Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.41 and 1.146

version 1.41, 2002/05/07 15:53:01 version 1.146, 2014/06/16 10:20:28
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
      Summary: Merge
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from    Author: Brouard
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a  
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    Merge, before building revised version.
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the  
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    Summary: Debugging with valgrind
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a  
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the    improve the code.
   probability to be observed in state j at the second wave    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    the source code.
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites  
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
   convergence.    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
   
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an  
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
   
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be  
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx  
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   hPijx.  
     Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
    
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    *** empty log message ***
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action  
   from the European Union.    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .  
   **********************************************************************/    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
      (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
 #include <math.h>    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
 #include <stdio.h>    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
 #include <stdlib.h>    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
 #include <unistd.h>  
     Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
 #define MAXLINE 256    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "wgnuplot"  
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 /*#define DEBUG*/  
 #define windows    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    just nforces
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */  
     Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    Many tings
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */  
     Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    Some dimensions resccaled
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */  
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
 #define MAXN 20000    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
 #define AGESUP 130  
 #define AGEBASE 40    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
     Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
   
 int erreur; /* Error number */    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
 int nvar;    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;  
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 int popbased=0;    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
     compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    computation.
 int mle, weightopt;    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */  
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;    Version 0.98h
 FILE *ficreseij;  
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
  FILE  *ficresvij;    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    Forecasting file added.
  FILE  *ficresvpl;  
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
     Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 #define NR_END 1    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 #define FREE_ARG char*  
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
     * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
 #define NRANSI    name. <head> headers where missing.
 #define ITMAX 200  
     * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
     otherwise the weight is truncated).
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    1.
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    Version 0.98g
   
 #define GOLD 1.618034    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
     otherwise the weight is truncated).
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    1.
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Version 0.98g
    
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
   
 static double sqrarg;    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   
 int imx;    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
 int stepm;    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
     not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 int estepm;  
 /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
     (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
 int m,nb;    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;  
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 double dateintmean=0;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
     (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 double *weight;    (Module): Function pstamp added
 int **s; /* Status */    (Module): Version 0.98d
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
     (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     (Module): Function pstamp added
 /**************** split *************************/    (Module): Version 0.98d
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )  
 {    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
   
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
 #ifdef windows  
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
 #else    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
    s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */    filename with strsep.
 #endif  
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
       extern char       *getwd( );    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
     allocation too.
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {  
 #else    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
       extern char       *getcwd( );    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
   
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
 #endif    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
       }    can be a simple dot '.'.
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */  
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */  
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */  
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
    }    Gnuplot problem appeared...
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    To be fixed
 #ifdef windows  
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
 #else    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }  
 #endif    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */    Some cleaning and links added in html output
    s++;  
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
    l1= strlen( name);    *** empty log message ***
    l2= strlen( s)+1;  
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
 }    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
     (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
     contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
 /******************************************/    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
     the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
 void replace(char *s, char*t)  
 {    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   int i;    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
   lg=strlen(t);    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
     (s[i] = t[i]);    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    Fix on curr_time
   }  
 }    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
     Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
   int i,j=0;    *** empty log message ***
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
   lg=strlen(s);    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
   }    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
   return j;    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 }    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
     from other sources like vital statistic data.
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   int i,lg,j,p=0;  
   i=0;    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;  
   }    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
     the slope with 95% confident intervals.
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    Current limitations:
     (u[j] = t[j]);    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
   }    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
      u[p]='\0';    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
   }    suppressed.
 }  
     Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
     rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
 void nrerror(char error_text[])  
 {    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    * imach.c (Repository):
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
   exit(1);    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
 }  
 /*********************** vector *******************/    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    Just cleaning
 {  
   double *v;    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   return v-nl+NR_END;    (Module): Version 0.96b
 }  
     Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
 /************************ free vector ******************/    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
 }    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
     (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
 /************************ivector *******************************/    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
 {    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   int *v;  
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
   return v-nl+NR_END;    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 }    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   
 /******************free ivector **************************/    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 {    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 }  
     Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
 {    Version 0.96
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;  
   int **m;    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
      (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    routine fileappend.
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
   m += NR_END;    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
   m -= nrl;    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
      prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
      was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    interview.
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
      truncation)
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
    
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
   return m;    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
 }    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
     many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    parcimony.
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
       int **m;  
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    *** empty log message ***
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
 }  
   */
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  /*
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)     Interpolated Markov Chain
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Short summary of the programme:
   double **m;    
     This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   m += NR_END;    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
   m -= nrl;    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
     second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
     simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
   return m;    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
 }    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
     'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
 {    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    convergence.
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
     multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
 {    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  
   double ***m;    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
     conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
   m += NR_END;    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
   m -= nrl;    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
     and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    hPijx.
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
     
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
              Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    from the European Union.
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;  
      Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    **********************************************************************/
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  /*
   }    main
   return m;    read parameterfile
 }    read datafile
     concatwav
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    freqsummary
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    if (mle >= 1)
 {      mlikeli
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    print results files
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    if mle==1 
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));       computes hessian
 }    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
         begin-prev-date,...
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    open gnuplot file
 extern int ncom;    open html file
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
                                      | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
 double f1dim(double x)      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
 {  
   int j;    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
   double f;     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
   double *xt;         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
           1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
   return f;     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
 }     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
   
 /*****************brent *************************/    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    health expectancies
 {    Variance-covariance of DFLE
   int iter;    prevalence()
   double a,b,d,etemp;     movingaverage()
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;    varevsij() 
   double ftemp;    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    total life expectancies
   double e=0.0;    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
     end
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);  */
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  
   x=w=v=bx;  
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {   
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  #include <math.h>
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);  #include <stdio.h>
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  #include <stdlib.h>
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  #include <string.h>
 #ifdef DEBUG  #include <unistd.h>
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  #include <limits.h>
 #endif  #include <sys/types.h>
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  #include <sys/stat.h>
       *xmin=x;  #include <errno.h>
       return fx;  extern int errno;
     }  
     ftemp=fu;  #ifdef LINUX
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  #include <time.h>
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  #include "timeval.h"
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  #else
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;  #include <sys/time.h>
       q=2.0*(q-r);  #endif
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;  
       q=fabs(q);  #ifdef GSL
       etemp=e;  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
       e=d;  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  #endif
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
       else {  /* #include <libintl.h> */
         d=p/q;  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
         u=x+d;  
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  
       }  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
     } else {  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
     }  
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
     fu=(*f)(u);  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
     if (fu <= fx) {  
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  
         } else {  #define NINTERVMAX 8
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
             v=w;  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
             w=u;  #define codtabm(h,k)  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
             fv=fw;  #define MAXN 20000
             fw=fu;  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {  #define AGESUP 130
             v=u;  #define AGEBASE 40
             fv=fu;  #define AGEGOMP 10. /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
           }  #ifdef UNIX
         }  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
   }  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   *xmin=x;  #else
   return fx;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
 }  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
   #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  #endif
   
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,  <<<<<<< imach.c
             double (*func)(double))  /* $Id$ */
 {  =======
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  /* $Id$ */
   double fu;  >>>>>>> 1.145
    /* $State$ */
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  <<<<<<< imach.c
   if (*fb > *fa) {  char version[]="Imach version 0.98nR2, January 2014,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121)";
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  =======
       }  char version[]="Imach version 0.98nR2, January 2014,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121)";
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  >>>>>>> 1.145
   while (*fb > *fc) {  char strstart[80];
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
       fu=(*func)(u);  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
       fu=(*func)(u);  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
       if (fu < *fc) {  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  int npar=NPARMAX;
           }  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
       u=ulim;  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
       fu=(*func)(u);  int popbased=0;
     } else {  
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
       fu=(*func)(u);  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
     }  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
       }                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
 }  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
   int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
 /*************** linmin ************************/  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
   int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
 int ncom;             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
 double *pcom,*xicom;  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  double **matprod2(); /* test */
    double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
 {  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
   double f1dim(double x);  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
   int j;  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double fx,fb,fa;  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
    FILE *ficresilk;
   ncom=n;  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   pcom=vector(1,n);  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
   xicom=vector(1,n);  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   nrfunc=func;  FILE *ficreseij;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
     pcom[j]=p[j];  FILE *ficresstdeij;
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  FILE *ficrescveij;
   ax=0.0;  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
   xx=1.0;  FILE  *ficresvij;
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  FILE  *ficresvpl;
 #ifdef DEBUG  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  char title[MAXLINE];
 #endif  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
     xi[j] *= xmin;  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
     p[j] += xi[j];  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  int  outcmd=0;
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  
   char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
 /*************** powell ************************/  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
             double (*func)(double []))  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
               double (*func)(double []));  
   int i,ibig,j;  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  struct timezone tzp;
   double fp,fptt;  extern int gettimeofday();
   double *xits;  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
   pt=vector(1,n);  long time_value;
   ptt=vector(1,n);  extern long time();
   xit=vector(1,n);  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
   xits=vector(1,n);  
   *fret=(*func)(p);  char *endptr;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  long lval;
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  double dval;
     fp=(*fret);  
     ibig=0;  #define NR_END 1
     del=0.0;  #define FREE_ARG char*
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  #define NRANSI 
     printf("\n");  #define ITMAX 200 
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
       fptt=(*fret);  
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
 #endif  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  #define GOLD 1.618034 
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
         ibig=i;  
       }  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
       }  
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  static double sqrarg;
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
       printf("\n");  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
 #endif  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
     }  
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  int imx; 
 #ifdef DEBUG  int stepm=1;
       int k[2],l;  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
       k[0]=1;  
       k[1]=-1;  int estepm;
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  int m,nb;
       printf("\n");  long *num;
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  double **pmmij, ***probs;
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
         }  double dateintmean=0;
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  
       }  double *weight;
 #endif  int **s; /* Status */
   double *agedc;
   double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
       free_vector(xit,1,n);                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
       free_vector(xits,1,n);                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; */
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  double  idx; 
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
       return;  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
     }  int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
       pt[j]=p[j];  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
     }  
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  /**************** split *************************/
     if (fptt < fp) {  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  {
       if (t < 0.0) {    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    */ 
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
         }  
 #ifdef DEBUG    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
         printf("\n");      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
 #endif      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
       }        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
     }      /* get current working directory */
   }      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
 }      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
         return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/      }
       /* got dirc from getcwd*/
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
 {    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   int i, ii,j,k;      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
   double **matprod2();      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
   double **newm;    }
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
     l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
     }      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
     }
    cov[1]=1.;    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
      if (ss >0){
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */      ss++;
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
     newm=savm;      l1= strlen( name);
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
      cov[2]=agefin;      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
        finame[l1-l2]= 0;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    }
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
       }  }
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  /******************************************/
   
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  {
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/    int i;
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);    int lg=0;
     i=0;
     savm=oldm;    lg=strlen(t);
     oldm=newm;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     maxmax=0.;      (s[i] = t[i]);
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
       min=1.;    }
       max=0.;  }
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  
         sumnew=0;  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);    char *s;
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);    s=out;
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);    while (*in != '\0'){
       }      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
       maxmin=max-min;        in++;
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);      }
     }      *out++ = *in++;
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    }
       return prlim;    *out='\0';
     }    return s;
   }  }
 }  
   char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/  {
     /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
 {       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
   double s1, s2;       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
   /*double t34;*/    */
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;    char *s, *t, *bl;
     t=in;s=in;
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){      *alocc++ = *in++;
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    }
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/    if( *in == occ){
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];      *(alocc)='\0';
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/      s=++in;
       }    }
       ps[i][j]=s2;   
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
     }      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      in=s;
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    }
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    while ( *in != '\0'){
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/      *blocc++ = *in++;
       }    }
       ps[i][j]=s2;  
     }    *blocc='\0';
   }    return t;
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/  }
   char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  {
      s1=0;    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    */
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);    char *s, *t;
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    t=in;s=in;
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    while (*in != '\0'){
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)      while( *in == occ){
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];        *blocc++ = *in++;
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */        s=in;
   } /* end i */      }
       *blocc++ = *in++;
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    }
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
       ps[ii][jj]=0;      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
       ps[ii][ii]=1;    else
     }      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
   }    in=s;
     while ( *in != '\0'){
       *alocc++ = *in++;
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    }
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);    *alocc='\0';
    }    return s;
     printf("\n ");  }
     }  
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
 /*  {
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);    int i,j=0;
   goto end;*/    int lg=20;
     return ps;    i=0;
 }    lg=strlen(s);
     for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
     }
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)    return j;
 {  }
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  /* { */
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
   long i, j, k;  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  /*   i=0; */
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
   /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
   return out;  /*   } */
 }  
   /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
   /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  /*   } */
   /*      u[p]='\0'; */
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  
 {  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
      duration (i.e. until  /*   } */
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  /* } */
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  /********************** nrerror ********************/
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  
      included manually here.  void nrerror(char error_text[])
   {
      */    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
     fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
   int i, j, d, h, k;    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  }
   double **newm;  /*********************** vector *******************/
   double *vector(int nl, int nh)
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  {
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)    double *v;
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    return v-nl+NR_END;
     }  }
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  /************************ free vector ******************/
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
       newm=savm;  {
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       cov[1]=1.;  }
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  /************************ivector *******************************/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  {
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    int *v;
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
     if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     return v-nl+NR_END;
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  }
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  /******************free ivector **************************/
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
       savm=oldm;  {
       oldm=newm;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     }  }
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  /************************lvector *******************************/
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  {
          */    long *v;
       }    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
   } /* end h */    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   return po;    return v-nl+NR_END;
 }  }
   
   /******************free lvector **************************/
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
 double func( double *x)  {
 {    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  }
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  
   double **out;  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
   long ipmx;  { 
   /*extern weight */    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */    int **m; 
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/    
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
   */    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
   cov[1]=1.;    m += NR_END; 
     m -= nrl; 
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;    
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){    
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
         newm=savm;    
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {    
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
         }    return m; 
          } 
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
         savm=oldm;  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
         oldm=newm;        int **m;
                long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
               /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
       } /* end mult */  { 
          free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  } 
       ipmx +=1;  
       sw += weight[i];  /******************* matrix *******************************/
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     } /* end of wave */  {
   } /* end of individual */    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
     double **m;
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   return -l;    m += NR_END;
 }    m -= nrl;
   
     m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     m[nrl] += NR_END;
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))    m[nrl] -= ncl;
 {  
   int i,j, iter;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   double **xi,*delti;    return m;
   double fret;    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)     */
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  }
   printf("Powell\n");  
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  /*************************free matrix ************************/
   void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  {
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
     free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
 }  }
   
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
 {  {
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
   double **hess;    double ***m;
   int i, j,jk;  
   int *indx;    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    m += NR_END;
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);    m -= nrl;
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;  
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    m[nrl] += NR_END;
     m[nrl] -= ncl;
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
   }    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {    
       if (j>i) {    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];            m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/    }
       }    return m; 
     }    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
   }             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
   printf("\n");    */
   }
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");  
    /*************************free ma3x ************************/
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  {
   x=vector(1,npar);    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
   indx=ivector(1,npar);    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];  }
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  
   /*************** function subdirf ***********/
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  {
     x[j]=1;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     }    return tmpout;
   }  }
   
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  {
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);    
     }    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     printf("\n");    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   }    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     strcat(tmpout,preop);
   /* Recompute Inverse */    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    return tmpout;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  }
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  
   /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
   {
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     x[j]=1;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    strcat(tmpout,preop);
       y[i][j]=x[i];    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     }    return tmpout;
     printf("\n");  }
   }  
   */  /***************** f1dim *************************/
   extern int ncom; 
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
   free_vector(x,1,npar);   
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);  double f1dim(double x) 
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);  { 
     int j; 
     double f;
 }    double *xt; 
    
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
 {    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
   int i;    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
   int l=1, lmax=20;    return f; 
   double k1,k2;  } 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  
   double res;  /*****************brent *************************/
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   double fx;  { 
   int k=0,kmax=10;    int iter; 
   double l1;    double a,b,d,etemp;
     double fu,fv,fw,fx;
   fx=func(x);    double ftemp;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    double e=0.0; 
     l1=pow(10,l);   
     delts=delt;    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);    x=w=v=bx; 
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
       k1=func(p2)-fx;    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
       k2=func(p2)-fx;      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
            fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
 #ifdef DEBUG  #ifdef DEBUG
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
 #endif      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){  #endif
         k=kmax;      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
       }        *xmin=x; 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */        return fx; 
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;      } 
       }      ftemp=fu;
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
         delts=delt;        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
       }        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
     }        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
   }        q=2.0*(q-r); 
   delti[theta]=delts;        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
   return res;        q=fabs(q); 
          etemp=e; 
 }        e=d; 
         if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
 {        else { 
   int i;          d=p/q; 
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;          u=x+d; 
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
   int k;        } 
       } else { 
   fx=func(x);        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {      } 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;      fu=(*f)(u); 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;      if (fu <= fx) { 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
          SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;          } else { 
     k2=func(p2)-fx;            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
              if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;              v=w; 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;              w=u; 
     k3=func(p2)-fx;              fv=fw; 
                fw=fu; 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;              v=u; 
     k4=func(p2)-fx;              fv=fu; 
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */            } 
 #ifdef DEBUG          } 
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);    } 
 #endif    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
   }    *xmin=x; 
   return res;    return fx; 
 }  } 
   
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)  
 {  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
   int i,imax,j,k;              double (*func)(double)) 
   double big,dum,sum,temp;  { 
   double *vv;    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
      double fu; 
   vv=vector(1,n);   
   *d=1.0;    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
     big=0.0;    if (*fb > *fa) { 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");        } 
     vv[i]=1.0/big;    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
   }    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    while (*fb > *fc) { 
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
       sum=a[i][j];      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
       a[i][j]=sum;        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
     }      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
     big=0.0;      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {        fu=(*func)(u); 
       sum=a[i][j];      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)        fu=(*func)(u); 
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];        if (fu < *fc) { 
       a[i][j]=sum;          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
         big=dum;            } 
         imax=i;      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
       }        u=ulim; 
     }        fu=(*func)(u); 
     if (j != imax) {      } else { 
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
         dum=a[imax][k];        fu=(*func)(u); 
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];      } 
         a[j][k]=dum;      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
       }        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
       *d = -(*d);        } 
       vv[imax]=vv[j];  } 
     }  
     indx[j]=imax;  /*************** linmin ************************/
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;  
     if (j != n) {  int ncom; 
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);  double *pcom,*xicom;
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     }   
   }  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */  { 
 ;    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
 }                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
     double f1dim(double x); 
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
 {                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;    int j; 
   double sum;    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
      double fx,fb,fa;
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {   
     ip=indx[i];    ncom=n; 
     sum=b[ip];    pcom=vector(1,n); 
     b[ip]=b[i];    xicom=vector(1,n); 
     if (ii)    nrfunc=func; 
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     else if (sum) ii=i;      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
     b[i]=sum;      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
   }    } 
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {    ax=0.0; 
     sum=b[i];    xx=1.0; 
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
   }  #ifdef DEBUG
 }    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
 /************ Frequencies ********************/  #endif
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
 {  /* Some frequencies */      xi[j] *= xmin; 
        p[j] += xi[j]; 
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    } 
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
   double *pp;    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;  } 
   FILE *ficresp;  
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
    {
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
     exit(0);    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
   }    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    return ascdiff;
   j1=0;  }
    
   j=cptcoveff;  /*************** powell ************************/
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
                double (*func)(double [])) 
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){  { 
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
       j1++;                double (*func)(double [])); 
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);    int i,ibig,j; 
         scanf("%d", i);*/    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      double fp,fptt;
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)      double *xits;
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    int niterf, itmp;
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;  
          pt=vector(1,n); 
       dateintsum=0;    ptt=vector(1,n); 
       k2cpt=0;    xit=vector(1,n); 
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    xits=vector(1,n); 
         bool=1;    *fret=(*func)(p); 
         if  (cptcovn>0) {    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])      fp=(*fret); 
               bool=0;      ibig=0; 
         }      del=0.0; 
         if (bool==1) {      last_time=curr_time;
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); fflush(ficlog);
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); */
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
               if (m<lastpass) {        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
               }      }
                    printf("\n");
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
                 k2cpt++;      if(*iter <=3){
               }        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
             }        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
           }  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
         }        forecast_time=curr_time; 
       }        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
                if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
         printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
       if  (cptcovn>0) {        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
       }  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);          itmp = strlen(strfor);
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
                strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
         if(i==(int)agemax+3)          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
           printf("Total");        }
         else      }
           printf("Age %d", i);      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)        fptt=(*fret); 
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  #ifdef DEBUG
         }        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)  #endif
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
           else        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
         }          ibig=i; 
         } 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  #ifdef DEBUG
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
         }        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
           pos += pp[jk];          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        }
           if(pos>=1.e-5)        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
           else          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        }
           if( i <= (int) agemax){        printf("\n");
             if(pos>=1.e-5){        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);  #endif
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;      } 
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
             }  #ifdef DEBUG
             else        int k[2],l;
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);        k[0]=1;
           }        k[1]=-1;
         }        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
                fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
         if(i <= (int) agemax)        }
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");        printf("\n");
         printf("\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       }        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
     }          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   }            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
              fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   fclose(ficresp);          }
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
          }
   /* End of Freq */  #endif
 }  
   
 /************ Prevalence ********************/        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
 {  /* Some frequencies */        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
          free_vector(pt,1,n); 
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;        return; 
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */      } 
   double *pp;      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
   double pos, k2;      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        pt[j]=p[j]; 
        } 
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
   j1=0;      if (fptt < fp) { 
          t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
   j=cptcoveff;        if (t < 0.0) { 
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
            for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
  for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
       j1++;          }
    #ifdef DEBUG
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)            printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)            fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
                  fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {          }
         bool=1;          printf("\n");
         if  (cptcovn>0) {          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)  #endif
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])        }
               bool=0;      } 
         }    } 
         if (bool==1) {  } 
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){  
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {  
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;  {
               if (m<lastpass)    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
                 if (calagedate>0) freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
               else  
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];    int i, ii,j,k;
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
             }    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
           }    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
         }    double **newm;
       }    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
         for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           }      }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)     cov[1]=1.;
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];   
         }   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
            for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      newm=savm;
            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];      cov[2]=agefin;
          }      
                for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
         /*printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[%d][Tvar[%d]]=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){                }
            if( i <= (int) agemax){      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
              if(pos>=1.e-5){      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /\* Useless *\/ */
                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;      /*   cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]]; */
              }      
            }      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
          }      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
                /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
         }      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
     }      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
   }      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
       
        savm=oldm;
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);      oldm=newm;
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      maxmax=0.;
        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
 }  /* End of Freq */        min=1.;
         max=0.;
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
           sumnew=0;
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
 {          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.          /*printf(" prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d \n", i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin);*/
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]        }
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.        maxmin=max-min;
      */        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
       }
   int i, mi, m;      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;        return prlim;
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/      }
     }
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;  }
   double sum=0.;  
   jmin=1e+5;  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
   jmax=-1;  
   jmean=0.;  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  {
     mi=0;    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
     m=firstpass;       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
       if(s[m][i]>=1)       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
         mw[++mi][i]=m;       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
       if(m >=lastpass)       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
         break;       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
       else       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
         m++;       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
     }/* end while */       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */    */
          /* Only death is a correct wave */    double s1, lnpijopii;
       mw[mi][i]=m;    /*double t34;*/
     }    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
   
     wav[i]=mi;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     if(mi==0)        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
   }            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
             lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){          }
       if (stepm <=0)          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
         dh[mi][i]=1;  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
       else{        }
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
           k=k+1;  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;          }
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
           sum=sum+j;        }
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */      }
           }      
         }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
         else{        s1=0;
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
           k=k+1;          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;        }
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           sum=sum+j;          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
         }          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
         jk= j/stepm;        }
         jl= j -jk*stepm;        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
         if(jl <= -ju)        /* Computing other pijs */
           dh[mi][i]=jk;        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
         else          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
       }      } /* end i */
     }      
   }      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
   jmean=sum/k;        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);          ps[ii][jj]=0;
  }          ps[ii][ii]=1;
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/        }
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)      }
 {      
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;      
   int cptcode=0;      /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
   cptcoveff=0;      /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
        /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;      /*   } */
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;      /*   printf("\n "); */
       /* } */
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {      /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      /*
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
       Ndum[ij]++;        goto end;*/
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/      return ps;
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;  }
     }  
   /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {  
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
     }  {
     ij=1;    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
        b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
     /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {    int i, j, k;
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
                for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
           ij++;        out[i][k]=0.;
         }        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
       }        }
     }    return out;
   }    }
   
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  
   /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {  
       ij=Tvar[i];  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
       Ndum[ij]++;  {
     }    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
        'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
  ij=1;       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
      ij++;       for the memory).
    }       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
  }       included manually here. 
    
     cptcoveff=ij-1;       */
 }  
     int i, j, d, h, k;
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double **newm;
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )  
     /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
 {    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
   /* Health expectancies */      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double age, agelim, hf;        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double ***p3mat,***varhe;      }
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   double *xp;    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
   double **gp, **gm;      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;        newm=savm;
   int theta;        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
         cov[1]=1.;
   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
   xp=vector(1,npar);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
            cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
   if(estepm < stepm){                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);        savm=oldm;
   }        oldm=newm;
   else  hstepm=estepm;        }
   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
    * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according        }
    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months    } /* end h */
    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise    return po;
    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */  }
   
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */  
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim  double func( double *x)
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.  {
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the    double **out;
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same    int s1, s2;
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.    double bbh, survp;
   */    long ipmx;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */    /*extern weight */
     /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   agelim=AGESUP;    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);    */
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */    cov[1]=1.;
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/  
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);    if(mle==1){
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
            depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);           */
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
           cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */        }
         /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
     /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
            has been calculated etc */
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       }              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);                savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
              }
       cptj=0;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){            newm=savm;
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           cptj=cptj+1;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;            }
           }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
         }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       }            savm=oldm;
                  oldm=newm;
                } /* end mult */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)        
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
                 * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
       cptj=0;           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
           cptj=cptj+1;           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
           }           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
         }           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
       }           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
                 */
              s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         }           */
           /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
      }          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
                /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
 /* End theta */               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
                die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
                minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
         trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
           to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
           (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
           stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;          lower mortality.
       }            */
     }            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   
        
     /* Computing expectancies */          } else if  (s2==-2) {
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;            lli= log(survp);
                    }
 /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/          
           else if  (s2==-4) { 
         }            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
               survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );            lli= log(survp); 
     cptj=0;          } 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){          else if  (s2==-5) { 
         cptj++;            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
       }            lli= log(survp); 
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          } 
              
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);          else{
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);          } 
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
   }          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);          ipmx +=1;
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);          sw += weight[i];
   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
 }        } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
 /************ Variance ******************/    }  else if(mle==2){
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm)      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
 {        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   /* Variance of health expectancies */        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   double **newm;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   double **dnewm,**doldm;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int k, cptcode;            }
   double *xp;          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
   double **gp, **gm;            newm=savm;
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   double ***p3mat;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   double age,agelim, hf;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   int theta;            }
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");            savm=oldm;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            oldm=newm;
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          } /* end mult */
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);        
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   xp=vector(1,npar);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          ipmx +=1;
            sw += weight[i];
   if(estepm < stepm){          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);        } /* end of wave */
   }      } /* end of individual */
   else  hstepm=estepm;      }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
      and note for a fixed period like k years */              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it            }
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same            newm=savm;
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   */            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   agelim = AGESUP;            }
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */            savm=oldm;
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            oldm=newm;
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);          } /* end mult */
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          ipmx +=1;
       }          sw += weight[i];
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
       if (popbased==1) {    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       }        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
            for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];            }
         }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       }            newm=savm;
                cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);              }
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          
              out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       if (popbased==1) {                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            savm=oldm;
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];            oldm=newm;
       }          } /* end mult */
         
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
         }          }else{
       }            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           }
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)          ipmx +=1;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          sw += weight[i];
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         }  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     } /* End theta */        } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            }
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;            newm=savm;
             cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);            }
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);          
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;            savm=oldm;
       }            oldm=newm;
     }          } /* end mult */
         
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);          ipmx +=1;
       }          sw += weight[i];
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        } /* end of wave */
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      } /* end of individual */
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    } /* End of if */
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
   } /* End age */    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
      l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    return -l;
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  }
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
   /*************** log-likelihood *************/
 }  double funcone( double *x)
   {
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
 {    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */    double **out;
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   double **newm;    double llt;
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    int s1, s2;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;    double bbh, survp;
   int k, cptcode;    /*extern weight */
   double *xp;    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   double *gp, *gm;    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   double **gradg, **trgradg;    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   double age,agelim;      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   int theta;    */
        cov[1]=1.;
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");  
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   xp=vector(1,npar);        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          }
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   agelim = AGESUP;          newm=savm;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */          }
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          savm=oldm;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          oldm=newm;
       }        } /* end mult */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
            bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */        /* bias is positive if real duration
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);         */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
         } else if  (s2==-2) {
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     } /* End theta */          lli= log(survp);
         }else if (mle==1){
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
         } else if(mle==2){
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        } /* End of if */
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */        ipmx +=1;
         sw += weight[i];
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));        if(globpr){
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
   } /* End age */            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
             fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          }
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        }
       } /* end of wave */
 }    } /* end of individual */
     for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
 {    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
   int i, j, i1, k1, j1, z1;      gipmx=ipmx;
   int k=0, cptcode;      gsw=sw;
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    }
   double *xp;    return -l;
   double *gp, *gm;  }
   double **gradg, **trgradg;  
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];  
   int theta;  /*************** function likelione ***********/
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   {
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);       the selection of individuals/waves and
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);       Plotting could be done.
   }     */
   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);    int k;
    
 fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and standard deviation in parentheses\n");    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++)      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
       }
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
       fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
       /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   xp=vector(1,npar);      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
      }
   cov[1]=1;  
   j=cptcoveff;    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    if(*globpri !=0){
   j1=0;      fclose(ficresilk);
   for(k1=1; k1<=1;k1++){      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      fflush(fichtm); 
     j1++;    } 
     return;
     if  (cptcovn>0) {  }
       fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");  
       for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);  
       fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
     }  
      void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){  {
         cov[2]=age;    int i,j, iter;
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    double **xi;
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];    double fret;
              double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
         }    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
                xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
         trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
          printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)    }
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
              for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                  if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
           k=0;    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){  
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
               k=k+1;  
               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
             }    fclose(ficrespow);
           }    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
              fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  
      }
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);  
           k=0;  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){  {
               k=k+1;    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    double **hess;
             }    int i, j,jk;
           }    int *indx;
        
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];      double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
         }    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    double gompertz(double p[]);
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];  
            printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
              printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
             
         k=0;       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){      
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
             k=k+1;          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
             gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    }
           }    
         }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
            for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);        if (j>i) { 
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
      }*/          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
           
         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
           /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++)        }
           fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e (%.3e) ",gm[i],sqrt(doldm[i][i]));      }
      }
       }    printf("\n");
     }    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    
   }    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   fclose(ficresprob);    x=vector(1,npar);
      indx=ivector(1,npar);
 }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \  
  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
  int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[], \      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
  char optionfilehtm[],char rfileres[], char optionfilegnuplot[],\      x[j]=1;
  char version[], int popforecast, int estepm ){      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
   FILE *fichtm;        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/      }
     }
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);  
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
   }      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
         printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n      }
 \n      printf("\n");
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n    }
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">  
  <ul><li>Outputs files<br>\n    /* Recompute Inverse */
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
  - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
  - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n  
  - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n      x[j]=1;
   - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
  - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
  - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n        y[i][j]=x[i];
  - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n      }
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n      printf("\n");
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);    }
  else    */
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);  
 fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
  m=cptcoveff;    free_vector(x,1,npar);
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
     free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
  jj1=0;  
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){  
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  }
        jj1++;  
        if (cptcovn > 0) {  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)  {
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);    int i;
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");    int l=1, lmax=20;
        }    double k1,k2;
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);        double res;
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>    double fx;
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);    int k=0,kmax=10;
        }    double l1;
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {  
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident    fx=func(x);
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
      }      l1=pow(10,l);
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {      delts=delt;
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);        delt = delta*(l1*k);
      }        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and        k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);        k2=func(p2)-fx;
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
    }        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
    }        
 fclose(fichtm);  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
 }        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/  #endif
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
         if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;          k=kmax;
         }
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp.txt");          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {        }
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
   }          delts=delt;
         }
 #ifdef windows      }
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);    }
 #endif    delti[theta]=delts;
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    return res; 
      
  /* 1eme*/  }
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {  
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
   {
 #ifdef windows    int i;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
 #endif    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
 #ifdef unix    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres);    int k;
 #endif  
     fx=func(x);
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
 }      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      k1=func(p2)-fx;
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
 }      k2=func(p2)-fx;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      k3=func(p2)-fx;
 }      
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
 #ifdef unix      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");      k4=func(p2)-fx;
 #endif      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);  #ifdef DEBUG
    }      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   }      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   /*2 eme*/  #endif
     }
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    return res;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);  }
      
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
       k=2*i;  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  { 
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    int i,imax,j,k; 
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    double *vv; 
 }     
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");    vv=vector(1,n); 
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);    *d=1.0; 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      big=0.0; 
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
 }        if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    } 
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        sum=a[i][j]; 
 }          for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");        a[i][j]=sum; 
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");      } 
     }      big=0.0; 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
   }        sum=a[i][j]; 
          for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
   /*3eme*/          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
         a[i][j]=sum; 
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {          big=dum; 
       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);          imax=i; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);        } 
       /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);      } 
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");      if (j != imax) { 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);          dum=a[imax][k]; 
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);          a[j][k]=dum; 
         } 
 */        *d = -(*d); 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);      } 
       indx[j]=imax; 
       }      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      if (j != n) { 
     }        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
     }        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
        } 
   /* CV preval stat */    } 
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {  ;
       k=3;  } 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);  
   void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)  { 
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);    double sum; 
         
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);      ip=indx[i]; 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      sum=b[ip]; 
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      b[ip]=b[i]; 
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);      if (ii) 
       }        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);        else if (sum) ii=i; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      b[i]=sum; 
     }    } 
   }      for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
        sum=b[i]; 
   /* proba elementaires */      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    } 
       if (k != i) {  } 
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){  
          void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);  {
           jk++;    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");  }
         }  
       }  /************ Frequencies ********************/
     }  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
     }  {  /* Some frequencies */
     
     for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);    int first;
    i=1;    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {    double *pp, **prop;
      k3=i;    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
        if (k != k2){    
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
 ij=1;    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
             ij++;      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
           }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
           else      exit(0);
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    }
         }    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");    j1=0;
            
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){      j=cptcoveff;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
 ij=1;  
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    first=1;
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {  
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){   /* Loop on covariates */
             ij++;    /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ /* Now it is 2 */
           }    /*    j1++;
           else  */
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
           }        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
           fprintf(ficgp,")");          scanf("%d", i);*/
         }        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
         i=i+ncovmodel;              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
        }        
      }        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
    }          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);            prop[i][m]=0;
    }        
            dateintsum=0;
   fclose(ficgp);        k2cpt=0;
 }  /* end gnuplot */        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
           bool=1;
           if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
 /*************** Moving average **************/            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]){
                   /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
   int i, cpt, cptcod;                bool=0;
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)                /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtab[%d][%d]=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtab[%d][%d]=%d, j1=%d\n", 
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                  bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtab[j1][z1],
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)                  j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]],j1);*/
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;                /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtab[7][3]=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
                  } 
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){          }
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){   
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){          if (bool==1){
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
           }              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
         }                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
       }                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     }                if (m<lastpass) {
                      freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
 }                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                 }
                 
 /************** Forecasting ******************/                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
                    k2cpt++;
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;                }
   int *popage;                /*}*/
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;            }
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;          }
   double ***p3mat;        } /* end i */
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];         
         /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
  agelim=AGESUP;        pstamp(ficresp);
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;        if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
            fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
            fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);          fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {        }
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
   }          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
         
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
           if(i==iagemax+3){
   if (mobilav==1) {            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          }else{
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);            if(first==1){
   }              first=0;
               printf("See log file for details...\n");
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;            }
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
            }
   agelim=AGESUP;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
   hstepm=1;              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;          }
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   anprojmean=yp;            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
   mprojmean=yp;            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);              if(first==1){
   jprojmean=yp;                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;              }
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
              }else{
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);              if(first==1)
                  printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){            }
       k=k+1;          }
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       }              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");          }       
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);            pos += pp[jk];
                  posprop += prop[jk][i];
                }
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");            if(pos>=1.e-5){
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);                if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);            }else{
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;              if(first==1)
                          printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            }
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);              if( i <= iagemax){
                      if(pos>=1.e-5){
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
             }              }
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {              else
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                          }
                 if (mobilav==1)          }
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];          
                 else {          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
                 }              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
                              if(first==1)
               }                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);              }
                                  if(i <= iagemax)
               }            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
             }          if(first==1)
           }            printf("Others in log...\n");
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }        }
       }        /*}*/
     }    }
   }    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
           
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    fclose(ficresp);
     free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
   fclose(ficresf);    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
 }    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
 /************** Forecasting ******************/    /* End of Freq */
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){  }
    
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;  /************ Prevalence ********************/
   int *popage;  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;  {  
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);   
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
   agelim=AGESUP;    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;    double *pp, **prop;
      double pos,posprop; 
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
      int iagemin, iagemax;
      int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");  
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);    iagemin= (int) agemin;
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {    iagemax= (int) agemax;
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
   }    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     j1=0;
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;    
     /*j=cptcoveff;*/
   if (mobilav==1) {    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);    first=1;
   }    for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;        j1++;*/
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;        
          for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   agelim=AGESUP;          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
              prop[i][m]=0.0;
   hstepm=1;       
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
            bool=1;
   if (popforecast==1) {          if  (cptcovn>0) {
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
     }                bool=0;
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);          } 
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);          if (bool==1) { 
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
                  y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
     i=1;                if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                    if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
     imx=i;                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
   }                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
                   prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){                } 
       k=k+1;              }
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");            } /* end selection of waves */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {          }
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        }
       }        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);          } 
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");          
                for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);                if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
                        probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){              } else{
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);                if(first==1){
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;                  first=0;
                            printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                }
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              }
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);              } 
                  }/* end jk */ 
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        }/* end i */ 
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {      /*} *//* end i1 */
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    } /* end j1 */
             }    
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                  free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
                 if (mobilav==1)  }  /* End of prevalence */
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];  
                 else {  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];  
                 }  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
               }  {
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
               }       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
             }       */
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){  
               kk1=0.;    int i, mi, m;
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
                 }    int first;
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
             }    double sum=0.;
     first=0;
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    jmin=1e+5;
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);    jmax=-1;
           }    jmean=0.;
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         }      mi=0;
       }      m=firstpass;
        while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
   /******/        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
           mw[++mi][i]=m;
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {        if(m >=lastpass)
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);            break;
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){        else
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);          m++;
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;      }/* end while */
                if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);             /* Only death is a correct wave */
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        mw[mi][i]=m;
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {      }
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);  
             }      wav[i]=mi;
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {      if(mi==0){
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;        nbwarn++;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                      if(first==0){
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];              printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
               }          first=1;
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        }
             }        if(first==1){
           }          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        }
         }      } /* end mi==0 */
       }    } /* End individuals */
    }  
   }    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        if (stepm <=0)
           dh[mi][i]=1;
   if (popforecast==1) {        else{
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   }              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);              else if(j<0){
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);                nberr++;
   fclose(ficrespop);                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
 }                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
                 printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
 /***********************************************/                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
 /**************** Main Program *****************/                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
 /***********************************************/              }
               k=k+1;
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])              if (j >= jmax){
 {                jmax=j;
                 ijmax=i;
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;              }
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;              if (j <= jmin){
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;                jmin=j;
                 ijmin=i;
   double fret;              }
   double **xi,tmp,delta;              sum=sum+j;
               /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
   double ***p3mat;            }
   int *indx;          }
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];          else{
   char title[MAXLINE];            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];  
              k=k+1;
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];            if (j >= jmax) {
               jmax=j;
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];              ijmax=i;
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];            }
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];            else if (j <= jmin){
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];              jmin=j;
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;              ijmin=i;
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */            }
   int c,  h , cpt,l;            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
   int ju,jl, mi;            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;            if(j<0){
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;              nberr++;
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   int hstepm, nhstepm;              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;            }
             sum=sum+j;
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;          }
   double ftolpl=FTOL;          jk= j/stepm;
   double **prlim;          jl= j -jk*stepm;
   double *severity;          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
   double  *p;            if(jl==0){
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */              dh[mi][i]=jk;
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */              bh[mi][i]=0;
   double *delti; /* Scale */            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
   double ***eij, ***vareij;                    * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
   double *epj, vepp;              bh[mi][i]=ju;
   double kk1, kk2;            }
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;          }else{
              if(jl <= -ju){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.8a, May 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
                                    */
             }
   char z[1]="c", occ;            else{
 #include <sys/time.h>              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
 #include <time.h>              bh[mi][i]=ju;
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];            }
              if(dh[mi][i]==0){
   /* long total_usecs;              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
                /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */            }
   getcwd(pathcd, size);          } /* end if mle */
         }
   printf("\n%s",version);      } /* end wave */
   if(argc <=1){    }
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");    jmean=sum/k;
     scanf("%s",pathtot);    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
   }    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
   else{   }
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);  
   }  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);  {
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/    /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/    /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
     /* Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);     * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);    /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
   chdir(path);    */
   replace(pathc,path);  
     int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
   strcpy(fileres,"r");    int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);  
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */  
     cptcoveff=0; 
   /*---------arguments file --------*/   
     for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {    for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);  
     goto end;    /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
   }    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 : V1 + V3 = 2 only */
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Lopp on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
   strcpy(filereso,"o");                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
   strcat(filereso,fileres);        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {                                      * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;                                      * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
   }                                      * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
         /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */                                        modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        if (ij > modmaxcovj)
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          modmaxcovj=ij; 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        else if (ij < modmincovj) 
     puts(line);          modmincovj=ij; 
     fputs(line,ficparo);        if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
   }          printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          exit(1);
         }else
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);        Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);        /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
     ungetc(c,ficpar);           (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);           female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
     puts(line);      }
     fputs(line,ficparo);      printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
   }      cptcode=modmaxcovj;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
       /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
          for (i=modmincovj;  i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value of the modality of model-cov j */
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);        printf("Frequencies of covariates %d V%d %d\n", j, Tvar[j], Ndum[i]);
   cptcovn=0;        if( Ndum[i] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered, empty modality */
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;          ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of non-null modalities of the j th covariate. */
         }
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;        /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */           historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
        } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
   /* Read guess parameters */  
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4. If Ndum[2]=0 ncodemax[j] is not 4 but 3 */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      /* If Ndum[3}= 635; Ndum[4]=0; Ndum[5]=0; Ndum[6]=27; Ndum[7]=125;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);         modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
     puts(line);         There are only 3 modalities non empty (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
     fputs(line,ficparo);         which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10; defining two dummy 
   }         variables V1_1 and V1_2.
   ungetc(c,ficpar);         nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);         nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)         nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){      */
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);      ij=1; /* ij is similar to i but can jumps over null modalities */
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);      for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 */
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);        for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *//* Could be 1 to 4 */
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){          /*recode from 0 */
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);          if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);                                       k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
       }                                       then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");            ij++;
       printf("\n");          }
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
     }        }  /* end of loop on */
        } /* end of loop on modality */ 
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;    } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     
   p=param[1][1];   for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
      
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */ 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);     Ndum[ij]++; 
     puts(line);   } 
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }   ij=1;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);   for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
      /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */       /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){       ij++;
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);     }else
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);         Tvaraff[ij]=0;
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);   }
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){   ij--;
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);  
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);  }
       }  
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  
       printf("\n");  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");  
     }  void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   }  
   delti=delti3[1][1];  {
      /* Health expectancies, no variances */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    double age, agelim, hf;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    double ***p3mat;
     puts(line);    double eip;
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }    pstamp(ficreseij);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
      fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);        fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
     printf("%s",str);      }
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){    }
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);  
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    
     }    if(estepm < stepm){
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     printf("\n");    }
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    else  hstepm=estepm;   
   }    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
         * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
   printf("\n");     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/  
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     }       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
        /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     /*-------- data file ----------*/       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
     }       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     n= lastobs;    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);  
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    agelim=AGESUP;
     num=ivector(1,n);    /* If stepm=6 months */
     moisnais=vector(1,n);      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
     annais=vector(1,n);         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
     moisdc=vector(1,n);      
     andc=vector(1,n);  /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     agedc=vector(1,n);    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     cod=ivector(1,n);    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     weight=vector(1,n);    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);  
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);          nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
     i=1;  
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {      /* If stepm=6 months */
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
                 in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){      
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
           strcpy(line,stra);      
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      
         }      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
              fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      /* Computing expectancies */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
         }          }
         num[i]=atol(stra);  
              fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/        eip=0;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         i=i+1;          eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
       }          fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
     }        }
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);        fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
        scanf("%d",i);*/      }
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){    }
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;    free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;    printf("\n");
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }*/    
    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){  }
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;  
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
    
    {
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);     to initial status i, ei. .
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);    */
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
   Tage=ivector(1,15);          double age, agelim, hf;
        double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
   if (strlen(model) >1){    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;    double *xp, *xm;
     j=nbocc(model,'+');    double **gp, **gm;
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     cptcovn=j+1;    int theta;
     cptcovprod=j1;  
        double eip, vip;
     strcpy(modelsav,model);  
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);    xp=vector(1,npar);
       goto end;    xm=vector(1,npar);
     }    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
        doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){    
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');    pstamp(ficresstdeij);
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');        fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {      fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
           cptcovprod--;    }
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  
           cptcovage++;    pstamp(ficrescveij);
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
         }    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           cptcovprod--;        cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);          for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
           cptcovage++;            cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;            if(cptj2 <= cptj)
         }              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
         else {          }
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');      }
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;    fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');    
           Tprod[k1]=i;    if(estepm < stepm){
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);    }
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];    else  hstepm=estepm;   
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
           k1++;     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
           k2=k2+2;     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
         }     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
       }     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
       else {     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');  
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
       }    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);         nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
         scanf("%d",i);*/       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     }       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
 }    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
         survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   scanf("%d ",i);*/       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     fclose(fic);    */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     /*  if(mle==1){*/  
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/    /* If stepm=6 months */
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     }    agelim=AGESUP;
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {    
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){    p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
          anint[m][i]=9999;    p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
          s[m][i]=-1;    gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
        }    trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;    gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       }    gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     }  
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
         if(s[m][i] >0){      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {  
             if(agedc[i]>0)      /* If stepm=6 months */
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/      
            else {      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
               if (andc[i]!=9999){  
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);      /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
               agev[m][i]=-1;      /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
               }         decrease memory allocation */
             }      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
           }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);          xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)        }
               agev[m][i]=1;        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){        hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
               agemin=agev[m][i];    
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
             }          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               agemax=agev[m][i];              gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/              gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }            }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/          }
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/        }
           }       
           else { /* =9 */        for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
             agev[m][i]=1;          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             s[m][i]=-1;            gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
           }          }
         }      }/* End theta */
         else /*= 0 Unknown */      
           agev[m][i]=1;      
       }      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
            for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
     }          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){      
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {  
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");         for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
           goto end;        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
         }          varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
       }  
     }       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);          for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
     free_vector(annais,1,n);            for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);              varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/        }
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);      }
     free_vector(andc,1,n);  
       /* Computing expectancies */
          hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
     wav=ivector(1,imx);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
                eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
     /* Concatenates waves */            
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);  
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       ncodemax[1]=1;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);        eip=0.;
              vip=0.;
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
    h=0;          eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);          for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
              vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){          fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){        }
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){        fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){      }
            h++;      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;  
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/      fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
          }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
      }          cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
    }          for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);            for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){              if(cptj2 <= cptj)
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){                fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);            }
       }        }
       printf("\n");      fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
       }     
       scanf("%d",i);*/    }
        free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */    free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
        free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
        free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    printf("\n");
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
          free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */  }
   
     if(mle==1){  /************ Variance ******************/
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
     }  {
        /* Variance of health expectancies */
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);    /* double **newm;*/
      double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
    jk=1;    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");    int k, cptcode;
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");    double *xp;
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
        if (k != i)    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
          {    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);    double ***p3mat;
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    double age,agelim, hf;
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);    double ***mobaverage;
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);    int theta;
              jk++;    char digit[4];
            }    char digitp[25];
            printf("\n");  
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
          }  
      }    if(popbased==1){
    }      if(mobilav!=0)
  if(mle==1){        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    }
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);    else 
  }      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");  
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");    if (mobilav!=0) {
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         if (j!=i) {        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      }
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    }
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);  
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
             jk++;    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
           }    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
           printf("\n");    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
         }    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
       }    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
      }      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
          fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     k=1;    }
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");   
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
       printf("%3d",i);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    }  
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
       }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");    /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
       printf("\n");    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
       k++;    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
     }  /*   } */
        varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    pstamp(ficresvij);
       ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    if(popbased==1)
       puts(line);      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       fputs(line,ficparo);    else
     }      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     estepm=0;    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     if (fage <= 2) {    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       bage = ageminpar;  
       fage = agemaxpar;    xp=vector(1,npar);
     }    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
        doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);  
      gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     puts(line);    
     fputs(line,ficparo);    if(estepm < stepm){
   }      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    }
      else  hstepm=estepm;   
   fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
  fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
             nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     puts(line);       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
     fputs(line,ficparo);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   }       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    */
      hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);        gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);        gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
        gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     puts(line);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
     fputs(line,ficparo);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   }        }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);  
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);        if (popbased==1) {
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);          if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
     puts(line);          }
     fputs(line,ficparo);        }
   }    
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);          }
         }
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/           as a weighted average of prlim.
  printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);        */
          for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
  chdir(path);            gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
          }    
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);        /* end probability of death */
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);  
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
  free_ivector(num,1,n);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
  fclose(ficparo);   
  fclose(ficres);        if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
   printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm,rfileres,optionfilegnuplot,version,popforecast,estepm);          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/          }
          }
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");  
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
   }              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);          }
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");        }
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");           as a weighted average of prlim.
          */
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        }    
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        /* end probability of death */
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */  
   k=0;        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
   agebase=ageminpar;          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   agelim=agemaxpar;            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
   ftolpl=1.e-10;          }
   i1=cptcoveff;  
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
           gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        }
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  
         k=k+1;      } /* End theta */
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/  
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
                  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);  
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");    
         }  
       }      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
     }      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   fclose(ficrespl);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/  
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
   }          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
                vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;        }
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/      }
     
   agelim=AGESUP;      /* pptj */
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
   k=0;        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      /* end ppptj */
       k=k+1;      /*  x centered again */
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);   
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");      if (popbased==1) {
                if(mobilav ==0){
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);          }
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      }
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)               
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");         as a weighted average of prlim.
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      */
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);      }    
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      /* end probability of death */
              }  
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         }        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
     }        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   }          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         }
   varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);      } 
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   fclose(ficrespij);  
       fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);        }
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   }      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   else{      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     erreur=108;      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   }      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
      } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   strcpy(filerest,"t");    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
   strcat(filerest,fileres);    fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240");
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   }  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   strcpy(filerese,"e");    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   }    /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);  */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);  
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   }    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   calagedate=-1;    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
 prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   k=0;    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    fflush(ficgp);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    fflush(fichtm); 
       k=k+1;  }  /* end varevsij */
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");  {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    double **newm;
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     int k, cptcode;
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");    double *xp;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    double *gp, *gm;
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    double **gradg, **trgradg;
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");    double age,agelim;
     int theta;
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    pstamp(ficresvpl);
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);      fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
        varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm);    fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
      
     xp=vector(1,npar);
      dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);    
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);    agelim = AGESUP;
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
         if (popbased==1) {      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
         }      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
              gm=vector(1,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);  
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
             /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/        }
           }        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         }          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){          gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));  
         }        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       }      } /* End theta */
     }  
   }      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
 free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);  
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     free_vector(weight,1,n);        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   fclose(ficreseij);          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   fclose(ficresvij);  
   fclose(ficrest);      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   fclose(ficpar);        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
        matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");  
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);      fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);        fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
     exit(0);      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   }      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
   k=0;      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    } /* End age */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  
       k=k+1;    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");  }
        
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);  {
     }    int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
  }    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0,l, cptcode;
   fclose(ficresvpl);    int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/    double **dnewm,**doldm;
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    double *xp;
      double *gp, *gm;
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    double **gradg, **trgradg;
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    double **mu;
      double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
      double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    int theta;
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
      double ***varpij;
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);  
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
   if(erreur >0)      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);    }
   else   printf("End of Imach\n");    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
      if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
   /*------ End -----------*/    }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
  end:    if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
 #ifdef windows      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
 #endif    }
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/    printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);    printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
  strcat(plotcmd," ");    fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);    pstamp(ficresprob);
  system(plotcmd);    fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
 #ifdef windows    pstamp(ficresprobcov);
   while (z[0] != 'q') {    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     /* chdir(path); */    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");    pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     scanf("%s",z);    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);  
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);  
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
 #endif        fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
 }        fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];/* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d_1.png\">%s%d_1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d_2.png\">%s%d_2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Period (stable) prevalence in each health state : <a href=\"%s%d_%d.png\">%s%d_%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m0,cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d_%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small size 320, 240\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
     /*goto avoid;*/
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { /\* Bug valgrind *\/ */
                  /*        /\*fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);*\/ */
                  /*        ij++; */
                  /* } */
                  /* else */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { */
                    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]); */
                    /*   ij++; */
                    /* } */
                    /* else */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    avoid:
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small size 320, 240\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i, j, n;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       for (j=0; line[j]!='\0';j++){
         line[j]=linetmp[j];
       }
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ = *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int i1, j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V2*age+V3 +V3*V4=> V1 + V3 =2  */
       cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     /* but the covariates which are products must be treated separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
       cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /*   Design
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
        *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
        *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
        *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
        *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
        *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
        *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
        *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
        *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
        *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
        *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
        *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
        *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
        *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
        *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
        * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
        *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
        * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
        *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
        *How to reorganize?
        * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
        * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
        * Struct []
        */
   
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       /*
        * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
       cptcovage=0;
       for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
         cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
             /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cptcovn++;
             cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             k2=k2+2;
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
           cptcovn++;
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     endread:
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2;
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel > 2)
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
   
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtab[100][10]);*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*/
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              *     h     1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     1
              *    10     2     1     1     1
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     1
              *    12     2     2     1     1
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     1    
              *    14     2     1     2     1
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     1
              *    16     2     2     2     1
              */
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             /*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*/
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #elsedef
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #elsedef
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
   #include "prevlim.h"  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   #include "hpijx.h"
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
           /*
            */
           /* goto endfree; */
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
   
   
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* Segmentation fault */
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart);
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         /*}*/
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    endfree:
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.41  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.146


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