Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.41.2.1 and 1.140

version 1.41.2.1, 2003/06/12 10:43:20 version 1.140, 2011/09/02 10:37:54
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
      Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a  
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are    *** empty log message ***
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a  
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
   probability to be observed in state j at the second wave  
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the  
   convergence.    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
     (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple  
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into  
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
     just nforces
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h  
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    Many tings
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,  
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Some dimensions resccaled
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply  
   hPijx.    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
     (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
    
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action  
   from the European Union.    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version  
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
   **********************************************************************/    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
      imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 #include <math.h>    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 #include <stdio.h>    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
 #include <stdlib.h>    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
 #include <unistd.h>    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
     deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 #define MAXLINE 256    computation.
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "wgnuplot"    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80  
 /*#define DEBUG*/    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
     (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 /*#define windows*/    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    Version 0.98h
   
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
     Forecasting file added.
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 #define MAXN 20000  
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 #define AGESUP 130    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
 #define AGEBASE 40    name. <head> headers where missing.
   
     * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 int erreur; /* Error number */    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 int nvar;    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 int npar=NPARMAX;    1.
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    Version 0.98g
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */  
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
 int popbased=0;    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
     English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    1.
 int mle, weightopt;    Version 0.98g
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */  
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */  
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 FILE *ficreseij;  
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
  FILE  *ficresvij;    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];  
     Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
 #define NR_END 1    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
 #define FREE_ARG char*    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  
     Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
 #define NRANSI    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 #define ITMAX 200    table of variances if popbased=1 .
     (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    (Module): Function pstamp added
     (Module): Version 0.98d
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660  
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
     table of variances if popbased=1 .
 #define GOLD 1.618034    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    (Module): Function pstamp added
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    (Module): Version 0.98d
   
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
    
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
   
 static double sqrarg;    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    filename with strsep.
   
 int imx;    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
 int stepm;    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
     allocation too.
 int estepm;  
 /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
     (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
 int m,nb;  
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
 double dateintmean=0;    can be a simple dot '.'.
   
 double *weight;    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
 int **s; /* Status */    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
     (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */  
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
     Gnuplot problem appeared...
 /**************** split *************************/    To be fixed
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )  
 {    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */  
     Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Some cleaning and links added in html output
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
 #ifdef windows    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    *** empty log message ***
 #else  
    s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
 #endif    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
       extern char       *getwd( );    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
     contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
 #else    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
       extern char       *getcwd( );  
     Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
 #endif  
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
       }    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */  
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    Fix on curr_time
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */  
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */  
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
    }    *** empty log message ***
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */  
 #ifdef windows    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
 #else    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
 #endif    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
    s++;    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */    from other sources like vital statistic data.
    l1= strlen( name);  
    l2= strlen( s)+1;    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);  
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
 }  
     The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
     the slope with 95% confident intervals.
 /******************************************/  
     Current limitations:
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
 {    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
   int i;    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
   lg=strlen(t);    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    suppressed.
     (s[i] = t[i]);  
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
   }    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
 }    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
 {    * imach.c (Repository):
   int i,j=0;    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
   int lg=20;    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(s);    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Just cleaning
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;  
   }    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   return j;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 }    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
     (Module): Version 0.96b
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   i=0;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {  
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
   }    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
     (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
   lg=strlen(t);    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
     (u[j] = t[j]);    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   }  
      u[p]='\0';    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
     (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   }  
 }    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
     (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
     of the covariance matrix to be input.
 void nrerror(char error_text[])  
 {    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);  
   exit(1);    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
 }    Version 0.96
 /*********************** vector *******************/  
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
 {    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
   double *v;    routine fileappend.
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
   return v-nl+NR_END;    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
 }    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
     prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
 /************************ free vector ******************/    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
 {    interview.
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
 }    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
     memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
 /************************ivector *******************************/    truncation)
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
 {  
   int *v;    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
   return v-nl+NR_END;    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
 }    parcimony.
     Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
 /******************free ivector **************************/  
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
 {    *** empty log message ***
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
     Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  */
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */  /*
 {     Interpolated Markov Chain
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;  
   int **m;    Short summary of the programme:
      
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   m += NR_END;    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
   m -= nrl;    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
      second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
      (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
      conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
      'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   return m;    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
 }    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
     convergence.
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/  
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
       int **m;    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
 {    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
 }    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
     split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
 {    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   double **m;    hPijx.
   
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
   m += NR_END;    
   m -= nrl;    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
              Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    from the European Union.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
     can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
   return m;    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
 }    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
     
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    **********************************************************************/
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  /*
 {    main
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    read parameterfile
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    read datafile
 }    concatwav
     freqsummary
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    if (mle >= 1)
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)      mlikeli
 {    print results files
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    if mle==1 
   double ***m;       computes hessian
     read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));        begin-prev-date,...
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    open gnuplot file
   m += NR_END;    open html file
   m -= nrl;    period (stable) prevalence
      for age prevalim()
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    h Pij x
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    variance of p varprob
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    health expectancies
     Variance-covariance of DFLE
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    prevalence()
      movingaverage()
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    varevsij() 
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    total life expectancies
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)   end
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;  */
    
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {  
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;  
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)   
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  #include <math.h>
   }  #include <stdio.h>
   return m;  #include <stdlib.h>
 }  #include <string.h>
   #include <unistd.h>
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)  #include <limits.h>
 {  #include <sys/types.h>
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));  #include <sys/stat.h>
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  #include <errno.h>
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  extern int errno;
 }  
   #include <sys/time.h>
 /***************** f1dim *************************/  /*
 extern int ncom;  #include <time.h>
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;  #include "timeval.h"
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);  
    #ifdef GSL
 double f1dim(double x)  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
 {  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
   int j;  #endif
   double f;  
   double *xt;  /* #include <libintl.h> */
    /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];  #define MAXLINE 256
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);  
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
   return f;  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
 }  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
   
 /*****************brent *************************/  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
 {  
   int iter;  #define MAXPARM 128 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   double a,b,d,etemp;  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  
   double ftemp;  #define NINTERVMAX 8
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   double e=0.0;  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
    #define NCOVMAX 20 /* Maximum number of covariates */
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);  #define MAXN 20000
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
   x=w=v=bx;  #define AGESUP 130
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  #define AGEBASE 40
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  #define AGEGOMP 10. /* Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  #ifdef UNIX
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
 #ifdef DEBUG  #else
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
 #endif  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  #endif
       *xmin=x;  
       return fx;  /* $Id$ */
     }  /* $State$ */
     ftemp=fu;  
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  char version[]="Imach version 0.98m, April 2010, INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite ";
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  char strstart[80];
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
       q=2.0*(q-r);  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
       q=fabs(q);  int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov=0; /* Number of covariates, of covariates with '*age' */
       etemp=e;  int npar=NPARMAX;
       e=d;  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
       else {  int popbased=0;
         d=p/q;  
         u=x+d;  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
       }  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
     } else {  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
     }  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
     fu=(*f)(u);  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
     if (fu <= fx) {  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
         } else {  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
             v=w;  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
             w=u;  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
             fv=fw;  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
             fw=fu;  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
             v=u;  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
             fv=fu;  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
           }  FILE *ficresilk;
         }  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   }  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   *xmin=x;  FILE *ficreseij;
   return fx;  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  FILE *ficresstdeij;
   char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  FILE *ficrescveij;
   char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,  FILE  *ficresvij;
             double (*func)(double))  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double fu;  char title[MAXLINE];
    char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
   if (*fb > *fa) {  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  int  outcmd=0;
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  
       }  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   while (*fb > *fc) {  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
       fu=(*func)(u);  struct timezone tzp;
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  extern int gettimeofday();
       fu=(*func)(u);  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
       if (fu < *fc) {  long time_value;
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  extern long time();
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
           }  
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  char *endptr;
       u=ulim;  long lval;
       fu=(*func)(u);  double dval;
     } else {  
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  #define NR_END 1
       fu=(*func)(u);  #define FREE_ARG char*
     }  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  #define NRANSI 
       }  #define ITMAX 200 
 }  
   #define TOL 2.0e-4 
 /*************** linmin ************************/  
   #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
 int ncom;  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
 double *pcom,*xicom;  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  
    #define GOLD 1.618034 
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
 {  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   double f1dim(double x);  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));    
   int j;  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   double fx,fb,fa;  
    static double sqrarg;
   ncom=n;  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   pcom=vector(1,n);  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   xicom=vector(1,n);  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   nrfunc=func;  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  int imx; 
     pcom[j]=p[j];  int stepm=1;
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   }  
   ax=0.0;  int estepm;
   xx=1.0;  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  int m,nb;
 #ifdef DEBUG  long *num;
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
 #endif  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double **pmmij, ***probs;
     xi[j] *= xmin;  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
     p[j] += xi[j];  double dateintmean=0;
   }  
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  double *weight;
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  int **s; /* Status */
 }  double *agedc, **covar, idx;
   int **nbcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
 /*************** powell ************************/  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  
             double (*func)(double []))  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
 {  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  
               double (*func)(double []));  /**************** split *************************/
   int i,ibig,j;  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  {
   double fp,fptt;    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
   double *xits;       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
   pt=vector(1,n);    */ 
   ptt=vector(1,n);    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
   xit=vector(1,n);    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
   xits=vector(1,n);  
   *fret=(*func)(p);    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
     fp=(*fret);    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
     ibig=0;      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
     del=0.0;      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)      /* get current working directory */
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
     printf("\n");      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];      }
       fptt=(*fret);      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
 #ifdef DEBUG      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
 #endif      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
         ibig=i;      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
       }      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
 #ifdef DEBUG    }
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
       }      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);    }
       printf("\n");    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
 #endif    if (ss >0){
     }      ss++;
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
 #ifdef DEBUG      l1= strlen( name);
       int k[2],l;      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
       k[0]=1;      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
       k[1]=-1;      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    }
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
       printf("\n");  }
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  /******************************************/
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  
         }  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  {
       }    int i;
 #endif    int lg=0;
     i=0;
     lg=strlen(t);
       free_vector(xit,1,n);    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       free_vector(xits,1,n);      (s[i] = t[i]);
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
       free_vector(pt,1,n);    }
       return;  }
     }  
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];    char *s;
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];    s=out;
       pt[j]=p[j];    while (*in != '\0'){
     }      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);        in++;
     if (fptt < fp) {      }
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);      *out++ = *in++;
       if (t < 0.0) {    }
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    *out='\0';
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    return s;
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  }
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  
         }  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
 #ifdef DEBUG  {
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
         printf("\n");       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
 #endif    */
       }    char *s, *t;
     }    t=in;s=in;
   }    while (*in != '\0'){
 }      while( *in == occ){
         *blocc++ = *in++;
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/        s=in;
       }
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)      *blocc++ = *in++;
 {    }
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
     else
   int i, ii,j,k;      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    in=s;
   double **matprod2();    while ( *in != '\0'){
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();      *alocc++ = *in++;
   double **newm;    }
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  
     *alocc='\0';
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    return s;
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  }
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
     }  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   {
    cov[1]=1.;    int i,j=0;
      int lg=20;
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    i=0;
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){    lg=strlen(s);
     newm=savm;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
      cov[2]=agefin;    }
      return j;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {  }
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
       }  /* { */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
   /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/  /*   i=0; */
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
   /*   } */
     savm=oldm;  
     oldm=newm;  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
     maxmax=0.;  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  /*   } */
       min=1.;  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
       max=0.;  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
         sumnew=0;  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  /*   } */
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  /* } */
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  /********************** nrerror ********************/
       }  
       maxmin=max-min;  void nrerror(char error_text[])
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  {
     }    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
       return prlim;    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }  }
   }  /*********************** vector *******************/
 }  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
   {
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/    double *v;
     v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
 {    return v-nl+NR_END;
   double s1, s2;  }
   /*double t34;*/  
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;  /************************ free vector ******************/
   void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  {
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  }
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  /************************ivector *******************************/
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
       }  {
       ps[i][j]=s2;    int *v;
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
     }    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    return v-nl+NR_END;
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  }
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  /******************free ivector **************************/
       }  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
       ps[i][j]=s2;  {
     }    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   }  }
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/  
   /************************lvector *******************************/
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
      s1=0;  {
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    long *v;
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    return v-nl+NR_END;
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  }
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  /******************free lvector **************************/
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  {
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   } /* end i */  }
   
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
       ps[ii][jj]=0;       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  { 
     }    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
   }    int **m; 
     
     /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);    m += NR_END; 
    }    m -= nrl; 
     printf("\n ");    
     }    
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
 /*    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
   goto end;*/    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
     return ps;    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
 }    
     for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/    
     /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)    return m; 
 {  } 
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns        int **m;
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
   long i, j, k;       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  { 
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  } 
   
   return out;  /******************* matrix *******************************/
 }  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   {
     long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/    double **m;
   
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
 {    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month    m += NR_END;
      duration (i.e. until    m -= nrl;
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be    m[nrl] += NR_END;
      included manually here.    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   
      */    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     return m;
   int i, j, d, h, k;    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];     */
   double **newm;  }
   
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  /*************************free matrix ************************/
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  {
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
     }  }
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
       newm=savm;  {
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
       cov[1]=1.;    double ***m;
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    m += NR_END;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    m -= nrl;
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  
     m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/    m[nrl] += NR_END;
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/    m[nrl] -= ncl;
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
       savm=oldm;  
       oldm=newm;    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     }    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
          */    
       }    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
   } /* end h */      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
   return po;      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
 }        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
     }
     return m; 
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
 double func( double *x)             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
 {    */
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  }
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  
   double **out;  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */  {
   long ipmx;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
   /*extern weight */    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  }
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
   */  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
   cov[1]=1.;  {
     /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){    return tmpout;
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  }
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
         newm=savm;  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  {
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {    
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
         }    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
            strcat(tmpout,"/");
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    strcat(tmpout,preop);
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
         savm=oldm;    return tmpout;
         oldm=newm;  }
          
          /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
       } /* end mult */  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
        {
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       ipmx +=1;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
       sw += weight[i];    strcat(tmpout,"/");
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     } /* end of wave */    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
   } /* end of individual */    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     return tmpout;
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  }
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  /***************** f1dim *************************/
   return -l;  extern int ncom; 
 }  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
    
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  double f1dim(double x) 
   { 
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))    int j; 
 {    double f;
   int i,j, iter;    double *xt; 
   double **xi,*delti;   
   double fret;    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    return f; 
   printf("Powell\n");  } 
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  
   /*****************brent *************************/
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  { 
     int iter; 
 }    double a,b,d,etemp;
     double fu,fv,fw,fx;
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/    double ftemp;
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
 {    double e=0.0; 
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;   
   double **hess;    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
   int i, j,jk;    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
   int *indx;    x=w=v=bx; 
     fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       printf(".");fflush(stdout);
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
   #ifdef DEBUG
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);  #endif
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/        *xmin=x; 
   }        return fx; 
        } 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {      ftemp=fu;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
       if (j>i) {        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];            q=2.0*(q-r); 
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
       }        q=fabs(q); 
     }        etemp=e; 
   }        e=d; 
   printf("\n");        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
           d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");        else { 
            d=p/q; 
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          u=x+d; 
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
   x=vector(1,npar);            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
   indx=ivector(1,npar);        } 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)      } else { 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);      } 
       u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {      fu=(*f)(u); 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;      if (fu <= fx) { 
     x[j]=1;        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];          } else { 
     }            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
   }            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
               v=w; 
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");              w=u; 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {              fv=fw; 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {              fw=fu; 
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
     }              v=u; 
     printf("\n");              fv=fu; 
   }            } 
           } 
   /* Recompute Inverse */    } 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];    *xmin=x; 
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    return fx; 
   } 
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");  
   /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
     x[j]=1;              double (*func)(double)) 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  { 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
       y[i][j]=x[i];    double fu; 
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);   
     }    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
     printf("\n");    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
   }    if (*fb > *fa) { 
   */      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
         SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);        } 
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
   free_vector(x,1,npar);    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);    while (*fb > *fc) { 
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
       q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
       u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
 }        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
       ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])        fu=(*func)(u); 
 {      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
   int i;        fu=(*func)(u); 
   int l=1, lmax=20;        if (fu < *fc) { 
   double k1,k2;          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
   double res;            } 
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
   double fx;        u=ulim; 
   int k=0,kmax=10;        fu=(*func)(u); 
   double l1;      } else { 
         u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
   fx=func(x);        fu=(*func)(u); 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];      } 
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
     l1=pow(10,l);        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
     delts=delt;        } 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){  } 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);  
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;  /*************** linmin ************************/
       k1=func(p2)-fx;  
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  int ncom; 
       k2=func(p2)-fx;  double *pcom,*xicom;
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */   
        void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
 #ifdef DEBUG  { 
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
 #endif                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */    double f1dim(double x); 
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
         k=kmax;                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
       }    int j; 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;    double fx,fb,fa;
       }   
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){    ncom=n; 
         delts=delt;    pcom=vector(1,n); 
       }    xicom=vector(1,n); 
     }    nrfunc=func; 
   }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   delti[theta]=delts;      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
   return res;      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
      } 
 }    ax=0.0; 
     xx=1.0; 
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
 {    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
   int i;  #ifdef DEBUG
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  #endif
   int k;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       xi[j] *= xmin; 
   fx=func(x);      p[j] += xi[j]; 
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {    } 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  } 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;  
    char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  {
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
     k2=func(p2)-fx;    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
      sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
     k3=func(p2)-fx;    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
      sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    sprintf(ascdiff,"%d day(s) %d hour(s) %d minute(s) %d second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    return ascdiff;
     k4=func(p2)-fx;  }
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */  
 #ifdef DEBUG  /*************** powell ************************/
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
 #endif              double (*func)(double [])) 
   }  { 
   return res;    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
 }                double (*func)(double [])); 
     int i,ibig,j; 
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)    double fp,fptt;
 {    double *xits;
   int i,imax,j,k;    int niterf, itmp;
   double big,dum,sum,temp;  
   double *vv;    pt=vector(1,n); 
      ptt=vector(1,n); 
   vv=vector(1,n);    xit=vector(1,n); 
   *d=1.0;    xits=vector(1,n); 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    *fret=(*func)(p); 
     big=0.0;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;      fp=(*fret); 
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");      ibig=0; 
     vv[i]=1.0/big;      del=0.0; 
   }      last_time=curr_time;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
       sum=a[i][j];      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); fflush(ficlog);
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); */
       a[i][j]=sum;     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
     }        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
     big=0.0;        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
       sum=a[i][j];      }
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)      printf("\n");
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       a[i][j]=sum;      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {      if(*iter <=3){
         big=dum;        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
         imax=i;        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
       }  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
     }        forecast_time=curr_time; 
     if (j != imax) {        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
         dum=a[imax][k];          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
         a[j][k]=dum;        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
       }        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
       *d = -(*d);          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
       vv[imax]=vv[j];          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
     }  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
     indx[j]=imax;          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;          itmp = strlen(strfor);
     if (j != n) {          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     }          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
   }        }
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */      }
 ;      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
 }        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
         fptt=(*fret); 
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])  #ifdef DEBUG
 {        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   double sum;  #endif
          printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
     ip=indx[i];        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
     sum=b[ip];        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
     b[ip]=b[i];          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
     if (ii)          ibig=i; 
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];        } 
     else if (sum) ii=i;  #ifdef DEBUG
     b[i]=sum;        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
   }        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     sum=b[i];          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   }        }
 }        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
 /************ Frequencies ********************/          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)        }
 {  /* Some frequencies */        printf("\n");
          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;  #endif
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */      } 
   double *pp;      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;  #ifdef DEBUG
   FILE *ficresp;        int k[2],l;
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];        k[0]=1;
          k[1]=-1;
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);        }
     exit(0);        printf("\n");
   }        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
   j1=0;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
              ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   j=cptcoveff;            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
            }
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
       j1++;        }
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);  #endif
         scanf("%d", i);*/  
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          free_vector(xit,1,n); 
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
              free_vector(pt,1,n); 
       dateintsum=0;        return; 
       k2cpt=0;      } 
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
         bool=1;      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         if  (cptcovn>0) {        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])        pt[j]=p[j]; 
               bool=0;      } 
         }      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
         if (bool==1) {      if (fptt < fp) { 
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);        if (t < 0.0) { 
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
               if (m<lastpass) {            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];          }
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];  #ifdef DEBUG
               }          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
                        fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
                 k2cpt++;            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
               }          }
             }          printf("\n");
           }          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }  #endif
       }        }
              } 
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    } 
   } 
       if  (cptcovn>0) {  
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);  
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
       }  {
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");  
          int i, ii,j,k;
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
         if(i==(int)agemax+3)    double **matprod2();
           printf("Total");    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
         else    double **newm;
           printf("Age %d", i);    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         }        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      }
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)  
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];     cov[1]=1.;
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)   
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
           else    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);      newm=savm;
         }      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
       cov[2]=agefin;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
         }        /*        printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
       }
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           pos += pp[jk];      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           if(pos>=1.e-5)      
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
           else      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
           if( i <= (int) agemax){      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
             if(pos>=1.e-5){      
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);      savm=oldm;
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;      oldm=newm;
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/      maxmax=0.;
             }      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
             else        min=1.;
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);        max=0.;
           }        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
         }          sumnew=0;
                  for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
         if(i <= (int) agemax)        }
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");        maxmin=max-min;
         printf("\n");        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
       }      }
     }      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
   }        return prlim;
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;      }
      }
   fclose(ficresp);  }
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
    
   /* End of Freq */  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
 }  {
     /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
 /************ Prevalence ********************/       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
 {  /* Some frequencies */       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
         and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
   double *pp;       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
   double pos, k2;       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
        sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
      */
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    double s1, lnpijopii;
   j1=0;    /*double t34;*/
      int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
   j=cptcoveff;  
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
          for(j=1; j<i;j++){
  for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
       j1++;            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
    /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)            }
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)            ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;        }
              for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
         bool=1;            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])          }
               bool=0;          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
         }        }
         if (bool==1) {      }
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){      
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {        s1=0;
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
               if (m<lastpass)          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
                 if (calagedate>0) freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];        }
               else        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
             }        }
           }        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
         }        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
       }        /* Computing other pijs */
         for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
           }        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      } /* end i */
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)      
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
         }        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
                  ps[ii][jj]=0;
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          ps[ii][ii]=1;
            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        }
              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];      }
          }      
            
          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];  /*        for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
   /*       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            /*         printf("ddd %lf ",ps[ii][jj]); */
            if( i <= (int) agemax){  /*       } */
              if(pos>=1.e-5){  /*       printf("\n "); */
                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;  /*        } */
              }  /*        printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]); */
            }         /*
          }        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
                  goto end;*/
         }      return ps;
     }  }
   }  
   /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
    
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  {
      /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
 }  /* End of Freq */       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
     /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
        a pointer to pointers identical to out */
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)    long i, j, k;
 {    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]  
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.    return out;
      */  }
   
   int i, mi, m;  
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/  
   double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;  {
   double sum=0.;    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
   jmin=1e+5;       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
   jmax=-1;       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
   jmean=0.;       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
     mi=0;       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
     m=firstpass;       for the memory).
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
       if(s[m][i]>=1)       included manually here. 
         mw[++mi][i]=m;  
       if(m >=lastpass)       */
         break;  
       else    int i, j, d, h, k;
         m++;    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     }/* end while */    double **newm;
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
          /* Only death is a correct wave */      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       mw[mi][i]=m;        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     }        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
     wav[i]=mi;    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     if(mi==0)    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
   }        newm=savm;
         /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){        cov[1]=1.;
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
       if (stepm <=0)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
         dh[mi][i]=1;          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
       else{        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */  
           k=k+1;  
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
           sum=sum+j;        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           }        savm=oldm;
         }        oldm=newm;
         else{      }
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
           k=k+1;        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */        }
           sum=sum+j;      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
         }    } /* end h */
         jk= j/stepm;  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
         jl= j -jk*stepm;    return po;
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;  }
         if(jl <= -ju)  
           dh[mi][i]=jk;  
         else  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;  double func( double *x)
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)  {
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
       }    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     }    double **out;
   }    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   jmean=sum/k;    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);    int s1, s2;
  }    double bbh, survp;
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/    long ipmx;
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)    /*extern weight */
 {    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   int cptcode=0;    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   cptcoveff=0;      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
      */
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;    cov[1]=1.;
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;  
     for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {  
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    if(mle==1){
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       Ndum[ij]++;        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
     }           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
          */
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
     }           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
     ij=1;           has been calculated etc */
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;            }
                    for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
           ij++;            newm=savm;
         }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       }                cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
     }            }
   }              out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;            savm=oldm;
             oldm=newm;
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {          } /* end mult */
       ij=Tvar[i];        
       Ndum[ij]++;          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
     }          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
            * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
  ij=1;           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
      ij++;           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
    }           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
  }           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
             * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
     cptcoveff=ij-1;           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
 }           */
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
            * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
 {           */
   /* Health expectancies */          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   double age, agelim, hf;            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
   double ***p3mat,***varhe;               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
   double **dnewm,**doldm;               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
   double *xp;               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
   double **gp, **gm;               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
   int theta;          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
           health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
   xp=vector(1,npar);          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
            the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
           mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
   if(estepm < stepm){          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);          lower mortality.
   }            */
   else  hstepm=estepm;              lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months  
    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example  
    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them          } else if  (s2==-2) {
    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
    * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months            lli= log(survp);
    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear          }
    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise          
    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */          else if  (s2==-4) { 
             for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.            lli= log(survp); 
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim          } 
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.  
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size          else if  (s2==-5) { 
      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it            lli= log(survp); 
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if          } 
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same          
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.          else{
   */            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
           } 
   agelim=AGESUP;          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);          ipmx +=1;
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */          sw += weight[i];
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */        } /* end of wave */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      } /* end of individual */
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);    }  else if(mle==2){
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);                oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             }
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
     /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){            }
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);              savm=oldm;
              oldm=newm;
       cptj=0;          } /* end mult */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){        
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           cptj=cptj+1;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
           }          ipmx +=1;
         }          sw += weight[i];
       }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
              } /* end of wave */
            } /* end of individual */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
              for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       cptj=0;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           cptj=cptj+1;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){            }
             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
           }            newm=savm;
         }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       }            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                    cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
                }
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){            savm=oldm;
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];            oldm=newm;
         }          } /* end mult */
         
      }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
              s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 /* End theta */          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);          ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)        } /* end of wave */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      } /* end of individual */
         trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){            }
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);            newm=savm;
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
       }            }
     }          
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                               1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     /* Computing expectancies */            savm=oldm;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            oldm=newm;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          } /* end mult */
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){        
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
                    s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
         }          }else{
             lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );          }
     cptj=0;          ipmx +=1;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          sw += weight[i];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         cptj++;  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );        } /* end of wave */
       }      } /* end of individual */
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
          for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   }              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);            }
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);            newm=savm;
   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
 }            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
 /************ Variance ******************/            }
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm)          
 {            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   /* Variance of health expectancies */                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/            savm=oldm;
   double **newm;            oldm=newm;
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          } /* end mult */
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;        
   int k, cptcode;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   double *xp;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   double **gp, **gm;          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;          ipmx +=1;
   double ***p3mat;          sw += weight[i];
   double age,agelim, hf;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   int theta;          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
         } /* end of wave */
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");      } /* end of individual */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");    } /* End of if */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");    return -l;
   }
   xp=vector(1,npar);  
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  double funcone( double *x)
    {
   if(estepm < stepm){    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   }    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   else  hstepm=estepm;      double **out;
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.    double llt;
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim    int s1, s2;
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.    double bbh, survp;
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size    /*extern weight */
      and note for a fixed period like k years */    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same    */
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.    cov[1]=1.;
   */  
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   agelim = AGESUP;  
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           }
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          newm=savm;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       }          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          }
           out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       if (popbased==1) {                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          savm=oldm;
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];          oldm=newm;
       }        } /* end mult */
          
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];        /* bias is positive if real duration
         }         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
       }         */
            if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        } else if  (s2==-2) {
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
            lli= log(survp);
       if (popbased==1) {        }else if (mle==1){
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];        } else if(mle==2){
       }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
         } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
         }          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
       }          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
         } /* End of if */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)        ipmx +=1;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        sw += weight[i];
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         }        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     } /* End theta */        if(globpr){
           fprintf(ficresilk,"%9d %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
                   num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
           }
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        }
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)      } /* end of wave */
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;    } /* end of individual */
     for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);      gipmx=ipmx;
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      gsw=sw;
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    }
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;    return -l;
       }  }
     }  
   
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );  /*************** function likelione ***********/
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  {
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
       }       the selection of individuals/waves and
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);       Plotting could be done.
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);     */
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);    int k;
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
   } /* End age */      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
        strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
       }
 }      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
       fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
 {        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/    }
   double **newm;  
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;    if(*globpri !=0){
   int k, cptcode;      fclose(ficresilk);
   double *xp;      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
   double *gp, *gm;      fflush(fichtm); 
   double **gradg, **trgradg;    } 
   double age,agelim;    return;
   int theta;  }
      
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");  
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");  {
     int i,j, iter;
   xp=vector(1,npar);    double **xi;
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    double fret;
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
      /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   agelim = AGESUP;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
     }
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
       }        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
      
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    fclose(ficrespow);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  }
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  
     } /* End theta */  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  {
     double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double **hess;
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    int i, j,jk;
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    int *indx;
   
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    double gompertz(double p[]);
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);     
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);      
   } /* End age */      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
           printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    }
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
 }        if (j>i) { 
           printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
 {          
   int i, j, i1, k1, j1, z1;          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
   int k=0, cptcode;          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        }
   double *xp;      }
   double *gp, *gm;    }
   double **gradg, **trgradg;    printf("\n");
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   int theta;  
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");    
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);    x=vector(1,npar);
   }    indx=ivector(1,npar);
   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
        for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
 fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and standard deviation in parentheses\n");    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++)      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);      x[j]=1;
       lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
       }
     }
   xp=vector(1,npar);  
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
   cov[1]=1;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
   j=cptcoveff;        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
   j1=0;      }
   for(k1=1; k1<=1;k1++){      printf("\n");
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     j1++;    }
   
     if  (cptcovn>0) {    /* Recompute Inverse */
       fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
       fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
     }  
        /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){  
         cov[2]=age;    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];      x[j]=1;
                lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
         }      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];        y[i][j]=x[i];
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
              }
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);      printf("\n");
         trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    }
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    */
      
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    free_vector(x,1,npar);
              free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
            
           k=0;  
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){  }
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){  
               k=k+1;  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
             }  {
           }    int i;
              int l=1, lmax=20;
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)    double k1,k2;
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
        double res;
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
           k=0;    double fx;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    int k=0,kmax=10;
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    double l1;
               k=k+1;  
               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    fx=func(x);
             }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
           }    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
            l1=pow(10,l);
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)      delts=delt;
             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];        for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
         }        delt = delta*(l1*k);
         p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)        k1=func(p2)-fx;
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        k2=func(p2)-fx;
                /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);        
          #ifdef DEBUGHESS
         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
                fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
         k=0;  #endif
         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
             k=k+1;          k=kmax;
             gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];        }
           }        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
         }          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
              }
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){          delts=delt;
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));        }
      }*/      }
     }
         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);    delti[theta]=delts;
     return res; 
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++)    
           fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e (%.3e) ",gm[i],sqrt(doldm[i][i]));  }
    
       }  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
     }  {
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    int i;
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
   }    int k;
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);  
   fclose(ficresprob);    fx=func(x);
      for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
 }      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \      k1=func(p2)-fx;
  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\    
  int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[], \      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
  char optionfilehtm[],char rfileres[], char optionfilegnuplot[],\      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
  char version[], int popforecast, int estepm ){      k2=func(p2)-fx;
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;    
   FILE *fichtm;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
       k3=func(p2)-fx;
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);    
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);      k4=func(p2)-fx;
   }      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
   #ifdef DEBUG
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
 \n  #endif
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n    }
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n    return res;
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">  }
  <ul><li>Outputs files<br>\n  
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
  - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n  { 
  - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n    int i,imax,j,k; 
  - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);    double *vv; 
    
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n    vv=vector(1,n); 
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n    *d=1.0; 
   - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
  - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n      big=0.0; 
  - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
  - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
       if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n    } 
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
  else        sum=a[i][j]; 
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
 fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");        a[i][j]=sum; 
       } 
  m=cptcoveff;      big=0.0; 
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
  jj1=0;        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){        a[i][j]=sum; 
        jj1++;        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
        if (cptcovn > 0) {          big=dum; 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");          imax=i; 
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)        } 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);      } 
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");      if (j != imax) { 
        }        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>          dum=a[imax][k]; 
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);              a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){          a[j][k]=dum; 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>        } 
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);        *d = -(*d); 
        }        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {      } 
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident      indx[j]=imax; 
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);        if (j != n) { 
      }        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>      } 
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);    } 
      }    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and  ;
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>  } 
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);  
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
    }  { 
    }    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
 fclose(fichtm);    double sum; 
 }   
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/      ip=indx[i]; 
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){      sum=b[ip]; 
       b[ip]=b[i]; 
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;      if (ii) 
         for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);      else if (sum) ii=i; 
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp.txt");      b[i]=sum; 
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {    } 
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
   }      sum=b[i]; 
       for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
 #ifdef windows      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);    } 
 #endif  } 
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);  
    void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
  /* 1eme*/  {
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {  }
   
      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  /************ Frequencies ********************/
   void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  {  /* Some frequencies */
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
 }    int first;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    double *pp, **prop;
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }    
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
 }      if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      exit(0);
    }    }
   }    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
   /*2 eme*/    j1=0;
     
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    j=cptcoveff;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
      
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {    first=1;
       k=2*i;  
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        j1++;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
 }            scanf("%d", i);*/
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
 }          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");          prop[i][m]=0;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {        dateintsum=0;
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        k2cpt=0;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
 }            bool=1;
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");          if  (cptcovn>0) {
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
     }              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);                bool=0;
   }          }
            if (bool==1){
   /*3eme*/            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
               k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
       /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);                if (m<lastpass) {
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);                }
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");                
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
                   dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
 */                  k2cpt++;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {                }
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);                /*}*/
             }
       }          }
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);        }
     }         
     }        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
          pstamp(ficresp);
   /* CV preval stat */        if  (cptcovn>0) {
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
       k=3;          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);        }
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);        
              for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;          if(i==iagemax+3){
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {          }else{
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;            if(first==1){
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);              first=0;
       }              printf("See log file for details...\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);              }
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
     }          }
   }            for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
   /* proba elementaires */              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){          }
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       if (k != i) {            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
                    if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);              if(first==1){
           jk++;                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");              }
         }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
       }            }else{
     }              if(first==1)
     }                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {            }
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);          }
    i=1;  
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
      k3=i;            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
        if (k != k2){          }       
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
 ij=1;            pos += pp[jk];
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {            posprop += prop[jk][i];
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {          }
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             ij++;            if(pos>=1.e-5){
           }              if(first==1)
           else                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
         }            }else{
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");              if(first==1)
                        printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){                fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);            }
 ij=1;            if( i <= iagemax){
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){              if(pos>=1.e-5){
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
             ij++;                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
           }              }
           else              else
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
           }            }
           fprintf(ficgp,")");          }
         }          
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
         i=i+ncovmodel;              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
        }              if(first==1)
      }                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
    }                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);              }
    }          if(i <= iagemax)
                fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
   fclose(ficgp);          if(first==1)
 }  /* end gnuplot */            printf("Others in log...\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
 /*************** Moving average **************/      }
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){    }
     dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
   int i, cpt, cptcod;   
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)    fclose(ficresp);
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
        /* End of Freq */
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){  }
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){  
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){  /************ Prevalence ********************/
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];  {  
           }    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
         }       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
       }    */
     }   
        int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
 }    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     double *pp, **prop;
     double pos,posprop; 
 /************** Forecasting ******************/    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){    int iagemin, iagemax;
    
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;    iagemin= (int) agemin;
   int *popage;    iagemax= (int) agemax;
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
   double ***p3mat;    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];    j1=0;
     
  agelim=AGESUP;    j=cptcoveff;
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
        for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
          j1++;
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");        
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);            prop[i][m]=0.0;
   }       
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
           bool=1;
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;          if  (cptcovn>0) {
             for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   if (mobilav==1) {              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);                bool=0;
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);          } 
   }          if (bool==1) { 
             for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                  if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
   agelim=AGESUP;                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                  if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
   hstepm=1;                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   anprojmean=yp;                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);                } 
   mprojmean=yp;              }
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);            } /* end selection of waves */
   jprojmean=yp;          }
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;        }
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
            
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
              posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){          } 
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){  
       k=k+1;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
       }              } else
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");                printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");            } 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);          }/* end jk */ 
              }/* end i */ 
            } /* end i1 */
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {    } /* end k1 */
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");    
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);      /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
     /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);  }  /* End of prevalence */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  
            /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);    {
            /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
             }       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {       */
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;  
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                  int i, mi, m;
                 if (mobilav==1)    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
                 else {    int first;
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
                 }    double sum=0.;
                    first=0;
               }    jmin=1e+5;
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){    jmax=-1;
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);    jmean=0.;
                            for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
               }      mi=0;
             }      m=firstpass;
           }      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
         }          mw[++mi][i]=m;
       }        if(m >=lastpass)
     }          break;
   }        else
                  m++;
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      }/* end while */
       if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
   fclose(ficresf);        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
 }        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
 /************** Forecasting ******************/           /* Only death is a correct wave */
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){        mw[mi][i]=m;
        }
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;  
   int *popage;      wav[i]=mi;
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;      if(mi==0){
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;        nbwarn++;
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;        if(first==0){
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
           first=1;
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        }
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        if(first==1){
   agelim=AGESUP;          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;        }
        } /* end mi==0 */
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    } /* End individuals */
    
      for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);        if (stepm <=0)
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {          dh[mi][i]=1;
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);        else{
   }          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
               j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
               else if(j<0){
   if (mobilav==1) {                nberr++;
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
   }                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;              }
                k=k+1;
   agelim=AGESUP;              if (j >= jmax){
                  jmax=j;
   hstepm=1;                ijmax=i;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;              }
                if (j <= jmin){
   if (popforecast==1) {                jmin=j;
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {                ijmin=i;
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);              }
     }              sum=sum+j;
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);            }
              }
     i=1;            else{
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
      /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
     imx=i;  
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];            k=k+1;
   }            if (j >= jmax) {
               jmax=j;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){              ijmax=i;
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){            }
       k=k+1;            else if (j <= jmin){
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");              jmin=j;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {              ijmin=i;
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);            }
       }            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");            if(j<0){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);              nberr++;
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                    fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {            }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);              sum=sum+j;
                  }
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){          jk= j/stepm;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);          jl= j -jk*stepm;
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
                    if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            if(jl==0){
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              dh[mi][i]=jk;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);                bh[mi][i]=0;
                    }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){                    * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);              bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }            }
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {          }else{
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;            if(jl <= -ju){
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                            dh[mi][i]=jk;
                 if (mobilav==1)              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
                 else {                                   */
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];            }
                 }            else{
               }              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){              bh[mi][i]=ju;
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;            }
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
               }              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
             }              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){            }
               kk1=0.;          } /* end if mle */
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){        }
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];      } /* end wave */
                 }    }
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];    jmean=sum/k;
             }    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)   }
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);  
           }  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
         }  {
       }    /* Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
      /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 */
   /******/  
     int Ndum[20],ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);      cptcoveff=0; 
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){   
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again */
            
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) { /* For each covariate j */
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);                                   modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {                                        modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);        Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
             }        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {        if (ij > modmaxcovj) modmaxcovj=ij; 
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                         (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];               female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
               }      }
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);      /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
             }      for (i=0; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each modality of model-cov j */
           }        if( Ndum[i] != 0 )
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          ncodemax[j]++; 
         }        /* Number of modalities of the j th covariate. In fact
       }           ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
    }           historical reasons */
   }      } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
    
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
       ij=1; 
   if (popforecast==1) {      for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous */
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);        for (k=0; k<= modmaxcovj; k++) { /* k=-1 ? NCOVMAX*//* maxncov or modmaxcovj */
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);          if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
   }                                       k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);                                       then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            ij++;
   fclose(ficrespop);          }
 }          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
         }  /* end of loop on */
 /***********************************************/      } /* end of loop on modality */ 
 /**************** Main Program *****************/    } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
 /***********************************************/    
     for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])    
 {    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */
      /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;     Ndum[ij]++;
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;   }
   
   double fret;   ij=1;
   double **xi,tmp,delta;   for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
      if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
   double ***p3mat;       ij++;
   int *indx;     }
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];   }
   char title[MAXLINE];   ij--;
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of simple covariates*/
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];  }
    
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];  void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];  
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];  {
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];    /* Health expectancies, no variances */
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
   int c,  h , cpt,l;    double age, agelim, hf;
   int ju,jl, mi;    double ***p3mat;
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;    double eip;
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;  
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;    pstamp(ficreseij);
   int hstepm, nhstepm;    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   double ftolpl=FTOL;        fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
   double **prlim;      }
   double *severity;      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */    }
   double  *p;    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */  
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */    
   double *delti; /* Scale */    if(estepm < stepm){
   double ***eij, ***vareij;      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */    }
   double *epj, vepp;    else  hstepm=estepm;   
   double kk1, kk2;    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
       * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.8a, May 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
   char z[1]="c", occ;     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
 #include <sys/time.h>     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
 #include <time.h>  
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
      /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
   /* long total_usecs;       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
         Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
   getcwd(pathcd, size);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
   printf("\n%s",version);       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
   if(argc <=1){       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     scanf("%s",pathtot);    */
   }    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   else{  
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);    agelim=AGESUP;
   }    /* If stepm=6 months */
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/      
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/  /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
   chdir(path);    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
   replace(pathc,path);    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
   strcpy(fileres,"r");      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
   /*---------arguments file --------*/      /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);      
     goto end;      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
   }      
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   strcpy(filereso,"o");      
   strcat(filereso,fileres);      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;      
   }      /* Computing expectancies */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            
     puts(line);            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }          }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);        eip=0;
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        }
     puts(line);        fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
     fputs(line,ficparo);      }
   }      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      
      }
        free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);    printf("\n");
   cptcovn=0;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;    
   }
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;  
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
    
   /* Read guess parameters */  {
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){     to initial status i, ei. .
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     puts(line);    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     fputs(line,ficparo);    double age, agelim, hf;
   }    double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
      double *xp, *xm;
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    double **gp, **gm;
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){    int theta;
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);  
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    double eip, vip;
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);  
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);    xp=vector(1,npar);
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);    xm=vector(1,npar);
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
       }    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");    
       printf("\n");    pstamp(ficresstdeij);
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
     }    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
   p=param[1][1];      fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
      }
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    pstamp(ficrescveij);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
     puts(line);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
     fputs(line,ficparo);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);          for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */            cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){            if(cptj2 <= cptj)
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          }
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      }
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);    if(estepm < stepm){
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);    }
       }    else  hstepm=estepm;   
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
       printf("\n");     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
     }     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
   }     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
   delti=delti3[1][1];     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
       * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
     ungetc(c,ficpar);     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     fputs(line,ficparo);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
   }       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
         Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     printf("%s",str);       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);    */
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);  
     }    /* If stepm=6 months */
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     printf("\n");    agelim=AGESUP;
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
   }    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];    
        p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   printf("\n");    p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/    gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */    gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/  
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     }      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);  
          /* If stepm=6 months */
     /*-------- data file ----------*/      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;      
     }      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   
     n= lastobs;      /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);      /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);         decrease memory allocation */
     num=ivector(1,n);      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     moisnais=vector(1,n);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
     annais=vector(1,n);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);          xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     andc=vector(1,n);        }
     agedc=vector(1,n);        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     cod=ivector(1,n);        hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     weight=vector(1,n);    
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);              gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);                  gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);            }
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);          }
         }
     i=1;       
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {        for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
                    gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){          }
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);      }/* End theta */
           strcpy(line,stra);      
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
                  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);       for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
           varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
         }       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         num[i]=atol(stra);        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
                  matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/          for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
         i=i+1;              varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
       }        }
     }      }
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);  
        scanf("%d",i);*/      /* Computing expectancies */
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */      hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;            
     }*/            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){  
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;          }
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/  
        fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/        eip=0.;
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);        vip=0.;
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);          eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);          for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
   Tage=ivector(1,15);                  vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
              fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
   if (strlen(model) >1){        }
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;        fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
     j=nbocc(model,'+');      }
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
     cptcovn=j+1;  
     cptcovprod=j1;      fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     strcpy(modelsav,model);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){          cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);          for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
       goto end;            for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
     }              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
                  if(cptj2 <= cptj)
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){                fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');            }
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);        }
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/      fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/     
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {    }
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');    free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
           cptcovprod--;    free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');    free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           cptcovage++;    free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;    printf("\n");
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }  
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {    free_vector(xm,1,npar);
           cptcovprod--;    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
           cptcovage++;    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;  }
         }  
         else {  /************ Variance ******************/
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;  {
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');    /* Variance of health expectancies */
           Tprod[k1]=i;    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);    /* double **newm;*/
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)    int k, cptcode;
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];    double *xp;
           k1++;    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
           k2=k2+2;    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
         }    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
       }    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
       else {    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/    double ***p3mat;
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/    double age,agelim, hf;
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');    double ***mobaverage;
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);    int theta;
       }    char digit[4];
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);      char digitp[25];
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);  
         scanf("%d",i);*/    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
     }  
 }    if(popbased==1){
        if(mobilav!=0)
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
   scanf("%d ",i);*/    }
     fclose(fic);    else 
       strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
     /*  if(mle==1){*/  
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/    if (mobilav!=0) {
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    }
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {  
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
          anint[m][i]=9999;    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
          s[m][i]=-1;    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
        }    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
       }    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
     }    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);    }
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
         if(s[m][i] >0){   
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
             if(agedc[i]>0)    pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
            else {      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
               if (andc[i]!=9999){      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
               agev[m][i]=-1;    }  
               }    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
             }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
           }    /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)  /*   } */
               agev[m][i]=1;    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){    pstamp(ficresvij);
               agemin=agev[m][i];    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/    if(popbased==1)
             }      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){    else
               agemax=agev[m][i];      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
             }    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
           }    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
           else { /* =9 */  
             agev[m][i]=1;    xp=vector(1,npar);
             s[m][i]=-1;    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
           }    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
         }    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
         else /*= 0 Unknown */    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           agev[m][i]=1;  
       }    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
        gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     }    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {    if(estepm < stepm){
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");        printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
           goto end;    }
         }    else  hstepm=estepm;   
       }    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     }    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
     free_vector(annais,1,n);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/    */
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     free_vector(andc,1,n);    agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
          nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
     wav=ivector(1,imx);      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
          gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     /* Concatenates waves */      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);  
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
       ncodemax[1]=1;        }
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
              prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);  
    h=0;        if (popbased==1) {
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);          if(mobilav ==0){
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
            h++;          }
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;        }
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/    
          }        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
        }          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
      }            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
    }              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);          }
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */        }
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);           as a weighted average of prlim.
       }        */
       printf("\n");        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       }          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
       scanf("%d",i);*/            gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
            }    
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age        /* end probability of death */
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */  
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
              xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
            hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */   
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        if (popbased==1) {
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          if(mobilav ==0){
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                    prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
     if(mle==1){        }
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);  
     }        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
              for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
     /*--------- results files --------------*/            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
            }
         }
    jk=1;        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");           as a weighted average of prlim.
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        */
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
        if (k != i)          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
          {           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);        }    
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);        /* end probability of death */
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){  
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              jk++;            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
            }          }
            printf("\n");  
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
          }          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
      }        }
    }  
  if(mle==1){      } /* End theta */
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */  
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);  
  }      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){  
         if (j!=i) {      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);  
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
             jk++;      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           }        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           printf("\n");          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");  
         }      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
       }        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
      }          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
              matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
     k=1;          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
     printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){        }
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;      }
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;    
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);      /* pptj */
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
       printf("%3d",i);      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      /* end ppptj */
       }      /*  x centered again */
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       printf("\n");      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
       k++;   
     }      if (popbased==1) {
            if(mobilav ==0){
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       ungetc(c,ficpar);            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
       puts(line);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       fputs(line,ficparo);            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
     }        }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      }
     estepm=0;               
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
     if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
     if (fage <= 2) {         as a weighted average of prlim.
       bage = ageminpar;      */
       fage = agemaxpar;      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     }        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
              gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");      }    
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);      /* end probability of death */
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);  
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     puts(line);          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
     fputs(line,ficparo);        }
   }      } 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
    
   fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
   fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
  fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     puts(line);      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     fputs(line,ficparo);      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
   }      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
      } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;    free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);    fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);      /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);      fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     puts(line);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fputs(line,ficparo);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);  */
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     puts(line);    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     fputs(line,ficparo);    free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   }    if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);    fflush(fichtm); 
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);  }  /* end varevsij */
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);  
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/    /* Variance of prevalence limit */
  printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
      double **newm;
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/    double **dnewm,**doldm;
  chdir(path);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
      int k, cptcode;
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);    double *xp;
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    double *gp, *gm;
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      double **gradg, **trgradg;
  free_ivector(num,1,n);    double age,agelim;
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);    int theta;
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/    
  fclose(ficparo);    pstamp(ficresvpl);
  fclose(ficres);    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
   printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm,rfileres,optionfilegnuplot,version,popforecast,estepm);    fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
      xp=vector(1,npar);
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
      doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");    
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;    agelim = AGESUP;
   }    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
        gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        }
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   k=0;        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   agebase=ageminpar;          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
   agelim=agemaxpar;      
   ftolpl=1.e-10;        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
   i1=cptcoveff;          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  
         k=k+1;        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");      } /* End theta */
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");  
              for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );  
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
         }      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       }      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     }        varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   fclose(ficrespl);  
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
          fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
   }      free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
      } /* End age */
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;  
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   agelim=AGESUP;    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */  
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  }
    
   k=0;  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  {
       k=k+1;    int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    int k=0,l, cptcode;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    int first=1, first1;
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");    double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
            double **dnewm,**doldm;
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */    double *xp;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    double *gp, *gm;
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    double **gradg, **trgradg;
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    double **mu;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");    int theta;
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");  
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    double ***varpij;
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );  
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);    if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
              }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    }
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
         }    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     }    if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
   }      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
   varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);    }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
   fclose(ficrespij);    strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){    }
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);    printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
   }    printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
   else{    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     erreur=108;    printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);    fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
   }    pstamp(ficresprob);
      fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
   strcpy(filerest,"t");    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
   strcat(filerest,fileres);    pstamp(ficresprobcor);
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   }  
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   strcpy(filerese,"e");        fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
   strcat(filerese,fileres);        fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {        fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);      }  
   }   /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");   */
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);    xp=vector(1,npar);
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
   }    mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
   calagedate=-1;    first=1;
 prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
   k=0;    fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){  
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
       k=k+1;    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");    file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");   They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");  It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");   Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");  To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    cov[1]=1;
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");    tj=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    j1=0;
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);        for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ 
          j1++;
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);        if  (cptcovn>0) {
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
        varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
              fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);          
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);          fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){          
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);          
         if (popbased==1) {          fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];          fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
         }          
                  fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {        }
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];        
             /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           }          cov[2]=age;
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
         }            cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
           }
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)          for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];            cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));          
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){          gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));          trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         }          gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
       }      
     }          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   }            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
 free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);              xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);            
     free_vector(weight,1,n);            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
   fclose(ficreseij);            
   fclose(ficresvij);            k=0;
   fclose(ficrest);            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
   fclose(ficpar);              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);                k=k+1;
                  gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/                }
             }
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");            
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {              xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);      
     exit(0);            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
   }            k=0;
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);            for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   k=0;                k=k+1;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){                gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){              }
       k=k+1;            }
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");       
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);              gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");          }
        
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);              trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
     }          
  }          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   fclose(ficresvpl);          free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/          free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
    
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          
            k=0;
            for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              k=k+1;
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            }
            }
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);          for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);            for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);              varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);  
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
   if(erreur >0)            for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);            printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
   else   printf("End of Imach\n");            fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */            }*/
    
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/          fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/          fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   /*------ End -----------*/          fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
  end:            fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/            fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/            fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/          }
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/          i=0;
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);          for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
  strcat(plotcmd," ");            for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);              i=i++;
  system(plotcmd);              fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
  /*#ifdef windows*/              for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
   while (z[0] != 'q') {                fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
     /* chdir(path); */                fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");              }
     scanf("%s",z);            }
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");          }/* end of loop for state */
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);        } /* end of loop for age */
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);  
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);        /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
   }        /*
   /*#endif */          fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
 }          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       printf("Error: One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Continuing by making them positive: WRONG RESULTS.\n", lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Error: One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e\n", lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12);fflush(ficlog);
                       lc1=fabs(lc1);
                       lc2=fabs(lc2);
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
       } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d1.png\">%s%d1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d2.png\">%s%d2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Period (stable) prevalence in each health state : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m0,cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
      for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
   
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small\n set log y\n"); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i, j, n;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       for (j=0; line[j]!='\0';j++){
         line[j]=linetmp[j];
       }
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %ld, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %ld, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs)
   {
     int i, j, k;
     int i1, j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
      char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovn=j+1; /* Number of covariates V1+V2*age+V3 =>(2 plus signs) + 1=3 
                     but the covariates which are product must be computed and stored. */
       cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       for(k=cptcovn; k>=1;k--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 
                                       */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V'); /* stre="V3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=2 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1;  /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovn=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovn=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     endread:
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
     /* ncovprod */
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guess parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8); /* hard coded ? */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,15); 
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2); /* For V3*V2 Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,15); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
         
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of 
                                    the estimations*/
     h=0;
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate */
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) {
               h=1;
               codtab[h][k]=j;
               codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
             }
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #elsedef
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #elsedef
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
       /*  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);*/
       /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       pstamp(ficrespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
       ftolpl=1.e-10;
       i1=cptcoveff;
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /* to clean */
           printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtab[cptcod][cptcov],nbcode);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
           
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   
             /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
   
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart);   fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         }
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    endfree:
     free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.41.2.1  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.140


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