Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.14 and 1.138

version 1.14, 2002/02/20 17:05:44 version 1.138, 2010/04/30 18:19:40
Line 1 Line 1
      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    *** empty log message ***
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews  
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to  
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and  
   age", you should modify the program where the markup    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.  
     Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some  
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    just nforces
   hPijx is the probability to be  
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of    Many tings
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or  
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Some dimensions resccaled
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.  
     Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
      V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).  
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
   from the European Union.  
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .  
   **********************************************************************/    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
      (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 #include <math.h>    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 #include <stdio.h>    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 #include <stdlib.h>    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
 #include <unistd.h>    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
     and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
 #define MAXLINE 256    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    computation.
 /*#define DEBUG*/    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 #define windows    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
     (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
     Version 0.98h
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    Forecasting file added.
 #define MAXN 20000  
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
 #define AGESUP 130    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 #define AGEBASE 40    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
   
     Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 int nvar;    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    name. <head> headers where missing.
 int npar=NPARMAX;  
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 int popbased=0, fprev,lprev;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
     1.
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    Version 0.98g
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */  
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
 int mle, weightopt;    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    1.
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    Version 0.98g
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf;  
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm,*ficresprob;    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
 FILE *ficreseij;    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];  
  FILE  *ficresvij;    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];  
     Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
 #define NR_END 1    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
 #define FREE_ARG char*    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   
 #define NRANSI    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
 #define ITMAX 200    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
     computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
 #define TOL 2.0e-4  
     Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     (Module): Function pstamp added
 #define GOLD 1.618034    (Module): Version 0.98d
 #define GLIMIT 100.0  
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
     (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    (Module): Function pstamp added
      (Module): Version 0.98d
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))  
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
     (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
 static double sqrarg;    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
     (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
 int imx;  
 int stepm;    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
     filename with strsep.
 int m,nb;  
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
     allocation too.
 double *weight;  
 int **s; /* Status */    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;  
     Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
     can be a simple dot '.'.
 /**************** split *************************/  
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name )    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
 {    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
    char *s;                             /* pointer */  
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
     (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */  
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    Gnuplot problem appeared...
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    To be fixed
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */  
       extern char       *getwd( );    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
     Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {  
 #else    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
       extern char       *getcwd( );    Some cleaning and links added in html output
   
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
 #endif    *** empty log message ***
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );  
       }    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */  
    }    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }  
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
 }    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
   
     Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
 /******************************************/    Fix on curr_time
   
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
 {    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   int i;  
   int lg=20;    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
   i=0;    *** empty log message ***
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
     (s[i] = t[i]);    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
   }    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
 }    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
     other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 {    from other sources like vital statistic data.
   int i,j=0;  
   int lg=20;    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(s);    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;  
   }    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
   return j;    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
 }  
     Current limitations:
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
 {    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   i=0;  
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
   }    suppressed.
   
   lg=strlen(t);    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
     (u[j] = t[j]);    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   }  
      u[p]='\0';    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository):
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
   }  
 }    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
     Just cleaning
 /********************** nrerror ********************/  
     Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 {    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    (Module): Version 0.96b
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);  
   exit(1);    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
 }    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 /*********************** vector *******************/    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)  
 {    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
   double *v;    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
   return v-nl+NR_END;    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
 }    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   
 /************************ free vector ******************/    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 {    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 }  
     Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 /************************ivector *******************************/    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 {    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   int *v;  
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
   return v-nl+NR_END;  
 }    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
     Version 0.96
 /******************free ivector **************************/  
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
 {    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    routine fileappend.
 }  
     Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
 {    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
   int **m;    interview.
      (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    truncation)
   m += NR_END;    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
   m -= nrl;  
      Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
      * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    parcimony.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
      Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    *** empty log message ***
    
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
   return m;    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
 }  
   */
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/  /*
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)     Interpolated Markov Chain
       int **m;  
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    Short summary of the programme:
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    
 {    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
 }    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
     case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
 {    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
   double **m;    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
     simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
   m += NR_END;    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
   m -= nrl;    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
     complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    convergence.
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
     The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
   return m;    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
 }    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
     account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
 /*************************free matrix ************************/  
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
 {    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
 }    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
     matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    hPijx.
 {  
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   double ***m;    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
     
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   m += NR_END;    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
   m -= nrl;    from the European Union.
     It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
     or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    
     **********************************************************************/
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  /*
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    main
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    read parameterfile
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    read datafile
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    concatwav
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    freqsummary
      if (mle >= 1)
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {      mlikeli
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    print results files
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    if mle==1 
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;       computes hessian
   }    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
   return m;        begin-prev-date,...
 }    open gnuplot file
     open html file
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    period (stable) prevalence
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)     for age prevalim()
 {    h Pij x
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    variance of p varprob
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    health expectancies
 }    Variance-covariance of DFLE
     prevalence()
 /***************** f1dim *************************/     movingaverage()
 extern int ncom;    varevsij() 
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    total life expectancies
      Variance of period (stable) prevalence
 double f1dim(double x)   end
 {  */
   int j;  
   double f;  
   double *xt;  
     
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  #include <math.h>
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];  #include <stdio.h>
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);  #include <stdlib.h>
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);  #include <string.h>
   return f;  #include <unistd.h>
 }  
   #include <limits.h>
 /*****************brent *************************/  #include <sys/types.h>
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  #include <sys/stat.h>
 {  #include <errno.h>
   int iter;  extern int errno;
   double a,b,d,etemp;  
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
   double ftemp;  #include <time.h>
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;  #include "timeval.h"
   double e=0.0;  
    #ifdef GSL
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
   x=w=v=bx;  #endif
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  /* #include <libintl.h> */
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);  
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  #define MAXLINE 256
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
 #endif  
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
       *xmin=x;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
       return fx;  
     }  #define MAXPARM 128 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
     ftemp=fu;  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  #define NINTERVMAX 8
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
       q=2.0*(q-r);  #define NCOVMAX 20 /* Maximum number of covariates */
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;  #define MAXN 20000
       q=fabs(q);  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
       etemp=e;  #define AGESUP 130
       e=d;  #define AGEBASE 40
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  #define AGEGOMP 10. /* Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  #ifdef UNIX
       else {  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
         d=p/q;  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
         u=x+d;  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  #else
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
       }  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
     } else {  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  #endif
     }  
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  /* $Id$ */
     fu=(*f)(u);  /* $State$ */
     if (fu <= fx) {  
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  char version[]="Imach version 0.98m, April 2010, INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite ";
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  char strstart[80];
         } else {  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
             v=w;  int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov=0; /* Number of covariates, of covariates with '*age' */
             w=u;  int npar=NPARMAX;
             fv=fw;  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
             fw=fu;  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
             v=u;  int popbased=0;
             fv=fu;  
           }  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
         }  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
   }  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   *xmin=x;  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
   return fx;                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
 }  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
   int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
   int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
             double (*func)(double))  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
 {  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
   double fu;  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
    FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
   if (*fb > *fa) {  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
       }  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  FILE *ficresilk;
   while (*fb > *fc) {  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  FILE *ficreseij;
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  FILE *ficresstdeij;
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
       fu=(*func)(u);  FILE *ficrescveij;
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
       fu=(*func)(u);  FILE  *ficresvij;
       if (fu < *fc) {  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  FILE  *ficresvpl;
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
           }  char title[MAXLINE];
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
       u=ulim;  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
       fu=(*func)(u);  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
     } else {  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  int  outcmd=0;
       fu=(*func)(u);  
     }  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
       }  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
 /*************** linmin ************************/  
   char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
 int ncom;  
 double *pcom,*xicom;  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  struct timezone tzp;
    extern int gettimeofday();
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
 {  long time_value;
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  extern long time();
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
   double f1dim(double x);  
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  char *endptr;
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  long lval;
   int j;  double dval;
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  
   double fx,fb,fa;  #define NR_END 1
    #define FREE_ARG char*
   ncom=n;  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   pcom=vector(1,n);  
   xicom=vector(1,n);  #define NRANSI 
   nrfunc=func;  #define ITMAX 200 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
     pcom[j]=p[j];  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  
   }  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
   ax=0.0;  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
   xx=1.0;  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  #define GOLD 1.618034 
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
 #endif  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
     xi[j] *= xmin;  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
     p[j] += xi[j];  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   }    
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
 }  
   static double sqrarg;
 /*************** powell ************************/  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
             double (*func)(double []))  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
 {  
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  int imx; 
               double (*func)(double []));  int stepm=1;
   int i,ibig,j;  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  
   double fp,fptt;  int estepm;
   double *xits;  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   pt=vector(1,n);  
   ptt=vector(1,n);  int m,nb;
   xit=vector(1,n);  long *num;
   xits=vector(1,n);  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
   *fret=(*func)(p);  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  double **pmmij, ***probs;
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
     fp=(*fret);  double dateintmean=0;
     ibig=0;  
     del=0.0;  double *weight;
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  int **s; /* Status */
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  double *agedc, **covar, idx;
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  int **nbcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
     printf("\n");  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
       fptt=(*fret);  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  /**************** split *************************/
 #endif  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  {
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));    */ 
         ibig=i;    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
       }    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
       }      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
       printf("\n");      /* get current working directory */
 #endif      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
     }      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
 #ifdef DEBUG      }
       int k[2],l;      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
       k[0]=1;      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
       k[1]=-1;    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
       printf("\n");      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);    }
         }    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
       }    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
 #endif      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
       dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
       printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
       free_vector(xit,1,n);    }
       free_vector(xits,1,n);    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);    if (ss >0){
       free_vector(pt,1,n);      ss++;
       return;      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
     }      l1= strlen( name);
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];    }
       pt[j]=p[j];  
     }    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  }
     if (fptt < fp) {  
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  
       if (t < 0.0) {  /******************************************/
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  {
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];    int i;
         }    int lg=0;
 #ifdef DEBUG    i=0;
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    lg=strlen(t);
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);      (s[i] = t[i]);
         printf("\n");      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
 #endif    }
       }  }
     }  
   }  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
 }  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
     char *s;
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/    s=out;
     while (*in != '\0'){
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
 {        in++;
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit      }
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */      *out++ = *in++;
     }
   int i, ii,j,k;    *out='\0';
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    return s;
   double **matprod2();  }
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  
   double **newm;  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  {
     /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
     }    */
     char *s, *t;
    cov[1]=1.;    t=in;s=in;
      while (*in != '\0'){
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */      while( *in == occ){
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){        *blocc++ = *in++;
     newm=savm;        s=in;
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */      }
      cov[2]=agefin;      *blocc++ = *in++;
      }
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
         /*printf("ij=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf\n",ij, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k]);*/    else
       }      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)    in=s;
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    while ( *in != '\0'){
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)      *alocc++ = *in++;
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    }
   
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/    *alocc='\0';
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/    return s;
   }
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  
   int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
     savm=oldm;  {
     oldm=newm;    int i,j=0;
     maxmax=0.;    int lg=20;
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){    i=0;
       min=1.;    lg=strlen(s);
       max=0.;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
         sumnew=0;    }
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];    return j;
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  }
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
       }  /* { */
       maxmin=max-min;  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
     }  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
       return prlim;  /*   i=0; */
     }  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
   }  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
 }  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
   /*   } */
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/  
   /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
 {  /*   } */
   double s1, s2;  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
   /*double t34;*/  
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
   /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  /*   } */
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){  /* } */
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  /********************** nrerror ********************/
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  void nrerror(char error_text[])
       }  {
       ps[i][j]=s2;    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
     }    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  }
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  /*********************** vector *******************/
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  {
       }    double *v;
       ps[i][j]=(s2);    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     }    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
   }    return v-nl+NR_END;
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/  }
   
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  /************************ free vector ******************/
      s1=0;  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  {
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  }
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  /************************ivector *******************************/
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  {
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    int *v;
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   } /* end i */    return v-nl+NR_END;
   }
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  /******************free ivector **************************/
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  {
     }    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   }  }
   
   /************************lvector *******************************/
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  {
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);    long *v;
    }    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
     printf("\n ");    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     }    return v-nl+NR_END;
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  }
 /*  
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);  /******************free lvector **************************/
   goto end;*/  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
     return ps;  {
 }    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   }
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  
   /******************* imatrix *******************************/
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
 {       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  { 
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized    int **m; 
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns    
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
   long i, j, k;    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)    m += NR_END; 
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)    m -= nrl; 
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];    
     
   return out;    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
 }    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
     m[nrl] += NR_END; 
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
     
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
 {    
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
      duration (i.e. until    return m; 
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  } 
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
      included manually here.        int **m;
         long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
      */       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
   { 
   int i, j, d, h, k;    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
   double **newm;  } 
   
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  /******************* matrix *******************************/
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  {
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    double **m;
     }  
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){    m += NR_END;
       newm=savm;    m -= nrl;
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  
       cov[1]=1.;    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    m[nrl] += NR_END;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)    m[nrl] -= ncl;
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    return m;
     /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) 
      */
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  }
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  /*************************free matrix ************************/
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
       savm=oldm;  {
       oldm=newm;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
     }    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  }
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
          */  {
       }    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
   } /* end h */    double ***m;
   return po;  
 }    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     m += NR_END;
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/    m -= nrl;
 double func( double *x)  
 {    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];    m[nrl] += NR_END;
   double **out;    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   long ipmx;  
   /*extern weight */    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   */      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
   cov[1]=1.;    
     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){    }
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    return m; 
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
         newm=savm;    */
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  }
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {  
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
         }  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
          {
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
         savm=oldm;    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
         oldm=newm;  }
          
          /*************** function subdirf ***********/
       } /* end mult */  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
        {
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
       ipmx +=1;    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
       sw += weight[i];    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    return tmpout;
     } /* end of wave */  }
   } /* end of individual */  
   /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  {
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */    
   return -l;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
 }    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     strcat(tmpout,"/");
     strcat(tmpout,preop);
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     return tmpout;
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  }
 {  
   int i,j, iter;  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
   double **xi,*delti;  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
   double fret;  {
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   printf("Powell\n");    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     strcat(tmpout,fileres);
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));    return tmpout;
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));  }
   
 }  /***************** f1dim *************************/
   extern int ncom; 
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
 {   
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;  double f1dim(double x) 
   double **hess;  { 
   int i, j,jk;    int j; 
   int *indx;    double f;
     double *xt; 
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);   
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
     free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    return f; 
   } 
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  /*****************brent *************************/
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);  { 
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/    int iter; 
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/    double a,b,d,etemp;
   }    double fu,fv,fw,fx;
      double ftemp;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {    double e=0.0; 
       if (j>i) {   
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];        x=w=v=bx; 
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
       }    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
     }      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
   }      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
   printf("\n");      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       printf(".");fflush(stdout);
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
    #ifdef DEBUG
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   x=vector(1,npar);      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  #endif
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];        *xmin=x; 
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);        return fx; 
       } 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {      ftemp=fu;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
     x[j]=1;        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];        q=2.0*(q-r); 
     }        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
   }        q=fabs(q); 
         etemp=e; 
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");        e=d; 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);        else { 
     }          d=p/q; 
     printf("\n");          u=x+d; 
   }          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
             d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
   /* Recompute Inverse */        } 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)      } else { 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);      } 
       u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");      fu=(*f)(u); 
       if (fu <= fx) { 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
     x[j]=1;          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);          } else { 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
       y[i][j]=x[i];            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);              v=w; 
     }              w=u; 
     printf("\n");              fv=fw; 
   }              fw=fu; 
   */            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
               v=u; 
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);              fv=fu; 
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);            } 
   free_vector(x,1,npar);          } 
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);    } 
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
     *xmin=x; 
     return fx; 
 }  } 
   
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])  
 {  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
   int i;              double (*func)(double)) 
   int l=1, lmax=20;  { 
   double k1,k2;    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];    double fu; 
   double res;   
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
   double fx;    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
   int k=0,kmax=10;    if (*fb > *fa) { 
   double l1;      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
         SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
   fx=func(x);        } 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
     l1=pow(10,l);    while (*fb > *fc) { 
     delts=delt;      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
       k1=func(p2)-fx;      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
       k2=func(p2)-fx;        fu=(*func)(u); 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */        fu=(*func)(u); 
              if (fu < *fc) { 
 #ifdef DEBUG          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
 #endif            } 
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){        u=ulim; 
         k=kmax;        fu=(*func)(u); 
       }      } else { 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;        fu=(*func)(u); 
       }      } 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
         delts=delt;        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
       }        } 
     }  } 
   }  
   delti[theta]=delts;  /*************** linmin ************************/
   return res;  
    int ncom; 
 }  double *pcom,*xicom;
   double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)   
 {  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
   int i;  { 
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];    double f1dim(double x); 
   int k;    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
                 double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
   fx=func(x);    int j; 
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    double fx,fb,fa;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;   
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    ncom=n; 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;    pcom=vector(1,n); 
      xicom=vector(1,n); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    nrfunc=func; 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     k2=func(p2)-fx;      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
        xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    } 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    ax=0.0; 
     k3=func(p2)-fx;    xx=1.0; 
      mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  #ifdef DEBUG
     k4=func(p2)-fx;    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
 #ifdef DEBUG  #endif
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
 #endif      xi[j] *= xmin; 
   }      p[j] += xi[j]; 
   return res;    } 
 }    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
     free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/  } 
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)  
 {  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
   int i,imax,j,k;  {
   double big,dum,sum,temp;    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
   double *vv;    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
      sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
   vv=vector(1,n);    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
   *d=1.0;    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
     big=0.0;    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    sprintf(ascdiff,"%d day(s) %d hour(s) %d minute(s) %d second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;    return ascdiff;
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");  }
     vv[i]=1.0/big;  
   }  /*************** powell ************************/
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {              double (*func)(double [])) 
       sum=a[i][j];  { 
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
       a[i][j]=sum;                double (*func)(double [])); 
     }    int i,ibig,j; 
     big=0.0;    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {    double fp,fptt;
       sum=a[i][j];    double *xits;
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)    int niterf, itmp;
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  
       a[i][j]=sum;    pt=vector(1,n); 
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {    ptt=vector(1,n); 
         big=dum;    xit=vector(1,n); 
         imax=i;    xits=vector(1,n); 
       }    *fret=(*func)(p); 
     }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
     if (j != imax) {    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {      fp=(*fret); 
         dum=a[imax][k];      ibig=0; 
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];      del=0.0; 
         a[j][k]=dum;      last_time=curr_time;
       }      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
       *d = -(*d);      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
       vv[imax]=vv[j];      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); fflush(ficlog);
     }  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); */
     indx[j]=imax;     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
     if (j != n) {        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;      }
     }      printf("\n");
   }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
 ;      if(*iter <=3){
 }        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
         strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
 {        forecast_time=curr_time; 
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
   double sum;        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
            strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     ip=indx[i];        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     sum=b[ip];        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
     b[ip]=b[i];          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     if (ii)          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
     else if (sum) ii=i;          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
     b[i]=sum;          itmp = strlen(strfor);
   }          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
     sum=b[i];          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];        }
   }      }
 }      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
 /************ Frequencies ********************/        fptt=(*fret); 
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)  #ifdef DEBUG
 {  /* Some frequencies */        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
          fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;  #endif
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   double *pp;        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   double pos;        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
   FILE *ficresp;        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
           ibig=i; 
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);        } 
  probs= ma3x(1,130 ,1,8, 1,8);  #ifdef DEBUG
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
     exit(0);          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   }          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        }
   j1=0;        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
   j=cptcoveff;          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        }
         printf("\n");
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  #endif
        j1++;      } 
        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
          scanf("%d", i);*/  #ifdef DEBUG
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)          int k[2],l;
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          k[0]=1;
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)        k[1]=-1;
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
                fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
          bool=1;          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
          if  (cptcovn>0) {          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)        }
              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])        printf("\n");
                bool=0;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
          }        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
           if (bool==1) {          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
            for(m=fprev; m<=lprev; m++){            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
              if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
              if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];          }
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
            }          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
          }        }
        }  #endif
         if  (cptcovn>0) {  
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");  
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
         }        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);        return; 
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");      } 
              if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
       printf("Total");        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
     else        pt[j]=p[j]; 
       printf("Age %d", i);      } 
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)      if (fptt < fp) { 
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
     }        if (t < 0.0) { 
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);          }
       else  #ifdef DEBUG
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
     }          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
           for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
      for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
       for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          }
      }          printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)  #endif
       pos += pp[jk];        }
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      } 
       if(pos>=1.e-5)    } 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  } 
       else  
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
       if( i <= (int) agemax){  
         if(pos>=1.e-5){  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);  {
           probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
           /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
         }  
       else    int i, ii,j,k;
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
       }    double **matprod2();
     }    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    double **newm;
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);  
     if(i <= (int) agemax)    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     printf("\n");        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     }      }
     }  
  }     cov[1]=1.;
     
   fclose(ficresp);   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      newm=savm;
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */
 }  /* End of Freq */      cov[2]=agefin;
       
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)        /*        printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
 {      }
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i        cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]      
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
      */      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
   int i, mi, m;      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;      
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/      savm=oldm;
       oldm=newm;
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;      maxmax=0.;
   double sum=0.;      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
   jmin=1e+5;        min=1.;
   jmax=-1;        max=0.;
   jmean=0.;        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){          sumnew=0;
     mi=0;          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
     m=firstpass;          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
       if(s[m][i]>=1)          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
         mw[++mi][i]=m;        }
       if(m >=lastpass)        maxmin=max-min;
         break;        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
       else      }
         m++;      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
     }/* end while */        return prlim;
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){      }
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */    }
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */  }
          /* Only death is a correct wave */  
       mw[mi][i]=m;  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
     }  
   double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
     wav[i]=mi;  {
     if(mi==0)    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
   }       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
        lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
       if (stepm <=0)       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
         dh[mi][i]=1;       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
       else{       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */    */
           k=k+1;    double s1, lnpijopii;
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;    /*double t34;*/
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
           sum=sum+j;  
           /* if (j<10) printf("j=%d num=%d ",j,i); */      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
           }        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
         }          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
         else{            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
           k=k+1;  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;          }
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
           /*   if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
           sum=sum+j;        }
         }        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         jk= j/stepm;          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
         jl= j -jk*stepm;            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
         if(jl <= -ju)  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
           dh[mi][i]=jk;          }
         else          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;        }
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)      }
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */      
       }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     }        s1=0;
   }        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
   jmean=sum/k;          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
  }        }
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
 {          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;        }
   int cptcode=0;        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
   cptcoveff=0;        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
          /* Computing other pijs */
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
         for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);      } /* end i */
       Ndum[ij]++;      
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
     }          ps[ii][jj]=0;
           ps[ii][ii]=1;
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {        }
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;      }
     }      
     ij=1;  
   /*        for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
   /*       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {  /*         printf("ddd %lf ",ps[ii][jj]); */
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {  /*       } */
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {  /*       printf("\n "); */
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /*        } */
           ij++;  /*        printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]); */
         }         /*
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
       }          goto end;*/
     }      return ps;
   }    }
   
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
   
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
       ij=Tvar[i];  {
       Ndum[ij]++;    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
     }       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
     /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
  ij=1;       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncov)){    long i, j, k;
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
      ij++;      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
    }        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
  }          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
    
     cptcoveff=ij-1;    return out;
 }  }
   
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/  
   /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)  
 {  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
   /* Health expectancies */  {
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
   double age, agelim,hf;       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
   double ***p3mat;       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
         nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       for the memory).
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);       included manually here. 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");  
        */
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */  
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    int i, j, d, h, k;
     double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   agelim=AGESUP;    double **newm;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      }
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);        for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
         newm=savm;
         /* Covariates have to be included here again */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        cov[1]=1.;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
         }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
              cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
     hf=1;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
       }        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        savm=oldm;
   }        oldm=newm;
 }      }
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
 /************ Variance ******************/        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
 {          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
   /* Variance of health expectancies */        }
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
   double **newm;    } /* end h */
   double **dnewm,**doldm;  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;    return po;
   int k, cptcode;  }
   double *xp;  
   double **gp, **gm;  
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   double ***p3mat;  double func( double *x)
   double age,agelim;  {
   int theta;    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
     double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");    double **out;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    int s1, s2;
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);    double bbh, survp;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");    long ipmx;
     /*extern weight */
   xp=vector(1,npar);    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
        printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    cov[1]=1.;
   agelim = AGESUP;  
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */  
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    if(mle==1){
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
          */
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
       }           has been calculated etc */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       if (popbased==1) {              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];            }
       }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
                  newm=savm;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];            }
         }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
                savm=oldm;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */            oldm=newm;
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          } /* end mult */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
           /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
       if (popbased==1) {           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
       }           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
            * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
         }           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
       }           */
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
         }           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
     } /* End theta */           */
           /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
                In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
       }          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
     }          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
     h=1;          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          lower mortality.
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){            */
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
       }  
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");  
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          } else if  (s2==-2) {
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            lli= log(survp);
   } /* End age */          }
            
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          else if  (s2==-4) { 
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
             lli= log(survp); 
 }          } 
   
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/          else if  (s2==-5) { 
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
 {              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */            lli= log(survp); 
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          } 
   double **newm;          
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          else{
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   int k, cptcode;            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
   double *xp;          } 
   double *gp, *gm;          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
   double **gradg, **trgradg;          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
   double age,agelim;          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
   int theta;          ipmx +=1;
              sw += weight[i];
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");        } /* end of wave */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      } /* end of individual */
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);    }  else if(mle==2){
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   xp=vector(1,npar);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */            }
   agelim = AGESUP;          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */            newm=savm;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);            }
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){            oldm=newm;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          } /* end mult */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        
       }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
              ipmx +=1;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */          sw += weight[i];
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        } /* end of wave */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      } /* end of individual */
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     } /* End theta */          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)            }
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];            newm=savm;
             cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);            }
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */            savm=oldm;
             oldm=newm;
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );          } /* end mult */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);          ipmx +=1;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);          sw += weight[i];
   } /* End age */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         } /* end of wave */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);      } /* end of individual */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
 }        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij)              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 {              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int i, j;            }
   int k=0, cptcode;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   double **dnewm,**doldm;            newm=savm;
   double *xp;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   double *gp, *gm;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   double **gradg, **trgradg;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];            }
   int theta;          
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");            savm=oldm;
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);            oldm=newm;
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {          } /* end mult */
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);        
   }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   printf("Computing variance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
            if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   xp=vector(1,npar);          }else{
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));          }
            ipmx +=1;
   cov[1]=1;          sw += weight[i];
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     cov[2]=age;  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);        } /* end of wave */
     trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);      } /* end of individual */
     gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
     gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
            for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                    oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                }
       k=0;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){            newm=savm;
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
            k=k+1;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
         }            }
       }          
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            savm=oldm;
                oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);        
       k=0;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           k=k+1;          ipmx +=1;
           gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];          sw += weight[i];
         }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       }          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
              } /* end of wave */
        for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)      } /* end of individual */
            gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];      } /* End of if */
     }    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    return -l;
       trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];  }
    
      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);  double funcone( double *x)
   {
      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
     int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
      k=0;    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
      for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    double **out;
        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
          k=k+1;    double llt;
          gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    int s1, s2;
         }    double bbh, survp;
      }    /*extern weight */
          /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
              printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     */
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));    cov[1]=1.;
      }*/  
     for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);  
     for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     if (i== 2) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
 if (i== 4) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   }          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));          }
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);          newm=savm;
 }          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
  free_vector(xp,1,npar);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
 fclose(ficresprob);            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
  exit(0);          }
 }          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                        1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 /***********************************************/          savm=oldm;
 /**************** Main Program *****************/          oldm=newm;
 /***********************************************/        } /* end mult */
         
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
 int main()        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 {        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
         /* bias is positive if real duration
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;         */
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
           lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   double fret;        } else if  (s2==-2) {
   double **xi,tmp,delta;          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
             survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */          lli= log(survp);
   double ***p3mat;        }else if (mle==1){
   int *indx;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];        } else if(mle==2){
   char title[MAXLINE];          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
   int c,  h , cpt,l;        } /* End of if */
   int ju,jl, mi;        ipmx +=1;
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;        sw += weight[i];
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   int mobilav=0, fprevfore=1, lprevfore=1;        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   int hstepm, nhstepm;        if(globpr){
           fprintf(ficresilk,"%9d %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
   double ftolpl=FTOL;                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
   double **prlim;                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
   double *severity;          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
   double  *p;            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */          }
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
   double *delti; /* Scale */        }
   double ***eij, ***vareij;      } /* end of wave */
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */    } /* end of individual */
   double *epj, vepp;    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
   double kk1;    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
   char version[80]="Imach version 64b, May 2001, INED-EUROREVES ";    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];      gipmx=ipmx;
       gsw=sw;
     }
   char z[1]="c", occ;    return -l;
 #include <sys/time.h>  }
 #include <time.h>  
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];  
   /* long total_usecs;  /*************** function likelione ***********/
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
    {
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
        the selection of individuals/waves and
        to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64b");       Plotting could be done.
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");     */
     int k;
 #ifdef windows  
   scanf("%s",pathtot);    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
   getcwd(pathcd, size);      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
 split(pathtot, path,optionfile);      }
   chdir(path);      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
   replace(pathc,path);      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
 #endif      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
 #ifdef unix      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
   scanf("%s",optionfile);        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
 #endif      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
     }
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/  
     *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
   strcpy(fileres,"r");    if(*globpri !=0){
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);      fclose(ficresilk);
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
   /*---------arguments file --------*/      fflush(fichtm); 
     } 
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {    return;
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);  }
     goto end;  
   }  
   /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
   strcpy(filereso,"o");  
   strcat(filereso,fileres);  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {  {
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;    int i,j, iter;
   }    double **xi;
     double fret;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
     puts(line);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
     fputs(line,ficparo);        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   }    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
     strcat(filerespow,fileres);
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     puts(line);      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
     fputs(line,ficparo);        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
   }    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  
      powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
   fscanf(ficpar,"fprevalence=%d lprevalence=%d pop_based=%d\n",&fprev,&lprev,&popbased);  
  while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    fclose(ficrespow);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
     puts(line);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     fputs(line,ficparo);    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
   }  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  }
    
   fscanf(ficpar,"fprevalence=%d lprevalence=%d mob_average=%d\n",&fprevfore,&lprevfore,&mobilav);  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
    void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  {
   cptcovn=0;    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;    double **hess;
     int i, j,jk;
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;    int *indx;
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */  
      double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
   /* Read guess parameters */    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    double gompertz(double p[]);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     puts(line);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   }    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)     
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);      
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    }
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);    
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
       }        if (j>i) { 
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
       printf("\n");          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
     }          
            hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
         }
   p=param[1][1];      }
      }
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    printf("\n");
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     puts(line);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     fputs(line,ficparo);    
   }    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     x=vector(1,npar);
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    indx=ivector(1,npar);
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);  
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){      x[j]=1;
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
       }      }
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");    }
       printf("\n");  
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     }    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
   }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
   delti=delti3[1][1];      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
          printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      printf("\n");
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     puts(line);    }
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }    /* Recompute Inverse */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
        for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){  
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
     printf("%s",str);  
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);      x[j]=1;
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
     }        y[i][j]=x[i];
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
     printf("\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");      }
   }      printf("\n");
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)    }
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];    */
      
   printf("\n");    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_vector(x,1,npar);
     /*-------- data file ----------*/    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;  
     }  
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);  }
      
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
     }  {
     int i;
     n= lastobs;    int l=1, lmax=20;
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);    double k1,k2;
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
     num=ivector(1,n);    double res;
     moisnais=vector(1,n);    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
     annais=vector(1,n);    double fx;
     moisdc=vector(1,n);    int k=0,kmax=10;
     andc=vector(1,n);    double l1;
     agedc=vector(1,n);  
     cod=ivector(1,n);    fx=func(x);
     weight=vector(1,n);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);      l1=pow(10,l);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);      delts=delt;
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);            delt = delta*(l1*k);
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);        k1=func(p2)-fx;
         p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
     i=1;        k2=func(p2)-fx;
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
                
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
           strcpy(line,stra);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  #endif
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
         }        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
                  k=kmax;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
           k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
           delts=delt;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        }
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){      }
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    }
         }    delti[theta]=delts;
         num[i]=atol(stra);    return res; 
            
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){  }
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/  
   double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
         i=i+1;  {
       }    int i;
     }    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
        scanf("%d",i);*/    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */    int k;
   
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){    fx=func(x);
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
     }      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));*/      k1=func(p2)-fx;
     
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);      k2=func(p2)-fx;
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);    
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   Tage=ivector(1,15);            p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
          k3=func(p2)-fx;
   if (strlen(model) >1){    
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
     j=nbocc(model,'+');      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');      k4=func(p2)-fx;
     cptcovn=j+1;      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
     cptcovprod=j1;  #ifdef DEBUG
          printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
          fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
     strcpy(modelsav,model);  #endif
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){    }
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);    return res;
       goto end;  }
     }  
      /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');  { 
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);    int i,imax,j,k; 
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/    double *vv; 
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {   
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');    vv=vector(1,n); 
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {    *d=1.0; 
           cptcovprod--;    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');      big=0.0; 
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
           cptcovage++;        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
         }    } 
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
           cptcovprod--;      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        sum=a[i][j]; 
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
           cptcovage++;        a[i][j]=sum; 
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;      } 
         }      big=0.0; 
         else {      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        sum=a[i][j]; 
           Tvar[i]=ncov+k1;        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
           Tprod[k1]=i;        a[i][j]=sum; 
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);          big=dum; 
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];          imax=i; 
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];        } 
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)      } 
             covar[ncov+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];      if (j != imax) { 
           k1++;        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
           k2=k2+2;          dum=a[imax][k]; 
         }          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
       }          a[j][k]=dum; 
       else {        } 
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/        *d = -(*d); 
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');      } 
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);      indx[j]=imax; 
       }      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);        if (j != n) { 
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
         scanf("%d",i);*/        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
     }      } 
 }    } 
      free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   /*printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);  ;
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);  } 
   scanf("%d ",i);*/  
     fclose(fic);  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
   { 
     /*  if(mle==1){*/    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/    double sum; 
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;   
     }    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/      ip=indx[i]; 
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);      sum=b[ip]; 
       b[ip]=b[i]; 
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)      if (ii) 
      for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++)        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){      else if (sum) ii=i; 
          anint[m][i]=9999;      b[i]=sum; 
          s[m][i]=-1;    } 
        }    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
          sum=b[i]; 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    } 
         if(s[m][i] >0){  } 
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {  
             if(agedc[i]>0)  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)  {
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
             else {  }
               if (andc[i]!=9999){  
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);  /************ Frequencies ********************/
               agev[m][i]=-1;  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
               }  {  /* Some frequencies */
             }    
           }    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */    int first;
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)    double *pp, **prop;
               agev[m][i]=1;    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
               agemin=agev[m][i];    
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
             }    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
               agemax=agev[m][i];    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
             }      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/      exit(0);
           }    }
           else { /* =9 */    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
             agev[m][i]=1;    j1=0;
             s[m][i]=-1;    
           }    j=cptcoveff;
         }    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
         else /*= 0 Unknown */  
           agev[m][i]=1;    first=1;
       }  
        for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     }      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {        j1++;
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {          scanf("%d", i);*/
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");          for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
           goto end;          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
         }            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
       }              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
     }  
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);        for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
           prop[i][m]=0;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);        
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);        dateintsum=0;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);        k2cpt=0;
     free_vector(annais,1,n);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);          bool=1;
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
     free_vector(andc,1,n);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
                 bool=0;
              }
     wav=ivector(1,imx);          if (bool==1){
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
                  /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
     /* Concatenates waves */                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                 if (m<lastpass) {
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
       ncodemax[1]=1;                }
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);                
                      if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
    h=0;                  k2cpt++;
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);                }
                  /*}*/
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){            }
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){          }
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){        }
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){         
            h++;        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;        pstamp(ficresp);
          }        if  (cptcovn>0) {
        }          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
      }          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
    }          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
         }
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
    /*for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);        
      }        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
      printf("\n");          if(i==iagemax+3){
    }            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
    scanf("%d",i);*/          }else{
                if(first==1){
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age              first=0;
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */              printf("See log file for details...\n");
   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);            }
             fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          }
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */          }
                for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
               if(first==1){
     if(mle==1){                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);              }
     }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
                }else{
     /*--------- results files --------------*/              if(first==1)
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
                  fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
    jk=1;            }
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");          }
    printf("# Parameters\n");  
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
        if (k != i)              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
          {          }       
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);            pos += pp[jk];
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){            posprop += prop[jk][i];
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);          }
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              jk++;            if(pos>=1.e-5){
            }              if(first==1)
            printf("\n");                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
          }            }else{
      }              if(first==1)
    }                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
  if(mle==1){              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */            }
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */            if( i <= iagemax){
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);              if(pos>=1.e-5){
  }                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
     printf("# Scales\n");                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){              }
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){              else
         if (j!=i) {                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);            }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          }
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){          
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
             jk++;              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
           }              if(first==1)
           printf("\n");                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
         }              }
       }          if(i <= iagemax)
       }            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
              if(first==1)
     k=1;            printf("Others in log...\n");
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     printf("# Covariance\n");        }
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){      }
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    }
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);   
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/    fclose(ficresp);
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
       printf("%3d",i);    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    /* End of Freq */
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);  }
       }  
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");  /************ Prevalence ********************/
       printf("\n");  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
       k++;  {  
     }    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
           in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
       ungetc(c,ficpar);    */
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);   
       puts(line);    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
       fputs(line,ficparo);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     }    double *pp, **prop;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    double pos,posprop; 
      double  y2; /* in fractional years */
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);    int iagemin, iagemax;
      
     if (fage <= 2) {    iagemin= (int) agemin;
       bage = agemin;    iagemax= (int) agemax;
       fage = agemax;    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
     }    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
     /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");    j1=0;
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);    
     j=cptcoveff;
        if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/    
 chdir(pathcd);    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;        j1++;
   }        
 #ifdef windows        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
 #endif            prop[i][m]=0.0;
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);       
          for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
  /* 1eme*/          bool=1;
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {          if  (cptcovn>0) {
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
               if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
 #ifdef windows                bool=0;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          } 
 #endif          if (bool==1) { 
 #ifdef unix            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
 #endif              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
 }                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");                } 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");              }
 }            } /* end selection of waves */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          }
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {        }
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          
 }            for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
 #ifdef unix          } 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");  
 #endif          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
    }              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
   }                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
   /*2 eme*/              } else
                 printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {            } 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);          }/* end jk */ 
            }/* end i */ 
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {      } /* end i1 */
       k=2*i;    } /* end k1 */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
 }    }  /* End of prevalence */
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");  
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  {
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
 }         Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");       */
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }      int i, mi, m;
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
     }    int first;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
   }    double sum=0.;
      first=0;
   /*3eme*/    jmin=1e+5;
     jmax=-1;
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    jmean=0.;
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);      mi=0;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);      m=firstpass;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
       }          mw[++mi][i]=m;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);        if(m >=lastpass)
     }          break;
   }        else
            m++;
   /* CV preval stat */      }/* end while */
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
       k=3;        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);           /* Only death is a correct wave */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)        mw[mi][i]=m;
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);      }
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);  
            wav[i]=mi;
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      if(mi==0){
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);        nbwarn++;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {        if(first==0){
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);          first=1;
       }        }
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);          if(first==1){
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
     }        }
   }        } /* end mi==0 */
     } /* End individuals */
   /* proba elementaires */  
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
       if (k != i) {        if (stepm <=0)
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){          dh[mi][i]=1;
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);*/        else{
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s",alph[1]);*/          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
           jk++;              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
         }              else if(j<0){
       }                nberr++;
     }                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     }                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
                 printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
    i=1;              }
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {              k=k+1;
      k3=i;              if (j >= jmax){
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {                jmax=j;
        if (k != k2){                ijmax=i;
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);              }
 ij=1;              if (j <= jmin){
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {                jmin=j;
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {                ijmin=i;
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);              }
             ij++;              sum=sum+j;
           }              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
           else              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);            }
         }          }
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");          else{
                    j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){    /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);  
 ij=1;            k=k+1;
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){            if (j >= jmax) {
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {              jmax=j;
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);              ijmax=i;
             ij++;            }
           }            else if (j <= jmin){
           else              jmin=j;
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);              ijmin=i;
           }            }
           fprintf(ficgp,")");            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
         }            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);            if(j<0){
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");              nberr++;
         i=i+ncovmodel;              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
        }              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
      }            }
    }            sum=sum+j;
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);          }
   }          jk= j/stepm;
              jl= j -jk*stepm;
   fclose(ficgp);          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
              if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
 chdir(path);            if(jl==0){
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);              dh[mi][i]=jk;
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);              bh[mi][i]=0;
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);                    * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
                  dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);              bh[mi][i]=ju;
                }
              }else{
     free_ivector(num,1,n);            if(jl <= -ju){
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);              dh[mi][i]=jk;
     free_vector(weight,1,n);              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
     fclose(ficparo);                                   */
     fclose(ficres);            }
     /*  }*/            else{
                  dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/              bh[mi][i]=ju;
                }
             if(dh[mi][i]==0){
                dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          } /* end if mle */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        }
     puts(line);      } /* end wave */
     fputs(line,ficparo);    }
   }    jmean=sum/k;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);   }
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);  
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
   {
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);    /* Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");    /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 */
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {  
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);goto end;    int Ndum[20],ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
   }    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     cptcoveff=0; 
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> <font size=\"6\">Imach, Version 0.64b </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">   
 Titre=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>    for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
 Total number of observations=%d <br>    for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again */
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>  
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) { /* For each covariate j */
 <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>                                        modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>        Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>        if (ij > modmaxcovj) modmaxcovj=ij; 
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>           (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>           female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
         - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>      }
 <br>",title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);      /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
       for (i=0; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each modality of model-cov j */
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");        if( Ndum[i] != 0 )
           ncodemax[j]++; 
  m=cptcoveff;        /* Number of modalities of the j th covariate. In fact
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}           ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
            historical reasons */
  j1=0;      } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){  
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
        j1++;      ij=1; 
        if (cptcovn > 0) {      for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous */
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");        for (k=0; k<= modmaxcovj; k++) { /* k=-1 ? NCOVMAX*//* maxncov or modmaxcovj */
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)          if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");                                       k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
        }                                       then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>            ij++;
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);              }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>        }  /* end of loop on */
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);      } /* end of loop on modality */ 
        }    } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {    
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident    for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>    
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);      for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */
      }     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>     Ndum[ij]++;
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);   }
      }  
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and   ij=1;
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>   for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
    }       ij++;
  }     }
 fclose(fichtm);   }
    ij--;
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of simple covariates*/
    }
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");  
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;  void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   }  
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);  {
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");    /* Health expectancies, no variances */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");    double age, agelim, hf;
      double ***p3mat;
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    double eip;
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    pstamp(ficreseij);
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   k=0;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   agebase=agemin;        fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
   agelim=agemax;      }
   ftolpl=1.e-10;      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
   i1=cptcoveff;    }
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    if(estepm < stepm){
         k=k+1;      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/    }
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");    else  hstepm=estepm;   
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
             * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
         }  
       }    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     }    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
   fclose(ficrespl);       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
         and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
   }       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
      */
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/  
     agelim=AGESUP;
   agelim=AGESUP;    /* If stepm=6 months */
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
        
   k=0;  /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       k=k+1;    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
              nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      /* If stepm=6 months */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);      
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)      
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);      /* Computing expectancies */
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
         }            
     }            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   }  
           }
   /* varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k);*/  
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
   fclose(ficrespij);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0;
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");          fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);        }
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {        fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);goto end;      }
   }      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);      
     }
   /* Mobile average */    free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
   /* for (agedeb=bage; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    
       for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++)  }
       printf("%f %d i=%d j1=%d\n", probs[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod],(int) agedeb,i,cptcod);*/  
   void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;  
   {
   if (mobilav==1) {    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);     to initial status i, ei. .
     for (agedeb=bage+3; agedeb<=fage-2; agedeb++)    */
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;    double age, agelim, hf;
        double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
     for (agedeb=bage+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){    double **dnewm,**doldm;
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    double *xp, *xm;
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    double **gp, **gm;
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];    int theta;
           }  
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;    double eip, vip;
         }  
       }    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     }      xp=vector(1,npar);
   }    xm=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;    
     pstamp(ficresstdeij);
   agelim=AGESUP;    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   hstepm=12;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
    k=0;        fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    }
       k=k+1;    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#****** ");  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {    pstamp(ficrescveij);
         fprintf(ficresf,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
       }    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge Horizon(in years)");        for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);          for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
             cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
       for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){            if(cptj2 <= cptj)
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n%d %.f %.f 0 ",k,agedeb, agedeb);              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
        if (mobilav==1) {          }
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      }
           fprintf(ficresf,"%.5f ",mobaverage[(int)agedeb][j][cptcod]);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
         }    
         else {    if(estepm < stepm){
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
           fprintf(ficresf,"%.5f ",probs[(int)agedeb][j][cptcod]);    }
         }    else  hstepm=estepm;   
            /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
       for(j=1; j<=ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf,"0.");     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
       }     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=NCOVMAX;cpt++)       * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
       for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
             * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
         nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
         nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
         /*printf("stepm=%d hstepm=%d nhstepm=%d \n",stepm,hstepm,nhstepm);*/     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
         p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
                       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
         for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
               Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
           if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==cpt)       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
  fprintf(ficresf,"\n%d %.f %.f %.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm, h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
                 survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
             kk1=0.;       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {               results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
               if (mobilav==1)    */
               kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod];    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
               else kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod];  
             }        /* If stepm=6 months */
             if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==cpt) fprintf(ficresf," %.5f ", kk1);    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
           }    agelim=AGESUP;
         }    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
         free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       }    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     }    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
   }    
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   fclose(ficresf);    p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   strcpy(filerest,"t");    gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   strcat(filerest,fileres);    gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
   }      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   strcpy(filerese,"e");  
   strcat(filerese,fileres);      /* If stepm=6 months */
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
   }      
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");      /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);      /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {         decrease memory allocation */
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   k=0;        }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
       k=k+1;    
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");              gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");            }
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);        }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");       
         for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)            gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);          }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");      }/* End theta */
       
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);      
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);          for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);      
        
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");       for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
          
       hf=1;       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
         if (popbased==1) {          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];            for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
         }              varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
                }
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);      }
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){  
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {      /* Computing expectancies */
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];      hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
           }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         }          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)            
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));  
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){          }
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));  
         }      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       }        eip=0.;
     }        vip=0.;
   }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                  eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
                  for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
             vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
  fclose(ficreseij);        }
  fclose(ficresvij);        fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
   fclose(ficrest);      }
   fclose(ficpar);      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);  
   /*  scanf("%d ",i); */      fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/          for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");          for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);            for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);              if(cptj2 <= cptj)
     exit(0);                fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
   }            }
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);        }
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
  k=0;     
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    }
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      k=k+1;    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");    free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");    free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
          printf("\n");
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    free_vector(xm,1,npar);
    }    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
  }    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   fclose(ficresvpl);    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/  
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);  /************ Variance ******************/
    void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);  {
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    /* Variance of health expectancies */
      /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
      /* double **newm;*/
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    int k, cptcode;
      double *xp;
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
      double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
     double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
   printf("End of Imach\n");    double ***p3mat;
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */    double age,agelim, hf;
      double ***mobaverage;
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/    int theta;
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/    char digit[4];
   /*------ End -----------*/    char digitp[25];
   
     char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
  end:  
 #ifdef windows    if(popbased==1){
  chdir(pathcd);      if(mobilav!=0)
 #endif        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
        else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
  system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");    }
     else 
 #ifdef windows      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
   while (z[0] != 'q') {  
     chdir(pathcd);    if (mobilav!=0) {
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     scanf("%s",z);      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       chdir(path);      }
       system(optionfilehtm);    }
     }  
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
   }    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
 #endif    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
 }    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
     if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     }
     printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
    
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     }  
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
     /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
   /*   } */
     varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     pstamp(ficresvij);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
     if(popbased==1)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     else
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
     gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
           }
   
         for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
           gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
         }
   
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
     
   
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
               vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
     
       /* pptj */
       matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
       /* end ppptj */
       /*  x centered again */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
       if (popbased==1) {
         if(mobilav ==0){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }
       }
                
       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          as a weighted average of prlim.
       */
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
       }    
       /* end probability of death */
   
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         }
       } 
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
     /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtm); 
   }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
     double **newm;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     int k, cptcode;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0,l, cptcode;
     int first=1, first1;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     tj=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
       for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ 
         j1++;
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
           gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
           free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i=i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
   
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       printf("Error: One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Continuing by making them positive: WRONG RESULTS.\n", lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Error: One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e\n", lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12);fflush(ficlog);
                       lc1=fabs(lc1);
                       lc2=fabs(lc2);
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
       } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d1.png\">%s%d1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d2.png\">%s%d2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Period (stable) prevalence in each health state : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m0,cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
      for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
   
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small\n set log y\n"); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i, j, n;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       for (j=0; line[j]!='\0';j++){
         line[j]=linetmp[j];
       }
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %ld, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %ld, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs)
   {
     int i, j, k;
     int i1, j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
      char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovn=j+1; /* Number of covariates V1+V2*age+V3 =>(2 plus signs) + 1=3 
                     but the covariates which are product must be computed and stored. */
       cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       for(k=cptcovn; k>=1;k--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 
                                       */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V'); /* stre="V3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=2 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1;  /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovn=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovn=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     endread:
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax); 
   
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
     /* ncovprod */
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guess parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8); /* hard coded ? */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,15); 
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2); /* For V3*V2 Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,15); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
         
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of 
                                    the estimations*/
     h=0;
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate */
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) {
               h=1;
               codtab[h][k]=j;
               codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
             }
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #elsedef
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #elsedef
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
       /*  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);*/
       /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       pstamp(ficrespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
       ftolpl=1.e-10;
       i1=cptcoveff;
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /* to clean */
           printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtab[cptcod][cptcov],nbcode);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
           
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   
             /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
   
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart);   fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         }
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    endfree:
     free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.14  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.138


FreeBSD-CVSweb <freebsd-cvsweb@FreeBSD.org>