[jk]/posproptt,pospropt[jk],posproptt);    
         }
       }
       fprintf(ficresphtm,"</tr>\n");
       fprintf(ficresphtm,"</table>\n");
       fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</table>\n");
       if(posproptt < 1.e-5){
         fprintf(ficresphtm,"\n <p><b> This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced</b></p>",j1);
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"\n <p><b> This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced</b></p>",j1);
         fprintf(ficres,"\n  This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced\n\n",j1);
         invalidvarcomb[j1]=1;
       }else{
         fprintf(ficresphtm,"\n <p> This combination (%d) is valid and result will be produced.</p>",j1);
         invalidvarcomb[j1]=0;
       }
       fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</table>\n");
     } /* end selected combination of covariate j1 */
     dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
                    
     fclose(ficresp);
     fclose(ficresphtm);
     fclose(ficresphtmfr);
     free_vector(meanq,1,nqfveff);
     free_matrix(meanqt,1,lastpass,1,nqtveff);
     free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
     free_vector(pospropt,1,nlstate);
     free_vector(posprop,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
     free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
     /* End of freqsummary */
   }
   
   /************ Prevalence ********************/
   void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
   {  
     /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
        in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
        We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
    
     int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j, iv;
     int mi; /* Effective wave */
     int iage;
     double agebegin, ageend;
   
     double **prop;
     double posprop; 
     double  y2; /* in fractional years */
     int iagemin, iagemax;
     int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
   
     iagemin= (int) agemin;
     iagemax= (int) agemax;
     /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
     prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE); 
     /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     j1=0;
     
     /*j=cptcoveff;*/
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     
     first=1;
     for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){ /* For each combination of covariate */
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
         for(iage=iagemin-AGEMARGE; iage <= iagemax+3+AGEMARGE; iage++)
           prop[i][iage]=0.0;
       printf("Prevalence combination of varying and fixed dummies %d\n",j1);
       /* fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j1],nbcode[Tvaraff[j1]][codtabm(k,j1)]); */
       fprintf(ficlog,"Prevalence combination of varying and fixed dummies %d\n",j1);
       
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
         bool=1;
         /* for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/\* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*\/ */
         for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){ /* For this wave too look where individual can be counted V4=0 V3=0 */
           m=mw[mi][i];
           /* Tmodelind[z1]=k is the position of the varying covariate in the model, but which # within 1 to ntv? */
           /* Tvar[Tmodelind[z1]] is the n of Vn; n-ncovcol-nqv is the first time varying covariate or iv */
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++){
             if( Fixed[Tmodelind[z1]]==1){
               iv= Tvar[Tmodelind[z1]]-ncovcol-nqv;
               if (cotvar[m][iv][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) /* iv=1 to ntv, right modality */
                 bool=0;
             }else if( Fixed[Tmodelind[z1]]== 0)  /* fixed */
               if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) {
                 bool=0;
               }
           }
           if(bool==1){ /* Otherwise we skip that wave/person */
             agebegin=agev[m][i]; /* Age at beginning of wave before transition*/
             /* ageend=agev[m][i]+(dh[m][i])*stepm/YEARM; /\* Age at end of wave and transition *\/ */
             if(m >=firstpass && m <=lastpass){
               y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
               if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                 if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                 if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin-AGEMARGE || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3+AGEMARGE){
                   printf("Error on individual # %d agev[m][i]=%f <%d-%d or > %d+3+%d  m=%d; either change agemin or agemax or fix data\n",i, agev[m][i],iagemin,AGEMARGE, iagemax,AGEMARGE,m); 
                   exit(1);
                 }
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
                   /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
                   prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];/* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
                   prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
                 } /* end valid statuses */ 
               } /* end selection of dates */
             } /* end selection of waves */
           } /* end bool */
         } /* end wave */
       } /* end individual */
       for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
         for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
           posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
         } 
         
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){       
           if( i <=  iagemax){ 
             if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
               probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
             } else{
               if(first==1){
                 first=0;
                 printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others in log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
               }
             }
           } 
         }/* end jk */ 
       }/* end i */ 
        /*} *//* end i1 */
     } /* end j1 */
     
     /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
     /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
     free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
   }  /* End of prevalence */
   
   /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   
   void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
   {
     /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
        Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
        mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
        dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
     */
   
     int i=0, mi=0, m=0, mli=0;
     /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
        double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
     int first=0, firstwo=0, firsthree=0, firstfour=0, firstfiv=0;
     int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
     double sum=0.;
     first=0;
     firstwo=0;
     firsthree=0;
     firstfour=0;
     jmin=100000;
     jmax=-1;
     jmean=0.;
   
   /* Treating live states */
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /* For simple cases and if state is death */
       mi=0;  /* First valid wave */
       mli=0; /* Last valid wave */
       m=firstpass;
       while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){  /* a live state */
         if(m >firstpass && s[m][i]==s[m-1][i] && mint[m][i]==mint[m-1][i] && anint[m][i]==anint[m-1][i]){/* Two succesive identical information on wave m */
           mli=m-1;/* mw[++mi][i]=m-1; */
         }else if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){ /* Since 0.98r4 if status=-2 vital status is really unknown, wave should be skipped */
           mw[++mi][i]=m;
           mli=m;
         } /* else might be a useless wave  -1 and mi is not incremented and mw[mi] not updated */
         if(m < lastpass){ /* m < lastpass, standard case */
           m++; /* mi gives the "effective" current wave, m the current wave, go to next wave by incrementing m */
         }
         else{ /* m >= lastpass, eventual special issue with warning */
   #ifdef UNKNOWNSTATUSNOTCONTRIBUTING
           break;
   #else
           if(s[m][i]==-1 && (int) andc[i] == 9999 && (int)anint[m][i] != 9999){
             if(firsthree == 0){
               printf("Information! Unknown status for individual %ld line=%d occurred at last wave %d at known date %d/%d. Please, check if your unknown date of death %d/%d means a live state %d at wave %d. This case(%d)/wave(%d) contributes to the likelihood as pi. .\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], s[m][i], m, i, m);
               firsthree=1;
             }
             fprintf(ficlog,"Information! Unknown status for individual %ld line=%d occurred at last wave %d at known date %d/%d. Please, check if your unknown date of death %d/%d means a live state %d at wave %d. This case(%d)/wave(%d) contributes to the likelihood as pi. .\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], s[m][i], m, i, m);
             mw[++mi][i]=m;
             mli=m;
           }
           if(s[m][i]==-2){ /* Vital status is really unknown */
             nbwarn++;
             if((int)anint[m][i] == 9999){  /*  Has the vital status really been verified? */
               printf("Warning! Vital status for individual %ld (line=%d) at last wave %d interviewed at date %d/%d is unknown %d. Please, check if the vital status and the date of death %d/%d are really unknown. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], i, m);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Vital status for individual %ld (line=%d) at last wave %d interviewed at date %d/%d is unknown %d. Please, check if the vital status and the date of death %d/%d are really unknown. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], i, m);
             }
             break;
           }
           break;
   #endif
         }/* End m >= lastpass */
       }/* end while */
   
       /* mi is the last effective wave, m is lastpass, mw[j][i] gives the # of j-th effective wave for individual i */
       /* After last pass */
   /* Treating death states */
       if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  /* In a death state */
         /* if( mint[m][i]==mdc[m][i] && anint[m][i]==andc[m][i]){ /\* same date of death and date of interview *\/ */
         /* } */
         mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
         /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
         /* Only death is a correct wave */
         mw[mi][i]=m;
       }
   #ifndef DISPATCHINGKNOWNDEATHAFTERLASTWAVE
       else if ((int) andc[i] != 9999) { /* Status is negative. A death occured after lastpass, we can't take it into account because of potential bias */
         /* m++; */
         /* mi++; */
         /* s[m][i]=nlstate+1;  /\* We are setting the status to the last of non live state *\/ */
         /* mw[mi][i]=m; */
         if ((int)anint[m][i]!= 9999) { /* date of last interview is known */
           if((andc[i]+moisdc[i]/12.) <=(anint[m][i]+mint[m][i]/12.)){ /* death occured before last wave and status should have been death instead of -1 */
             nbwarn++;
             if(firstfiv==0){
               printf("Warning! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d before last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d and should have been coded as death instead of '%d'. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is contributing to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], i,m );
               firstfiv=1;
             }else{
               fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d before last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d and should have been coded as death instead of '%d'. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is contributing to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], i,m );
             }
           }else{ /* Death occured afer last wave potential bias */
             nberr++;
             if(firstwo==0){
               printf("Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d after last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
               firstwo=1;
             }
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d after last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
           }
         }else{ /* end date of interview is known */
           /* death is known but not confirmed by death status at any wave */
           if(firstfour==0){
             printf("Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d but not confirmed by any death status for any wave, including last wave %d at unknown date %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
             firstfour=1;
           }
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d but not confirmed by any death status for any wave, including last wave %d at unknown date %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
         }
       } /* end if date of death is known */
   #endif
       wav[i]=mi; /* mi should be the last effective wave (or mli) */
       /* wav[i]=mw[mi][i]; */
       if(mi==0){
         nbwarn++;
         if(first==0){
           printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
           first=1;
         }
         if(first==1){
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
         }
       } /* end mi==0 */
     } /* End individuals */
     /* wav and mw are no more changed */
           
     
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
         if (stepm <=0)
           dh[mi][i]=1;
         else{
           if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
             if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
               j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
               if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
               else if(j<0){
                 nberr++;
                 printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
                 printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
               }
               k=k+1;
               if (j >= jmax){
                 jmax=j;
                 ijmax=i;
               }
               if (j <= jmin){
                 jmin=j;
                 ijmin=i;
               }
               sum=sum+j;
               /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
               /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
             }
           }
           else{
             j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
   /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
                                           
             k=k+1;
             if (j >= jmax) {
               jmax=j;
               ijmax=i;
             }
             else if (j <= jmin){
               jmin=j;
               ijmin=i;
             }
             /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
             /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
             if(j<0){
               nberr++;
               printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
             }
             sum=sum+j;
           }
           jk= j/stepm;
           jl= j -jk*stepm;
           ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
           if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
             if(jl==0){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=0;
             }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
                     * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
           }else{
             if(jl <= -ju){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
                                    * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
                                    */
             }
             else{
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
             if(dh[mi][i]==0){
               dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
               bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
               /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
             }
           } /* end if mle */
         }
       } /* end wave */
     }
     jmean=sum/k;
     printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
   }
   
   /*********** Tricode ****************************/
    void tricode(int *cptcov, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
   {
     /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
      * Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
      * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 4 (V4) even it is a time varying or quantitative variable
      * nbcode[Tvar[5]][1]= nbcode[4][1]=0, nbcode[4][2]=1 (usually);
     */
   
     int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
     int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   
   
     /* cptcoveff=0;  */
           /* *cptcov=0; */
    
     for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
   
     /* Loop on covariates without age and products and no quantitative variable */
     /* for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /\* From model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only *\/ */
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovt; k++) { /* From model V1 + V2*age + V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only */
       for (j=-1; (j < maxncov); j++) Ndum[j]=0;
       if(Dummy[k]==0 && Typevar[k] !=1){ /* Dummy covariate and not age product */ 
         switch(Fixed[k]) {
         case 0: /* Testing on fixed dummy covariate, simple or product of fixed */
           for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Loop on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the  modality of this covariate Vj*/
             ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[k]][i]);
             /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
              * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
              * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
              * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
             /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
                modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
             if (ij > modmaxcovj)
               modmaxcovj=ij; 
             else if (ij < modmincovj) 
               modmincovj=ij; 
             if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
               printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
               exit(1);
             }else
               Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
             /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
             /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
             /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
                (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
                female ies 1, then modmaxcovj=1.
             */
           } /* end for loop on individuals i */
           printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", k, Tvar[k], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
           fprintf(ficlog," Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", k, Tvar[k], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
           cptcode=modmaxcovj;
           /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
           /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
           for (j=modmincovj;  j<=modmaxcovj; j++) { /* j=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value j of the modality of model-cov k */
             printf("Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", k, Tvar[k], j, Ndum[j]);
             fprintf(ficlog, "Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", k, Tvar[k], j, Ndum[j]);
             if( Ndum[j] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered modality j ie empty modality, we skip it and reorder */
               if( j != -1){
                 ncodemax[k]++;  /* ncodemax[k]= Number of modalities of the k th
                                    covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
                                    undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
               }
               ncodemaxwundef[k]++; /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the k th
                                       covariate for which somebody answered including 
                                       undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
             }
             /* In fact  ncodemax[k]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
              * historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
           } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
           
           /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
           /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 
              If Ndum[1]=0, Ndum[2]=0, Ndum[3]= 635, Ndum[4]=0, Ndum[5]=0, Ndum[6]=27, Ndum[7]=125;
              modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
              There are only 3 modalities non empty 3, 6, 7 (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
              which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 2=3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10;
              defining two dummy variables: variables V1_1 and V1_2.
              nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
              nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
              nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
              nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
              To be continued (not working yet).
           */
           ij=0; /* ij is similar to i but can jump over null modalities */
           for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 or from -1 or 0 to 1 currently*/
             if (Ndum[i] == 0) { /* If nobody responded to this modality k */
               break;
             }
             ij++;
             nbcode[Tvar[k]][ij]=i;  /* stores the original value of modality i in an array nbcode, ij modality from 1 to last non-nul modality. nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1*/
             cptcode = ij; /* New max modality for covar j */
           } /* end of loop on modality i=-1 to 1 or more */
           break;
         case 1: /* Testing on varying covariate, could be simple and
                  * should look at waves or product of fixed *
                  * varying. No time to test -1, assuming 0 and 1 only */
           ij=0;
           for(i=0; i<=1;i++){
             nbcode[Tvar[k]][++ij]=i;
           }
           break;
         default:
           break;
         } /* end switch */
       } /* end dummy test */
       
       /*   for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /\* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *\//\* Could be 1 to 4 *\//\* cptcode=modmaxcovj *\/ */
       /*  /\*recode from 0 *\/ */
       /*                               k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex  */
       /*                               then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
       /*                            But if some modality were not used, it is recoded from 0 to a newer modmaxcovj=cptcode *\/ */
       /*  } */
       /*  /\* cptcode = ij; *\/ /\* New max modality for covar j *\/ */
       /*  if (ij > ncodemax[j]) { */
       /*    printf( " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]);  */
       /*    fprintf(ficlog, " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]); */
       /*    break; */
       /*  } */
       /*   }  /\* end of loop on modality k *\/ */
     } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     
     for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
     /* Look at fixed dummy (single or product) covariates to check empty modalities */
     for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2-nagesqr; i++) { /* -2, cste and age and eventually age*age */ 
       /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
       ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar 5,4,3,6,5,7,1,4 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V4*age */ 
       Ndum[ij]++; /* Count the # of 1, 2 etc: {1,1,1,2,2,1,1} because V1 once, V2 once, two V4 and V5 in above */
       /* V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1,  {2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0} */
     } /* V4+V3+V5, Ndum[1]@5={0, 0, 1, 1, 1} */
     
     ij=0;
     /* for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /\* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) *\/ */
     for (k=1; k<=  cptcovt; k++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
       /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
       /* if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){  /\* Tvar[i] <= ncovmodel ? *\/ */
       if(Ndum[Tvar[k]]!=0 && Dummy[k] == 0 && Typevar[k]==0){  /* Only Dummy and non empty in the model */
         /* If product not in single variable we don't print results */
         /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
         ++ij;
         Tvaraff[ij]=Tvar[k]; /*For printing */
         Tmodelind[ij]=k;
         if(Fixed[k]!=0)
           anyvaryingduminmodel=1;
       /* }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv)){ */
       /*   Tvaraff[++ij]=-10; /\* Dont'n know how to treat quantitative variables yet *\/ */
       /* }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv+ntv)){ */
       /*   Tvaraff[++ij]=i; /\*For printing (unclear) *\/ */
       /* }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv)){ */
       /*   Tvaraff[++ij]=-20; /\* Dont'n know how to treat quantitative variables yet *\/ */
       } 
     } /* Tvaraff[1]@5 {3, 4, -20, 0, 0} Very strange */
     /* ij--; */
     /* cptcoveff=ij; /\*Number of total covariates*\/ */
     *cptcov=ij; /*Number of total real effective covariates: effective
                  * because they can be excluded from the model and real
                  * if in the model but excluded because missing values, but how to get k from ij?*/
     for(j=ij+1; j<= cptcovt; j++){
       Tvaraff[j]=0;
       Tmodelind[j]=0;
     }
     /* To be sorted */
     ;
   }
   
   
   /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   
   void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3mat;
     double eip;
   
     pstamp(ficreseij);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
   /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       
       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       
       /* Computing expectancies */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       
     }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     
   }
   
   void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
        to initial status i, ei. .
     */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp, *xm;
     double **gp, **gm;
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     int theta;
   
     double eip, vip;
   
     varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     xm=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     
     pstamp(ficresstdeij);
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
       fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
     pstamp(ficrescveij);
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
           for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
             cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
             if(cptj2 <= cptj)
               fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
           }
       }
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     /* If stepm=6 months */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     
     p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
                   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
                   
       /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
          decrease memory allocation */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
         hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
                           
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }
           }
         }
                           
         for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
           }
       }/* End theta */
       
       
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       
                   
       for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
         for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
           varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
                   
       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
                   
       /* Computing expectancies */
       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
                                           
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                                           
           }
                   
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0.;
         vip=0.;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
           for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
             vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
       }
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
                   
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
             for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
               cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
               if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                 fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
             }
         }
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
                   
     }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           
     free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
    
   /************ Variance ******************/
    void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
    {
      /* Variance of health expectancies */
      /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
      /* double **newm;*/
      /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav)*/
     
      /* int movingaverage(); */
      double **dnewm,**doldm;
      double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
      int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
      int k;
      double *xp;
      double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
      double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
      double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
      double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
      double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
      double ***p3mat;
      double age,agelim, hf;
      /* double ***mobaverage; */
      int theta;
      char digit[4];
      char digitp[25];
   
      char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
      if(popbased==1){
        if(mobilav!=0)
          strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-MOBILAV_");
        else strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-NOMOBIL_");
      }
      else 
        strcpy(digitp,"-STABLBASED_");
   
      /* if (mobilav!=0) { */
      /*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
      /*   if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ */
      /*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
      /*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
      /*   } */
      /* } */
   
      strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"PRMORPREV-"); 
      sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
      /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
      strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
      strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
      strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileresu);
      if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
      }
      printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
      pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
      }  
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title \n");
      /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
      /*   } */
      varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      pstamp(ficresvij);
      fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
      if(popbased==1)
        fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
      else
        fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
      fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
          fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
      xp=vector(1,npar);
      dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
      doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
      dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
      doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
      gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
      if(estepm < stepm){
        printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
      }
      else  hstepm=estepm;   
      /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
      /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
         nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
         nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelim. 
         Look at function hpijx to understand why because of memory size limitations, 
         we decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
         survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
         means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
         you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
         results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
      */
      hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
      agelim = AGESUP;
      for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
        nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
        nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
        p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
        gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
        gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
        gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
                   
                   
        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
            xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
          }
                           
          prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
                           
          if (popbased==1) {
            if(mobilav ==0){
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
            }else{ /* mobilav */ 
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
            }
          }
                           
          hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  /* Returns p3mat[i][j][h] for h=1 to nhstepm */
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
                gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
            }
          }
          /* Next for computing probability of death (h=1 means
             computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
             as a weighted average of prlim.
          */
          for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
              gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
          }    
          /* end probability of death */
                           
          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
            xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
                           
          prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp, ij);
                           
          if (popbased==1) {
            if(mobilav ==0){
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
            }else{ /* mobilav */ 
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
            }
          }
                           
          hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
                           
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
                gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
            }
          }
          /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
             computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
             as a weighted average of prlim.
          */
          for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
              gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
          }    
          /* end probability of death */
                           
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
            }
                           
          for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
            gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
          }
                           
        } /* End theta */
                   
        trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
                   
        for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
          for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
              trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
                   
        for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
            trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
                   
                   
        hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
          for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
            vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
                   
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
          for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
            matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
            matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
            for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
              for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
                vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
          }
        }
                   
        /* pptj */
        matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
        matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
          for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
            varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
        /* end ppptj */
        /*  x centered again */
                   
        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
                   
        if (popbased==1) {
          if(mobilav ==0){
            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
          }
        }
                   
        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
           computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
           as a weighted average of prlim.
        */
        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
        }    
        /* end probability of death */
                   
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
        for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
            fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
          }
        } 
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
                   
        fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
          for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
            fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
          }
        fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
        free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
        free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
        free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
        free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
        free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
      } /* End age */
      free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
      /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240"); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter svg size 640, 480");
      /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
      /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
       */
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.svg\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";replot;set out;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
   
      free_vector(xp,1,npar);
      free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
      free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
      free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
      free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      /* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
      fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
      fflush(ficgp);
      fflush(fichtm); 
    }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
    void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit  for each state ij using current parameters x[] and estimates of neighbourhood give by delti*/
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
   
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mgm, **mgp;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       mgp=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       mgm=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         else
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
           mgp[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
         }
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         else
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
           mgm[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
         }
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
         /* gradg[theta][2]= -gradg[theta][1]; */ /* For testing if nlstate=2 */
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
       /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
       /*   printf("\nmgm mgp %d ",(int)age); */
       /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
       /*  printf(" %d ",j); */
       /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
       /*    printf(" %d %lf %lf",theta,mgm[theta][j],mgp[theta][j]); */
       /*  printf("\n "); */
       /*   } */
       /* } */
       /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
       /*   printf("\n gradg %d ",(int)age); */
       /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
       /*  printf("%d ",j); */
       /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
       /*    printf("%d %lf ",theta,gradg[theta][j]); */
       /*  printf("\n "); */
       /*   } */
       /* } */
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80  ||(int)age== 81){
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       }else{
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       }
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(mgm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(mgp,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
    {
      int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
      int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
      int k=0, l;
      int first=1, first1, first2;
      double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
      double **dnewm,**doldm;
      double *xp;
      double *gp, *gm;
      double **gradg, **trgradg;
      double **mu;
      double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
      double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
      int theta;
      char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
      char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
      char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
      double ***varpij;
   
      strcpy(fileresprob,"PROB_"); 
      strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
      if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
      }
      strcpy(fileresprobcov,"PROBCOV_"); 
      strcat(fileresprobcov,fileresu);
      if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
      }
      strcpy(fileresprobcor,"PROBCOR_"); 
      strcat(fileresprobcor,fileresu);
      if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
      }
      printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
      printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
      printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
      fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
      pstamp(ficresprob);
      fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
      fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
      pstamp(ficresprobcov);
      fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
      fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
      pstamp(ficresprobcor);
      fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
      fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
          fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
          fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
          fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
        }  
      /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
         fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
         fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
      */
      xp=vector(1,npar);
      dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
      doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
      mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
      varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
      first=1;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4> this page is important in order to visualize confidence intervals and especially correlation between disability and recovery, or more generally, way in and way back.</li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
      fprintf(fichtmcov,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n",optionfilehtmcov, optionfilehtmcov);
      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated \
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
      cov[1]=1;
      /* tj=cptcoveff; */
      tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
      if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
      j1=0;
      for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){  /* For each valid combination of covariates or only once*/
        if  (cptcovn>0) {
          fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
          fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
                           
          fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
          fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
                           
                           
          fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
          fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
                           
          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
          if(invalidvarcomb[j1]){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\n#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",j1); 
            fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h3>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h3>\n",j1); 
            continue;
          }
        }
        gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
        trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
        gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
        gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
          cov[2]=age;
          if(nagesqr==1)
            cov[3]= age*age;
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
            cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,k)];
            /*cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,Tvar[k])];*//* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                                       * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                                       * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                                       * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                                       */
            /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
          }
          /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
            cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
                           
                           
          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
              xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
                                   
            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
                                   
            k=0;
            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                k=k+1;
                gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
              }
            }
                                   
            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
              xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
                                   
            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
            k=0;
            for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                k=k+1;
                gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
              }
            }
                                   
            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
              gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
          }
   
          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
              trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
                           
          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
                           
          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
                           
          k=0;
          for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
              k=k+1;
              mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
            }
          }
          for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
            for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
              varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
                           
          /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
            for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
            printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
            fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
            }*/
                           
          fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
          fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
          fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
                           
          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
            fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
            fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
            fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
          }
          i=0;
          for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
            for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
              i++;
              fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
              fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
              for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
              }
            }
          }/* end of loop for state */
        } /* end of loop for age */
        free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
        free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
        free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
        free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
       
        /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
        /*
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
        */
                   
        /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
        first1=1;first2=2;
        for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
          for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
            if(l2==k2) continue;
            j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
            for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
              for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                if(l1==k1) continue;
                i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                if(i<=j) continue;
                for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                  if ((int)age %5==0){
                    v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                    v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                    cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                    mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                    mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                    c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                    /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                    lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                    lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                    if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                      if(first2==1){
                        first1=0;
                        printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                      }
                      fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                      /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                      /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                    }
                                                                   
                    /* Eigen vectors */
                    v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                    /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                    v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                    v12=-v21;
                    v22=v11;
                    tnalp=v21/v11;
                    if(first1==1){
                      first1=0;
                      printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                    }
                    fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                    /*printf(fignu*/
                    /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                    /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                    if(first==1){
                      first=0;
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Ellipsoids of confidence\n#\n");
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480");
                      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\">                                                                                                                                           \
   %s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                              subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,      \
                              subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",      \
                              mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),                                                                         \
                              mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                    }else{
                      first=0;
                      fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not", \
                              mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),                                 \
                              mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                    }/* if first */
                  } /* age mod 5 */
                } /* end loop age */
                fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\";replot;set out;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                first=1;
              } /*l12 */
            } /* k12 */
          } /*l1 */
        }/* k1 */
      }  /* loop on combination of covariates j1 */
      free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
      free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
      free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
      free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
      free_vector(xp,1,npar);
      fclose(ficresprob);
      fclose(ficresprobcov);
      fclose(ficresprobcor);
      fflush(ficgp);
      fflush(fichtmcov);
    }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int prevfcast, int backcast, int estepm , \
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, double dateprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2, double dateprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<li>- Observed frequency between two states (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (html file)<br/>\n",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"),subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"<li> - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (html file) ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"),subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"));
      fprintf(fichtm,",  <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (text file) <br>\n",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated back transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) back prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, e<sub>i.</sub> (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, e<sub>ij</sub> . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"));
      if(prevfcast==1){
        fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Prevalence projections by age and states:                            \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
      }
   
      fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
      m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
      if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
      jj1=0;
      for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
   
        /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++){ 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
            printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);fflush(stdout);
          }
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
          if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
            fprintf(fichtm,"\n<h3>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h3>\n",k1); 
            printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
            continue;
          }
        }
        /* aij, bij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Logit model (yours is: 1+age+%s), for example: logit(pij)=log(pij/pii)= aij+ bij age + V1 age + etc. as a function of age: <a href=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">%s_%d-1.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">",model,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- P<sub>ij</sub> or conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">%s_%d-2.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- I<sub>ij</sub> or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too, \
    incidence (rates) are the limit when h tends to zero of the ratio of the probability  <sub>h</sub>P<sub>ij</sub> \
   divided by h: <sub>h</sub>P<sub>ij</sub>/h : <a href=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">%s_%d-3.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1); 
        /* Survival functions (period) in state j */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions in state %d. Or probability to survive in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        /* State specific survival functions (period) */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions from state %d in each live state and total.\
    Or probability to survive in various states (1 to %d) being in state %d at different ages.     \
    <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, nlstate, cpt, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        if(backcast==1){
          /* Period (stable) back prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) back prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        }
        if(prevfcast==1){
          /* Projection of prevalence up to period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Projection of cross-sectional prevalence (estimated with cases observed from %.1f to %.1f) up to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", dateprev1, dateprev2, cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        }
            
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) (or area under each survival functions): <a href=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">%s_%d%d.svg</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
      }/* End k1 */
      fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br> \
    - 95%% confidence intervals and Wald tests of the estimated parameters are in the log file if optimization has been done (mle != 0).<br> \
   But because parameters are usually highly correlated (a higher incidence of disability \
   and a higher incidence of recovery can give very close observed transition) it might \
   be very useful to look not only at linear confidence intervals estimated from the \
   variances but at the covariance matrix. And instead of looking at the estimated coefficients \
   (parameters) of the logistic regression, it might be more meaningful to visualize the \
   covariance matrix of the one-step probabilities. \
   See page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' below. \n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
      fprintf(fichtm," - Standard deviation of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"));
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
              estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
              subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
      fflush(fichtm);
      fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
      m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
      if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
      jj1=0;
      for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
        /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)  /**< cptcoveff number of variables */
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
   
          if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
            fprintf(fichtm,"\n<h4>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h4>\n",k1); 
            continue;
          }
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\"> %s_%d-%d.svg</a>\n <br>\
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences:  <a href=\"%s_%d.svg\">%s_%d.svg</a>\n<br>\
   <img src=\"%s_%d.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1);
        /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
      }/* End k1 */
      fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
      fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , int prevfcast, int backcast, char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     char gplotcondition[132];
     int cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int lv=0, vlv=0, kl=0;
     int ng=0;
     int vpopbased;
     int ioffset; /* variable offset for columns */
   
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
     /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     /* Contribution to likelihood */
     /* Plot the probability implied in the likelihood */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Contributions to the Likelihood, mle >=1. For mle=4 no interpolation, pure matrix products.\n#\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Likelihood (-2Log(L))\";");
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480"); */ /* Too big for svg */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter pngcairo size 640, 480");
   /* nice for mle=4 plot by number of matrix products.
      replot  "rrtest1/toto.txt" u 2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with point lc 1 */
   /* replot exp(p1+p2*x)/(1+exp(p1+p2*x)+exp(p3+p4*x)+exp(p5+p6*x)) t "p12(x)"  */
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-dest.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$13):6 t \"All sample, transitions colored by destination\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-ori.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$13):5 t \"All sample, transitions colored by origin\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-p%dj.png\";set ylabel \"Probability for each individual/wave\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),i);
       fprintf(ficgp,"unset log;\n# plot weighted, mean weight should have point size of 0.5\n plot  \"%s\"",subdirf(fileresilk));
       fprintf(ficgp,"  u  2:($5 == %d && $6==%d ? $10 : 1/0):($12/4.):6 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable \\\n",i,1,i,1);
       for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++) {
         fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n \"\" u  2:($5 == %d && $6==%d ? $10 : 1/0):($12/4.):6 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable ",i,j,i,j);
       }
       fprintf(ficgp,";\nset out; unset ylabel;\n"); 
     }
     /* unset log; plot  "rrtest1_sorted_4/ILK_rrtest1_sorted_4.txt" u  2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with points lc variable */                
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$11):3 t \"All sample, all transitions\" with dots lc variable",subdirf(fileresilk)); */
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot  \"%s\" u 2:($3 <= 3 ? -$11 : 1/0):3 t \"First 3 individuals\" with line lc variable", subdirf(fileresilk)); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;unset log\n");
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\"; replot; set out; # bug gnuplot",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each live state */
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each valid combination of covariate */
         /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'VPL_' files ");
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate k get corresponding value lv for combination k1 */
           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the value of the covariate corresponding to k1 combination */
           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]; /* vlv is the value of the covariate lv, 0 or 1 */
           /* For each combination of covariate k1 (V1=1, V3=0), we printed the current covariate k and its value vlv */
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
         if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
           fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
           continue;
         }
   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"V_%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n   \
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n     \
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
                           
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
           if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
           else        fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
           if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1); 
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
           if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
         }  
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence\" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
         if(backcast==1){ /* We need to get the corresponding values of the covariates involved in this combination k1 */
           /* fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Backward stable prevalence\" w l lt 3",subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"),k1-1,k1-1,1+cpt); */
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u 1:((",subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_")); /* Age is in 1 */
           if(cptcoveff ==0){
             fprintf(ficgp,"$%d)) t 'Backward prevalence in state %d' with line ",  2+(cpt-1),  cpt );
           }else{
             kl=0;
             for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each combination of covariate  */
               lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to k1 combination and kth covariate */
               /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
               /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
               /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
               vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
               kl++;
               /* kl=6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1); /\* 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1)=7, 6+(2-1)(2+1)+1+(1-1)=10 *\/ */
               /*6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
               /*6+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
               /* ''  u 6:(($1==1 && $2==0 && $3==2 && $4==0)? $9/(1.-$15) : 1/0):($5==2000? 3:2) t 'p.1' with line lc variable*/
               if(k==cptcoveff){
                 fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d)? $%d : 1/0) t 'Backward prevalence in state %d' ",kl+1, Tvaraff[k],kl+1+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv], \
                         4+(cpt-1),  cpt );  /* 4 or 6 ?*/
               }else{
                 fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d && ",kl+1, Tvaraff[k],kl+1+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]);
                 kl++;
               }
             } /* end covariate */
           } /* end if no covariate */
         } /* end if backcast */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \n");
       } /* k1 */
     } /* cpt */
     /*2 eme*/
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
   
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files ");
       for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
         lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
         /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
         /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
         /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
         vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
         fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
       }
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
       if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
         fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
         continue;
       }
                           
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1);
       for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
         if(vpopbased==0)
           fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter svg size 640, 480\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
         else
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot ");
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
           k=2*i;
           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ?$4 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1, vpopbased);
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
             if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }   
           if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i);
           else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i-1,i+1);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4-$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
             if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }   
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4+$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
             if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }   
           if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
           else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,\\\n");
         } /* state */
       } /* vpopbased */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;set out \"%s_%d.svg\"; replot; set out; \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1); /* Buggy gnuplot */
     } /* k1 */
           
           
     /*3eme*/
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
   
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 3d: Life expectancy with EXP_ files:  cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
         if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
           fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
           continue;
         }
                           
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
                                   
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
                                   
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* 4eme */
     /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by initial state i */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
   
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j : 'LIJ_' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
         if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
           fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
           continue;
         }
                           
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                                                                                                                                                                     \
   unset log y\n                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           \
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         k=3;
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1){
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           }else{
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           }
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
           
   /* 5eme */
     /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by final state j */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each inital state  */
                           
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j and all livestates from state i by final state j: 'lij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
         if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
           fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
           continue;
         }
         
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                             \
   unset log y\n                                                           \
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         k=3;
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
           if(j==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
           fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l);
           /* for (i=2; i<= nlstate+ndeath ; i ++) */
           /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+i-1); */
           fprintf(ficgp,") t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,j);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
         fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):(",k1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
           if(j < nlstate)
             fprintf(ficgp,"$%d +",k+l);
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,"$%d) t\"l(%d,.)\" w l",k+l,cpt);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
     
   /* 6eme */
     /* CV preval stable (period) for each covariate */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
         if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
           fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
           continue;
         }
         
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                             \
   unset log y\n                                                           \
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         k=3; /* Offset */
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
     
     
   /* 7eme */
     if(backcast == 1){
       /* CV back preval stable (period) for each covariate */
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV Back preval stable (period): 'pij' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
           for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
           if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
             fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
             continue;
           }
           
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,k1);
           fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                             \
   unset log y\n                                                           \
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
           k=3; /* Offset */
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
             if(i==1)
               fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"));
             else
               fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
             /* l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1; */
             l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1)+1;
             /* fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l); /\* a vérifier *\/ */
             /* fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l+(cpt-1)+i-1); /\* a vérifier *\/ */
             fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1)+i-1); /* a vérifier */
             /* for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++) */
             /*    fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1); */
             /*    /\* fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1); *\/ */
             fprintf(ficgp,") t \"bprev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
           } /* nlstate */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
         } /* end cpt state*/ 
       } /* end covariate */  
     } /* End if backcast */
     
     /* 8eme */
     if(prevfcast==1){
       /* Projection from cross-sectional to stable (period) for each covariate */
       
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#Projection of prevalence to stable (period): 'PROJ_' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
           for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each correspondig covariate value  */
             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to k1 combination and kth covariate */
             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
           if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
             fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
             continue;
           }
           
           fprintf(ficgp,"# hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev\n ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,k1);
           fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Prevalence\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                             \
   unset log y\n                                                           \
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++){  /* nlstate +1 p11 p21 p.1 */
             /*#  V1  = 1  V2 =  0 yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
             /*#   1    2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */   
             /*# yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
             /*#   1       2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */   
             if(i==1){
               fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
             }else{
               fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n '' ");
             }
             if(cptcoveff ==0){ /* No covariate */
               ioffset=2; /* Age is in 2 */
               /*# yearproj age p11 p21 p31 p.1 p12 p22 p32 p.2 p13 p23 p33 p.3 p14 p24 p34 p.4*/
               /*#   1       2   3   4   5  6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 */
               /*# V1  = 1 yearproj age p11 p21 p31 p.1 p12 p22 p32 p.2 p13 p23 p33 p.3 p14 p24 p34 p.4*/
               /*#  1    2        3   4   5  6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 */
               fprintf(ficgp," u %d:(", ioffset); 
               if(i==nlstate+1)
                 fprintf(ficgp," $%d/(1.-$%d)) t 'pw.%d' with line ",      \
                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
               else
                 fprintf(ficgp," $%d/(1.-$%d)) t 'p%d%d' with line ",      \
                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
             }else{ /* more than 2 covariates */
               if(cptcoveff ==1){
                 ioffset=4; /* Age is in 4 */
               }else{
                 ioffset=6; /* Age is in 6 */
                 /*#  V1  = 1  V2 =  0 yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
                 /*#   1    2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */
               }   
               fprintf(ficgp," u %d:(",ioffset); 
               kl=0;
               strcpy(gplotcondition,"(");
               for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate writing the chain of conditions */
                 lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to combination k1 and covariate k */
                 /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
                 /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
                 /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
                 vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]; /* Value of the modality of Tvaraff[k] */
                 kl++;
                 sprintf(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition),"$%d==%d && $%d==%d " ,kl,Tvaraff[k], kl+1, nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]);
                 kl++;
                 if(k <cptcoveff && cptcoveff>1)
                   sprintf(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition)," && ");
               }
               strcpy(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition),")");
               /* kl=6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1); /\* 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1)=7, 6+(2-1)(2+1)+1+(1-1)=10 *\/ */
               /*6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
               /*6+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
               /* ''  u 6:(($1==1 && $2==0 && $3==2 && $4==0)? $9/(1.-$15) : 1/0):($5==2000? 3:2) t 'p.1' with line lc variable*/
               if(i==nlstate+1){
                 fprintf(ficgp,"%s ? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p.%d' with line ", gplotcondition, \
                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
               }else{
                 fprintf(ficgp,"%s ? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p%d%d' with line ", gplotcondition, \
                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1), ioffset +1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
               }
             } /* end if covariate */
           } /* nlstate */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
         } /* end cpt state*/
       } /* end covariate */
     } /* End if prevfcast */
     
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#MLE estimated parameters\n#############\n");
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       fprintf(ficgp,"# initial state %d\n",i);
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           fprintf(ficgp,"#   current state %d\n",k);
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f; ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
         }
       }
     }
     fprintf(ficgp,"##############\n#\n");
     
     /*goto avoid;*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#Graphics of probabilities or incidences\n#############\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=p1 +p2*age +p3*age*age+ p4*V1+ p5*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=p6 +p7*age +p8*age*age+ p9*V1+ p10*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12+p13+p14+p11=1=p11(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p11=1/(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12=exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)/\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#     (1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age))\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a14+b14*age+c14age*age+d14*V1+e14*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#\n");
     for(ng=1; ng<=3;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is logit, 2nd is probabilities, third is incidences per year*/
       fprintf(ficgp,"# ng=%d\n",ng);
       fprintf(ficgp,"#   jk=1 to 2^%d=%d\n",cptcoveff,m);
       for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
         fprintf(ficgp,"#    jk=%d\n",jk);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jk,ng);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480 ");
         if (ng==1){
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Value of the logit of the model\"\n"); /* exp(a12+b12*x) could be nice */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset log y");
         }else if (ng==2){
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Probability\"\n");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
         }else if (ng==3){
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
         }else
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title ");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
         i=1;
         for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
           k3=i;
           for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
             if (k != k2){
               switch( ng) {
               case 1:
                 if(nagesqr==0)
                   fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                 else /* nagesqr =1 */
                   fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                 break;
               case 2: /* ng=2 */
                 if(nagesqr==0)
                   fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                 else /* nagesqr =1 */
                   fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                 break;
               case 3:
                 if(nagesqr==0)
                   fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                 else /* nagesqr =1 */
                   fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                 break;
               }
               ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
               for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++) {
                 /* printf("Tage[%d]=%d, j=%d\n", ij, Tage[ij], j); */
                 if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
                   if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
                     fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                     /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                     ij++;
                   }
                 }
                 else
                   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]); /* Valgrind bug nbcode */
               }
             }else{
               i=i-ncovmodel;
               if(ng !=1 ) /* For logit formula of log p11 is more difficult to get */
                 fprintf(ficgp," (1.");
             }
             
             if(ng != 1){
               fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
               
               for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){ 
                 if(nagesqr==0)
                   fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                 else /* nagesqr =1 */
                   fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+nagesqr);
                  
                 ij=1;
                 for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++){
                   if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
                     if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
                       fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                       /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                       ij++;
                     }
                   }
                   else
                     fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);/* Valgrind bug nbcode */
                 }
                 fprintf(ficgp,")");
               }
               fprintf(ficgp,")");
               if(ng ==2)
                 fprintf(ficgp," t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
               else /* ng= 3 */
                 fprintf(ficgp," t \"i%d%d\" ", k2,k);
             }else{ /* end ng <> 1 */
               if( k !=k2) /* logit p11 is hard to draw */
                 fprintf(ficgp," t \"logit(p%d%d)\" ", k2,k);
             }
             if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath) && ng != 1)
               fprintf(ficgp,",");
             if (ng == 1 && k!=k2 && (k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath))
               fprintf(ficgp,",");
             i=i+ncovmodel;
           } /* end k */
         } /* end k2 */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n set out\n");
       } /* end jk */
     } /* end ng */
     /* avoid: */
     fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage, double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav, double bageout, double fageout){ */
    int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage, double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
      
      int i, cpt, cptcod;
      int modcovmax =1;
      int mobilavrange, mob;
      int iage=0;
   
      double sum=0.;
      double age;
      double *sumnewp, *sumnewm;
      double *agemingood, *agemaxgood; /* Currently identical for all covariates */
     
     
      /* modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/\* Max number of modalities. We suppose  */
      /*              a covariate has 2 modalities, should be equal to ncovcombmax  *\/ */
   
      sumnewp = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
      sumnewm = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
      agemingood = vector(1,ncovcombmax);  
      agemaxgood = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
   
      for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
        sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
        sumnewp[cptcod]=0.;
        agemingood[cptcod]=0;
        agemaxgood[cptcod]=0;
      }
      if (cptcovn<1) ncovcombmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
     
      if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
        if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
        else mobilavrange=mobilav;
        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
            for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++)
              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
        /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
           fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
           we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
        */ 
        for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
          for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
            for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
              for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
                mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                  mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                  mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                }
                mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
              }
            }
          }/* end age */
        }/* end mob */
      }else
        return -1;
      for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
        /* for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){ */
        if(invalidvarcomb[cptcod]){
          printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",cptcod); 
          continue;
        }
   
        agemingood[cptcod]=fage-(mob-1)/2;
        for (age=fage-(mob-1)/2; age>=bage; age--){/* From oldest to youngest, finding the youngest wrong */
          sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
            sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
          }
          if(fabs(sumnewm[cptcod] - 1.) <= 1.e-3) { /* good */
            agemingood[cptcod]=age;
          }else{ /* bad */
            for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
            } /* i */
          } /* end bad */
        }/* age */
        sum=0.;
        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
          sum+=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
        }
        if(fabs(sum - 1.) > 1.e-3) { /* bad */
          printf("For this combination of covariate cptcod=%d, we can't get a smoothed prevalence which sums to one at any descending age!\n",cptcod);
          /* for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
          /*   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod]; */
          /* } /\* i *\/ */
        } /* end bad */
        /* else{ /\* We found some ages summing to one, we will smooth the oldest *\/ */
        /* From youngest, finding the oldest wrong */
        agemaxgood[cptcod]=bage+(mob-1)/2;
        for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage; age++){
          sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
            sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
          }
          if(fabs(sumnewm[cptcod] - 1.) <= 1.e-3) { /* good */
            agemaxgood[cptcod]=age;
          }else{ /* bad */
            for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
            } /* i */
          } /* end bad */
        }/* age */
        sum=0.;
        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
          sum+=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
        }
        if(fabs(sum - 1.) > 1.e-3) { /* bad */
          printf("For this combination of covariate cptcod=%d, we can't get a smoothed prevalence which sums to one at any ascending age!\n",cptcod);
          /* for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
          /*   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod]; */
          /* } /\* i *\/ */
        } /* end bad */
                   
        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++){
          printf("%d %d ", cptcod, (int)age);
          sumnewp[cptcod]=0.;
          sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
            sumnewp[cptcod]+=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
            sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
            /* printf("%.4f %.4f ",probs[(int)age][i][cptcod], mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
          }
          /* printf("%.4f %.4f \n",sumnewp[cptcod], sumnewm[cptcod]); */
        }
        /* printf("\n"); */
        /* } */
        /* brutal averaging */
        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
          for (age=1; age<=bage; age++){
            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
            /* printf("age=%d i=%d cptcod=%d mobaverage=%.4f \n",(int)age,i, cptcod, mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
          }        
          for (age=fage; age<=AGESUP; age++){
            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
            /* printf("age=%d i=%d cptcod=%d mobaverage=%.4f \n",(int)age,i, cptcod, mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
          }
        } /* end i status */
        for (i=nlstate+1; i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++){
          for (age=1; age<=AGESUP; age++){
            /*printf("i=%d, age=%d, cptcod=%d\n",i, (int)age, cptcod);*/
            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=0.;
          }
        }
      }/* end cptcod */
      free_vector(sumnewm,1, ncovcombmax);
      free_vector(sumnewp,1, ncovcombmax);
      free_vector(agemaxgood,1, ncovcombmax);
      free_vector(agemingood,1, ncovcombmax);
      return 0;
    }/* End movingaverage */
    
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   void prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     /* double ***mobaverage; */
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
        in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
        We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
     /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\ */
     /*          firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model); */
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"F_"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileresu);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
     
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(k=1;k<=i1;k++){
       if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
         printf("\nCombination (%d) projection ignored because no cases \n",k); 
         continue;
       }
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#****** hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev \n#");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d (=) %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       }
       fprintf(ficresf," yearproj age");
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        
           fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresf," wp.%d",j);
       }
       for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) {
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
         for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
           
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
               for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
               fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
             } 
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
               ppij=0.;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                 if (mobilav==1) 
                   ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][k];
                 else {
                   ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][k];
                 }
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                 }
               } /* end i */
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
               }
             }/* end j */
           } /* end h */
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         } /* end agec */
       } /* end yearp */
     } /* end  k */
           
     fclose(ficresf);
     printf("End of Computing forecasting \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Computing forecasting\n");
   
   }
   
   /* /\************** Back Forecasting ******************\/ */
   /* void prevbackforecast(char fileres[], double anback1, double mback1, double jback1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anback2, double p[], int cptcoveff){ */
   /*   /\* back1, year, month, day of starting backection  */
   /*      agemin, agemax range of age */
   /*      dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed */
   /*      anback2 year of en of backection (same day and month as back1). */
   /*   *\/ */
   /*   int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1; */
   /*   double agec; /\* generic age *\/ */
   /*   double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean; */
   /*   double *popeffectif,*popcount; */
   /*   double ***p3mat; */
   /*   /\* double ***mobaverage; *\/ */
   /*   char fileresfb[FILENAMELENGTH]; */
           
   /*   agelim=AGESUP; */
   /*   /\* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people */
   /*      in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2). */
   /*      We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection. */
   /*   *\/ */
   /*   /\* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\ *\/ */
   /*   /\*              firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model); *\/ */
   /*   prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
           
   /*   strcpy(fileresfb,"FB_");  */
   /*   strcat(fileresfb,fileresu); */
   /*   if((ficresfb=fopen(fileresfb,"w"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with back forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresfb); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with back forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresfb); */
   /*   } */
   /*   printf("Computing back forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresfb); */
   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing back forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresfb); */
           
   /*   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1; */
           
   /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) { *\/ */
   /*   /\*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
   /*   /\*   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ *\/ */
   /*   /\*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
   /*   /\*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
   /*   /\*   } *\/ */
   /*   /\* } *\/ */
           
   /*   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM; */
   /*   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1; */
   /*   if(estepm < stepm){ */
   /*     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm); */
   /*   } */
   /*   else  hstepm=estepm;    */
           
   /*   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;  */
   /*   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/\* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and */
   /*                                fractional in yp1 *\/ */
   /*   anprojmean=yp; */
   /*   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp); */
   /*   mprojmean=yp; */
   /*   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp); */
   /*   jprojmean=yp; */
   /*   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1; */
   /*   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1; */
           
   /*   i1=cptcoveff; */
   /*   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;} */
     
   /*   fprintf(ficresfb,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2);  */
     
   /*   fprintf(ficresfb,"#****** Routine prevbackforecast **\n"); */
           
   /*      /\*           if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ *\/ */
   /*   for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
   /*     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){ */
   /*       k=k+1; */
   /*       fprintf(ficresfb,"\n#****** hbijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev \n#"); */
   /*       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) { */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb," V%d (=) %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
   /*       } */
   /*       fprintf(ficresfb," yearbproj age"); */
   /*       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  */
   /*                              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)               */
   /*           fprintf(ficresfb," p%d%d",i,j); */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb," p.%d",j); */
   /*       } */
   /*       for (yearp=0; yearp>=(anback2-anback1);yearp -=stepsize) {  */
   /*                              /\* for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) {  *\/ */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb,"\n"); */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb,"\n# Back Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jback1,mback1,anback1+yearp);    */
   /*                              for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){  */
   /*                                      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm);  */
   /*                                      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  */
   /*                                      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*                                      oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
   /*                                      hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm,oldm,savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, k);       */
   /*                                      for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){ */
   /*                                              if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) { */
   /*               fprintf(ficresfb,"\n"); */
   /*               for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  */
   /*                 fprintf(ficresfb,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
   /*                                                      fprintf(ficresfb,"%.f %.f ",anback1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm); */
   /*                                              }  */
   /*                                              for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   /*                                                      ppij=0.; */
   /*                                                      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) { */
   /*                                                              if (mobilav==1)  */
   /*                                                                      ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod]; */
   /*                                                              else { */
   /*                                                                      ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod]; */
   /*                                                              } */
   /*                                                              if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) { */
   /*                                                                      fprintf(ficresfb," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]); */
   /*                                                              } */
   /*                                                      } /\* end i *\/ */
   /*                                                      if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) { */
   /*                                                              fprintf(ficresfb," %.3f", ppij); */
   /*                                                      } */
   /*                                              }/\* end j *\/ */
   /*                                      } /\* end h *\/ */
   /*                                      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*                              } /\* end agec *\/ */
   /*       } /\* end yearp *\/ */
   /*     } /\* end cptcod *\/ */
   /*   } /\* end  cptcov *\/ */
           
   /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
           
   /*   fclose(ficresfb); */
   /*   printf("End of Computing Back forecasting \n"); */
   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"End of Computing Back forecasting\n"); */
           
   /* } */
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   /* void populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2s, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){ */
     
   /*   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h; */
   /*   int *popage; */
   /*   double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2; */
   /*   double *popeffectif,*popcount; */
   /*   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev; */
   /*   /\* double ***mobaverage; *\/ */
   /*   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH]; */
   
   /*   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
   /*   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
   /*   agelim=AGESUP; */
   /*   calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM; */
     
   /*   prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
     
     
   /*   strcpy(filerespop,"POP_");  */
   /*   strcat(filerespop,fileresu); */
   /*   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop); */
   /*   } */
   /*   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop); */
   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop); */
   
   /*   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1; */
   
   /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) { *\/ */
   /*   /\*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
   /*   /\*   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ *\/ */
   /*   /\*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
   /*   /\*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
   /*   /\*   } *\/ */
   /*   /\* } *\/ */
   
   /*   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM; */
   /*   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1; */
     
   /*   agelim=AGESUP; */
     
   /*   hstepm=1; */
   /*   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;  */
           
   /*   if (popforecast==1) { */
   /*     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) { */
   /*       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0); */
   /*       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0); */
   /*     }  */
   /*     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP); */
   /*     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP); */
   /*     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP); */
       
   /*     i=1;    */
   /*     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1; */
       
   /*     imx=i; */
   /*     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i]; */
   /*   } */
     
   /*   for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){ */
   /*     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){ */
   /*       k=k+1; */
   /*       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******"); */
   /*       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) { */
   /*      fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
   /*       } */
   /*       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n"); */
   /*       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age"); */
   /*       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j); */
   /*       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]"); */
         
   /*       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {  */
   /*      fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);    */
           
   /*      for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){  */
   /*        nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);  */
   /*        nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  */
             
   /*        p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*        oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
   /*        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);   */
             
   /*        for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){ */
   /*          if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) { */
   /*            fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm); */
   /*          }  */
   /*          for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   /*            kk1=0.;kk2=0; */
   /*            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {               */
   /*              if (mobilav==1)  */
   /*                kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod]; */
   /*              else { */
   /*                kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod]; */
   /*              } */
   /*            } */
   /*            if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){ */
   /*              tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1; */
   /*              /\*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1); */
   /*                if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*\/ */
   /*            } */
   /*          } */
   /*          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
   /*            kk1=0.; */
   /*            for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
   /*              kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];  */
   /*            } */
   /*            tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)]; */
   /*          } */
               
   /*          if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) */
   /*            for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  */
   /*              fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]); */
   /*        } */
   /*        free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*      } */
   /*       } */
         
   /*       /\******\/ */
         
   /*       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {  */
   /*      fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);    */
   /*      for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){  */
   /*        nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);  */
   /*        nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  */
             
   /*        p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*        oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
   /*        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);   */
   /*        for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){ */
   /*          if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) { */
   /*            fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm); */
   /*          }  */
   /*          for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   /*            kk1=0.;kk2=0; */
   /*            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {               */
   /*              kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];     */
   /*            } */
   /*            if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);         */
   /*          } */
   /*        } */
   /*        free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*      } */
   /*       } */
   /*     }  */
   /*   } */
     
   /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
     
   /*   if (popforecast==1) { */
   /*     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP); */
   /*     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP); */
   /*     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP); */
   /*   } */
   /*   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
   /*   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
   /*   fclose(ficrespop); */
   /* } /\* End of popforecast *\/ */
    
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     int i,j, k, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.svg\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
   
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.svg\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter svg size 640, 480\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i=0, j=0, n=0, iv=0;
     int lstra;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[MAXLINE], strb[MAXLINE];
     char *stratrunc;
   
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s with errno='%s'\n", datafile,strerror(errno));fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s with errno='%s'\n", datafile,strerror(errno));fflush(ficlog);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       strcpy(line, linetmp);
       
       /* Loops on waves */
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         for (iv=nqtv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on time varying quantitative variables */
           cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
           if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
             lval=-1;
             cotqvar[j][iv][i]=-1; /* 0.0/0.0 */
             if(isalpha(strb[1])) { /* .m or .d Really Missing value */
               printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. If missing, you should remove this individual or impute a value.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, nqtv, j);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. If missing, you should remove this individual or impute a value.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, nqtv, j);fflush(ficlog);
               return 1;
             }
           }else{
             errno=0;
             /* what_kind_of_number(strb); */
             dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
             /* if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){ */
             /* if(strb != endptr && *endptr == '\0') */
             /*    dval=dlval; */
             /* if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN)) */
             if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
               printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, nqtv, j,maxwav);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqtv, j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
               return 1;
             }
             cotqvar[j][iv][i]=dval; 
           }
           strcpy(line,stra);
         }/* end loop ntqv */
         
         for (iv=ntv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on time varying dummies */
           cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
           if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
             lval=-1;
           }else{
             errno=0;
             lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
             /*    if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
             if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
               printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th dummy covariate out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, ntv, j,maxwav);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d dummy covariate out of %d measured wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, ntv,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
               return 1;
             }
           }
           if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
           cotvar[j][iv][i]=(double)(lval);
           strcpy(line,stra);
         }/* end loop ntv */
         
         /* Statuses  at wave */
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           /*      if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         /* Date of Interview */
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
         }
         else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* End loop on waves */
       
       /* Date of death */
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       /* Date of birth */
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
         
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       /* Sample weight */
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (iv=nqv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on fixed quantitative variables */
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           /* what_kind_of_number(strb); */
           dval=strtod(strb,&endptr);
           /* if(strb != endptr && *endptr == '\0') */
           /*   dval=dlval; */
           /* if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN)) */
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value (out of %d) constant for all waves. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqv, maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value (out of %d) constant for all waves. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqv, maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
           coqvar[iv][i]=dval; 
           covar[ncovcol+iv][i]=dval; /* including qvar in standard covar for performance reasons */ 
         }
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }/* end loop nqv */
       
       /* Covariate values */
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing covariate value */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
       
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
     
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
     
     return (0);
     /* endread: */
     printf("Exiting readdata: ");
     fclose(fic);
     return (1);
   }
   
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ == *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs)
    /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
           * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age+age*age
           * - nagesqr = 1 if age*age in the model, otherwise 0.
           * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8 excepting constant and age and age*age
           * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6 and age*age
           * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
           * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
           * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
           *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
           * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
           * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
           *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
           * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
           */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int  j1, k1, k2, k3, k4;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
     char *strpt;
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=1+age+%s. ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=1+age+%s. ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strpt=strstr(model,"age*age")) !=0){
         printf(" strpt=%s, model=%s\n",strpt, model);
         if(strpt != model){
           printf("Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model); fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         nagesqr=1;
         if (strstr(model,"+age*age") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "+age*age");
         else if (strstr(model,"age*age+") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age+");
         else 
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age");
       }else
         nagesqr=0;
       if (strlen(modelsav) >1){
         j=nbocc(modelsav,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
         j1=nbocc(modelsav,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
         cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V1*age+V3 +V3*V4+age*age=> V1 + V3 =5-3=2  */
         cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model, not including
                        * cst, age and age*age 
                        * V1+V1*age+ V3 + V3*V4+age*age=> 3+1=4*/
         /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
          * but the covariates which are products must be treated 
          * separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
         cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
         cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
         
         
         /*   Design
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
          *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
          *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
          *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
          *       covar[1][i]= (V1), covar[4][i]=(V4), covar[8][i]=(V8)
          *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[2]=1 Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
          *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
          *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
          *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
          *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
          *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
          *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
          *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
          *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
          *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
          *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
          * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
          *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
          * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
          *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
          *How to reorganize?
          * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
          * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
          * Struct []
          */
         
         /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
         /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
         /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
         /*        k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
         /*        k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
         /*        k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
         /*        k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
         /*        k=5 Tvar[5] */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
         /*        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
         /*        } */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k])]]*cov[2]; */
         /*
          * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
         for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--){ /**< Number of covariates not including constant and age, neither age*age*/
           Tvar[k]=0; Tprod[k]=0; Tposprod[k]=0;
         }
         cptcovage=0;
         for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
           cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                            modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
           if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
           /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
           /*scanf("%d",i);*/
           if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
             cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
             if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
               /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2; V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1 */
               Typevar[k]=1;  /* 1 for age product */
               cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tvar[4]=3, Tage[1] = 4 or V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1, Tage[1]=2 */
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
             } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
               Typevar[k]=1;  /* 1 for age product */
               cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;
             } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
               /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
               cptcovn++;
               cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
               Tvar[k]=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                      because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                      which is after existing variables ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv + k1
                                      If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                      Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
               Typevar[k]=2;  /* 2 for double fixed dummy covariates */
               cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
               Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
               Tposprod[k]=k1; /* Tpsprod[3]=1, Tposprod[2]=5 */
               Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
               Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
               k2=k2+2;  /* k2 is initialize to -1, We want to store the n and m in Vn*Vm at the end of Tvar */
               /* Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /\* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) *\/ */
               /* Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /\* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) *\/ */
               /*ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2, Tvar[3]=5, Tvar[4]=6, cptcovt=5 */
               /*                     1  2   3      4     5 | Tvar[5+1)=1, Tvar[7]=2   */
               for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
                 /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                    covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
                 covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
               }
             } /* End age is not in the model */
           } /* End if model includes a product */
           else { /* no more sum */
             /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
             /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
             cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
             ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates dummy or quantitative, fixe or varying */
             cptcovn++; /** V4+V3+V5: V4 and V3 timevarying dummy covariates, V5 timevarying quantitative */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
             Typevar[k]=0;  /* 0 for simple covariates */
           }
           strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
                                   /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
                                     scanf("%d",i);*/
         } /* end of loop + on total covariates */
       } /* end if strlen(modelsave == 0) age*age might exist */
     } /* end if strlen(model == 0) */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
     
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
        printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
        fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
        scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
   /* Decodemodel knows only the grammar (simple, product, age*) of the model but not what kind
      of variable (dummy vs quantitative, fixed vs time varying) is behind */
   /* ncovcol= 1, nqv=1 | ntv=2, nqtv= 1  = 5 possible variables data: 2 fixed 3, varying
      model=        V5 + V4 +V3 + V4*V3 + V5*age + V2 + V1*V2 + V1*age + V5*age, V1 is not used saving its place
      k =           1    2   3     4       5       6      7      8        9
      Tvar[k]=      5    4   3 1+1+2+1+1=6 5       2      7      1        5
      Typevar[k]=   0    0   0     2       1       0      2      1        1
      Fixed[k]      1    1   1     1       3       0    0 or 2   2        3
      Dummy[k]      1    0   0     0       3       1      1      2        3
             Tmodelind[combination of covar]=k;
   */  
   /* Dispatching between quantitative and time varying covariates */
     /* If Tvar[k] >ncovcol it is a product */
     /* Tvar[k] is the value n of Vn with n varying for 1 to nvcol, or p  Vp=Vn*Vm for product */
           /* Computing effective variables, ie used by the model, that is from the cptcovt variables */
     printf("Model=%s\n\
   Typevar: 0 for simple covariate (dummy, quantitative, fixed or varying), 1 for age product, 2 for  product \n\
   Fixed[k] 0=fixed (product or simple), 1 varying, 2 fixed with age product, 3 varying with age product \n\
   Dummy[k] 0=dummy (0 1), 1 quantitative (single or product without age), 2 dummy with age product, 3 quant with age product\n",model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Model=%s\n\
   Typevar: 0 for simple covariate (dummy, quantitative, fixed or varying), 1 for age product, 2 for  product \n\
   Fixed[k] 0=fixed (product or simple), 1 varying, 2 fixed with age product, 3 varying with age product \n\
   Dummy[k] 0=dummy (0 1), 1 quantitative (single or product without age), 2 dummy with age product, 3 quant with age product\n",model);
   
     for(k=1, ncoveff=0, nqfveff=0, ntveff=0, nqtveff=0;k<=cptcovt; k++){ /* or cptocvt */
       if (Tvar[k] <=ncovcol && (Typevar[k]==0 || Typevar[k]==2)){ /* Simple or product fixed dummy covariatee */
         Fixed[k]= 0;
         Dummy[k]= 0;
         ncoveff++;
       }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv && Typevar[k]==0){ /* Remind that product Vn*Vm are added in k*/
         Fixed[k]= 0;
         Dummy[k]= 1;
         nqfveff++;  /* Only simple fixed quantitative variable */
       }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv && Typevar[k]==0){
         Fixed[k]= 1;
         Dummy[k]= 0;
         ntveff++; /* Only simple time varying dummy variable */
       }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv  && Typevar[k]==0){
           Fixed[k]= 1;
           Dummy[k]= 1;
           nqtveff++;/* Only simple time varying quantitative variable */
       }else if (Typevar[k] == 1) {  /* product with age */
         if (Tvar[k] <=ncovcol ){ /* Simple or product fixed dummy covariatee */
           Fixed[k]= 2;
           Dummy[k]= 2;
           /* ncoveff++; */
         }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv) { /* Remind that product Vn*Vm are added in k*/
           Fixed[k]= 2;
           Dummy[k]= 3;
           /* nqfveff++;  /\* Only simple fixed quantitative variable *\/ */
         }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv ){
           Fixed[k]= 3;
           Dummy[k]= 2;
           /* ntveff++; /\* Only simple time varying dummy variable *\/ */
         }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
           Fixed[k]= 3;
           Dummy[k]= 3;
           /* nqtveff++;/\* Only simple time varying quantitative variable *\/ */
         }
       }else if (Typevar[k] == 2) {  /* product without age */
         k1=Tposprod[k];
         if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol){
           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 0;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
             Fixed[k]= 0;  /* or 2 ?*/
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 0;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           } 
         }else if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol+nqv){
           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
             Fixed[k]= 0;  /* or 2 ?*/
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
             Fixed[k]= 0; /* or 2 ?*/
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           } 
         }else if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 0;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           } 
         }else if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
           } 
         }else{
           printf("Error unknown type of covariate: Tvard[%d][1]=%d,Tvard[%d][2]=%d\n",k1,Tvard[k1][1],k1,Tvard[k1][2]);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error unknown type of covariate: Tvard[%d][1]=%d,Tvard[%d][2]=%d\n",k1,Tvard[k1][1],k1,Tvard[k1][2]);
         } /* end k1 */
       }else{
         printf("Error, current version can't treat for performance reasons, Tvar[%d]=%d, Typevar[%d]=%d\n", k, Tvar[k], k, Typevar[k]);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error, current version can't treat for performance reasons, Tvar[%d]=%d, Typevar[%d]=%d\n", k, Tvar[k], k, Typevar[k]);
       }
       printf("Decodemodel, k=%d, Tvar[%d]=V%d,Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n",k, k,Tvar[k],Typevar[k],Fixed[k],Dummy[k]);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Decodemodel, k=%d, Tvar[%d]=V%d,Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n",k, k,Tvar[k],Typevar[k],Fixed[k],Dummy[k]);
     }
     /* Searching for doublons in the model */
     for(k1=1; k1<= cptcovt;k1++){
       for(k2=1; k2 <k1;k2++){
         if((Typevar[k1]==Typevar[k2]) && (Fixed[Tvar[k1]]==Fixed[Tvar[k2]]) && (Dummy[Tvar[k1]]==Dummy[Tvar[k2]] )){
           if((Typevar[k1] == 0 || Typevar[k1] == 1)){ /* Simple or age product */
             if(Tvar[k1]==Tvar[k2]){
               printf("Error duplication in the model=%s at positions (+) %d and %d, Tvar[%d]=V%d, Tvar[%d]=V%d, Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n", model, k1,k2, k1, Tvar[k1], k2, Tvar[k2],Typevar[k1],Fixed[Tvar[k1]],Dummy[Tvar[k1]]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error duplication in the model=%s at positions (+) %d and %d, Tvar[%d]=V%d, Tvar[%d]=V%d, Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n", model, k1,k2, k1, Tvar[k1], k2, Tvar[k2],Typevar[k1],Fixed[Tvar[k1]],Dummy[Tvar[k1]]); fflush(ficlog);
               return(1);
             }
           }else if (Typevar[k1] ==2){
             k3=Tposprod[k1];
             k4=Tposprod[k2];
             if( ((Tvard[k3][1]== Tvard[k4][1])&&(Tvard[k3][2]== Tvard[k4][2])) || ((Tvard[k3][1]== Tvard[k4][2])&&(Tvard[k3][2]== Tvard[k4][1])) ){
               printf("Error duplication in the model=%s at positions (+) %d and %d, V%d*V%d, Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n",model, k1,k2, Tvard[k3][1], Tvard[k3][2],Typevar[k1],Fixed[Tvar[k1]],Dummy[Tvar[k1]]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error duplication in the model=%s at positions (+) %d and %d, V%d*V%d, Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n",model, k1,k2, Tvard[k3][1], Tvard[k3][2],Typevar[k1],Fixed[Tvar[k1]],Dummy[Tvar[k1]]); fflush(ficlog);
               return(1);
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }
     printf("ncoveff=%d, nqfveff=%d, ntveff=%d, nqtveff=%d, cptcovn=%d\n",ncoveff,nqfveff,ntveff,nqtveff,cptcovn);
     fprintf(ficlog,"ncoveff=%d, nqfveff=%d, ntveff=%d, nqtveff=%d, cptcovn=%d\n",ncoveff,nqfveff,ntveff,nqtveff,cptcovn);
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     /*endread:*/
     printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
     return (1);
   }
   
   int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
     int firstone=0;
     
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           if (s[m][i] != -2) /* Keeping initial status of unknown vital status */
             s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr = *nberr + 1;
           if(firstone == 0){
             firstone=1;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results can be biased (%d) because status is a death state %d at wave %d. Wave dropped.\nOther similar cases in log file\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr,s[m][i],m);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results can be biased (%d) because status is a death state %d at wave %d. Wave dropped.\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr,s[m][i],m);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0  || s[m][i]==-1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){ /* What if s[m][i]=-1 */
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0){
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999){
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
                 /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               }else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
             } /* agedc > 0 */
           } /* end if */
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           } /* en if 9*/
           else { /* =9 */
             /* printf("Debug num[%d]=%ld s[%d][%d]=%d\n",i,num[i], m,i, s[m][i]); */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else if(s[m][i]==0) /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
         else{
           printf("Warning, num[%d]=%ld, s[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, num[i], m, i,s[m][i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog, "Warning, num[%d]=%ld, s[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, num[i], m, i,s[m][i]); 
           agev[m][i]=0;
         }
       } /* End for lastpass */
     }
       
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
    /* endread:*/
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
   /*printf("Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   /*fprintf(ficlog, "Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   //#include "stdafx.h"
   //#include <stdio.h>
   //#include <tchar.h>
   //#include <windows.h>
   //#include <iostream>
   typedef BOOL(WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
   LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
   BOOL IsWow64()
   {
           BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
   
           //typedef BOOL (APIENTRY *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
           //  (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
           //LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
           HMODULE module = GetModuleHandle(_T("kernel32"));
           const char funcName[] = "IsWow64Process";
           fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
                   GetProcAddress(module, funcName);
   
           if (NULL != fnIsWow64Process)
           {
                   if (!fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(),
                           &bIsWow64))
                           //throw std::exception("Unknown error");
                           printf("Unknown error\n");
           }
           return bIsWow64 != FALSE;
   }
   #endif
   
   void syscompilerinfo(int logged)
    {
      /* #include "syscompilerinfo.h"*/
      /* command line Intel compiler 32bit windows, XP compatible:*/
      /* /GS /W3 /Gy
         /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D
         "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_USING_V110_SDK71_" /D "_UNICODE" /D
         "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope /Gd /Oi /MT /Fa"Release\" /EHsc /nologo
         /Fo"Release\" /Qprof-dir "Release\" /Fp"Release\IMaCh.pch"
      */ 
      /* 64 bits */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy
        /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG"
        /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope
        /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir
        "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" */
      /* Optimization are useless and O3 is slower than O2 */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O3 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" 
        /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo 
        /Zc:forScope /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Qparallel 
        /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" 
      */
      /* Link is */ /* /OUT:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.exe" /MANIFEST /NXCOMPAT
         /PDB:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.pdb" /DYNAMICBASE
         "kernel32.lib" "user32.lib" "gdi32.lib" "winspool.lib"
         "comdlg32.lib" "advapi32.lib" "shell32.lib" "ole32.lib"
         "oleaut32.lib" "uuid.lib" "odbc32.lib" "odbccp32.lib"
         /MACHINE:X86 /OPT:REF /SAFESEH /INCREMENTAL:NO
         /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE",5.01" /MANIFESTUAC:"level='asInvoker'
         uiAccess='false'"
         /ManifestFile:"Release\IMaCh.exe.intermediate.manifest" /OPT:ICF
         /NOLOGO /TLBID:1
      */
   #if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
           struct utsname sysInfo;  /* For Intel on Linux and OS/X */
   #endif
   #elif defined(__GNUC__) 
   #ifndef  __APPLE__
   #include <gnu/libc-version.h>  /* Only on gnu */
   #endif
      struct utsname sysInfo;
      int cross = CROSS;
      if (cross){
              printf("Cross-");
              if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, "Cross-");
      }
   #endif
   
   #include <stdint.h>
   
      printf("Compiled with:");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog,"Compiled with:");
   #if defined(__clang__)
      printf(" Clang/LLVM");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Clang/LLVM");       /* Clang/LLVM. ---------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
      printf(" Intel ICC/ICPC");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Intel ICC/ICPC");/* Intel ICC/ICPC. ------------------------------------------ */
   #endif
   #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
      printf(" GNU GCC/G++");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," GNU GCC/G++");/* GNU GCC/G++. --------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
      printf(" Hewlett-Packard C/aC++");if(logged)fprintf(fcilog," Hewlett-Packard C/aC++"); /* Hewlett-Packard C/aC++. ---------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)
      printf(" IBM XL C/C++"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," IBM XL C/C++");/* IBM XL C/C++. -------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      printf(" Microsoft Visual Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Microsoft Visual Studio");/* Microsoft Visual Studio. --------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__PGI)
      printf(" Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");/* Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP. ------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
      printf(" Oracle Solaris Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Oracle Solaris Studio\n");/* Oracle Solaris Studio. ----------------------------------- */
   #endif
      printf(" for "); if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, " for ");
      
   // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605842/how-to-identify-platform-compiler-from-preprocessor-macros
   #ifdef _WIN32 // note the underscore: without it, it's not msdn official!
       // Windows (x64 and x86)
      printf("Windows (x64 and x86) ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Windows (x64 and x86) ");
   #elif __unix__ // all unices, not all compilers
       // Unix
      printf("Unix ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Unix ");
   #elif __linux__
       // linux
      printf("linux ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"linux ");
   #elif __APPLE__
       // Mac OS, not sure if this is covered by __posix__ and/or __unix__ though..
      printf("Mac OS ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Mac OS ");
   #endif
   
   /*  __MINGW32__   */
   /*  __CYGWIN__   */
   /* __MINGW64__  */
   // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/b0084kay.aspx
   /* _MSC_VER  //the Visual C++ compiler is 17.00.51106.1, the _MSC_VER macro evaluates to 1700. Type cl /?  */
   /* _MSC_FULL_VER //the Visual C++ compiler is 15.00.20706.01, the _MSC_FULL_VER macro evaluates to 150020706 */
   /* _WIN64  // Defined for applications for Win64. */
   /* _M_X64 // Defined for compilations that target x64 processors. */
   /* _DEBUG // Defined when you compile with /LDd, /MDd, and /MTd. */
   
   #if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffff
      printf(" 32-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 32-bit");/* 32-bit */
   #elif UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffffffffffff
      printf(" 64-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 64-bit");/* 64-bit */
   #else
      printf(" wtf-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," wtf-bit");/* wtf */
   #endif
   
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
   # if defined(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
                               + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   # else
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100)
   # endif
      printf(" using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, " using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
   
      if (uname(&sysInfo) != -1) {
        printf("Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
            if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n ",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
      }
      else
         perror("uname() error");
      //#ifndef __INTEL_COMPILER 
   #if !defined (__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(__APPLE__)
      printf("GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version()); 
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version());
   #endif
   #endif
   
      //   void main()
      //   {
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      if (IsWow64()){
              printf("\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
      }
      else{
              printf("\nThe program is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe programm is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
      }
      //      printf("\nPress Enter to continue...");
      //      getchar();
      //   }
   
   #endif
      
   
   }
   
   int prevalence_limit(double *p, double **prlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp){
     /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     int i, j, k, i1 ;
     /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
     double age, agebase, agelim;
     double tot;
   
     strcpy(filerespl,"PL_");
     strcat(filerespl,fileresu);
     if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
     }
     printf("\nComputing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nComputing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     pstamp(ficrespl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
     /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
   
     agebase=ageminpar;
     agelim=agemaxpar;
   
     /* i1=pow(2,ncoveff); */
     i1=pow(2,cptcoveff); /* Number of dummy covariates */
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
     for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){
     /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
       /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
       //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
       /* k=k+1; */
       /* to clean */
       //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#******");
       printf("#******");
       fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff ;j++) {/* all covariates */
         fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); /* Here problem for varying dummy*/
         printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       }
       fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
       printf("******\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
       if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
         printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no case \n",k); 
         fprintf(ficrespl,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no case \n",k); 
         fprintf(ficlog,"\nCombination (%d) ignored because no case \n",k); 
                                                   continue;
       }
   
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
         fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       }
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
       
       for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
         /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         tot=0.;
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           tot +=  prlim[i][i];
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespl," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
       } /* Age */
       /* was end of cptcod */
     } /* cptcov */
     return 0;
   }
   
   int back_prevalence_limit(double *p, double **bprlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass, int mobilavproj){
           /*--------------- Back Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
           
           /* Computes the back prevalence limit  for any combination      of covariate values 
      * at any age between ageminpar and agemaxpar
            */
     int i, j, k, i1 ;
     /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
     double age, agebase, agelim;
     double tot;
     /* double ***mobaverage; */
     /* double      **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm;  /\* for use *\/ */
   
     strcpy(fileresplb,"PLB_");
     strcat(fileresplb,fileresu);
     if((ficresplb=fopen(fileresplb,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with period (stable) back prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresplb);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) back prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresplb);return 1;
     }
     printf("Computing period (stable) back prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", fileresplb);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) back prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", fileresplb);
     pstamp(ficresplb);
     fprintf(ficresplb,"# Period (stable) back prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
     fprintf(ficresplb,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficresplb,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresplb,"\n");
     
     
     /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
     
     agebase=ageminpar;
     agelim=agemaxpar;
     
     
     i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){ 
       //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
       fprintf(ficresplb,"#******");
       printf("#******");
       fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff ;j++) {/* all covariates */
         fprintf(ficresplb," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       }
       fprintf(ficresplb,"******\n");
       printf("******\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
       if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
         printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k); 
         fprintf(ficresplb,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k); 
         fprintf(ficlog,"\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k); 
         continue;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficresplb,"#Age ");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
         fprintf(ficresplb,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       }
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficresplb,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficresplb,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
       
       
       for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
         /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
         if(mobilavproj > 0){
           /* bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, ageminpar, agemaxpar, oldm, savm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
           /* bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
           bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
         }else if (mobilavproj == 0){
           printf("There is no chance to get back prevalence limit if data aren't non zero and summing to 1, please try a non null mobil_average(=%d) parameter or mobil_average=-1 if you want to try at your own risk.\n",mobilavproj);
           fprintf(ficlog,"There is no chance to get back prevalence limit if data aren't non zero and summing to 1, please try a non null mobil_average(=%d) parameter or mobil_average=-1 if you want to try at your own risk.\n",mobilavproj);
           exit(1);
         }else{
           /* bprevalim(bprlim, probs, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
           bprevalim(bprlim, probs, nlstate, p, age, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
         }
         fprintf(ficresplb,"%.0f ",age );
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficresplb,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         tot=0.;
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           tot +=  bprlim[i][i];
           fprintf(ficresplb," %.5f", bprlim[i][i]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresplb," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
       } /* Age */
       /* was end of cptcod */
     } /* cptcov */
     
     /* hBijx(p, bage, fage); */
     /* fclose(ficrespijb); */
     
     return 0;
   }
    
   int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage){
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   
     int stepsize;
     int agelim;
     int hstepm;
     int nhstepm;
     int h, i, i1, j, k;
   
     double agedeb;
     double ***p3mat;
   
       strcpy(filerespij,"PIJ_");  strcat(filerespij,fileresu);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
                   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
                   /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
                   /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
                   /*      k=k+1;  */
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
         
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
           
           /*        nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
           
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
         }
         /*}*/
       }
       return 0;
   }
    
    int hBijx(double *p, int bage, int fage, double ***prevacurrent){
       /*------------- h Bij x at various ages ------------*/
   
     int stepsize;
     /* int agelim; */
           int ageminl;
     int hstepm;
     int nhstepm;
     int h, i, i1, j, k;
           
     double agedeb;
     double ***p3mat;
           
     strcpy(filerespijb,"PIJB_");  strcat(filerespijb,fileresu);
     if((ficrespijb=fopen(filerespijb,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Pij back resultfile: %s\n", filerespijb); return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij back resultfile: %s\n", filerespijb); return 1;
     }
     printf("Computing pij back: result on file '%s' \n", filerespijb);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij back: result on file '%s' \n", filerespijb);
     
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
     
     /* agelim=AGESUP; */
     ageminl=30;
     hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
     
     /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
     pstamp(ficrespijb);
     fprintf(ficrespijb,"#****** h Pij x Back Probability to be in state i at age x-h being in j at x ");
     i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
     /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
     /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
     /*    k=k+1;  */
     for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
       fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n#****** ");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       fprintf(ficrespijb,"******\n");
       if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k); 
         continue;
       }
       
       /* for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /\* If stepm=6 months *\/ */
       for (agedeb=bage; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){ /* If stepm=6 months and estepm=24 (2 years) */
         /* nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /\* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 *\/ */
         nhstepm=(int) rint((agedeb-ageminl)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
         nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10, because estepm=24 stepm=6 => hstepm=24/6=4 */
         
         /*          nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
         
         p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         /* oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
         /* hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);   */
         hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm, k);
         /* hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, k); */
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"# Cov Agex agex-h hpijx with i,j=");
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
             fprintf(ficrespijb," %1d-%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
         for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
           /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
           fprintf(ficrespijb,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb - h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
           /* fprintf(ficrespijb,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ); */
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespijb," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
           fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
         }
         free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
       }
       /*}*/
     }
     return 0;
    } /*  hBijx */
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter=0,m,size=100, cptcod;
     int ncvyear=0; /* Number of years needed for the period prevalence to converge */
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int num_filled;
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb=0.;
   
     double ageminpar=AGEOVERFLOW,agemin=AGEOVERFLOW, agemaxpar=-AGEOVERFLOW, agemax=-AGEOVERFLOW;
     double ageminout=-AGEOVERFLOW,agemaxout=AGEOVERFLOW; /* Smaller Age range redefined after movingaverage */
   
     double fret;
     double dum=0.; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     /* double ***mobaverage; */
   
     char line[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE];
   
     char model[MAXLINE], modeltemp[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int c,  h , cpt, c2;
     int jl=0;
     int i1, j1, jk, stepsize=0;
     int count=0;
   
     int *tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int backcast=0;
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm=0, nhstepm=0;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage=0, fage=110., age, agelim=0., agebase=0.;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double **bprlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double **hess; /* Hessian matrix */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
   
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double jback1=1,mback1=1,anback1=2000,jback2=1,mback2=1,anback2=2000;
   
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c";
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
   
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     rstart_time = time(NULL);  
     /*  (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);*/
     start_time = *localtime(&rstart_time);
     curr_time=start_time;
     /*tml = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec);*/
     /* strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tml)); */
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&start_time));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tm_sec = tp.tm_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tm_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
   #ifdef WIN32
     _getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #else
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #endif
     syscompilerinfo(0);
     printf("\nIMaCh version %s, %s\n%s",version, copyright, fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       if(!fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin)){
         printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
         goto end;
       }
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(i >= 1 && pathr[i-1]==' ') {/* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       }
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if( i==0 ){
         printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
         goto end;
       }
       for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #else
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #endif
     printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Directory already exists (or can't create it) %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Main Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Version %s %s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname='%s'\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     syscompilerinfo(1);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileresu, optionfilefiname); /* Without r in front */
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
     strcat(fileresu,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /* Main ---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileresu);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
   
       /* First parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", \
                           title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled != 5) {
         printf("Should be 5 parameters\n");
       }
       numlinepar++;
       printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass);
     }
     /* Second parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"ftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", \
                           &ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nqv, &ntv, &nqtv, &nlstate, &ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled != 11) {
         printf("Not 11 parameters, for example:ftol=1.e-8 stepm=12 ncovcol=2 nqv=1 ntv=2 nqtv=1  nlstate=2 ndeath=1 maxwav=3 mle=1 weight=1\n");
         printf("but line=%s\n",line);
       }
       printf("ftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n",ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);
     }
     /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
     /*ftolpl=6.e-4; *//* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
     /* Third parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"model=1+age%[^.\n]", model)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled == 0)
               model[0]='\0';
       else if (num_filled != 1){
         printf("ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
         model[0]='\0';
         goto end;
       }
       else{
         if (model[0]=='+'){
           for(i=1; i<=strlen(model);i++)
             modeltemp[i-1]=model[i];
           strcpy(model,modeltemp); 
         }
       }
       /* printf(" model=1+age%s modeltemp= %s, model=%s\n",model, modeltemp, model);fflush(stdout); */
       printf("model=1+age+%s\n",model);fflush(stdout);
     }
     /* fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=1+age+%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model); */
     /* numlinepar=numlinepar+3; /\* In general *\/ */
     /* printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model); */
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     /* if(model[0]=='#'|| model[0]== '\0'){ */
     if(model[0]=='#'){
       printf("Error in 'model' line: model should start with 'model=1+age+' and end with '.' \n \
    'model=1+age+.' or 'model=1+age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.' or \n \
    'model=1+age+V1+V2.' or 'model=1+age+V1+V2+V1*V2.' etc. \n");          \
       if(mle != -1){
         printf("Fix the model line and run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n");
         exit(1);
       }
     }
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       if(line[1]=='q'){ /* This #q will quit imach (the answer is q) */
         z[0]=line[1];
       }
       /* printf("****line [1] = %c \n",line[1]); */
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     coqvar=matrix(1,nqv,1,n);  /**< Fixed quantitative covariate */
     cotvar=ma3x(1,maxwav,1,ntv,1,n);  /**< Time varying covariate */
     cotqvar=ma3x(1,maxwav,1,nqtv,1,n);  /**< Time varying quantitative covariate */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7,age*age makes 3*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2; /* Constant and age */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }  else if(mle==-5) { /* Main Wizard */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }  else{ /* Begin of mle != -1 or -5 */
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
                           j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
                                   if(jj==i) continue;
                                   j++;
                                   fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
                                   if ((i1 != i) || (j1 != jj)){
                                           printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
                                           exit(1);
                                   }
                                   fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
                                   if(mle==1)
                                           printf("%1d%1d",i,jj);
                                   fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,jj);
                                   for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
                                           fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
                                           if(mle==1){
                                                   printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
                                                   fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
                                           }
                                           else
                                                   fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
                                           fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
                                   }
                                   fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
                                   numlinepar++;
                                   if(mle==1)
                                           printf("\n");
                                   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
                                   fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
                                   fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
                                   if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
                                           printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
                                           exit(1);
                                   }
                                   printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
                                   fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
                                   fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
                                   for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
                                           fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
                                           printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
                                           fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
                                           fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
                                   }
                                   fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
                                   numlinepar++;
                                   printf("\n");
                                   fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
                                   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
                   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
                   
                   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
                   
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
                   
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
                   
       /* Scans npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         count=fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d%d",&i1,&j1,&jk);
         if(count != 3){
           printf("Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           exit(1);
         }else{
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d%d",i1,j1,jk);
         }
         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i1,j1,jk);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i1,j1,jk);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
                                   printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       /* End of read covariance matrix npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
     
     /*  Main data
      */
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
                   num[i]=0;
                   moisnais[i]=0;
                   annais[i]=0;
                   moisdc[i]=0;
                   andc[i]=0;
                   agedc[i]=0;
                   cod[i]=0;
                   weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
           }
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
     ncodemaxwundef=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if - 1 O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     Typevar=ivector(-1,NCOVMAX); /* -1 to 2 */
     Fixed=ivector(-1,NCOVMAX); /* -1 to 3 */
     Dummy=ivector(-1,NCOVMAX); /* -1 to 3 */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the k position of the k1 product */
     Tposprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the k1 product from the k position */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
        Tposprod[k]=k1 , Tposprod[3]=1, Tposprod[5]=2 
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
     Tmodelind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);/** five the k model position of an
                                   * individual dummy, fixed or varying:
                                   * Tmodelind[Tvaraff[3]]=9,Tvaraff[1]@9={4,
                                   * 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
                                   * model=V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1*/
   /* Main decodemodel */
   
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1) /* In order to get Tvar[k] V4+V3+V5 p Tvar[1]@3  = {4, 3, 5}*/
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     /* free_vector(moisdc,1,n); */
     /* free_vector(andc,1,n); */
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     /* dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
     /* bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
     /* mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); /* We are adding a wave if status is unknown at last wave but death occurs after last wave.*/
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
        Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
        mw[mi][i] is the number of (mi=1 to wav[i]) effective wave out of mi of individual i
        dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
     */
   
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     cptcoveff=0;
     if (ncovmodel-nagesqr > 2 ){ /* That is if covariate other than cst, age and age*age */
       tricode(&cptcoveff,Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
     }
     
     ncovcombmax=pow(2,cptcoveff);
     invalidvarcomb=ivector(1, ncovcombmax); 
     for(i=1;i<ncovcombmax;i++)
       invalidvarcomb[i]=0;
     
     /* Nbcode gives the value of the lth modality (currently 1 to 2) of jth covariate, in
        V2+V1*age, there are 3 covariates Tvar[2]=1 (V1).*/
     /* 1 to ncodemax[j] which is the maximum value of this jth covariate */
     
     /*  codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);*/ /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtabm(100,10));*/
     /* codtab gives the value 1 or 2 of the hth combination of k covariates (1 or 2).*/
     /* nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(h,j)]) : if there are only 2 modalities for a covariate j, 
      * codtabm(h,j) gives its value classified at position h and nbcode gives how it is coded 
      * (currently 0 or 1) in the data.
      * In a loop on h=1 to 2**k, and a loop on j (=1 to k), we get the value of 
      * corresponding modality (h,j).
      */
   
     h=0;
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              * For k=4 covariates, h goes from 1 to m=2**k
              * codtabm(h,k)=  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1)) + 1;
              * #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
              *     h\k   1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     2
              *    10     2     1     1     2
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     2
              *    12     2     2     1     2
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     2    
              *    14     2     1     2     2
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     2
              *    16     2     2     2     2
              */
     /* How to do the opposite? From combination h (=1 to 2**k) how to get the value on the covariates? */
        /* from h=5 and m, we get then number of covariates k=log(m)/log(2)=4
        * and the value of each covariate?
        * V1=1, V2=1, V3=2, V4=1 ?
        * h-1=4 and 4 is 0100 or reverse 0010, and +1 is 1121 ok.
        * h=6, 6-1=5, 5 is 0101, 1010, 2121, V1=2nd, V2=1st, V3=2nd, V4=1st.
        * In order to get the real value in the data, we use nbcode
        * nbcode[Tvar[3][2nd]]=1 and nbcode[Tvar[4][1]]=0
        * We are keeping this crazy system in order to be able (in the future?) 
        * to have more than 2 values (0 or 1) for a covariate.
        * #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
        * h=6, k=2? h-1=5=0101, reverse 1010, +1=2121, k=2nd position: value is 1: codtabm(6,2)=1
        *              bbbbbbbb
        *              76543210     
        *   h-1        00000101 (6-1=5)
        *(h-1)>>(k-1)= 00000010 >> (2-1) = 1 right shift
        *           &
        *     1        00000001 (1)
        *              00000000        = 1 & ((h-1) >> (k-1))
        *          +1= 00000001 =1 
        *
        * h=14, k=3 => h'=h-1=13, k'=k-1=2
        *          h'      1101 =2^3+2^2+0x2^1+2^0
        *    >>k'            11
        *          &   00000001
        *            = 00000001
        *      +1    = 00000010=2    =  codtabm(14,3)   
        * Reverse h=6 and m=16?
        * cptcoveff=log(16)/log(2)=4 covariate: 6-1=5=0101 reversed=1010 +1=2121 =>V1=2, V2=1, V3=2, V4=1.
        * for (j=1 to cptcoveff) Vj=decodtabm(j,h,cptcoveff)
        * decodtabm(h,j,cptcoveff)= (((h-1) >> (j-1)) & 1) +1 
        * decodtabm(h,j,cptcoveff)= (h <= (1<<cptcoveff)?(((h-1) >> (j-1)) & 1) +1 : -1)
        * V3=decodtabm(14,3,2**4)=2
        *          h'=13   1101 =2^3+2^2+0x2^1+2^0
        *(h-1) >> (j-1)    0011 =13 >> 2
        *          &1 000000001
        *           = 000000001
        *         +1= 000000010 =2
        *                  2211
        *                  V1=1+1, V2=0+1, V3=1+1, V4=1+1
        *                  V3=2
                    * codtabm and decodtabm are identical
        */
   
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /* Initialisation of ----------- gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-MORT_");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# IMaCh-%s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
   
   
     /* Initialisation of --------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-MORT_");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<head>\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\"/><meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"7\"><a href=http:/euroreves.ined.fr/imach>IMaCh for Interpolated Markov Chain</a> </font><br>\n<font size=\"3\">Sponsored by Copyright (C)  2002-2015 <a href=http://www.ined.fr>INED</a>-EUROREVES-Institut de longévité-2013-2016-Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences 日本学術振興会 (<a href=https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/>Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121</a>) - <a href=https://software.intel.com/en-us>Intel Software 2015-2018</a></font><br>  \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   <font size=\"2\">IMaCh-%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #else
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #endif
             
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age 
                    and for any valid combination of covariates
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvaraff, invalidvarcomb, nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart, \
                 firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
           oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
           newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
           savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
           oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
   
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
     /* For mortality only */
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
                   for(i=1;i<=NDIM;i++)
                           for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
                                   ximort[i][j]=0.;
       /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
                   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
       
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
           
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #else
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"POW-MORT_"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileresu);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #else
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, hess, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
                                   matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
                                   printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
                                   fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");  fprintf(ficlog,"\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
         fprintf(ficlog,"%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
       }
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
                   ageminpar=50;
                   agemaxpar=100;
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == AGEOVERFLOW){
           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else{
                           printf("Warning! ageminpar %f and agemaxpar %f have been fixed because for simplification until it is fixed...\n\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
                           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! ageminpar %f and agemaxpar %f have been fixed because for simplification until it is fixed...\n\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
         printinggnuplotmort(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
                   }
       printinghtmlmort(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
   #ifdef GSL
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 mortality only */
     /* Standard  */
     else{ /* For mle !=- 3, could be 0 or 1 or 4 etc. */
       globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
       /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2, Real Maximization */
         /* mlikeli uses func not funcone */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       if(mle==0) {/* No optimization, will print the likelihoods for the datafile */
         globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
         /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
         likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       }
       globpr=1; /* again, to print the individual contributions using computed gpimx and gsw */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle != 0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix only at a peak of the Likelihood, that is after optimization */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, hess, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
         printf("Parameters and 95%% confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W .\n But be careful that parameters are highly correlated because incidence of disability is highly correlated to incidence of recovery.\n It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
         fprintf(ficlog, "Parameters, Wald tests and Wald-based confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W \n  It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
         for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
             if (k != i) {
               printf("%d%d ",i,k);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
               for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                 printf("%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
                 jk++; 
               }
               printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             }
           }
         }
       } /* end of hesscov and Wald tests */
       
       /*  */
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle >= 1) /* To big for the screen */
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
         /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
         if (line[0] == '#') {
           numlinepar++;
           fputs(line,stdout);
           fputs(line,ficparo);
           fputs(line,ficlog);
           continue;
         }else
           break;
       }
       
       /* while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){ */
       /*   ungetc(c,ficpar); */
       /*   fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar); */
       /*   fputs(line,stdout); */
       /*   fputs(line,ficparo); */
       /* } */
       /* ungetc(c,ficpar); */
       
       estepm=0;
       if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm, &ftolpl)) !=EOF){
         
         if (num_filled != 6) {
           printf("Error: Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",line);
           goto end;
         }
         printf("agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar, bage, fage, estepm, ftolpl);
       }
       /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
       /*ftolpl=6.e-4;*/ /* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
       
       /* fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm); */
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d ftolpl=%e\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm, ftolpl);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d, ftolpl=%e\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm, ftolpl);
                   
       /* Other stuffs, more or less useful */    
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficlog,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&backcast,&jback1,&mback1,&anback1,&jback2,&mback2,&anback2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
                   /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == -AGEOVERFLOW){
                           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
                           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else{
         printinggnuplot(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, prevfcast, backcast, pathc,p);
       }
       printinghtml(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt, \
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,prevfcast,backcast, estepm, \
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,dateprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2,dateprev2);
                   
       /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
       /*  chdir(path); */
                   
       /* free_ivector(wav,1,imx); */  /* Moved after last prevalence call */
       /* free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); */
       /* free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); */
       /* free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);    */
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
                   
                   
       /* Other results (useful)*/
                   
                   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
       /*#include "prevlim.h"*/  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       prevalence_limit(p, prlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear);
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
       /*#include "hpijx.h"*/
       hPijx(p, bage, fage);
       fclose(ficrespij);
       
       /* ncovcombmax=  pow(2,cptcoveff); */
       /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
       
       /* Prevalence for each covariates in probs[age][status][cov] */
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* ndeath is useless but a necessity to be compared with mobaverages */
           for(k=1;k<=ncovcombmax;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
       prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       if (mobilav!=0 ||mobilavproj !=0 ) {
         mobaverages= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
         for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
             for(k=1;k<=ncovcombmax;k++)
               mobaverages[i][j][k]=0.;
         mobaverage=mobaverages;
         if (mobilav!=0) {
           if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, mobaverage, mobilav)!=0){
             fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
             printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           }
         }
         /* /\* Prevalence for each covariates in probs[age][status][cov] *\/ */
         /* prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
         else if (mobilavproj !=0) {
           if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, mobaverage, mobilavproj)!=0){
             fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilavproj=%d\n",mobilavproj);
             printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilavproj=%d\n",mobilavproj);
           }
         }
       }/* end if moving average */
       
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileresu, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
       }
       if(backcast==1){
         ddnewms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        
         ddoldms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        
         ddsavms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
         /*--------------- Back Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
   
         bprlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
         back_prevalence_limit(p, bprlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass, mobilavproj);
         fclose(ficresplb);
   
         hBijx(p, bage, fage, mobaverage);
         fclose(ficrespijb);
         free_matrix(bprlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
   
         /* prevbackforecast(fileresu, anback1, mback1, jback1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj,
            bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anback2, p, cptcoveff); */
         free_matrix(ddnewms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
         free_matrix(ddsavms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
         free_matrix(ddoldms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
       }
       
    
       /* ------ Other prevalence ratios------------ */
   
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);   
                   
                   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
                   
       strcpy(filerese,"E_");
       strcat(filerese,fileresu);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(ficlog);
                   
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){ /* For any combination of dummy covariates, fixed and varying */
         fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
         
         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
       printf("done evsij\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done evsij\n");fflush(ficlog);
                   
       /*---------- State-specific expectancies and variances ------------*/
                   
                   
       strcpy(filerest,"T_");
       strcat(filerest,fileresu);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(ficlog);
                   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"STDE_");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileresu);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with State specific Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with State specific Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("  Computing State-specific Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"  Computing State-specific Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"CVE_");
       strcat(filerescve,fileresu);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. State-specific Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. State-specific Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("    Computing Covar. of State-specific Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"    Computing Covar. of State-specific Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"V_");
       strcat(fileresv,fileresu);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("      Computing Variance-covariance of State-specific Expectancies: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"      Computing Variance-covariance of State-specific Expectancies: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         printf("\n#****** ");
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++){ 
           printf("V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficlog,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
         printf("******\n");
         
         fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
         fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
         
         fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
         
         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         printf(" cvevsij combination#=%d, ",k);
         fprintf(ficlog, " cvevsij combination#=%d, ",k);
         cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);
         printf(" end cvevsij \n ");
         fprintf(ficlog, " end cvevsij \n ");
         
         /*
          */
         /* goto endfree; */
         
         vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         pstamp(ficrest);
         
         
         for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* ZZ Segmentation fault */
           cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
           printf("varevsij vpopbased=%d \n",vpopbased);
           fprintf(ficlog, "varevsij vpopbased=%d \n",vpopbased);
           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
           fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
           if(vpopbased==1)
             fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
           else
             fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           fprintf(ficrest,"# Age popbased mobilav e.. (std) ");
           for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           /* printf("Which p?\n"); for(i=1;i<=npar;i++)printf("p[i=%d]=%lf,",i,p[i]);printf("\n"); */
           epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
           printf("Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k); /*ZZ Is it the correct prevalim */
             if (vpopbased==1) {
               if(mobilav ==0){
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
               }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
               }
             }
             
             fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav);
             /* fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav,Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */ /* to be done */
             /* printf(" age %4.0f ",age); */
             for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
               for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                 epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                 /*ZZZ  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 /* printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]); */
               }
               epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
             }
             /* printf(" age %4.0f \n",age); */
             
             for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                 vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
             }
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           }
         } /* End vpopbased */
         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         printf("done \n");fflush(stdout);
         fprintf(ficlog,"done\n");fflush(ficlog);
         
         /*}*/
       } /* End k */
   
       printf("done State-specific expectancies\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done State-specific expectancies\n");fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
       
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"VPL_");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileresu);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog, "Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
       
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
         printf("\n#****** ");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficlog,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           printf("V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         printf("******\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
         
         varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, strstart);
         free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       
       fclose(ficresvpl);
       printf("done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(ficlog);
       
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
       
       
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0 ||mobilavproj !=0)
         free_ma3x(mobaverages,1, AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax); /* We need to have a squared matrix with prevalence of the dead! */
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
     /* endfree:*/
     free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_ma3x(cotqvar,1,maxwav,1,nqtv,1,n);
     free_ma3x(cotvar,1,maxwav,1,ntv,1,n);
     free_matrix(coqvar,1,maxwav,1,n);
     free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
     free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
     /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
     free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
     free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     
     free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(ncodemaxwundef,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Dummy,-1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Fixed,-1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Typevar,-1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tposprod,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(invalidvarcomb,1,ncovcombmax);
     free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tmodelind,1,NCOVMAX);
     
     free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
     /* free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10); */
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
     
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings. Please look at the log file for details.\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d. Please look at the log file for details.\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     /*(void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);*/
     rend_time = time(NULL);  
     end_time = *localtime(&rend_time);
     /* tml = *localtime(&end_time.tm_sec); */
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&end_time));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     
     printf("Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
     
     
     printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
   #ifdef WIN32
     if (_chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
   #else
       if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
         printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n", path);
     if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0)
   #endif 
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifdef _WIN32
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s' Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef __unix
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
     
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: '%s', err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
       printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
     }
     printf(" Successful, please wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
   #ifdef __APPLE__
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #elif __linux
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "xdg-open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #else
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
   #endif
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
         system(pplotcmd);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
   end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: "); fflush(stdout);
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }

Removed from v.1.51  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.227


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