Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.18 and 1.112

version 1.18, 2002/02/20 17:17:09 version 1.112, 2006/01/30 09:55:26
Line 1 Line 1
      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews  
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to    can be a simple dot '.'.
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:  
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
   age", you should modify the program where the markup  
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.    Gnuplot problem appeared...
     To be fixed
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the  
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   hPijx is the probability to be    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age    Some cleaning and links added in html output
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of  
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.    *** empty log message ***
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices  
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
     (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
      (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   from the European Union.  
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .  
   **********************************************************************/    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
      Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
 #include <math.h>  
 #include <stdio.h>    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
 #include <stdlib.h>    Fix on curr_time
 #include <unistd.h>  
     Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
 #define MAXLINE 256    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80  
 /*#define DEBUG*/    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
 #define windows    *** empty log message ***
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
     New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
     This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    from other sources like vital statistic data.
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  
 #define MAXN 20000    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */  
 #define AGESUP 130    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
 #define AGEBASE 40    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   
     The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
 int nvar;    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;  
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Current limitations:
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
 int popbased=0;  
     Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    suppressed.
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */  
 int mle, weightopt;    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */  
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    * imach.c (Repository):
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf;    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm,*ficresprob,*ficpop;    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
 FILE *ficreseij;  
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
  FILE  *ficresvij;    Just cleaning
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];  
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
     exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 #define NR_END 1    (Module): Version 0.96b
 #define FREE_ARG char*  
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
     (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 #define NRANSI    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 #define ITMAX 200  
     Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
     (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   
 #define GOLD 1.618034    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
     of the covariance matrix to be input.
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;  
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
      mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  
     Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
 static double sqrarg;    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
     Version 0.96
 int imx;  
 int stepm;    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
     routine fileappend.
 int m,nb;  
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
     prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
 double *weight;    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
 int **s; /* Status */    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    interview.
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
     we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    truncation)
     (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
 /**************** split *************************/  
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name )    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
 {    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
     parcimony.
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    *** empty log message ***
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */  
       extern char       *getwd( );    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
     Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {  
 #else  */
       extern char       *getcwd( );  /*
      Interpolated Markov Chain
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {  
 #endif    Short summary of the programme:
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    
       }    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
    }    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
 }    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
     'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
     complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
 /******************************************/    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
     you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    convergence.
 {  
   int i;    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
   int lg=20;    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
   i=0;    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
   lg=strlen(t);    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
     (s[i] = t[i]);  
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
   }    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
 }    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
     states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
 {    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   int i,j=0;    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   int lg=20;    hPijx.
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(s);    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    of the life expectancies. It also computes the stable prevalence. 
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    
   }    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
   return j;             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
 }    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
     from the European Union.
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
 {    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
   i=0;  
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   }    
     **********************************************************************/
   lg=strlen(t);  /*
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    main
     (u[j] = t[j]);    read parameterfile
   }    read datafile
      u[p]='\0';    concatwav
     freqsummary
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    if (mle >= 1)
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);      mlikeli
   }    print results files
 }    if mle==1 
        computes hessian
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
         begin-prev-date,...
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    open gnuplot file
 {    open html file
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    stable prevalence
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);     for age prevalim()
   exit(1);    h Pij x
 }    variance of p varprob
 /*********************** vector *******************/    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    health expectancies
 {    Variance-covariance of DFLE
   double *v;    prevalence()
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));     movingaverage()
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    varevsij() 
   return v-nl+NR_END;    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
 }    total life expectancies
     Variance of stable prevalence
 /************************ free vector ******************/   end
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)  */
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }  
    
 /************************ivector *******************************/  #include <math.h>
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)  #include <stdio.h>
 {  #include <stdlib.h>
   int *v;  #include <string.h>
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  #include <unistd.h>
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;  #include <limits.h>
 }  #include <sys/types.h>
   #include <sys/stat.h>
 /******************free ivector **************************/  #include <errno.h>
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)  extern int errno;
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
 }  #include <time.h>
   #include "timeval.h"
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  /* #include <libintl.h> */
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;  #define MAXLINE 256
   int **m;  
    #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
   /* allocate pointers to rows */  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
   m -= nrl;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
    
    #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  #define NINTERVMAX 8
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
    #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  #define MAXN 20000
    #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */  #define AGESUP 130
   return m;  #define AGEBASE 40
 }  #define AGEGOMP 10. /* Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   #ifdef UNIX
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
       int **m;  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  #else
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
 {  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  #endif
 }  
   /* $Id$ */
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  /* $State$ */
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
 {  char version[]="Imach version 0.98b, January 2006, INED-EUROREVES ";
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
   double **m;  int erreur, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
   int nvar;
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  int npar=NPARMAX;
   m += NR_END;  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
   m -= nrl;  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
   int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  int popbased=0;
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */
   int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  int ijmin, ijmax; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   return m;  int gipmx, gsw; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
 }                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
   int mle, weightopt;
 /*************************free matrix ************************/  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
 {  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
 }  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
   double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/  FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
 {  int globpr; /* Global variable for printing or not */
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   double ***m;  long ipmx; /* Number of contributions */
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
   m += NR_END;  FILE *ficresilk;
   m -= nrl;  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  FILE *ficreseij;
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  FILE  *ficresvij;
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  char title[MAXLINE];
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;  int  outcmd=0;
    
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;  
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   return m;  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  
   char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
 {  struct timezone tzp;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));  extern int gettimeofday();
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  long time_value;
 }  extern long time();
   char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
 /***************** f1dim *************************/  
 extern int ncom;  char *endptr;
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;  long lval;
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);  
    #define NR_END 1
 double f1dim(double x)  #define FREE_ARG char*
 {  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   int j;  
   double f;  #define NRANSI 
   double *xt;  #define ITMAX 200 
    
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];  
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
   return f;  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
 }  
   #define GOLD 1.618034 
 /*****************brent *************************/  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
 {  
   int iter;  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   double a,b,d,etemp;  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   double ftemp;    
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
   double e=0.0;  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
    
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);  static double sqrarg;
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   x=w=v=bx;  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  int imx; 
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);  int stepm=1;
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  
 #ifdef DEBUG  int estepm;
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  
 #endif  int m,nb;
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  long *num;
       *xmin=x;  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
       return fx;  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
     }  double **pmmij, ***probs;
     ftemp=fu;  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  double dateintmean=0;
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  double *weight;
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;  int **s; /* Status */
       q=2.0*(q-r);  double *agedc, **covar, idx;
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;  int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
       q=fabs(q);  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
       etemp=e;  
       e=d;  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
       else {  /**************** split *************************/
         d=p/q;  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
         u=x+d;  {
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
       }    */ 
     } else {    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
     }  
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
     fu=(*f)(u);    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
     if (fu <= fx) {    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
         } else {        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;      /* get current working directory */
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
             v=w;      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
             w=u;        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
             fv=fw;      }
             fw=fu;      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
             v=u;    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
             fv=fu;      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
           }      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
         }      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   }      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
   *xmin=x;      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
   return fx;      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
 }    }
     /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
     if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
             double (*func)(double))      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
 {      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    }
   double fu;    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
      if (ss >0){
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);      ss++;
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
   if (*fb > *fa) {      l1= strlen( name);
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
       }      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);    }
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  
   while (*fb > *fc) {    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  }
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  /******************************************/
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
       fu=(*func)(u);  {
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {    int i;
       fu=(*func)(u);    int lg=0;
       if (fu < *fc) {    i=0;
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))    lg=strlen(t);
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
           }      (s[i] = t[i]);
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
       u=ulim;    }
       fu=(*func)(u);  }
     } else {  
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
       fu=(*func)(u);  {
     }    int i,j=0;
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)    int lg=20;
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    i=0;
       }    lg=strlen(s);
 }    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
 /*************** linmin ************************/    }
     return j;
 int ncom;  }
 double *pcom,*xicom;  
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)
    {
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))    /* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
 {       and v starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,       gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);    int i,lg,j,p=0;
   double f1dim(double x);    i=0;
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,    for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));      if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;
   int j;    }
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  
   double fx,fb,fa;    lg=strlen(t);
      for(j=0; j<p; j++) {
   ncom=n;      (u[j] = t[j]);
   pcom=vector(1,n);    }
   xicom=vector(1,n);       u[p]='\0';
   nrfunc=func;  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {     for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {
     pcom[j]=p[j];      if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);
     xicom[j]=xi[j];    }
   }  }
   ax=0.0;  
   xx=1.0;  /********************** nrerror ********************/
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  void nrerror(char error_text[])
 #ifdef DEBUG  {
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
 #endif    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     xi[j] *= xmin;  }
     p[j] += xi[j];  /*********************** vector *******************/
   }  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  {
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);    double *v;
 }    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
 /*************** powell ************************/    return v-nl+NR_END;
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  }
             double (*func)(double []))  
 {  /************************ free vector ******************/
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
               double (*func)(double []));  {
   int i,ibig,j;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  }
   double fp,fptt;  
   double *xits;  /************************ivector *******************************/
   pt=vector(1,n);  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
   ptt=vector(1,n);  {
   xit=vector(1,n);    int *v;
   xits=vector(1,n);    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   *fret=(*func)(p);    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];    return v-nl+NR_END;
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  }
     fp=(*fret);  
     ibig=0;  /******************free ivector **************************/
     del=0.0;  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  {
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  }
     printf("\n");  
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  /************************lvector *******************************/
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
       fptt=(*fret);  {
 #ifdef DEBUG    long *v;
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
 #endif    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    return v-nl+NR_END;
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  }
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  /******************free lvector **************************/
         ibig=i;  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
       }  {
 #ifdef DEBUG    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  }
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
       }       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  { 
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
       printf("\n");    int **m; 
 #endif    
     }    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
 #ifdef DEBUG    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
       int k[2],l;    m += NR_END; 
       k[0]=1;    m -= nrl; 
       k[1]=-1;    
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
       printf("\n");    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];    
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
         }    
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
       }    return m; 
 #endif  } 
   
   /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
       free_vector(xits,1,n);        int **m;
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
       free_vector(pt,1,n);       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
       return;  { 
     }    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  } 
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  /******************* matrix *******************************/
       pt[j]=p[j];  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     }  {
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
     if (fptt < fp) {    double **m;
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  
       if (t < 0.0) {    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    m += NR_END;
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];    m -= nrl;
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  
         }    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
 #ifdef DEBUG    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    m[nrl] += NR_END;
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    m[nrl] -= ncl;
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  
         printf("\n");    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
 #endif    return m;
       }    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) 
     }     */
   }  }
 }  
   /*************************free matrix ************************/
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   {
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
 {    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit  }
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */  
   /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   int i, ii,j,k;  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;  {
   double **matprod2();    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();    double ***m;
   double **newm;  
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    m += NR_END;
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    m -= nrl;
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
     }    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
    cov[1]=1.;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
      m[nrl] -= ncl;
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     newm=savm;  
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
      cov[2]=agefin;    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
      m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
         /*printf("ij=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf\n",ij, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k]);*/      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
       }    
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
     }
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/    return m; 
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
              &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);    */
   }
     savm=oldm;  
     oldm=newm;  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
     maxmax=0.;  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  {
       min=1.;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
       max=0.;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
         sumnew=0;  }
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  {
       }    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       maxmin=max-min;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
     }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    return tmpout;
       return prlim;  }
     }  
   }  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
 }  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
   {
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/    
     /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
 {    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   double s1, s2;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   /*double t34;*/    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;    return tmpout;
   }
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  {
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       }    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
       ps[i][j]=s2;    strcat(tmpout,"/");
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     }    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    return tmpout;
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  }
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  
       }  /***************** f1dim *************************/
       ps[i][j]=(s2);  extern int ncom; 
     }  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   }  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/   
   double f1dim(double x) 
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  { 
      s1=0;    int j; 
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    double f;
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    double *xt; 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)   
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    return f; 
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  } 
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  
   } /* end i */  /*****************brent *************************/
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  { 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    int iter; 
       ps[ii][jj]=0;    double a,b,d,etemp;
       ps[ii][ii]=1;    double fu,fv,fw,fx;
     }    double ftemp;
   }    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
     double e=0.0; 
    
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);    x=w=v=bx; 
    }    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
     printf("\n ");    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
     }      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
 /*      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
   goto end;*/      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
     return ps;  #ifdef DEBUG
 }      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
   #endif
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
 {        *xmin=x; 
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times        return fx; 
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */      } 
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized      ftemp=fu;
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
   long i, j, k;        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)        q=2.0*(q-r); 
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];        q=fabs(q); 
         etemp=e; 
   return out;        e=d; 
 }        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
           d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
         else { 
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/          d=p/q; 
           u=x+d; 
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
 {            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month        } 
      duration (i.e. until      } else { 
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step      } 
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be      fu=(*f)(u); 
      included manually here.      if (fu <= fx) { 
         if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
      */        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
           SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
   int i, j, d, h, k;          } else { 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
   double **newm;            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
               v=w; 
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */              w=u; 
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)              fv=fw; 
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){              fw=fu; 
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);              v=u; 
     }              fv=fu; 
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */            } 
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){          } 
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){    } 
       newm=savm;    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    *xmin=x; 
       cov[1]=1.;    return fx; 
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  } 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];              double (*func)(double)) 
   { 
     double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/    double fu; 
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/   
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
       savm=oldm;    if (*fb > *fa) { 
       oldm=newm;      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
     }        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)        } 
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);    while (*fb > *fc) { 
          */      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
       }      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
   } /* end h */      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
   return po;        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
 }      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
       if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
         fu=(*func)(u); 
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
 double func( double *x)        fu=(*func)(u); 
 {        if (fu < *fc) { 
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
   double **out;            } 
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */        u=ulim; 
   long ipmx;        fu=(*func)(u); 
   /*extern weight */      } else { 
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/        fu=(*func)(u); 
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)      } 
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
   */        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
   cov[1]=1.;        } 
   } 
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  /*************** linmin ************************/
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];  
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  int ncom; 
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  double *pcom,*xicom;
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){   
         newm=savm;  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  { 
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
         }    double f1dim(double x); 
            void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    int j; 
         savm=oldm;    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
         oldm=newm;    double fx,fb,fa;
           
            ncom=n; 
       } /* end mult */    pcom=vector(1,n); 
          xicom=vector(1,n); 
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    nrfunc=func; 
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       ipmx +=1;      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
       sw += weight[i];      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    } 
     } /* end of wave */    ax=0.0; 
   } /* end of individual */    xx=1.0; 
     mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  #ifdef DEBUG
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   return -l;    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
 }  #endif
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       xi[j] *= xmin; 
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/      p[j] += xi[j]; 
     } 
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
 {    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
   int i,j, iter;  } 
   double **xi,*delti;  
   double fret;  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  {
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
   printf("Powell\n");    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
     minutes = (sec_left) /60;
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));    sprintf(ascdiff,"%d day(s) %d hour(s) %d minute(s) %d second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
     return ascdiff;
 }  }
   
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  /*************** powell ************************/
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
 {              double (*func)(double [])) 
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;  { 
   double **hess;    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
   int i, j,jk;                double (*func)(double [])); 
   int *indx;    int i,ibig,j; 
     double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    double fp,fptt;
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);    double *xits;
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;    int niterf, itmp;
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;  
     pt=vector(1,n); 
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    ptt=vector(1,n); 
     xit=vector(1,n); 
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");    xits=vector(1,n); 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    *fret=(*func)(p); 
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/      fp=(*fret); 
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/      ibig=0; 
   }      del=0.0; 
        last_time=curr_time;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
       if (j>i) {      /*    fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);      fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);      */
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];         for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
       }        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
     }        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
   }      }
   printf("\n");      printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
        if(*iter <=3){
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
   x=vector(1,npar);  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
   indx=ivector(1,npar);        forecast_time=curr_time; 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
         printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
     x[j]=1;          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
     }          itmp = strlen(strfor);
   }          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
           strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {        }
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);      }
     }      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
     printf("\n");        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
   }        fptt=(*fret); 
   #ifdef DEBUG
   /* Recompute Inverse */        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  #endif
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
         if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;          ibig=i; 
     x[j]=1;        } 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  #ifdef DEBUG
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
       y[i][j]=x[i];        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     }          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
     printf("\n");          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   }          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   */        }
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
   free_vector(x,1,npar);        }
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);        printf("\n");
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   #endif
       } 
 }      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
   #ifdef DEBUG
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/        int k[2],l;
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])        k[0]=1;
 {        k[1]=-1;
   int i;        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   int l=1, lmax=20;        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   double k1,k2;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
   double res;          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;        }
   double fx;        printf("\n");
   int k=0,kmax=10;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   double l1;        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
           for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   fx=func(x);            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
     l1=pow(10,l);          }
     delts=delt;          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
       delt = delta*(l1*k);        }
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;  #endif
       k1=func(p2)-fx;  
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  
       k2=func(p2)-fx;        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
              free_vector(pt,1,n); 
 #ifdef DEBUG        return; 
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);      } 
 #endif      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
         k=kmax;        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
       }        pt[j]=p[j]; 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */      } 
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
       }      if (fptt < fp) { 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
         delts=delt;        if (t < 0.0) { 
       }          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
     }          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   }            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
   delti[theta]=delts;            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
   return res;          }
    #ifdef DEBUG
 }          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
 {            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
   int i;            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;          }
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;          printf("\n");
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   int k;  #endif
         }
   fx=func(x);      } 
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {    } 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  } 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  /**** Prevalence limit (stable prevalence)  ****************/
     k1=func(p2)-fx;  
    double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  {
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
     k2=func(p2)-fx;       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
    
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    int i, ii,j,k;
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
     k3=func(p2)-fx;    double **matprod2();
      double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    double **newm;
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
     k4=func(p2)-fx;  
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
 #ifdef DEBUG      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 #endif      }
   }  
   return res;     cov[1]=1.;
 }   
    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)      newm=savm;
 {      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   int i,imax,j,k;       cov[2]=agefin;
   double big,dum,sum,temp;    
   double *vv;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
            cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
   vv=vector(1,n);          /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
   *d=1.0;        }
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
     big=0.0;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;  
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");        /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
     vv[i]=1.0/big;        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
   }        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {  
       sum=a[i][j];      savm=oldm;
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];      oldm=newm;
       a[i][j]=sum;      maxmax=0.;
     }      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
     big=0.0;        min=1.;
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {        max=0.;
       sum=a[i][j];        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)          sumnew=0;
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
       a[i][j]=sum;          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
         big=dum;          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
         imax=i;        }
       }        maxmin=max-min;
     }        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
     if (j != imax) {      }
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
         dum=a[imax][k];        return prlim;
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];      }
         a[j][k]=dum;    }
       }  }
       *d = -(*d);  
       vv[imax]=vv[j];  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
     }  
     indx[j]=imax;  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;  {
     if (j != n) {    double s1, s2;
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);    /*double t34;*/
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
     }  
   }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
 ;          for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
 }            /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
             s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
 {          }
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;          ps[i][j]=s2;
   double sum;  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
          }
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     ip=indx[i];          for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     sum=b[ip];            s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
     b[ip]=b[i];  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2); */
     if (ii)          }
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];          ps[i][j]=s2;
     else if (sum) ii=i;        }
     b[i]=sum;      }
   }      /*ps[3][2]=1;*/
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {      
     sum=b[i];      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];        s1=0;
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   }          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
 }        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
           s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
 /************ Frequencies ********************/        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, int fprev1,int lprev1,double **mint,double **anint, int boolprev, double dateprev1,double dateprev2)        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
 {  /* Some frequencies */          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
          for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
   double *pp;      } /* end i */
   double pos, k2;      
   FILE *ficresp;      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           ps[ii][jj]=0;
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);          ps[ii][ii]=1;
   probs= ma3x(1,130 ,1,8, 1,8);        }
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");      }
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);      
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);  /*        for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
     exit(0);  /*       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
   }  /*         printf("ddd %lf ",ps[ii][jj]); */
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);  /*       } */
   j1=0;  /*       printf("\n "); */
   /*        } */
   j=cptcoveff;  /*        printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]); */
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}         /*
         for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){        goto end;*/
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      return ps;
        j1++;  }
        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);  
          scanf("%d", i);*/  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)  {
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
               b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
          bool=1;       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
          if  (cptcovn>0) {       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    long i, j, k;
              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
                bool=0;      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
          }        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
          if (bool==1) {          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
            if (boolprev==1){  
              for(m=fprev1; m<=lprev1; m++){    return out;
                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  }
                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;  
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];  
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
              }  
            }  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
            else {  {
             for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
              if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
              if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
              if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];       for the memory).
              }       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
             }       included manually here. 
            }  
           }       */
        }  
         if  (cptcovn>0) {    int i, j, d, h, k;
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    double **newm;
        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");  
         }    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){      }
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
       printf("Total");    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
     else      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
       printf("Age %d", i);        newm=savm;
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)        cov[1]=1.;
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
     }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);  
       else  
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
     }        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
      for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        savm=oldm;
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        oldm=newm;
      }      }
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
       pos += pp[jk];          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);
       if(pos>=1.e-5)           */
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);        }
       else    } /* end h */
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    return po;
       if( i <= (int) agemax){  }
         if(pos>=1.e-5){  
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);  
           probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
           /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/  double func( double *x)
         }  {
       else    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
       }    double **out;
     }    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    int s1, s2;
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);    double bbh, survp;
     if(i <= (int) agemax)    long ipmx;
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");    /*extern weight */
     printf("\n");    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     }    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     }    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
  }      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
      */
   fclose(ficresp);    cov[1]=1.;
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   
 }  /* End of Freq */    if(mle==1){
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
 /************ Prevalence ********************/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
 void prevalence(int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, int fprev1,int lprev1, double **mint,double **anint,int boolprev, double dateprev1, double dateprev2)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
 {  /* Some frequencies */          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
              for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double *pp;            }
   double pos, k2;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   probs= ma3x(1,130 ,1,8, 1,8);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);            }
   j1=0;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   j=cptcoveff;            savm=oldm;
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}            oldm=newm;
            } /* end mult */
  for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){        
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
       j1++;          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
             * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)             * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)             * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
           freq[i][jk][m]=0;           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
                 * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
         bool=1;           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
         if  (cptcovn>0) {           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])           */
               bool=0;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
               }          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         if (bool==1) {          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           if (boolprev==1){          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
             for(m=fprev1; m<=lprev1; m++){           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;           */
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
               freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
               freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
             }               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
           }               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
           else {               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
             for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
               k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
               if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
                 if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
               }          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
             }          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
           }          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
         }          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
       }          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
         for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
           }          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          lower mortality.
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)            */
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
         }  
          
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          } else if  (s2==-2) {
            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];              survp += out[s1][j];
          }            lli= survp;
                    }
          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];          
           else if  (s2==-4) {
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){                      for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
            if( i <= (int) agemax){              survp += out[s1][j];
              if(pos>=1.e-5){            lli= survp;
                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;          }
              }          
            }          else if  (s2==-5) {
          }            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++) 
                        survp += out[s1][j];
         }            lli= survp;
     }          }
   }  
    
            else{
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
            } 
 }  /* End of Freq */          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
           /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)          ipmx +=1;
 {          sw += weight[i];
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).        } /* end of wave */
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i      } /* end of individual */
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]    }  else if(mle==2){
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
      */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   int i, mi, m;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;            }
   double sum=0.;          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
   jmin=1e+5;            newm=savm;
   jmax=-1;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   jmean=0.;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     mi=0;            }
     m=firstpass;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       if(s[m][i]>=1)            savm=oldm;
         mw[++mi][i]=m;            oldm=newm;
       if(m >=lastpass)          } /* end mult */
         break;        
       else          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         m++;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     }/* end while */          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */          ipmx +=1;
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */          sw += weight[i];
          /* Only death is a correct wave */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       mw[mi][i]=m;        } /* end of wave */
     }      } /* end of individual */
     }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
     wav[i]=mi;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     if(mi==0)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       if (stepm <=0)            }
         dh[mi][i]=1;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       else{            newm=savm;
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */            }
           k=k+1;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;            savm=oldm;
           sum=sum+j;            oldm=newm;
           /* if (j<10) printf("j=%d num=%d ",j,i); */          } /* end mult */
           }        
         }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         else{          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           k=k+1;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;          ipmx +=1;
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;          sw += weight[i];
           /*   if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           sum=sum+j;        } /* end of wave */
         }      } /* end of individual */
         jk= j/stepm;    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
         jl= j -jk*stepm;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         if(jl <= -ju)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           dh[mi][i]=jk;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         else            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */            }
       }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     }            newm=savm;
   }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   jmean=sum/k;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
  }            }
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/          
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
 {                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;            savm=oldm;
   int cptcode=0;            oldm=newm;
   cptcoveff=0;          } /* end mult */
          
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {          }else{
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
       Ndum[ij]++;          }
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/          ipmx +=1;
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;          sw += weight[i];
     }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {        } /* end of wave */
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;      } /* end of individual */
     }    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
     ij=1;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           ij++;            }
         }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;            newm=savm;
       }              cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     }            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   }                cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
             }
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;          
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       ij=Tvar[i];            savm=oldm;
       Ndum[ij]++;            oldm=newm;
     }          } /* end mult */
         
  ij=1;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncov)){          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;          ipmx +=1;
      ij++;          sw += weight[i];
    }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
  }          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
          } /* end of wave */
     cptcoveff=ij-1;      } /* end of individual */
 }    } /* End of if */
     for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)    return -l;
 {  }
   /* Health expectancies */  
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   double age, agelim,hf;  double funcone( double *x)
   double ***p3mat;  {
      /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double **out;
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    double llt;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");    int s1, s2;
     double bbh, survp;
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */    /*extern weight */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   agelim=AGESUP;    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */    */
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);    cov[1]=1.;
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */  
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */  
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          }
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];          newm=savm;
         }          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
              for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     hf=1;            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;          }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){          savm=oldm;
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);          oldm=newm;
       }        } /* end mult */
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   }        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 }        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
         /* bias is positive if real duration
 /************ Variance ******************/         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)         */
 {        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
   /* Variance of health expectancies */          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/        } else if (mle==1){
   double **newm;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        } else if(mle==2){
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   int k, cptcode;        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   double *xp;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   double **gp, **gm;        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
   double ***p3mat;        } else{  /* ml>=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
   double age,agelim;          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
   int theta;        } /* End of if */
         ipmx +=1;
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");        sw += weight[i];
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  /*       printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        if(globpr){
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9d %6d %1d %1d %1d %1d %3d %10.6f %6.4f\
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");   %10.6f %10.6f %10.6f ", \
                   num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
   xp=vector(1,npar);                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
              fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          }
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
   agelim = AGESUP;        }
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      } /* end of wave */
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    } /* end of individual */
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      gipmx=ipmx;
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      gsw=sw;
     }
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    return -l;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */  }
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  
       }  
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    /*************** function likelione ***********/
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   {
       if (popbased==1) {    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       the selection of individuals/waves and
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
       }       Plotting could be done.
           */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    int k;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
         }      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
       }      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
            printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      }
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);        fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
       /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       if (popbased==1) {      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
       }    }
   
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    if(*globpri !=0){
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)      fclose(ficresilk);
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
         }      fflush(fichtm); 
       }    } 
     return;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)  }
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];  
         }  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
     } /* End theta */  
   void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  {
     int i,j, iter;
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)    double **xi;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double fret;
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
     xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];    }
       }    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     }    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     h=1;      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);  
       }    fclose(ficrespow);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);  
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  
   } /* End age */  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
    void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);  {
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    double **hess;
     int i, j,jk;
 }    int *indx;
   
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
 {    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/    double gompertz(double p[]);
   double **newm;    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   double **dnewm,**doldm;  
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   int k, cptcode;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   double *xp;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
   double *gp, *gm;      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   double **gradg, **trgradg;      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   double age,agelim;     
   int theta;       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
          
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    }
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);    
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
   xp=vector(1,npar);        if (j>i) { 
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
            hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
   agelim = AGESUP;          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        }
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      }
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    }
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    printf("\n");
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);  
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       }    x=vector(1,npar);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    indx=ivector(1,npar);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
        ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */  
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      x[j]=1;
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];      }
     } /* End theta */    }
   
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      }
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;      printf("\n");
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);    }
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */    /* Recompute Inverse */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));  
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);  
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);      x[j]=1;
   } /* End age */      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        y[i][j]=x[i];
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
       }
 }      printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/    }
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij)    */
 {  
   int i, j;    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
   int k=0, cptcode;    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    free_vector(x,1,npar);
   double *xp;    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
   double *gp, *gm;    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
   double **gradg, **trgradg;  
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];  
   int theta;  }
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];  
   /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);  {
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {    int i;
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);    int l=1, lmax=20;
   }    double k1,k2;
   printf("Computing variance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
      double res;
     double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
   xp=vector(1,npar);    double fx;
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    int k=0,kmax=10;
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    double l1;
    
   cov[1]=1;    fx=func(x);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
     cov[2]=age;    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);      l1=pow(10,l);
     trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);      delts=delt;
     gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
     gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));        delt = delta*(l1*k);
            p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        k1=func(p2)-fx;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        k2=func(p2)-fx;
              /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
            
       k=0;  #ifdef DEBUG
       for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
            k=k+1;  #endif
           gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
         }        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
       }          k=kmax;
         }
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
            }
         else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);          delts=delt;
       k=0;        }
       for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){      }
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    }
           k=k+1;    delti[theta]=delts;
           gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    return res; 
         }    
       }  }
        
        for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
            gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];    {
     }    int i;
     int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
       trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    int k;
    
      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    fx=func(x);
      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
      k=0;      k1=func(p2)-fx;
      for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    
        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
          k=k+1;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
          gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];      k2=func(p2)-fx;
         }    
      }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
            p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);      k3=func(p2)-fx;
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){    
              p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));      k4=func(p2)-fx;
      }*/      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
   #ifdef DEBUG
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){  #endif
     if (i== 2) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);    }
 if (i== 4) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);    return res;
   }  }
   
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);  { 
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    int i,imax,j,k; 
 }    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
  free_vector(xp,1,npar);    double *vv; 
 fclose(ficresprob);   
  exit(0);    vv=vector(1,n); 
 }    *d=1.0; 
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
 /***********************************************/      big=0.0; 
 /**************** Main Program *****************/      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
 /***********************************************/        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
       if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
 int main()    } 
 {    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;        sum=a[i][j]; 
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;        a[i][j]=sum; 
       } 
   double fret;      big=0.0; 
   double **xi,tmp,delta;      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
   double ***p3mat;          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
   int *indx;        a[i][j]=sum; 
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
   char title[MAXLINE];          big=dum; 
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];          imax=i; 
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];        } 
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];      } 
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];      if (j != imax) { 
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];          dum=a[imax][k]; 
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */          a[j][k]=dum; 
   int c,  h , cpt,l;        } 
   int ju,jl, mi;        *d = -(*d); 
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;      } 
   int mobilav=0, fprev, lprev ,fprevfore=1, lprevfore=1,nforecast,popforecast=0;      indx[j]=imax; 
   int hstepm, nhstepm;      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
   int *popage,boolprev=0;/*boolprev=0 if date and zero if wave*/      if (j != n) { 
         dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
   double ftolpl=FTOL;      } 
   double **prlim;    } 
   double *severity;    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */  ;
   double  *p;  } 
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */  
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
   double *delti; /* Scale */  { 
   double ***eij, ***vareij;    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */    double sum; 
   double *epj, vepp;   
   double kk1, kk2;    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;      ip=indx[i]; 
   double dateprev1, dateprev2;      sum=b[ip]; 
       b[ip]=b[i]; 
   char version[80]="Imach version 64b, May 2001, INED-EUROREVES ";      if (ii) 
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       else if (sum) ii=i; 
       b[i]=sum; 
   char z[1]="c", occ;    } 
 #include <sys/time.h>    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
 #include <time.h>      sum=b[i]; 
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
   char strfprev[10], strlprev[10];      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
   char strfprevfore[10], strlprevfore[10];    } 
   /* long total_usecs;  } 
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;  
    /************ Frequencies ********************/
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
   {  /* Some frequencies */
     
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.7");    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");    int first;
     double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
 #ifdef windows    double *pp, **prop;
   scanf("%s",pathtot);    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
   getcwd(pathcd, size);    FILE *ficresp;
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/    
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
     prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
 split(pathtot, path,optionfile);    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
   chdir(path);    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
   replace(pathc,path);    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
 #endif      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
 #ifdef unix      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   scanf("%s",optionfile);      exit(0);
 #endif    }
     freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/    j1=0;
     
   strcpy(fileres,"r");    j=cptcoveff;
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
   /*---------arguments file --------*/    first=1;
   
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
     goto end;        j1++;
   }        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
           scanf("%d", i);*/
   strcpy(filereso,"o");        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
   strcat(filereso,fileres);          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
   }  
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          prop[i][m]=0;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        dateintsum=0;
     puts(line);        k2cpt=0;
     fputs(line,ficparo);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
   }          bool=1;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
             for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);                bool=0;
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);          }
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          if (bool==1){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
     puts(line);              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
     fputs(line,ficparo);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
   }                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                  if (m<lastpass) {
   fscanf(ficpar,"fprevalence=%s lprevalence=%s pop_based=%d\n",strfprev,strlprev,&popbased);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   fprintf(ficparo,"fprevalence=%s lprevalence=%s pop_based=%d\n",strfprev,strlprev,popbased);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                  }
   /* printf("%s %s",strfprev,strlprev);                
      exit(0);*/                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
  while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);                  k2cpt++;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                }
     puts(line);                /*}*/
     fputs(line,ficparo);            }
   }          }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        }
           
   fscanf(ficpar,"fprevalence=%s lprevalence=%s nforecast=%d mob_average=%d\n",strfprevfore,strlprevfore,&nforecast,&mobilav);        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
   fprintf(ficparo,"fprevalence=%s lprevalence=%s nforecast=%d mob_average=%d\n",strfprevfore,strlprevfore,nforecast,mobilav);  fprintf(ficresp, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
              if  (cptcovn>0) {
            fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        }
     puts(line);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
     fputs(line,ficparo);          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
   }        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        
          for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s\n",&popforecast,popfile);          if(i==iagemax+3){
              fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);          }else{
   cptcovn=0;            if(first==1){
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;              first=0;
               printf("See log file for details...\n");
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;            }
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
            }
   /* Read guess parameters */          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     puts(line);            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
     fputs(line,ficparo);              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
   }            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              if(first==1){
                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);              }
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){            }else{
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);              if(first==1)
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){            }
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);          }
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);  
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       }            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
       printf("\n");          }       
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     }            pos += pp[jk];
              posprop += prop[jk][i];
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;          }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   p=param[1][1];            if(pos>=1.e-5){
                if(first==1)
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            }else{
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              if(first==1)
     puts(line);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     fputs(line,ficparo);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   }            }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            if( i <= iagemax){
               if(pos>=1.e-5){
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){              }
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);              else
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);            }
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){          }
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);          
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       }              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");              if(first==1)
       printf("\n");                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
     }              }
   }          if(i <= iagemax)
   delti=delti3[1][1];            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
            if(first==1)
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            printf("Others in log...\n");
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      }
     puts(line);    }
     fputs(line,ficparo);    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
   }   
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    fclose(ficresp);
      free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);    /* End of Freq */
     printf("%s",str);  }
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);  
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){  /************ Prevalence ********************/
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);  {  
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
     }       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     printf("\n");    */
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");   
   }    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)    double *pp, **prop;
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];    double pos,posprop; 
        double  y2; /* in fractional years */
   printf("\n");    int iagemin, iagemax;
   
     iagemin= (int) agemin;
     /*-------- data file ----------*/    iagemax= (int) agemax;
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
     }    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);    j1=0;
        
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {    j=cptcoveff;
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     }    
     for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     n= lastobs;      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);        j1++;
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        
     num=ivector(1,n);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
     moisnais=vector(1,n);          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
     annais=vector(1,n);            prop[i][m]=0.0;
     moisdc=vector(1,n);       
     andc=vector(1,n);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
     agedc=vector(1,n);          bool=1;
     cod=ivector(1,n);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
     weight=vector(1,n);            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);                bool=0;
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);          } 
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);          if (bool==1) { 
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);                for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
     i=1;                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
                          /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
           strcpy(line,stra);                } 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              }
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            } /* end selection of waves */
         }          }
                }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          
           for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          } 
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
         }                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
         num[i]=atol(stra);              } 
                    } 
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){          }/* end jk */ 
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/        }/* end i */ 
       } /* end i1 */
         i=i+1;    } /* end k1 */
       }    
     }    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
        scanf("%d",i);*/    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */  }  /* End of prevalence */
   
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;  
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;  {
     }    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));*/       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
        mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);       */
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);  
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);    int i, mi, m;
   Tage=ivector(1,15);          /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
           double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
   if (strlen(model) >1){    int first;
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
     j=nbocc(model,'+');    double sum=0.;
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');    first=0;
     cptcovn=j+1;    jmin=1e+5;
     cptcovprod=j1;    jmax=-1;
        jmean=0.;
        for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     strcpy(modelsav,model);      mi=0;
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){      m=firstpass;
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
       goto end;        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
     }          mw[++mi][i]=m;
            if(m >=lastpass)
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){          break;
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');        else
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);          m++;
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/      }/* end while */
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {           /* Only death is a correct wave */
           cptcovprod--;        mw[mi][i]=m;
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');      }
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  
           cptcovage++;      wav[i]=mi;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;      if(mi==0){
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/        nbwarn++;
         }        if(first==0){
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
           cptcovprod--;          first=1;
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        }
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);        if(first==1){
           cptcovage++;          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;        }
         }      } /* end mi==0 */
         else {    } /* End individuals */
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');  
           Tvar[i]=ncov+k1;    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
           Tprod[k1]=i;        if (stepm <=0)
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);          dh[mi][i]=1;
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);        else{
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
             covar[ncov+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
           k1++;              else if(j<0){
           k2=k2+2;                nberr++;
         }                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
       }                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
       else {                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');              }
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);              k=k+1;
       }              if (j >= jmax){
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);                  jmax=j;
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);                ijmax=i;
         scanf("%d",i);*/              }
     }              if (j <= jmin){
 }                jmin=j;
                  ijmin=i;
   /*printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);              }
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);              sum=sum+j;
   scanf("%d ",i);*/              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
     fclose(fic);              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
             }
     /*  if(mle==1){*/          }
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/          else{
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
     }  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/  
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);            k=k+1;
             if (j >= jmax) {
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)              jmax=j;
      for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++)              ijmax=i;
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){            }
          anint[m][i]=9999;            else if (j <= jmin){
          s[m][i]=-1;              jmin=j;
        }              ijmin=i;
                }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){            if(j<0){
         if(s[m][i] >0){              nberr++;
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
             if(agedc[i]>0)              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)            }
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];            sum=sum+j;
             else {          }
               if (andc[i]!=9999){          jk= j/stepm;
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);          jl= j -jk*stepm;
               agev[m][i]=-1;          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
               }          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
             }            if(jl==0){
           }              dh[mi][i]=jk;
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */              bh[mi][i]=0;
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)                    * at the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
               agev[m][i]=1;              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){              bh[mi][i]=ju;
               agemin=agev[m][i];            }
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/          }else{
             }            if(jl <= -ju){
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){              dh[mi][i]=jk;
               agemax=agev[m][i];              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
             }                                   */
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/            }
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/            else{
           }              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
           else { /* =9 */              bh[mi][i]=ju;
             agev[m][i]=1;            }
             s[m][i]=-1;            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
           }              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
         }              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
         else /*= 0 Unknown */              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
           agev[m][i]=1;            }
       }          } /* end if mle */
            }
     }      } /* end wave */
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    }
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    jmean=sum/k;
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");      fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
           goto end;   }
         }  
       }  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
     }  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
   {
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);    
     int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i, maxncov=19;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);    int cptcode=0;
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    cptcoveff=0; 
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);   
     free_vector(annais,1,n);    for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/  
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {
     free_vector(andc,1,n);      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum 
                                  modality*/ 
            ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij is the modality of this individual*/
     wav=ivector(1,imx);        Ndum[ij]++; /*store the modality */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij; /* getting the maximum of covariable 
                                             Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is 0 and 
     /* Concatenates waves */                                         female is 1, then  cptcode=1.*/
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);      }
   
       for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);        if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++; /* Nomber of modalities of the j th covariates. In fact ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables) but it can be more */
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);      }
       ncodemax[1]=1;  
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);      ij=1; 
            for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);        for (k=0; k<= maxncov; k++) {
    h=0;          if (Ndum[k] != 0) {
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k; 
              /* store the modality in an array. k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){            
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){            ij++;
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){          }
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
            h++;        }  
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;      } 
          }    }  
        }  
      }   for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
    }  
       for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { 
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */     ij=Tvar[i];
      Ndum[ij]++;
     if ((nbocc(strfprev,'/')==1) && (nbocc(strlprev,'/')==1)){   }
      boolprev=0;  
      cutv(stra,strb,strfprev,'/');   ij=1;
      dateprev1=(double)(atoi(strb)+atoi(stra)/12.);   for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) {
      cutv(stra,strb,strlprev,'/');     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
      dateprev2=(double)(atoi(strb)+atoi(stra)/12.);       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
    }       ij++;
         }
    else if ((nbocc(strfprev,'/')==0) &&(nbocc(strlprev,'/')==0)){   }
      boolprev=1;   
      fprev=atoi(strfprev); lprev=atoi(strlprev);   cptcoveff=ij-1; /*Number of simple covariates*/
    }  }
     else {  
       printf("Error in statement lprevalence or fprevalence\n");  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
       goto end;  
     }  void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
      
   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax, fprev, lprev,mint,anint,boolprev,dateprev1,dateprev2);  {
      /* Health expectancies */
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    double age, agelim, hf;
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    double ***p3mat,***varhe;
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    double *xp;
          double **gp, **gm;
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */    int theta;
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */  
     varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     if(mle==1){    xp=vector(1,npar);
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     }    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
        
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Local time at start: %s", strstart);
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");
    fprintf(ficres,"fprevalence=%s lprevalence=%s pop_based=%d\n",strfprev,strlprev,popbased);    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
    fprintf(ficres,"fprevalence=%s lprevalence=%s nforecast=%d mob_average=%d\n",strfprevfore,strlprevfore,nforecast,mobilav);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
    jk=1;        fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
    printf("# Parameters\n");  
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    if(estepm < stepm){
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
        if (k != i)    }
          {    else  hstepm=estepm;   
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
              jk++;     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
            }     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
            printf("\n");     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
          }     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
      }  
    }    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
  if(mle==1){    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
  }       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     printf("# Scales\n");       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
         if (j!=i) {       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);    */
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){  
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    agelim=AGESUP;
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             jk++;      /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
           }      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); 
           printf("\n");      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
         }      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       }      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
      }      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
          gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     k=1;      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");  
     printf("# Covariance\n");      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);  
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;   
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);  
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);  
       printf("%3d",i);      /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){  
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
       }          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");        }
       printf("\n");        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       k++;    
     }        cptj=0;
            for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);            cptj=cptj+1;
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
       puts(line);              gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
       fputs(line,ficparo);            }
     }          }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        }
         
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);       
            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) 
     if (fage <= 2) {          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
       bage = agemin;        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       fage = agemax;        
     }        cptj=0;
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);            cptj=cptj+1;
             for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
      
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/              gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
 chdir(pathcd);            }
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {          }
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;        }
   }        for(j=1; j<= nlstate*nlstate; j++)
 #ifdef windows          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
 #endif          }
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);       } 
       
  /* 1eme*/  /* End theta */
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {  
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   
 #ifdef windows       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
 #endif          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
 #ifdef unix            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);       
 #endif  
        for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {        for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
 }          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {            for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");              varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        }
 }        }
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));      /* Computing expectancies */
 #ifdef unix      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
 #endif          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
    }            
   }  /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   /*2 eme*/  
           }
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {  
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
          cptj=0;
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       k=2*i;        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          cptj++;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {          fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        }
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
 }       
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    }
 }      printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
 }      free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");  }
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");  
     }  /************ Variance ******************/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
   }  {
      /* Variance of health expectancies */
   /*3eme*/    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     /* double **newm;*/
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);    int k, cptcode;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    double *xp;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
       }    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
     }    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
   }    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
      double ***p3mat;
   /* CV preval stat */    double age,agelim, hf;
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    double ***mobaverage;
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {    int theta;
       k=3;    char digit[4];
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);    char digitp[25];
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)  
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);  
          if(popbased==1){
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      if(mobilav!=0)
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    }
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);    else 
       }      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);    
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    if (mobilav!=0) {
     }      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   }        if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
   /* proba elementaires */        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      }
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    }
       if (k != i) {  
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);*/    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s",alph[1]);*/    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
           jk++;    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
         }    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       }      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     }    }
     printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {   
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
    i=1;    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
      k3=i;    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
        if (k != k2){      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
 ij=1;        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {    }  
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
             ij++;    /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
           }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
           else    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);  /*   } */
         }    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");   fprintf(ficresvij, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
            fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){      fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
 ij=1;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);  
             ij++;    xp=vector(1,npar);
           }    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
           else    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
           }    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           fprintf(ficgp,")");  
         }    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         i=i+ncovmodel;    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
        }    
      }    if(estepm < stepm){
    }      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);    }
   }    else  hstepm=estepm;   
        /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   fclose(ficgp);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
           nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
 chdir(path);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
           Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);       and note for a fixed period like k years */
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);         survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     free_ivector(num,1,n);       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     fclose(ficparo);    */
     fclose(ficres);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     /*  }*/    agelim = AGESUP;
        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
          nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
        gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     puts(line);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
     fputs(line,ficparo);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   }        }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
          prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);  
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);        if (popbased==1) {
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);          if(mobilav ==0){
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);goto end;          }
   }        }
     
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> <font size=\"6\">Imach, Version 0.7 </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
 Titre=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
 Total number of observations=%d <br>            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">          }
 <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n        }
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>           as a weighted average of prlim.
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>        */
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>            gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>        }    
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>        /* end probability of death */
         - Prevalences and population forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>  
 <br>",title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
  m=cptcoveff;   
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
  j1=0;            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
        j1++;            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        if (cptcovn > 0) {              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");          }
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)        }
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);  
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
        }          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);                  gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){          }
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>        }
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
        }           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {           as a weighted average of prlim.
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident        */
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);            for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
      }           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {        }    
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>        /* end probability of death */
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);  
      }        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);          }
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");  
    }        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
  }          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
 fclose(fichtm);        }
   
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/      } /* End theta */
    
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);  
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   }          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");  
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
      
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */  
   k=0;      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
   agebase=agemin;        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
   agelim=agemax;          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   ftolpl=1.e-10;          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
   i1=cptcoveff;          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
               vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        }
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      }
         k=k+1;    
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/      /* pptj */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
                  varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){      /* end ppptj */
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);      /*  x centered again */
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);   
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      if (popbased==1) {
         }        if(mobilav ==0){
       }          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     }            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
   fclose(ficrespl);        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
          }
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);      }
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {               
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   }         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);         as a weighted average of prlim.
        */
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
   agelim=AGESUP;      }    
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      /* end probability of death */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
   k=0;      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       k=k+1;          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");        }
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      } 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");  
              fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        }
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    } /* End age */
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
           }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
         }  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   /* varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k);*/    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   fclose(ficrespij);    /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");  
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);goto end;    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   }    free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
  if ((nbocc(strfprevfore,'/')==1) && (nbocc(strlprevfore,'/')==1)){    if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
      boolprev=0;    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
      cutv(stra,strb,strfprevfore,'/');    fflush(ficgp);
      dateprev1=(double)(atoi(strb)+atoi(stra)/12.);    fflush(fichtm); 
      cutv(stra,strb,strlprevfore,'/');  }  /* end varevsij */
      dateprev2=(double)(atoi(strb)+atoi(stra)/12.);  
    }  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
      void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
    else if ((nbocc(strfprevfore,'/')==0) &&(nbocc(strlprevfore,'/')==0)){  {
      boolprev=1;    /* Variance of prevalence limit */
      fprev=atoi(strfprevfore); lprev=atoi(strlprevfore);    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
    }    double **newm;
     else {    double **dnewm,**doldm;
       printf("Error in statement lprevalence or fprevalence\n");    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
       goto end;    int k, cptcode;
     }    double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
   prevalence(agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax, fprevfore, lprevfore,mint,anint,boolprev,dateprev1,dateprev2);    double **gradg, **trgradg;
      double age,agelim;
   free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    int theta;
   free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);    fprintf(ficresvpl, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart); 
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of stable prevalences \n");
   /* Mobile average */    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   if (mobilav==1) {  
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    xp=vector(1,npar);
     for (agedeb=bage+3; agedeb<=fage-2; agedeb++)    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)    
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
        hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     for (agedeb=bage+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){    agelim = AGESUP;
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
           }      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
         }      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
       }  
     }        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;        }
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   agelim=AGESUP;          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2 years/6 months = 4 */        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
            xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   if (popforecast==1) {        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL)    {        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);goto end;          gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
     }  
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);      } /* End theta */
   
     i=1;        trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF)  
       {      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         i=i+1;        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
       }          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
     imx=i;  
        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
   }      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){        varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
       k=k+1;  
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#****** ");      fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresf,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       }      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge Horizon(in years)");      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);      free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficresf," [Population]");      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
       for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){  
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n%.f %.f 0",agedeb, agedeb);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
        if (mobilav==1) {    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
           fprintf(ficresf," %.3f",mobaverage[(int)agedeb][j][cptcod]);  
         }  }
         else {  
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
           fprintf(ficresf," %.3f",probs[(int)agedeb][j][cptcod]);  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
         }    {
     int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
        for(j=1; j<=ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," 0.00000");    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
        if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficresf," [%.f] ",popeffectif[(int)agedeb]);    int k=0,l, cptcode;
       }    int first=1, first1;
          double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nforecast;cpt++) {    double **dnewm,**doldm;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");    double *xp;
       for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */    double *gp, *gm;
         nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    double **gradg, **trgradg;
         nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    double **mu;
         /*printf("agedeb=%.lf stepm=%d hstepm=%d nhstepm=%d \n",agedeb,stepm,hstepm,nhstepm);*/    double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
         p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    int theta;
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
                    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
         for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  
            double ***varpij;
          if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==cpt)  
             fprintf(ficresf,"\n%.f %.f %.f",agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm, h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
              strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
              if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
          for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
            kk1=0.;kk2=0;      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {            }
              if (mobilav==1)    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod];    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
              else kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod];    if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
              if (popforecast==1) kk2=kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb];      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
             }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
            if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==cpt) {    }
              fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);    strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
                if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficresf," [%.f]", kk2);    strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
            }    if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
           }      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
         }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
         free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    }
            printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
       }    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
       }    printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     }    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
   }    printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
   if (popforecast==1) {    fprintf(ficresprob, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);    fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);    fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);    fprintf(ficresprobcov, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
   }    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
   free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
   free_vector(weight,1,n);    fprintf(ficresprobcor, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
   fclose(ficresf);    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
   
   strcpy(filerest,"t");  
   strcat(filerest,fileres);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;        fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
   }        fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);        fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
   strcpy(filerese,"e");    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {   */
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);   xp=vector(1,npar);
   }    dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");    varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);    first=1;
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
   }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);  
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
   k=0;    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
       k=k+1;  and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");   They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");  would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");   Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)   and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);  To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");  
     cov[1]=1;
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");    tj=cptcoveff;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);    j1=0;
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");    for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
       for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ 
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);        j1++;
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        if  (cptcovn>0) {
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);            fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
                for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);          
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
                  for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
       hf=1;          fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;          
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);          
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){          fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
         if (popbased==1) {          fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
         }          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
                  fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);        }
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){        
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];          cov[2]=age;
           }          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];            cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
         }          }
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)          for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];            cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));          
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){          gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));          trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         }          gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
       }      
     }          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   }            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
                      xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
                    
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
  fclose(ficreseij);            k=0;
  fclose(ficresvij);            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
   fclose(ficrest);              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   fclose(ficpar);                k=k+1;
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);                gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
   /*  scanf("%d ",i); */              }
             }
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/              
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");              xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);      
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);            k=0;
     exit(0);            for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
   }              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);                k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
  k=0;              }
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            }
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){       
      k=k+1;            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");              gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
      for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          }
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
                  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);              trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
    }          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
  }          free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
   fclose(ficresvpl);          free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/  
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
            
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          k=0;
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                k=k+1;
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            }
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          }
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
              for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);              varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);  
            /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);            for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
   printf("End of Imach\n");            fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */            }*/
    
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/          fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/          fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   /*------ End -----------*/          fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
  end:            fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
 #ifdef windows          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
  chdir(pathcd);            fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
 #endif            fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
            }
  system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");          i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
 #ifdef windows            for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
   while (z[0] != 'q') {              i=i++;
     chdir(pathcd);              fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");              fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
     scanf("%s",z);              for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");                fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {                fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
       chdir(path);              }
       system(optionfilehtm);            }
     }          }/* end of loop for state */
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);        } /* end of loop for age */
   }  
 #endif        /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
 }        /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
       } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: %s%d1.png<br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: %s%d2.png<br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Stable prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2): %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
      for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stable prevalence\" w l 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);
           
         } 
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
   
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small\n set log y\n"); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double *severity;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];
     char strstart[80], *strt, strtend[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       scanf("%s",pathtot);
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement*/
     if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
   
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables = cptcovn + intercept + age */
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/
   
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guess parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
     }
   
     n= lastobs;
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         errno=0;
         lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %d %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
           exit(1);
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           exit(1);
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         exit(1);
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line,j);
         exit(1);
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei);
         exit(1);
       }
       weight[i]=(double)(lval); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         errno=0;
         lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covar (meaning 0 for the reference or 1).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
           exit(1);
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a value of the %d covar (meaning 0 for the reference or 1. IMaCh does not build design variables, do it your self).  Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           exit(1);
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } 
       lstra=strlen(stra);
       
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);
        scanf("%d",i);*/
     imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
   
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;
       if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;
       if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;
       }*/
      /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1; 
        printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/
     
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) */
    
      /*if ((s[3][i]==3) ||  (s[4][i]==3)) weight[i]=0.08;
        else weight[i]=1;*/
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
     Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */
     Tprod=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);
     Tage=ivector(1,15);      
      
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovn=j+1; 
       cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products */
       
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){
         printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         goto end;
       }
       
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
   
       for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/
             cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=i;
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           }
           else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;
           }
           else {  /* Age is not in the model */
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/
             Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=i;
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2]; 
             for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++) 
               covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           }
         }
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
         Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);
     fclose(fic);*/
   
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;
     }
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){ 
               agemin=agev[m][i];
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){
               agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           goto end;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax); 
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     Tcode=ivector(1,100);
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
         
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of 
                                    the estimations*/
     h=0;
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){
       for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){
             h++;
             if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
             /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
       
       powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,path); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
     
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
       /*  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);*/
       /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,path); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (stable prevalence) --------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Stable prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
       ftolpl=1.e-10;
       i1=cptcoveff;
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       fprintf(ficrespij, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
           
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   
             /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
   
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0, mobilav, strstart);
           if(popbased==1){
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased,mobilav, strstart);
           }
   
           fprintf(ficrest, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
           fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");
           for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
           epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
           for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             if (popbased==1) {
               if(mobilav ==0){
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
               }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
               }
             }
           
             fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
             for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
               for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                 epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                 /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
               }
               epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
             }
   
             for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                 vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
             }
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         }
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficreseij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of stable prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of stable prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of stable prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tcode,1,100);
   
   
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
     chdir(path);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.18  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.112


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