Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.12 and 1.141

version 1.12, 2002/02/20 16:57:00 version 1.141, 2014/01/26 02:42:01
Line 1 Line 1
      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews  
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number  
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional  
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'    *** empty log message ***
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and  
   age", you should modify the program where the markup    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
   
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
   hPijx is the probability to be    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age  
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    just nforces
    
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    Many tings
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action  
   from the European Union.    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Some dimensions resccaled
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version  
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
   **********************************************************************/    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
      lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
 #include <math.h>    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
 #include <stdio.h>  
 #include <stdlib.h>    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
 #include <unistd.h>    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
   
 #define MAXLINE 256    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
 /*#define DEBUG*/  
 #define windows    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
     loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
     and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    computation.
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 #define MAXN 20000  
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
 #define AGESUP 130    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 #define AGEBASE 40    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
     loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
     Version 0.98h
 int nvar;  
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    Forecasting file added.
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */  
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
     Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */  
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 int mle, weightopt;    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    name. <head> headers where missing.
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */  
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm;    1.
 FILE *ficreseij;    Version 0.98g
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];  
  FILE  *ficresvij;    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    otherwise the weight is truncated).
     Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 #define NR_END 1    1.
 #define FREE_ARG char*    Version 0.98g
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  
     Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
 #define NRANSI    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
 #define ITMAX 200  
     * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
     not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660  
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 #define GOLD 1.618034    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 #define GLIMIT 100.0  
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
     (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
      (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     (Module): Function pstamp added
 static double sqrarg;    (Module): Version 0.98d
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
     (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 int imx;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 int stepm;    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    (Module): Function pstamp added
     (Module): Version 0.98d
 int m,nb;  
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
 double **pmmij;    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
   
 double *weight;    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
 int **s; /* Status */    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
     (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    filename with strsep.
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */  
     Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
 /**************** split *************************/    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name )    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
 {    allocation too.
    char *s;                             /* pointer */  
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
     (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */  
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    can be a simple dot '.'.
       extern char       *getwd( );  
     Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 #else  
       extern char       *getcwd( );    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
     (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {  
 #endif    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    Gnuplot problem appeared...
       }    To be fixed
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */  
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */  
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    Some cleaning and links added in html output
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */  
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
    }    *** empty log message ***
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */  
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
 }    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
     that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
     (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
 /******************************************/    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
     health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
 {  
   int i;    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   int lg=20;    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(t);    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
     (s[i] = t[i]);  
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
   }    Fix on curr_time
 }  
     Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
 {  
   int i,j=0;    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
   int lg=20;    *** empty log message ***
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(s);    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
   }    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
   return j;    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
 }    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
     cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    from other sources like vital statistic data.
 {  
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   i=0;  
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   }  
     The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
   lg=strlen(t);    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {  
     (u[j] = t[j]);    Current limitations:
   }    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
      u[p]='\0';    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
     B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {  
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
   }    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
 }    suppressed.
   
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
 {  
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    * imach.c (Repository):
   exit(1);    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
 }    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
 /*********************** vector *******************/  
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
 {    Just cleaning
   double *v;  
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   return v-nl+NR_END;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 }    (Module): Version 0.96b
   
 /************************ free vector ******************/    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 {    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
 /************************ivector *******************************/    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
 {    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
   int *v;    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
   return v-nl+NR_END;    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 }    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
     of the covariance matrix to be input.
 /******************free ivector **************************/  
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 {    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 }    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */  
 {    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Version 0.96
   int **m;  
      Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    routine fileappend.
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
   m -= nrl;    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
      current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
      prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    interview.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
      memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    truncation)
      (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */  
   return m;    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
 }    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
     place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    parcimony.
       int **m;    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
 {    *** empty log message ***
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
 }    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
   
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  */
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  /*
 {     Interpolated Markov Chain
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  
   double **m;    Short summary of the programme:
     
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   m += NR_END;    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   m -= nrl;    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
     case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
     Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
   return m;    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
 }    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
     the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
 {    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    convergence.
 }  
     The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
 {    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   double ***m;  
     hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
   m += NR_END;    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
   m -= nrl;    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
     matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    hPijx.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
     of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    
     Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    from the European Union.
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
    
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    **********************************************************************/
   }  /*
   return m;    main
 }    read parameterfile
     read datafile
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    concatwav
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    freqsummary
 {    if (mle >= 1)
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));      mlikeli
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    print results files
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    if mle==1 
 }       computes hessian
     read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
 /***************** f1dim *************************/        begin-prev-date,...
 extern int ncom;    open gnuplot file
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    open html file
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    period (stable) prevalence
       for age prevalim()
 double f1dim(double x)    h Pij x
 {    variance of p varprob
   int j;    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
   double f;    health expectancies
   double *xt;    Variance-covariance of DFLE
      prevalence()
   xt=vector(1,ncom);     movingaverage()
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    varevsij() 
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    total life expectancies
   return f;    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
 }   end
   */
 /*****************brent *************************/  
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  
 {  
   int iter;   
   double a,b,d,etemp;  #include <math.h>
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  #include <stdio.h>
   double ftemp;  #include <stdlib.h>
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;  #include <string.h>
   double e=0.0;  #include <unistd.h>
    
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);  #include <limits.h>
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  #include <sys/types.h>
   x=w=v=bx;  #include <sys/stat.h>
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  #include <errno.h>
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  extern int errno;
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);  #ifdef LINUX
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  #include <time.h>
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  #include "timeval.h"
 #ifdef DEBUG  #else
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  #include <sys/time.h>
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  #endif
 #endif  
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  #ifdef GSL
       *xmin=x;  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
       return fx;  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
     }  #endif
     ftemp=fu;  
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  /* #include <libintl.h> */
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
       q=2.0*(q-r);  
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
       q=fabs(q);  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
       etemp=e;  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
       e=d;  
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
       else {  
         d=p/q;  #define MAXPARM 128 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
         u=x+d;  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  #define NINTERVMAX 8
       }  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
     } else {  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  #define NCOVMAX 20 /* Maximum number of covariates */
     }  #define MAXN 20000
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
     fu=(*f)(u);  #define AGESUP 130
     if (fu <= fx) {  #define AGEBASE 40
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  #define AGEGOMP 10. /* Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  #ifdef UNIX
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
         } else {  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  #else
             v=w;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
             w=u;  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
             fv=fw;  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
             fw=fu;  #endif
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {  
             v=u;  /* $Id$ */
             fv=fu;  /* $State$ */
           }  
         }  char version[]="Imach version 0.98n, January 2014,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Sicentific Research 25293121)";
   }  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  char strstart[80];
   *xmin=x;  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
   return fx;  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
 }  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
   int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov=0; /* Number of covariates, of covariates with '*age' */
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  int npar=NPARMAX;
   int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
             double (*func)(double))  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
 {  int popbased=0;
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  
   double fu;  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
    int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   if (*fb > *fa) {  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
       }  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
   while (*fb > *fc) {             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
       fu=(*func)(u);  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
       fu=(*func)(u);  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
       if (fu < *fc) {  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
           }  FILE *ficresilk;
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
       u=ulim;  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
       fu=(*func)(u);  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
     } else {  FILE *ficreseij;
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
       fu=(*func)(u);  FILE *ficresstdeij;
     }  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  FILE *ficrescveij;
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
       }  FILE  *ficresvij;
 }  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   FILE  *ficresvpl;
 /*************** linmin ************************/  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   char title[MAXLINE];
 int ncom;  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
 double *pcom,*xicom;  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
    char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  int  outcmd=0;
 {  
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  
   double f1dim(double x);  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int j;  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  
   double fx,fb,fa;  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
    
   ncom=n;  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
   pcom=vector(1,n);  struct timezone tzp;
   xicom=vector(1,n);  extern int gettimeofday();
   nrfunc=func;  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  long time_value;
     pcom[j]=p[j];  extern long time();
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
   }  
   ax=0.0;  char *endptr;
   xx=1.0;  long lval;
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  double dval;
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define NR_END 1
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  #define FREE_ARG char*
 #endif  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
     xi[j] *= xmin;  #define NRANSI 
     p[j] += xi[j];  #define ITMAX 200 
   }  
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  
 }  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
   #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
 /*************** powell ************************/  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  
             double (*func)(double []))  #define GOLD 1.618034 
 {  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
               double (*func)(double []));  
   int i,ibig,j;  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   double fp,fptt;  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   double *xits;    
   pt=vector(1,n);  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
   ptt=vector(1,n);  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   xit=vector(1,n);  
   xits=vector(1,n);  static double sqrarg;
   *fret=(*func)(p);  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
     fp=(*fret);  
     ibig=0;  int imx; 
     del=0.0;  int stepm=1;
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  int estepm;
     printf("\n");  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  int m,nb;
       fptt=(*fret);  long *num;
 #ifdef DEBUG  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
 #endif  double **pmmij, ***probs;
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  double dateintmean=0;
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  double *weight;
         ibig=i;  int **s; /* Status */
       }  double *agedc;
 #ifdef DEBUG  double  **covar; /**< covar[i,j], value of jth covariate for individual i,
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; */
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  double  idx; 
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
       }  int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
       printf("\n");  
 #endif  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
     }  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  
 #ifdef DEBUG  /**************** split *************************/
       int k[2],l;  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
       k[0]=1;  {
       k[1]=-1;    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    */ 
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
       printf("\n");    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
         }    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
       }      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
 #endif        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
       /* get current working directory */
       /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
       free_vector(xit,1,n);      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
       free_vector(xits,1,n);        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);      }
       free_vector(pt,1,n);      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
       return;      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
     }    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
       pt[j]=p[j];      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
     }      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
     if (fptt < fp) {    }
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
       if (t < 0.0) {    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
         }    }
 #ifdef DEBUG    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    if (ss >0){
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)      ss++;
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
         printf("\n");      l1= strlen( name);
 #endif      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
       }      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
     }      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
   }    }
 }  
     return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  }
   
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  
 {  /******************************************/
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit  
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
   {
   int i, ii,j,k;    int i;
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    int lg=0;
   double **matprod2();    i=0;
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();    lg=strlen(t);
   double **newm;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */      (s[i] = t[i]);
       if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    }
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  }
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
     }  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
   { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
    cov[1]=1.;    char *s;
      s=out;
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    while (*in != '\0'){
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
     newm=savm;        in++;
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */      }
      cov[2]=agefin;      *out++ = *in++;
      }
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    *out='\0';
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    return s;
         /*printf("ij=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf\n",ij, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k]);*/  }
       }  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  {
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
        gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/    */
     char *s, *t;
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);    t=in;s=in;
     while (*in != '\0'){
     savm=oldm;      while( *in == occ){
     oldm=newm;        *blocc++ = *in++;
     maxmax=0.;        s=in;
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){      }
       min=1.;      *blocc++ = *in++;
       max=0.;    }
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
         sumnew=0;      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];    else
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);    in=s;
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);    while ( *in != '\0'){
       }      *alocc++ = *in++;
       maxmin=max-min;    }
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  
     }    *alocc='\0';
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    return s;
       return prlim;  }
     }  
   }  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
 }  {
     int i,j=0;
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/    int lg=20;
     i=0;
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )    lg=strlen(s);
 {    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
   double s1, s2;    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
   /*double t34;*/    }
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;    return j;
   }
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  /* { */
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
       }  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
       ps[i][j]=s2;  /*   i=0; */
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
     }  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  /*   } */
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
       }  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
       ps[i][j]=(s2);  /*   } */
     }  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
   }  
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
   /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  /*   } */
      s1=0;  /* } */
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  /********************** nrerror ********************/
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  void nrerror(char error_text[])
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  {
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  }
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  /*********************** vector *******************/
   } /* end i */  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
   {
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    double *v;
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       ps[ii][jj]=0;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
       ps[ii][ii]=1;    return v-nl+NR_END;
     }  }
   }  
   /************************ free vector ******************/
   void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  {
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);  }
    }  
     printf("\n ");  /************************ivector *******************************/
     }  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  {
 /*    int *v;
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   goto end;*/    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     return ps;    return v-nl+NR_END;
 }  }
   
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  /******************free ivector **************************/
   void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  {
 {    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   /* Computes the matric product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  }
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  /************************lvector *******************************/
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  {
   long i, j, k;    long *v;
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)    return v-nl+NR_END;
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  }
   
   return out;  /******************free lvector **************************/
 }  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
   {
     free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  }
   
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
 {  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
      duration (i.e. until  { 
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step    int **m; 
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).    
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
      included manually here.    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
      */    m += NR_END; 
     m -= nrl; 
   int i, j, d, h, k;    
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];    
   double **newm;    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
     m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
     }    
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){    return m; 
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  } 
       newm=savm;  
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
       cov[1]=1.;  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;        int **m;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  { 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
   } 
   
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  /******************* matrix *******************************/
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  {
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
       savm=oldm;    double **m;
       oldm=newm;  
     }    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    m += NR_END;
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];    m -= nrl;
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  
          */    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       }    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   } /* end h */    m[nrl] += NR_END;
   return po;    m[nrl] -= ncl;
 }  
     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     return m;
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) 
 double func( double *x)     */
 {  }
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  /*************************free matrix ************************/
   double **out;  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  {
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   long ipmx;    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   /*extern weight */  }
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */  
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  {
   */    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
   cov[1]=1.;    double ***m;
   
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];    m += NR_END;
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){    m -= nrl;
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
         newm=savm;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;    m[nrl] -= ncl;
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {  
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
         }  
            m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
         savm=oldm;    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
         oldm=newm;    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
              m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
            
       } /* end mult */    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
            m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
       ipmx +=1;    }
       sw += weight[i];    return m; 
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
     } /* end of wave */             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
   } /* end of individual */    */
   }
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   return -l;  {
 }    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
     free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  }
   
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
 {  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
   int i,j, iter;  {
   double **xi,*delti;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   double fret;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)    return tmpout;
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  }
   printf("Powell\n");  
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
   char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  {
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));    
     /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
 }    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     strcat(tmpout,"/");
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/    strcat(tmpout,preop);
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
 {    return tmpout;
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;  }
   double **hess;  
   int i, j,jk;  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
   int *indx;  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
   {
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     strcat(tmpout,preop);
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");    return tmpout;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  }
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);  /***************** f1dim *************************/
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/  extern int ncom; 
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   }  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  double f1dim(double x) 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  { 
       if (j>i) {    int j; 
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);    double f;
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);    double *xt; 
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];       
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
       }    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
     }    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
   }    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
   printf("\n");    return f; 
   } 
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");  
    /*****************brent *************************/
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  { 
   x=vector(1,npar);    int iter; 
   indx=ivector(1,npar);    double a,b,d,etemp;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    double fu,fv,fw,fx;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];    double ftemp;
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
     double e=0.0; 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {   
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
     x[j]=1;    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    x=w=v=bx; 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
     }      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
   }      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
       /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  #ifdef DEBUG
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
     }      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
     printf("\n");      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
   }  #endif
       if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
   /* Recompute Inverse */        *xmin=x; 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)        return fx; 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];      } 
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);      ftemp=fu;
       if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
         q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;        q=2.0*(q-r); 
     x[j]=1;        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);        q=fabs(q); 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){        etemp=e; 
       y[i][j]=x[i];        e=d; 
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
     }          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
     printf("\n");        else { 
   }          d=p/q; 
   */          u=x+d; 
           if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);        } 
   free_vector(x,1,npar);      } else { 
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);      } 
       u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
       fu=(*f)(u); 
 }      if (fu <= fx) { 
         if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
 {          } else { 
   int i;            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
   int l=1, lmax=20;            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
   double k1,k2;              v=w; 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];              w=u; 
   double res;              fv=fw; 
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;              fw=fu; 
   double fx;            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
   int k=0,kmax=10;              v=u; 
   double l1;              fv=fu; 
             } 
   fx=func(x);          } 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    } 
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
     l1=pow(10,l);    *xmin=x; 
     delts=delt;    return fx; 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){  } 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);  
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
       k1=func(p2)-fx;  
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
       k2=func(p2)-fx;              double (*func)(double)) 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */  { 
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
          double fu; 
 #ifdef DEBUG   
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
 #endif    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */    if (*fb > *fa) { 
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
         k=kmax;        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
       }        } 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
       }    while (*fb > *fc) { 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
         delts=delt;      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
       }      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
     }        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
   }      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
   delti[theta]=delts;      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
   return res;        fu=(*func)(u); 
        } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
 }        fu=(*func)(u); 
         if (fu < *fc) { 
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
 {            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
   int i;            } 
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;        u=ulim; 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];        fu=(*func)(u); 
   int k;      } else { 
         u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
   fx=func(x);        fu=(*func)(u); 
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {      } 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;        } 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;  } 
    
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  /*************** linmin ************************/
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  
     k2=func(p2)-fx;  int ncom; 
    double *pcom,*xicom;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;   
     k3=func(p2)-fx;  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
    { 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
     k4=func(p2)-fx;    double f1dim(double x); 
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
 #ifdef DEBUG                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);    int j; 
 #endif    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
   }    double fx,fb,fa;
   return res;   
 }    ncom=n; 
     pcom=vector(1,n); 
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/    xicom=vector(1,n); 
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)    nrfunc=func; 
 {    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   int i,imax,j,k;      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
   double big,dum,sum,temp;      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
   double *vv;    } 
      ax=0.0; 
   vv=vector(1,n);    xx=1.0; 
   *d=1.0;    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
     big=0.0;  #ifdef DEBUG
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");  #endif
     vv[i]=1.0/big;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   }      xi[j] *= xmin; 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {      p[j] += xi[j]; 
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {    } 
       sum=a[i][j];    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
       a[i][j]=sum;  } 
     }  
     big=0.0;  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {  {
       sum=a[i][j];    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
       a[i][j]=sum;    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
         big=dum;    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
         imax=i;    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
       }    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
     }    return ascdiff;
     if (j != imax) {  }
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {  
         dum=a[imax][k];  /*************** powell ************************/
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
         a[j][k]=dum;              double (*func)(double [])) 
       }  { 
       *d = -(*d);    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
       vv[imax]=vv[j];                double (*func)(double [])); 
     }    int i,ibig,j; 
     indx[j]=imax;    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;    double fp,fptt;
     if (j != n) {    double *xits;
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);    int niterf, itmp;
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;  
     }    pt=vector(1,n); 
   }    ptt=vector(1,n); 
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */    xit=vector(1,n); 
 ;    xits=vector(1,n); 
 }    *fret=(*func)(p); 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
 {      fp=(*fret); 
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;      ibig=0; 
   double sum;      del=0.0; 
        last_time=curr_time;
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
     ip=indx[i];      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
     sum=b[ip];      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); fflush(ficlog);
     b[ip]=b[i];  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); */
     if (ii)     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
     else if (sum) ii=i;        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
     b[i]=sum;        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
   }      }
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {      printf("\n");
     sum=b[i];      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];      if(*iter <=3){
   }        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
 }        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
   /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
 /************ Frequencies ********************/        forecast_time=curr_time; 
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
 {  /* Some frequencies */        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
            strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
   double *pp;        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
   double pos;          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
   FILE *ficresp;          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
           strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);          itmp = strlen(strfor);
           if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);        }
     exit(0);      }
   }      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
   j1=0;        fptt=(*fret); 
   #ifdef DEBUG
   j=cptcoveff;        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   #endif
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
        j1++;        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
          scanf("%d", i);*/          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)            ibig=i; 
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          } 
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)  #ifdef DEBUG
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
                fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
          bool=1;          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
          if  (cptcovn>0) {          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])        }
                bool=0;        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
          }          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
           if (bool==1) {          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass-1; m++){        }
              if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;        printf("\n");
              if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];  #endif
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];      } 
            }      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
          }  #ifdef DEBUG
        }        int k[2],l;
         if  (cptcovn>0) {        k[0]=1;
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");        k[1]=-1;
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
         }        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");        }
                printf("\n");
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
       printf("Total");          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     else            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
       printf("Age %d", i);            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)          }
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
     }          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        }
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)  #endif
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];  
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)  
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
       else        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
     }        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        return; 
       for(m=1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)      } 
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
     }      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
       pos += pp[jk];        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        pt[j]=p[j]; 
       if(pos>=1.e-5)      } 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
       else      if (fptt < fp) { 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
       if( i <= (int) agemax){        if (t < 0.0) { 
         if(pos>=1.e-5)          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       else            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
       }          }
     }  #ifdef DEBUG
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
     if(i <= (int) agemax)            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
     printf("\n");          }
     }          printf("\n");
     }          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
  }  #endif
          }
   fclose(ficresp);      } 
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);    } 
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  } 
   
 }  /* End of Freq */  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
   
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
   {
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
 {       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.  
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).    int i, ii,j,k;
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]    double **matprod2();
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
      */    double **newm;
     double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
   int i, mi, m;  
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;      }
   double sum=0.;  
   jmin=1e+5;     cov[1]=1.;
   jmax=-1;   
   jmean=0.;   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
     mi=0;      newm=savm;
     m=firstpass;      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){      cov[2]=agefin;
       if(s[m][i]>=1)      
         mw[++mi][i]=m;      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
       if(m >=lastpass)        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
         break;        /*        printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
       else      }
         m++;      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
     }/* end while */      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){        cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */      
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
          /* Only death is a correct wave */      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
       mw[mi][i]=m;      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
     }      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
       
     wav[i]=mi;      savm=oldm;
     if(mi==0)      oldm=newm;
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);      maxmax=0.;
   }      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
         min=1.;
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){        max=0.;
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
       if (stepm <=0)          sumnew=0;
         dh[mi][i]=1;          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
       else{          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);        }
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */        maxmin=max-min;
           k=k+1;        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;      }
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
           sum=sum+j;        return prlim;
           /* if (j<10) printf("j=%d num=%d ",j,i); */      }
           }    }
         }  }
         else{  
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
           k=k+1;  
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;  {
           /*   if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
           sum=sum+j;       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
         }       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
         jk= j/stepm;       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
         jl= j -jk*stepm;       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
         if(jl <= -ju)       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
           dh[mi][i]=jk;       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
         else       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
       }    */
     }    double s1, lnpijopii;
   }    /*double t34;*/
   jmean=sum/k;    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);  
  }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
 {            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   int cptcode=0;  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
   cptcoveff=0;          }
            ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;        }
         for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       Ndum[ij]++;  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/          }
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
     }        }
       }
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {      
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     }        s1=0;
     ij=1;        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
           s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
           /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {        }
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
           ij++;        }
         }        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
       }          /* Computing other pijs */
     }        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   }            ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
         for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
         /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {      } /* end i */
       ij=Tvar[i];      
       Ndum[ij]++;      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
     }        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           ps[ii][jj]=0;
  ij=1;          ps[ii][ii]=1;
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {        }
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncov)){      }
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;      
      ij++;  
    }  /*        for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
  }  /*       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
    /*         printf("ddd %lf ",ps[ii][jj]); */
     cptcoveff=ij-1;  /*       } */
 }  /*       printf("\n "); */
   /*        } */
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/  /*        printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]); */
          /*
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
 {        goto end;*/
   /* Health expectancies */      return ps;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;  }
   double age, agelim,hf;  
   double ***p3mat;  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
    
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");  {
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
        a pointer to pointers identical to out */
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */    long i, j, k;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
       for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
   agelim=AGESUP;        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */  
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);    return out;
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */  }
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */  
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored  
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);    {
     /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
        'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
         }       for the memory).
           Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
     hf=1;       included manually here. 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;  
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );       */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    int i, j, d, h, k;
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
       }    double **newm;
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");  
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
   }    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
 }      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 /************ Variance ******************/        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)      }
 {    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   /* Variance of health expectancies */    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
   double **newm;        newm=savm;
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;        cov[1]=1.;
   int k, cptcode;        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
   double *xp;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
   double **gp, **gm;          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
   double ***p3mat;          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
   double age,agelim;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
   int theta;          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
   
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");  
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        savm=oldm;
         oldm=newm;
   xp=vector(1,npar);      }
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
            po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        }
   agelim = AGESUP;      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    } /* end h */
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    return po;
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */  }
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);  
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  double func( double *x)
   {
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    double **out;
       }    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    int s1, s2;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    double bbh, survp;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    long ipmx;
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)    /*extern weight */
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
         }    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
       }    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
          printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */    */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    cov[1]=1.;
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    if(mle==1){
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
         }           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
       }           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){         */
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         }        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
     } /* End theta */           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
            has been calculated etc */
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];            }
           for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            newm=savm;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){            }
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            savm=oldm;
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)            oldm=newm;
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];          } /* end mult */
       }        
     }          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
     h=1;          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
       }           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);           */
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   } /* End age */          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
            bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);           */
           /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
 }          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
 {               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
   double **newm;          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
   int k, cptcode;          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   double *xp;          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
   double *gp, *gm;          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   double **gradg, **trgradg;          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
   double age,agelim;          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
   int theta;          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
              and month of death but the probability to survive from last
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
           lower mortality.
   xp=vector(1,npar);            */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
    
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          } else if  (s2==-2) {
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
   agelim = AGESUP;              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */            lli= log(survp);
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;          }
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */          
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);          else if  (s2==-4) { 
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
             lli= log(survp); 
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          } 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */  
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          else if  (s2==-5) { 
       }            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            lli= log(survp); 
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];          } 
              
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */          else{
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          } 
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
           /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];          ipmx +=1;
     } /* End theta */          sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);        } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    }  else if(mle==2){
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            }
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");            }
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);            savm=oldm;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);            oldm=newm;
   } /* End age */          } /* end mult */
         
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
 }          ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         } /* end of wave */
 /***********************************************/      } /* end of individual */
 /**************** Main Program *****************/    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
 /***********************************************/      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
 int main()          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
 {            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;            }
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
   double fret;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   double **xi,tmp,delta;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */            }
   double ***p3mat;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   int *indx;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];            savm=oldm;
   char title[MAXLINE];            oldm=newm;
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];          } /* end mult */
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH];        
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */          ipmx +=1;
   int c,  h , cpt,l;          sw += weight[i];
   int ju,jl, mi;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;        } /* end of wave */
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;      } /* end of individual */
      }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   int hstepm, nhstepm;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   double ftolpl=FTOL;        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   double **prlim;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   double *severity;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double  *p;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */            }
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   double *delti; /* Scale */            newm=savm;
   double ***eij, ***vareij;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   double *epj, vepp;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   char version[80]="Imach version 64b, May 2001, INED-EUROREVES ";            }
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];          
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   char z[1]="c", occ;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 #include <sys/time.h>            savm=oldm;
 #include <time.h>            oldm=newm;
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];          } /* end mult */
   /* long total_usecs;        
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
            s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
           }else{
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64b");            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");          }
           ipmx +=1;
 #ifdef windows          sw += weight[i];
   scanf("%s",pathtot);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   getcwd(pathcd, size);  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);        } /* end of wave */
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/      } /* end of individual */
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
 split(pathtot, path,optionfile);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   chdir(path);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   replace(pathc,path);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
 #endif            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 #ifdef unix              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   scanf("%s",optionfile);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 #endif            }
           for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/            newm=savm;
             cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   strcpy(fileres,"r");            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
             }
   /*---------arguments file --------*/          
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);            savm=oldm;
     goto end;            oldm=newm;
   }          } /* end mult */
         
   strcpy(filereso,"o");          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   strcat(filereso,fileres);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;          ipmx +=1;
   }          sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        } /* end of wave */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      } /* end of individual */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    } /* End of if */
     puts(line);    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     fputs(line,ficparo);    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
   }    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    return -l;
   }
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);  
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);  double funcone( double *x)
   {
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
   cptcovn=0;    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double **out;
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */    double llt;
      int s1, s2;
   /* Read guess parameters */    double bbh, survp;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    /*extern weight */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     puts(line);      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     fputs(line,ficparo);    */
   }    cov[1]=1.;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  
      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);  
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);          }
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       }          newm=savm;
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       printf("\n");          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     }          }
            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           savm=oldm;
   p=param[1][1];          oldm=newm;
          } /* end mult */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     puts(line);        /* bias is positive if real duration
     fputs(line,ficparo);         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   }         */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
           lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        } else if  (s2==-2) {
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){          lli= log(survp);
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);        }else if (mle==1){
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);        } else if(mle==2){
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
       }          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
       printf("\n");          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
     }        } /* End of if */
   }        ipmx +=1;
   delti=delti3[1][1];        sw += weight[i];
          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        if(globpr){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
     puts(line);                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
     fputs(line,ficparo);                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
   }          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
              fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          }
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);        }
     printf("%s",str);      } /* end of wave */
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);    } /* end of individual */
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
     }      gipmx=ipmx;
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");      gsw=sw;
     printf("\n");    }
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    return -l;
   }  }
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)  
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)  
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];  /*************** function likelione ***********/
      void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   printf("\n");  {
     /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
        the selection of individuals/waves and
     /*-------- data file ----------*/       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {       Plotting could be done.
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;     */
     }    int k;
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);  
        if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
     }      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
     n= lastobs;        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);      }
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
     num=ivector(1,n);      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
     moisnais=vector(1,n);      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     annais=vector(1,n);      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
     moisdc=vector(1,n);        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
     andc=vector(1,n);      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
     agedc=vector(1,n);    }
     cod=ivector(1,n);  
     weight=vector(1,n);    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */    if(*globpri !=0){
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);      fclose(ficresilk);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);      fflush(fichtm); 
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        } 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);    return;
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);  }
   
     i=1;  
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {  
          void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){  {
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);    int i,j, iter;
           strcpy(line,stra);    double **xi;
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    double fret;
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
         }    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
            xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
         xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
     strcat(filerespow,fileres);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         }    }
         num[i]=atol(stra);    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
            for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
         i=i+1;  
       }    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
     }  
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
        scanf("%d",i);*/    fclose(ficrespow);
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;  
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;  }
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;  
   }  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));*/  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
   {
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);    double **hess;
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);    int i, j,jk;
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);    int *indx;
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);  
   Tage=ivector(1,15);          double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
        double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
   if (strlen(model) >1){    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
     j=nbocc(model,'+');    double gompertz(double p[]);
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     cptcovn=j+1;  
     cptcovprod=j1;    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
        fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
        for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
     strcpy(modelsav,model);      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);     
       goto end;       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
     }      
          /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');    }
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);    
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {        if (j>i) { 
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
           cptcovprod--;          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');          
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
           cptcovage++;          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;        }
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/      }
         }    }
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {    printf("\n");
           cptcovprod--;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');  
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
           cptcovage++;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;    
         }    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
         else {    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');    x=vector(1,npar);
           Tvar[i]=ncov+k1;    indx=ivector(1,npar);
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
           Tprod[k1]=i;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);  
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)      x[j]=1;
             covar[ncov+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
           k1++;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
           k2=k2+2;        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
         }      }
       }    }
       else {  
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
       }        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);          fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);      }
         scanf("%d",i);*/      printf("\n");
     }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 }    }
    
   /*printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);    /* Recompute Inverse */
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   scanf("%d ",i);*/      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
     fclose(fic);    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   
     /*  if(mle==1){*/    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/  
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
     }      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/      x[j]=1;
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)        y[i][j]=x[i];
      for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++)        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
          anint[m][i]=9999;      }
          s[m][i]=-1;      printf("\n");
        }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    */
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);  
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
         if(s[m][i] >0){    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {    free_vector(x,1,npar);
             if(agedc[i]>0)    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];  
             else {  
               if (andc[i]!=9999){  }
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);  
               agev[m][i]=-1;  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
               }  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
             }  {
           }    int i;
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */    int l=1, lmax=20;
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);    double k1,k2;
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
               agev[m][i]=1;    double res;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
               agemin=agev[m][i];    double fx;
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/    int k=0,kmax=10;
             }    double l1;
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){  
               agemax=agev[m][i];    fx=func(x);
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
             }    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/      l1=pow(10,l);
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/      delts=delt;
           }      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
           else { /* =9 */        delt = delta*(l1*k);
             agev[m][i]=1;        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
             s[m][i]=-1;        k1=func(p2)-fx;
           }        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
         }        k2=func(p2)-fx;
         else /*= 0 Unknown */        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
           agev[m][i]=1;        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
       }        
      #ifdef DEBUGHESS
     }        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){  #endif
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");          if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
           goto end;          k=kmax;
         }        }
       }        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
     }          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
         }
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
           delts=delt;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);        }
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      }
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);    }
     free_vector(annais,1,n);    delti[theta]=delts;
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    return res; 
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);    
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);  }
     free_vector(andc,1,n);  
   double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
      {
     wav=ivector(1,imx);    int i;
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
        double p2[MAXPARM+1];
     /* Concatenates waves */    int k;
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);  
     fx=func(x);
     for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
       ncodemax[1]=1;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);      k1=func(p2)-fx;
          
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
    h=0;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);      k2=func(p2)-fx;
      
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){      k3=func(p2)-fx;
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){    
            h++;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
          }      k4=func(p2)-fx;
        }      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
      }  #ifdef DEBUG
    }      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   #endif
    /*for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){    }
      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){    return res;
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);  }
      }  
      printf("\n");  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
    }  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
    scanf("%d",i);*/  { 
        int i,imax,j,k; 
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */    double *vv; 
   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);   
     vv=vector(1,n); 
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    *d=1.0; 
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      big=0.0; 
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
            if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */    } 
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
     if(mle==1){        sum=a[i][j]; 
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
     }        a[i][j]=sum; 
          } 
     /*--------- results files --------------*/      big=0.0; 
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
            sum=a[i][j]; 
    jk=1;        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
    printf("# Parameters\n");        a[i][j]=sum; 
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){          big=dum; 
        if (k != i)          imax=i; 
          {        } 
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);      } 
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);      if (j != imax) { 
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);          dum=a[imax][k]; 
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
              jk++;          a[j][k]=dum; 
            }        } 
            printf("\n");        *d = -(*d); 
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
          }      } 
      }      indx[j]=imax; 
    }      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
  if(mle==1){      if (j != n) { 
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);      } 
  }    } 
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
     printf("# Scales\n");  ;
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  } 
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){  
         if (j!=i) {  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);  { 
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    double sum; 
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);   
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
             jk++;      ip=indx[i]; 
           }      sum=b[ip]; 
           printf("\n");      b[ip]=b[i]; 
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");      if (ii) 
         }        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       }      else if (sum) ii=i; 
       }      b[i]=sum; 
        } 
     k=1;    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");      sum=b[i]; 
     printf("# Covariance\n");      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    } 
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;  } 
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);  
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);  {
       printf("%3d",i);    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){  }
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);  
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);  /************ Frequencies ********************/
       }  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");  {  /* Some frequencies */
       printf("\n");    
       k++;    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
     }    int first;
        double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    double *pp, **prop;
       ungetc(c,ficpar);    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
       puts(line);    
       fputs(line,ficparo);    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
     }    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
      strcat(fileresp,fileres);
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
          printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
     if (fage <= 2) {      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       bage = agemin;      exit(0);
       fage = agemax;    }
     }    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     j1=0;
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");    
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);    j=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
      
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/    first=1;
 chdir(pathcd);  
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
   }        j1++;
 #ifdef windows        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);          scanf("%d", i);*/
 #endif        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
              for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
  /* 1eme*/              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {  
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
         for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
 #ifdef windows          prop[i][m]=0;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        
 #endif        dateintsum=0;
 #ifdef unix        k2cpt=0;
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
 #endif          bool=1;
           if  (cptcovn>0) {
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");                bool=0;
 }          }
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          if (bool==1){
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
 }                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");                if (m<lastpass) {
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
 }                    freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));                }
 #ifdef unix                
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
 #endif                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);                  k2cpt++;
    }                }
   }                /*}*/
   /*2 eme*/            }
           }
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        }
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);         
            /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {        pstamp(ficresp);
       k=2*i;        if  (cptcovn>0) {
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        }
 }          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          if(i==iagemax+3){
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
 }            }else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");            if(first==1){
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);              first=0;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {              printf("See log file for details...\n");
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");            }
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
 }            }
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
     }              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);          }
   }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
   /*3eme*/              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
             if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {              if(first==1){
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);              }
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {            }else{
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);              if(first==1)
       }                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     }            }
   }          }
    
   /* CV preval stat */          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
       k=3;          }       
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)            pos += pp[jk];
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);            posprop += prop[jk][i];
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);          }
                for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;            if(pos>=1.e-5){
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);              if(first==1)
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);            }else{
       }              if(first==1)
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);                  printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     }            }
   }            if( i <= iagemax){
               if(pos>=1.e-5){
   /* proba elementaires */                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
       if (k != i) {              }
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){              else
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);*/                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s",alph[1]);*/            }
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);          }
           jk++;          
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
         }            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       }              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
     }              if(first==1)
     }                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
                 fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {              }
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);          if(i <= iagemax)
    i=1;            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {          if(first==1)
      k3=i;            printf("Others in log...\n");
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        if (k != k2){        }
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);      }
 ij=1;    }
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {   
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    fclose(ficresp);
             ij++;    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
           }    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
           else    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    /* End of Freq */
         }  }
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");  
          /************ Prevalence ********************/
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){    void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);  {  
 ij=1;    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    */
             ij++;   
           }    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
           else    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    double *pp, **prop;
           }    double pos,posprop; 
           fprintf(ficgp,")");    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
         }    int iagemin, iagemax;
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);  
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");    iagemin= (int) agemin;
         i=i+ncovmodel;    iagemax= (int) agemax;
        }    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
      }    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
    }    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);    j1=0;
   }    
        j=cptcoveff;
   fclose(ficgp);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
        
 chdir(path);    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);        j1++;
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
              for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);            prop[i][m]=0.0;
           
            for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
     free_ivector(num,1,n);          bool=1;
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
     free_vector(weight,1,n);            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
     fclose(ficparo);                bool=0;
     fclose(ficres);          } 
     /*  }*/          if (bool==1) { 
                for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
                  if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                  if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
     ungetc(c,ficpar);                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
     puts(line);                } 
     fputs(line,ficparo);              }
   }            } /* end selection of waves */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          }
          }
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);          
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
           } 
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);  
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);goto end;              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
   }                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
               } else
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> <font size=\"6\">Imach, Version 0.64b </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">                printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
 Titre=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>            } 
 Total number of observations=%d <br>          }/* end jk */ 
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>        }/* end i */ 
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">      } /* end i1 */
 <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n    } /* end k1 */
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n    
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>  }  /* End of prevalence */
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>  
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>  
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br><br>",title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
   {
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
        Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
  m=cptcoveff;       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
  j1=0;       */
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){  
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    int i, mi, m;
        j1++;    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");    int first;
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);    double sum=0.;
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");    first=0;
        }    jmin=1e+5;
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>    jmax=-1;
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);        jmean=0.;
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>      mi=0;
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);      m=firstpass;
        }      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident          mw[++mi][i]=m;
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>        if(m >=lastpass)
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);            break;
      }        else
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {          m++;
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>      }/* end while */
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
      }        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>           /* Only death is a correct wave */
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);        mw[mi][i]=m;
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");      }
    }  
  }      wav[i]=mi;
 fclose(fichtm);      if(mi==0){
         nbwarn++;
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/        if(first==0){
            printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");          first=1;
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);        }
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {        if(first==1){
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
   }        }
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);      } /* end mi==0 */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");    } /* End individuals */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
          if (stepm <=0)
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          dh[mi][i]=1;
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        else{
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
   k=0;              else if(j<0){
   agebase=agemin;                nberr++;
   agelim=agemax;                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   ftolpl=1.e-10;                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
   i1=cptcoveff;                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){              }
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){              k=k+1;
         k=k+1;              if (j >= jmax){
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/                jmax=j;
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");                ijmax=i;
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)              }
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);              if (j <= jmin){
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");                jmin=j;
                        ijmin=i;
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){              }
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);              sum=sum+j;
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);            }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");          }
         }          else{
       }            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
     }  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   fclose(ficrespl);  
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/            k=k+1;
              if (j >= jmax) {
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);              jmax=j;
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {              ijmax=i;
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;            }
   }            else if (j <= jmin){
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);              jmin=j;
                ijmin=i;
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;            }
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
             /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
   agelim=AGESUP;            if(j<0){
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */              nberr++;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   k=0;            }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            sum=sum+j;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){          }
       k=k+1;          jk= j/stepm;
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");          jl= j -jk*stepm;
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");            if(jl==0){
                      dh[mi][i]=jk;
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */              bh[mi][i]=0;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */                    * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              bh[mi][i]=ju;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);              }
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");          }else{
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            if(jl <= -ju){
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)              dh[mi][i]=jk;
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){                                   */
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );            }
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            else{
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);              bh[mi][i]=ju;
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");            }
           }            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
         }              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
     }            }
   }          } /* end if mle */
         }
   fclose(ficrespij);      } /* end wave */
     }
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    jmean=sum/k;
     printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
   strcpy(filerest,"t");    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
   strcat(filerest,fileres);   }
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   }  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);  {
     /* Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 */
   strcpy(filerese,"e");  
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    int Ndum[20],ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    cptcoveff=0; 
   }   
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again */
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");  
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) { /* For each covariate j */
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
   }        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);                                        modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
         Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
   k=0;        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        if (ij > modmaxcovj) modmaxcovj=ij; 
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
       k=k+1;           (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");           female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      }
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");      for (i=0; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each modality of model-cov j */
         if( Ndum[i] != 0 )
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");          ncodemax[j]++; 
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)        /* Number of modalities of the j th covariate. In fact
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);           ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");           historical reasons */
       } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);      ij=1; 
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");      for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous */
         for (k=0; k<= modmaxcovj; k++) { /* k=-1 ? NCOVMAX*//* maxncov or modmaxcovj */
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);                                         k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);                                       then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            ij++;
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);          }
                if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");        }  /* end of loop on */
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);      } /* end of loop on modality */ 
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");    } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
            
       hf=1;    for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;    
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);     Ndum[ij]++;
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){   }
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {  
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];   ij=1;
           }   for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
         }       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)       ij++;
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)     }
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];   }
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));   ij--;
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of simple covariates*/
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));  }
         }  
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
       }  
     }  void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   }  
          {
  fclose(ficreseij);    /* Health expectancies, no variances */
  fclose(ficresvij);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
   fclose(ficrest);    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
   fclose(ficpar);    double age, agelim, hf;
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);    double ***p3mat;
   /*  scanf("%d ",i); */    double eip;
   
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/      pstamp(ficreseij);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);        fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
     exit(0);      }
   }      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);    }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
  k=0;  
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    if(estepm < stepm){
      k=k+1;      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");    }
      for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    else  hstepm=estepm;   
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
           * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
    }     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
  }     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
   fclose(ficresvpl);     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
         nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
         and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
      /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
      */
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);  
      agelim=AGESUP;
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
   printf("End of Imach\n");         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */      
    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
   /*------ End -----------*/    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
  end:  
 #ifdef windows    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
  chdir(pathcd);      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
 #endif      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/  
  system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");      /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
 #ifdef windows         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
   while (z[0] != 'q') {      
     chdir(pathcd);      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");      
     scanf("%s",z);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");      
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       chdir(path);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       system(optionfilehtm);      
     }      /* Computing expectancies */
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
 #endif          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
 }            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       
     }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     
   }
   
   void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
      to initial status i, ei. .
     */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp, *xm;
     double **gp, **gm;
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     int theta;
   
     double eip, vip;
   
     varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     xm=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     
     pstamp(ficresstdeij);
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
       fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
     pstamp(ficrescveij);
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
           for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
             cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
             if(cptj2 <= cptj)
               fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
           }
       }
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     /* If stepm=6 months */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     
     p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   
       /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
          decrease memory allocation */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
         hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }
           }
         }
        
         for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
           }
       }/* End theta */
       
       
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       
   
        for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
         for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
           varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
   
        printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
   
       /* Computing expectancies */
       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0.;
         vip=0.;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
           for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
             vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
       }
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
             for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
               cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
               if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                 fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
             }
         }
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
      
     }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
     free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
   
   /************ Variance ******************/
   void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of health expectancies */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     /* double **newm;*/
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
     int k, cptcode;
     double *xp;
     double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
     double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
     double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
     double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
     double ***p3mat;
     double age,agelim, hf;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int theta;
     char digit[4];
     char digitp[25];
   
     char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     if(popbased==1){
       if(mobilav!=0)
         strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
       else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
     }
     else 
       strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
     sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
     /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
     if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     }
     printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
    
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     }  
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
     /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
   /*   } */
     varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     pstamp(ficresvij);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
     if(popbased==1)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     else
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
     gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
           }
   
         for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
           gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
         }
   
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
     
   
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
               vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
     
       /* pptj */
       matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
       /* end ppptj */
       /*  x centered again */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
       if (popbased==1) {
         if(mobilav ==0){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }
       }
                
       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          as a weighted average of prlim.
       */
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
       }    
       /* end probability of death */
   
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         }
       } 
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
     /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtm); 
   }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
     double **newm;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     int k, cptcode;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0,l, cptcode;
     int first=1, first1;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     tj=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
       for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ 
         j1++;
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
           gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
           free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i=i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
   
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       printf("Error: One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Continuing by making them positive: WRONG RESULTS.\n", lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Error: One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e\n", lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12);fflush(ficlog);
                       lc1=fabs(lc1);
                       lc2=fabs(lc2);
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
       } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d1.png\">%s%d1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d2.png\">%s%d2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Period (stable) prevalence in each health state : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m0,cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
      for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
   
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small\n set log y\n"); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i, j, n;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       for (j=0; line[j]!='\0';j++){
         line[j]=linetmp[j];
       }
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs)
   {
     int i, j, k;
     int i1, j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
      char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovn=j+1; /* Number of covariates V1+V2*age+V3 =>(2 plus signs) + 1=3 
                     but the covariates which are product must be computed and stored. */
       cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       for(k=cptcovn; k>=1;k--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 
                                       */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V'); /* stre="V3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=2 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1;  /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovn=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovn=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     endread:
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
     /* ncovprod */
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guess parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8); /* hard coded ? */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,15); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,15); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
         
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of 
                                    the estimations*/
     h=0;
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate */
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #elsedef
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #elsedef
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
       /*  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);*/
       /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       pstamp(ficrespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
       ftolpl=1.e-10;
       i1=cptcoveff;
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /* to clean */
           printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtab[cptcod][cptcov],nbcode);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
           
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   
             /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
   
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart);   fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         }
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    endfree:
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

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  Added in v.1.141


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