Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.41.2.2 and 1.147

version 1.41.2.2, 2003/06/13 07:45:28 version 1.147, 2014/06/16 10:33:11
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
      *** empty log message ***
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    Summary: Merge
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the    Author: Brouard
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a  
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    Merge, before building revised version.
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are  
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    Summary: Debugging with valgrind
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the  
   probability to be observed in state j at the second wave    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    improve the code.
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
   convergence.    the source code.
   
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an  
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
   
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate  
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx  
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   hPijx.  
     Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.  
      Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action  
   from the European Union.    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    *** empty log message ***
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version  
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
   **********************************************************************/    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
      than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
 #include <math.h>  
 #include <stdio.h>    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
 #include <stdlib.h>    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
 #include <unistd.h>    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
     get same likelihood as if mle=1.
 #define MAXLINE 256    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "wgnuplot"  
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 /*#define DEBUG*/  
     Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
 /*#define windows*/    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
     just nforces
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */  
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
     Many tings
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Some dimensions resccaled
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  
 #define MAXN 20000    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
 #define AGESUP 130    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
 #define AGEBASE 40    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
   
     Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
 int erreur; /* Error number */    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
 int nvar;  
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
 int npar=NPARMAX;    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */  
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 int popbased=0;    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
     loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
 int mle, weightopt;    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    computation.
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */  
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 FILE *ficreseij;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Version 0.98h
  FILE  *ficresvij;  
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    Forecasting file added.
   
 #define NR_END 1    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
 #define FREE_ARG char*    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
   
 #define NRANSI    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 #define ITMAX 200    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
     name. <head> headers where missing.
 #define TOL 2.0e-4  
     * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
     1.
 #define GOLD 1.618034    Version 0.98g
 #define GLIMIT 100.0  
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
     (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
      1.
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    Version 0.98g
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  
     Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
 static double sqrarg;    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 int imx;    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 int stepm;  
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
     (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
 int estepm;    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   
 int m,nb;    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;  
 double dateintmean=0;    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
     (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 double *weight;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 int **s; /* Status */    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    (Module): Function pstamp added
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    (Module): Version 0.98d
   
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
     table of variances if popbased=1 .
 /**************** split *************************/    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )    (Module): Function pstamp added
 {    (Module): Version 0.98d
    char *s;                             /* pointer */  
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
     (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
 #ifdef windows    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
 #else  
    s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
 #endif    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    filename with strsep.
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */  
       extern char       *getwd( );    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
     (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
 #else    allocation too.
       extern char       *getcwd( );  
     Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
 #endif  
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
       }    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    can be a simple dot '.'.
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */  
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */  
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
    }  
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
 #ifdef windows    Gnuplot problem appeared...
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    To be fixed
 #else  
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
 #endif    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */  
    s++;    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */    Some cleaning and links added in html output
    l1= strlen( name);  
    l2= strlen( s)+1;    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);    *** empty log message ***
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;  
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
 }    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
     (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
     that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
 /******************************************/    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
     contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
 {    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   int i;  
   int lg=20;    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   i=0;    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
     (s[i] = t[i]);    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  
   }    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
 }    Fix on curr_time
   
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
 {    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   int i,j=0;  
   int lg=20;    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
   i=0;    *** empty log message ***
   lg=strlen(s);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
   }    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
   return j;    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
 }    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
     other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 {    from other sources like vital statistic data.
   int i,lg,j,p=0;  
   i=0;    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {  
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
   }    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   
   lg=strlen(t);    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
     (u[j] = t[j]);  
   }    Current limitations:
      u[p]='\0';    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
     model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  
   }    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
 }    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
     suppressed.
 /********************** nrerror ********************/  
     Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
 {    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");  
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
   exit(1);    * imach.c (Repository):
 }    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
 /*********************** vector *******************/    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)  
 {    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
   double *v;    Just cleaning
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   return v-nl+NR_END;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 }    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
     (Module): Version 0.96b
 /************************ free vector ******************/  
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
 {    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 }  
     Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
 /************************ivector *******************************/    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
 {    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
   int *v;    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
 }    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
     mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 /******************free ivector **************************/    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)  
 {    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 }    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
     of the covariance matrix to be input.
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
   int **m;    Version 0.96
    
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    routine fileappend.
   m += NR_END;  
   m -= nrl;    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
      * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
      current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    interview.
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
      we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
      truncation)
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
   return m;  
 }    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
       int **m;    parcimony.
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */  
 {    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    *** empty log message ***
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
     Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  */
 {  /*
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;     Interpolated Markov Chain
   double **m;  
     Short summary of the programme:
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   m += NR_END;    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   m -= nrl;    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
     interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
     model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
   return m;    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
 }    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
     conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
 {    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
 }    convergence.
   
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
 {    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
   double ***m;    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   m += NR_END;    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
   m -= nrl;    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
     semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    hPijx.
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
     Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
     
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    from the European Union.
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
      can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {  
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    
   }    **********************************************************************/
   return m;  /*
 }    main
     read parameterfile
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    read datafile
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    concatwav
 {    freqsummary
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    if (mle >= 1)
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));      mlikeli
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    print results files
 }    if mle==1 
        computes hessian
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
 extern int ncom;        begin-prev-date,...
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    open gnuplot file
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    open html file
      period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
 double f1dim(double x)     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
 {                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
   int j;      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
   double f;  
   double *xt;    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
       # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
   xt=vector(1,ncom);         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);  
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
   return f;         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
 }    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
      Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
 /*****************brent *************************/     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  
 {    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
   int iter;    health expectancies
   double a,b,d,etemp;    Variance-covariance of DFLE
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;    prevalence()
   double ftemp;     movingaverage()
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    varevsij() 
   double e=0.0;    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
      total life expectancies
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);   end
   x=w=v=bx;  */
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);   
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  #include <math.h>
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  #include <stdio.h>
 #ifdef DEBUG  #include <stdlib.h>
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  #include <string.h>
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  #include <unistd.h>
 #endif  
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  #include <limits.h>
       *xmin=x;  #include <sys/types.h>
       return fx;  #include <sys/stat.h>
     }  #include <errno.h>
     ftemp=fu;  extern int errno;
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  #ifdef LINUX
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  #include <time.h>
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;  #include "timeval.h"
       q=2.0*(q-r);  #else
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;  #include <sys/time.h>
       q=fabs(q);  #endif
       etemp=e;  
       e=d;  #ifdef GSL
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
       else {  #endif
         d=p/q;  
         u=x+d;  /* #include <libintl.h> */
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  
       }  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
     } else {  
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
     }  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
     fu=(*f)(u);  
     if (fu <= fx) {  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
         } else {  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  #define NINTERVMAX 8
             v=w;  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
             w=u;  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
             fv=fw;  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
             fw=fu;  #define codtabm(h,k)  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {  #define MAXN 20000
             v=u;  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
             fv=fu;  #define AGESUP 130
           }  #define AGEBASE 40
         }  #define AGEGOMP 10. /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   }  #ifdef UNIX
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
   *xmin=x;  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
   return fx;  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
 }  #else
   #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
   #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,  #endif
             double (*func)(double))  
 {  /* $Id$ */
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  /* $State$ */
   double fu;  
    char version[]="Imach version 0.98nR2, January 2014,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121)";
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  char strstart[80];
   if (*fb > *fa) {  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
       }  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
   while (*fb > *fc) {  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  int npar=NPARMAX;
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
       fu=(*func)(u);  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
       fu=(*func)(u);  int popbased=0;
       if (fu < *fc) {  
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
           }  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
       u=ulim;  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
       fu=(*func)(u);                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
     } else {  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
       fu=(*func)(u);  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
     }  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
       }  double **matprod2(); /* test */
 }  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
   double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
 /*************** linmin ************************/  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
   FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
 int ncom;  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
 double *pcom,*xicom;  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
    long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
 {  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  FILE *ficresilk;
   double f1dim(double x);  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   int j;  FILE *ficreseij;
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double fx,fb,fa;  FILE *ficresstdeij;
    char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
   ncom=n;  FILE *ficrescveij;
   pcom=vector(1,n);  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
   xicom=vector(1,n);  FILE  *ficresvij;
   nrfunc=func;  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  FILE  *ficresvpl;
     pcom[j]=p[j];  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  char title[MAXLINE];
   }  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   ax=0.0;  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   xx=1.0;  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  int  outcmd=0;
 #ifdef DEBUG  
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #endif  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
     xi[j] *= xmin;  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
     p[j] += xi[j];  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
 }  
   struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
 /*************** powell ************************/  struct timezone tzp;
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  extern int gettimeofday();
             double (*func)(double []))  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
 {  long time_value;
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  extern long time();
               double (*func)(double []));  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
   int i,ibig,j;  
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  char *endptr;
   double fp,fptt;  long lval;
   double *xits;  double dval;
   pt=vector(1,n);  
   ptt=vector(1,n);  #define NR_END 1
   xit=vector(1,n);  #define FREE_ARG char*
   xits=vector(1,n);  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   *fret=(*func)(p);  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  #define NRANSI 
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  #define ITMAX 200 
     fp=(*fret);  
     ibig=0;  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
     del=0.0;  
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
     printf("\n");  
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  #define GOLD 1.618034 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
       fptt=(*fret);  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
 #endif  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
         ibig=i;  
       }  static double sqrarg;
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  int imx; 
       }  int stepm=1;
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  
       printf("\n");  int estepm;
 #endif  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
     }  
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  int m,nb;
 #ifdef DEBUG  long *num;
       int k[2],l;  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
       k[0]=1;  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
       k[1]=-1;  double **pmmij, ***probs;
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  double dateintmean=0;
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  
       printf("\n");  double *weight;
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  int **s; /* Status */
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double *agedc;
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
         }                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; */
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  double  idx; 
       }  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
 #endif  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
   int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
   int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
       return;  
     }  /**************** split *************************/
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  {
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
       pt[j]=p[j];    */ 
     }    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
     if (fptt < fp) {  
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
       if (t < 0.0) {    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
         }        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
 #ifdef DEBUG      /* get current working directory */
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
         printf("\n");      }
 #endif      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
       }      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
     }    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
   }      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
 }      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
 {      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit    }
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
     l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
   int i, ii,j,k;    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
   double **matprod2();      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
   double **newm;    }
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
     if (ss >0){
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)      ss++;
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);      l1= strlen( name);
     }      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
       strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
    cov[1]=1.;      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
      }
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
     newm=savm;  }
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  
      cov[2]=agefin;  
    /******************************************/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {  
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/  {
       }    int i;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    int lg=0;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    i=0;
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    lg=strlen(t);
     for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/      (s[i] = t[i]);
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/    }
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  }
   
     savm=oldm;  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
     oldm=newm;  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
     maxmax=0.;    char *s;
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){    s=out;
       min=1.;    while (*in != '\0'){
       max=0.;      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {        in++;
         sumnew=0;      }
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];      *out++ = *in++;
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);    }
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);    *out='\0';
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);    return s;
       }  }
       maxmin=max-min;  
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
     }  {
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
       return prlim;       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     }       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
   }       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
 }    */
     char *s, *t, *bl;
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/    t=in;s=in;
     while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )      *alocc++ = *in++;
 {    }
   double s1, s2;    if( *in == occ){
   /*double t34;*/      *(alocc)='\0';
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;      s=++in;
     }
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){   
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/      in=s;
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    }
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/    while ( *in != '\0'){
       }      *blocc++ = *in++;
       ps[i][j]=s2;    }
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  
     }    *blocc='\0';
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    return t;
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  }
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  {
       }    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
       ps[i][j]=s2;       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     }       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
   }       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/    */
     char *s, *t;
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    t=in;s=in;
      s1=0;    while (*in != '\0'){
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)      while( *in == occ){
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);        *blocc++ = *in++;
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)        s=in;
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);      }
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);      *blocc++ = *in++;
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    }
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    else
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
   } /* end i */    in=s;
     while ( *in != '\0'){
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){      *alocc++ = *in++;
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    }
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  
       ps[ii][ii]=1;    *alocc='\0';
     }    return s;
   }  }
   
   int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  {
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    int i,j=0;
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);    int lg=20;
    }    i=0;
     printf("\n ");    lg=strlen(s);
     }    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
 /*    }
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);    return j;
   goto end;*/  }
     return ps;  
 }  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
   /* { */
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
   /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
 {  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  /*   i=0; */
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  /*   } */
   long i, j, k;  
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  /*   } */
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
   
   return out;  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
 }  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
   /*   } */
   /* } */
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  
   /********************** nrerror ********************/
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  
 {  void nrerror(char error_text[])
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month  {
      duration (i.e. until    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  }
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  /*********************** vector *******************/
      included manually here.  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
   {
      */    double *v;
     v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   int i, j, d, h, k;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];    return v-nl+NR_END;
   double **newm;  }
   
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  /************************ free vector ******************/
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  {
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  }
     }  
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  /************************ivector *******************************/
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  {
       newm=savm;    int *v;
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
       cov[1]=1.;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;    return v-nl+NR_END;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  }
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  /******************free ivector **************************/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  {
     free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   }
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  /************************lvector *******************************/
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  {
       savm=oldm;    long *v;
       oldm=newm;    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
     }    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    return v-nl+NR_END;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  }
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  /******************free lvector **************************/
          */  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
       }  {
   } /* end h */    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   return po;  }
 }  
   /******************* imatrix *******************************/
   int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
 double func( double *x)  { 
 {    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;    int **m; 
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];    
   double **out;    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
   int s1, s2;    m += NR_END; 
   long ipmx;    m -= nrl; 
   /*extern weight */    
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */    
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
   */    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
   cov[1]=1.;    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
     
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){    
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){    return m; 
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  } 
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
           oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
           savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
         }        int **m;
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
         newm=savm;       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  { 
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
         }  } 
          
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  /******************* matrix *******************************/
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
         savm=oldm;  {
         oldm=newm;    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
            double **m;
          
       } /* end mult */    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
          if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
       s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];    m += NR_END;
       s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];    m -= nrl;
       if( s2 > nlstate){  
         /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known then the contribution    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
            to the likelihood is the probability to die between last step unit time and current    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
            step unit time, which is also the differences between probability to die before dh    m[nrl] += NR_END;
            and probability to die before dh-stepm .    m[nrl] -= ncl;
            In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed  
            as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
            health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state    return m;
            and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
            to consider that at each interview the state was recorded  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
            (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
            introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified     */
            the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new  }
            contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit  
            stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview  /*************************free matrix ************************/
            and month of death but the probability to survive from last  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
            interview up to one month before death multiplied by the  {
            probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
            Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
            mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop  }
            which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%  
            lower mortality.  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
         */  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
         lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);  {
       }else{    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
         lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* or     lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); */    double ***m;
         /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  
       }    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
       ipmx +=1;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
       sw += weight[i];    m += NR_END;
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    m -= nrl;
       /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d lli=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],lli,weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/  
     } /* end of wave */    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   } /* end of individual */    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     m[nrl] += NR_END;
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   /*exit(0);*/  
   return -l;    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
 }    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
     m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
     m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
       m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))    
 {    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
   int i,j, iter;      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
   double **xi,*delti;      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   double fret;        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    }
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    return m; 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
   printf("Powell\n");    */
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  }
   
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   {
 }    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  }
 {  
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
   double **hess;  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
   int i, j,jk;  {
   int *indx;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;    return tmpout;
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;  }
   
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
   char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  {
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
      return tmpout;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  }
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  
       if (j>i) {  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);  {
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];        
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       }    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     }    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   }    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   printf("\n");    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");    return tmpout;
    }
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  /***************** f1dim *************************/
   x=vector(1,npar);  extern int ncom; 
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];   
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  double f1dim(double x) 
   { 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    int j; 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    double f;
     x[j]=1;    double *xt; 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);   
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
     }    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
   }    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
     return f; 
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");  } 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  /*****************brent *************************/
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
     }  { 
     printf("\n");    int iter; 
   }    double a,b,d,etemp;
     double fu,fv,fw,fx;
   /* Recompute Inverse */    double ftemp;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];    double e=0.0; 
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);   
     a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
     x=w=v=bx; 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
     x[j]=1;      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       y[i][j]=x[i];      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
     }  #ifdef DEBUG
     printf("\n");      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   }      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   */      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
   #endif
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);        *xmin=x; 
   free_vector(x,1,npar);        return fx; 
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);      } 
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);      ftemp=fu;
       if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
         r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
 }        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
         p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/        q=2.0*(q-r); 
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
 {        q=fabs(q); 
   int i;        etemp=e; 
   int l=1, lmax=20;        e=d; 
   double k1,k2;        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   double res;        else { 
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;          d=p/q; 
   double fx;          u=x+d; 
   int k=0,kmax=10;          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
   double l1;            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
         } 
   fx=func(x);      } else { 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){      } 
     l1=pow(10,l);      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
     delts=delt;      fu=(*f)(u); 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){      if (fu <= fx) { 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
       k1=func(p2)-fx;          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;          } else { 
       k2=func(p2)-fx;            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */              v=w; 
                    w=u; 
 #ifdef DEBUG              fv=fw; 
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);              fw=fu; 
 #endif            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */              v=u; 
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){              fv=fu; 
         k=kmax;            } 
       }          } 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    } 
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
       }    *xmin=x; 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){    return fx; 
         delts=delt;  } 
       }  
     }  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   }  
   delti[theta]=delts;  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
   return res;              double (*func)(double)) 
    { 
 }    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
     double fu; 
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)   
 {    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
   int i;    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    if (*fb > *fa) { 
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
   int k;        } 
     *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
   fx=func(x);    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {    while (*fb > *fc) { 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
        ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;        fu=(*func)(u); 
     k2=func(p2)-fx;      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
          fu=(*func)(u); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;        if (fu < *fc) { 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
     k3=func(p2)-fx;            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
              } 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;        u=ulim; 
     k4=func(p2)-fx;        fu=(*func)(u); 
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */      } else { 
 #ifdef DEBUG        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);        fu=(*func)(u); 
 #endif      } 
   }      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
   return res;        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
 }        } 
   } 
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/  
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)  /*************** linmin ************************/
 {  
   int i,imax,j,k;  int ncom; 
   double big,dum,sum,temp;  double *pcom,*xicom;
   double *vv;  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     
   vv=vector(1,n);  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
   *d=1.0;  { 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
     big=0.0;                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    double f1dim(double x); 
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
     vv[i]=1.0/big;    int j; 
   }    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    double fx,fb,fa;
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {   
       sum=a[i][j];    ncom=n; 
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    pcom=vector(1,n); 
       a[i][j]=sum;    xicom=vector(1,n); 
     }    nrfunc=func; 
     big=0.0;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
       sum=a[i][j];      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)    } 
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    ax=0.0; 
       a[i][j]=sum;    xx=1.0; 
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
         big=dum;    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
         imax=i;  #ifdef DEBUG
       }    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     }    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     if (j != imax) {  #endif
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         dum=a[imax][k];      xi[j] *= xmin; 
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];      p[j] += xi[j]; 
         a[j][k]=dum;    } 
       }    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
       *d = -(*d);    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
       vv[imax]=vv[j];  } 
     }  
     indx[j]=imax;  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;  {
     if (j != n) {    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
     }    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
   }    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
 ;    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
 }    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
     return ascdiff;
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])  }
 {  
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;  /*************** powell ************************/
   double sum;  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
                double (*func)(double [])) 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  { 
     ip=indx[i];    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
     sum=b[ip];                double (*func)(double [])); 
     b[ip]=b[i];    int i,ibig,j; 
     if (ii)    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    double fp,fptt;
     else if (sum) ii=i;    double *xits;
     b[i]=sum;    int niterf, itmp;
   }  
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {    pt=vector(1,n); 
     sum=b[i];    ptt=vector(1,n); 
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    xit=vector(1,n); 
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];    xits=vector(1,n); 
   }    *fret=(*func)(p); 
 }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
     for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
 /************ Frequencies ********************/      fp=(*fret); 
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)      ibig=0; 
 {  /* Some frequencies */      del=0.0; 
        last_time=curr_time;
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
   double *pp;      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); fflush(ficlog);
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); */
   FILE *ficresp;     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
          fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      }
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");      printf("\n");
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);      if(*iter <=3){
     exit(0);        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
   }        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
   j1=0;        forecast_time=curr_time; 
          itmp = strlen(strcurr);
   j=cptcoveff;        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
          printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
       j1++;          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
         scanf("%d", i);*/  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)            strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)            itmp = strlen(strfor);
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
                printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
       dateintsum=0;          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
       k2cpt=0;        }
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      }
         bool=1;      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
         if  (cptcovn>0) {        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)        fptt=(*fret); 
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])  #ifdef DEBUG
               bool=0;        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
         }        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
         if (bool==1) {  #endif
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
               if (m<lastpass) {          ibig=i; 
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];        } 
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];  #ifdef DEBUG
               }        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
                      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
                 k2cpt++;          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
               }          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
             }        }
           }        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         }          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
       }          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
                }
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);        printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       if  (cptcovn>0) {  #endif
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");      } 
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");  #ifdef DEBUG
       }        int k[2],l;
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        k[0]=1;
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);        k[1]=-1;
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
              fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         if(i==(int)agemax+3)          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
           printf("Total");          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
         else        }
           printf("Age %d", i);        printf("\n");
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         }            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];          }
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
           else        }
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  #endif
         }  
   
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
         }        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
         return; 
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)      } 
           pos += pp[jk];      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
           if(pos>=1.e-5)        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
           else        pt[j]=p[j]; 
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);      } 
           if( i <= (int) agemax){      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
             if(pos>=1.e-5){      if (fptt < fp) { 
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;        if (t < 0.0) { 
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
             }          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
             else            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
           }          }
         }  #ifdef DEBUG
                  printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
         if(i <= (int) agemax)            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");          }
         printf("\n");          printf("\n");
       }          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }  #endif
   }        }
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;      } 
      } 
   fclose(ficresp);  } 
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
    
   /* End of Freq */  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
 }  {
     /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
 /************ Prevalence ********************/       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)  
 {  /* Some frequencies */    int i, ii,j,k;
      double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
   double *pp;    double **newm;
   double pos, k2;    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
   
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
          oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);      }
   j1=0;  
       cov[1]=1.;
   j=cptcoveff;   
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
      for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
  for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){      newm=savm;
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
       j1++;      cov[2]=agefin;
        
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)        /*printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[%d][Tvar[%d]]=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;      }
            /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /\* Useless *\/ */
         bool=1;      /*   cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]]; */
         if  (cptcovn>0) {      
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
               bool=0;      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
         }      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
         if (bool==1) {      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);      
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {      savm=oldm;
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;      oldm=newm;
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;      maxmax=0.;
               if (m<lastpass)      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
                 if (calagedate>0) freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];        min=1.;
               else        max=0.;
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];          sumnew=0;
             }          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
           }          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
         }          /*printf(" prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d \n", i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin);*/
       }          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
         for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        }
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)        maxmin=max-min;
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
           }      }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)        return prlim;
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];      }
         }    }
          }
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  
          }  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
            {
          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
        computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){                 model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
            if( i <= (int) agemax){       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
              if(pos>=1.e-5){       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
              }       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
            }       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
          }       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
                 sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
         }       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
     }       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
   }    */
     double s1, lnpijopii;
      /*double t34;*/
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  
        for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
 }  /* End of Freq */        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
           for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
             lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
 {          }
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i        }
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
      */            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
             lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   int i, mi, m;  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;          }
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
         }
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;      }
   double sum=0.;      
   jmin=1e+5;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
   jmax=-1;        s1=0;
   jmean=0.;        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
     mi=0;          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
     m=firstpass;        }
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
       if(s[m][i]>=1)          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
         mw[++mi][i]=m;          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
       if(m >=lastpass)        }
         break;        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
       else        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
         m++;        /* Computing other pijs */
     }/* end while */        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
          /* Only death is a correct wave */        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
       mw[mi][i]=m;      } /* end i */
     }      
       for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
     wav[i]=mi;        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
     if(mi==0)          ps[ii][jj]=0;
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);          ps[ii][ii]=1;
   }        }
       }
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){      
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){      
       if (stepm <=0)      /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
         dh[mi][i]=1;      /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
       else{      /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {      /*   } */
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {      /*   printf("\n "); */
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);      /* } */
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */      /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
           k=k+1;      /*
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;        goto end;*/
           sum=sum+j;      return ps;
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */  }
           }  
         }  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
         else{  
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
           k=k+1;  {
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
           sum=sum+j;       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
         }       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
         jk= j/stepm;    int i, j, k;
         jl= j -jk*stepm;    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
         if(jl <= -ju)        out[i][k]=0.;
           dh[mi][i]=jk;        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
         else          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;      }
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)    return out;
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */  }
       }  
     }  
   }  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
   jmean=sum/k;  
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
  }  {
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
 {       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
   int cptcode=0;       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
   cptcoveff=0;       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
         for the memory).
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;       included manually here. 
   
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {       */
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);    int i, j, d, h, k;
       Ndum[ij]++;    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/    double **newm;
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;  
     }    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     }        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     ij=1;      }
     /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {        newm=savm;
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;        cov[1]=1.;
                  cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
           ij++;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
         }          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
       }            cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
     }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
   }            cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
   
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  
         /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
       ij=Tvar[i];        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
       Ndum[ij]++;                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     }        savm=oldm;
         oldm=newm;
  ij=1;      }
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
      ij++;          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
    }        }
  }      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
      } /* end h */
     cptcoveff=ij-1;  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
 }    return po;
   }
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/  
   
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   double func( double *x)
 {  {
   /* Health expectancies */    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   double age, agelim, hf;    double **out;
   double ***p3mat,***varhe;    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   double *xp;    int s1, s2;
   double **gp, **gm;    double bbh, survp;
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;    long ipmx;
   int theta;    /*extern weight */
     /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   xp=vector(1,npar);    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);    */
      cov[1]=1.;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");  
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    if(mle==1){
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
            depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
   if(estepm < stepm){           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
   }         */
   else  hstepm=estepm;          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months          cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example        }
    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
    * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according           has been calculated etc */
    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             }
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.            newm=savm;
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */            }
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if            savm=oldm;
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same            oldm=newm;
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.          } /* end mult */
   */        
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
           /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
   agelim=AGESUP;           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);           */
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);            /* bias bh is positive if real duration
             * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
            */
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
           if( s2 > nlstate){ 
     /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
                then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
       }               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
            health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
       cptj=0;          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
           cptj=cptj+1;          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
           }          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
         }          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
       }          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
                probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
                Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            lower mortality.
                  */
       cptj=0;            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){  
           cptj=cptj+1;          } else if  (s2==-2) {
           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
           }            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
         }            lli= log(survp);
       }          }
                
              else if  (s2==-4) { 
             for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){            lli= log(survp); 
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];          } 
         }  
           else if  (s2==-5) { 
      }            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
                  survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
 /* End theta */            lli= log(survp); 
           } 
      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);          
           else{
      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          } 
         trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
           /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
           /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)          ipmx +=1;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)          sw += weight[i];
         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         } /* end of wave */
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){      } /* end of individual */
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){    }  else if(mle==2){
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       }              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     }              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             }
                for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
     /* Computing expectancies */            newm=savm;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;            }
                      out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
 /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
         }            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );        
     cptj=0;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
         cptj++;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );          ipmx +=1;
       }          sw += weight[i];
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
            } /* end of wave */
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);      } /* end of individual */
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);            }
 }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
 /************ Variance ******************/            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm)            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
 {              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   /* Variance of health expectancies */            }
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   double **newm;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   double **dnewm,**doldm;            savm=oldm;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;            oldm=newm;
   int k, cptcode;          } /* end mult */
   double *xp;        
   double **gp, **gm;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   double ***p3mat;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   double age,agelim, hf;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   int theta;          ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");        } /* end of wave */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      } /* end of individual */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   xp=vector(1,npar);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   if(estepm < stepm){            }
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   }            newm=savm;
   else  hstepm=estepm;              cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim            }
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.          
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
      and note for a fixed period like k years */                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the            savm=oldm;
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it            oldm=newm;
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if          } /* end mult */
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same        
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   */          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   agelim = AGESUP;            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */          }else{
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */          }
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          ipmx +=1;
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);          sw += weight[i];
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
         } /* end of wave */
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      } /* end of individual */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       if (popbased==1) {              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];            }
       }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
              newm=savm;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];            }
         }          
       }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                             1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */            savm=oldm;
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            oldm=newm;
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            } /* end mult */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        
            s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       if (popbased==1) {          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];          ipmx +=1;
       }          sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        } /* end of wave */
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)      } /* end of individual */
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];    } /* End of if */
         }    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       }    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)    return -l;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  }
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];  
         }  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     } /* End theta */  double funcone( double *x)
   {
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
     int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double **out;
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];    double llt;
     int s1, s2;
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */    double bbh, survp;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    /*extern weight */
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){    */
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    cov[1]=1.;
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);  
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)  
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       }      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     }      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);          }
       }        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");          newm=savm;
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
   } /* End age */          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          savm=oldm;
           oldm=newm;
 }        } /* end mult */
         
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 {        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */        /* bias is positive if real duration
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   double **newm;         */
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   int k, cptcode;        } else if  (s2==-2) {
   double *xp;          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
   double *gp, *gm;            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   double **gradg, **trgradg;          lli= log(survp);
   double age,agelim;        }else if (mle==1){
   int theta;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
            } else if(mle==2){
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
         } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
   xp=vector(1,npar);          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        } /* End of if */
          ipmx +=1;
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        sw += weight[i];
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   agelim = AGESUP;        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        if(globpr){
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
             fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          }
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        }
       }      } /* end of wave */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    } /* end of individual */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
        l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      gipmx=ipmx;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      gsw=sw;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    }
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];    return -l;
   }
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  
     } /* End theta */  /*************** function likelione ***********/
   void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  {
     /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       the selection of individuals/waves and
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];       Plotting could be done.
      */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    int k;
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;  
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      }
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
   } /* End age */    }
   
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    if(*globpri !=0){
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      fclose(ficresilk);
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
 }      fflush(fichtm); 
     } 
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/    return;
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)  }
 {  
   int i, j, i1, k1, j1, z1;  
   int k=0, cptcode;  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
   double **dnewm,**doldm;  
   double *xp;  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   double *gp, *gm;  {
   double **gradg, **trgradg;    int i,j, iter;
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];    double **xi;
   int theta;    double fret;
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
     /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   }    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
      strcat(filerespow,fileres);
 fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and standard deviation in parentheses\n");    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    }
       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   
   xp=vector(1,npar);    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);  
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
      fclose(ficrespow);
   cov[1]=1;    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
   j=cptcoveff;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
   j1=0;  
   for(k1=1; k1<=1;k1++){  }
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  
     j1++;  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
     if  (cptcovn>0) {  {
       fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
       for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    double **hess;
       fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");    int i, j,jk;
     }    int *indx;
      
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
         cov[2]=age;    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
              double gompertz(double p[]);
         }    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
            for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
         trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));     
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
          
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    }
              
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
                for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
           k=0;        if (j>i) { 
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
               k=k+1;          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];          
             }          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
           }          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
                  }
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)      }
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    }
        printf("\n");
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           k=0;  
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
               k=k+1;    
               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
             }    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
           }    x=vector(1,npar);
          indx=ivector(1,npar);
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];        for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
         }    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];      x[j]=1;
              lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
              }
         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);    }
          
         k=0;    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
             k=k+1;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
             gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
           }        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
         }      }
            printf("\n");
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){    }
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));  
      }*/    /* Recompute Inverse */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
     ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++)  
           fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e (%.3e) ",gm[i],sqrt(doldm[i][i]));    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
    
       }    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
     }      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      x[j]=1;
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);        y[i][j]=x[i];
   }        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   fclose(ficresprob);      }
        printf("\n");
 }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/    */
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \  
  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
  int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[], \    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
  char optionfilehtm[],char rfileres[], char optionfilegnuplot[],\    free_vector(x,1,npar);
  char version[], int popforecast, int estepm ){    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
   FILE *fichtm;  
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/  
   }
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);  
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);  {
   }    int i;
     int l=1, lmax=20;
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n    double k1,k2;
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
 \n    double res;
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n    double fx;
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">    int k=0,kmax=10;
  <ul><li>Outputs files<br>\n    double l1;
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n  
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n    fx=func(x);
  - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
  - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
  - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n      l1=pow(10,l);
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);      delts=delt;
       for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n        delt = delta*(l1*k);
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
   - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n        k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
  - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
  - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n        k2=func(p2)-fx;
  - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
         res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n        
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
  else  #endif
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
 fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
           k=kmax;
  m=cptcoveff;        }
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
           k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
  jj1=0;        }
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){          delts=delt;
        jj1++;        }
        if (cptcovn > 0) {      }
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");    }
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)    delti[theta]=delts;
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);    return res; 
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");    
        }  }
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>  
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);      double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){  {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>    int i;
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
        }    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident    int k;
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>  
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      fx=func(x);
      }    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
      }      k1=func(p2)-fx;
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and    
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");      k2=func(p2)-fx;
    }    
    }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
 fclose(fichtm);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
 }      k3=func(p2)-fx;
     
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
       k4=func(p2)-fx;
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
   #ifdef DEBUG
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp.txt");      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {  #endif
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);    }
   }    return res;
   }
 #ifdef windows  
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
 #endif  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);  { 
      int i,imax,j,k; 
  /* 1eme*/    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    double *vv; 
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {   
     vv=vector(1,n); 
      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    *d=1.0; 
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {      big=0.0; 
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
 }      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    } 
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
 }        sum=a[i][j]; 
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {        a[i][j]=sum; 
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      } 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      big=0.0; 
 }        for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));        sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
    }        a[i][j]=sum; 
   }        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
   /*2 eme*/          big=dum; 
           imax=i; 
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        } 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);      } 
          if (j != imax) { 
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
       k=2*i;          dum=a[imax][k]; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {          a[j][k]=dum; 
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        } 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        *d = -(*d); 
 }          vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");      } 
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);      indx[j]=imax; 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      if (j != n) { 
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
 }        } 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    } 
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  ;
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  } 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }    void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");  { 
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
     }    double sum; 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);   
   }    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
        ip=indx[i]; 
   /*3eme*/      sum=b[ip]; 
       b[ip]=b[i]; 
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      if (ii) 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);      else if (sum) ii=i; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);      b[i]=sum; 
       /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);    } 
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);      sum=b[i]; 
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);    } 
   } 
 */  
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);  {
     fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
       }  }
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);  
     }  /************ Frequencies ********************/
     }  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
    {  /* Some frequencies */
   /* CV preval stat */    
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {    int first;
       k=3;    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);    double *pp, **prop;
     double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);    
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
          prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       }      exit(0);
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);      }
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     }    j1=0;
   }      
      j=cptcoveff;
   /* proba elementaires */    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    first=1;
       if (k != i) {  
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){   /* Loop on covariates */
            /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ /* Now it is 2 */
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);    /*    j1++;
           jk++;  */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");    for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
         }        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
       }          scanf("%d", i);*/
     }        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
     }          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
             for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
     for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);        
    i=1;        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
      k3=i;            prop[i][m]=0;
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {        
        if (k != k2){        dateintsum=0;
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);        k2cpt=0;
 ij=1;        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {          bool=1;
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {          if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
             ij++;              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]){
           }                  /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
           else                bool=0;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);                /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtab[%d][%d]=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtab[%d][%d]=%d, j1=%d\n", 
         }                  bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtab[j1][z1],
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");                  j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]],j1);*/
                        /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtab[7][3]=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){                } 
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);          }
 ij=1;   
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){          if (bool==1){
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
             ij++;              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
           }                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
           else                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
           }                if (m<lastpass) {
           fprintf(ficgp,")");                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
         }                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);                }
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");                
         i=i+ncovmodel;                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
        }                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
      }                  k2cpt++;
    }                }
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);                /*}*/
    }            }
              }
   fclose(ficgp);        } /* end i */
 }  /* end gnuplot */         
         /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
         pstamp(ficresp);
 /*************** Moving average **************/        if  (cptcovn>0) {
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   int i, cpt, cptcod;          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)          fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)          fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;        }
            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){        
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];          if(i==iagemax+3){
           }            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;          }else{
         }            if(first==1){
       }              first=0;
     }              printf("See log file for details...\n");
                }
 }            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
           }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
 /************** Forecasting ******************/            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
            }
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   int *popage;            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
   double ***p3mat;              if(first==1){
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
               }
  agelim=AGESUP;              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;            }else{
               if(first==1)
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
                fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
              }
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");          }
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);  
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   }              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);          }       
           for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;            pos += pp[jk];
             posprop += prop[jk][i];
   if (mobilav==1) {          }
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);            if(pos>=1.e-5){
   }              if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;            }else{
                if(first==1)
   agelim=AGESUP;                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
                fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   hstepm=1;            }
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;            if( i <= iagemax){
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);              if(pos>=1.e-5){
   anprojmean=yp;                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
   mprojmean=yp;                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);              }
   jprojmean=yp;              else
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;            }
            }
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);          
            for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
       k=k+1;              if(first==1)
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);              }
       }          if(i <= iagemax)
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");          if(first==1)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);            printf("Others in log...\n");
                fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
              }
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {        /*}*/
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");    }
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);      dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
    
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    fclose(ficresp);
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
              free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    /* End of Freq */
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  }
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);    
          /************ Prevalence ********************/
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {  {  
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
             }       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;    */
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                 
                 if (mobilav==1)    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
                 else {    double *pp, **prop;
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];    double pos,posprop; 
                 }    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
                    int iagemin, iagemax;
               }    int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){  
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);    iagemin= (int) agemin;
                            iagemax= (int) agemax;
               }    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
             }    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
           }    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    j1=0;
         }    
       }    /*j=cptcoveff;*/
     }    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   }    
            first=1;
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
   fclose(ficresf);        j1++;*/
 }        
 /************** Forecasting ******************/        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
              prop[i][m]=0.0;
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;       
   int *popage;        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;          bool=1;
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;          if  (cptcovn>0) {
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
                 bool=0;
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          } 
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          if (bool==1) { 
   agelim=AGESUP;            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
                if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                  if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                  if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
   }                } 
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);              }
             } /* end selection of waves */
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;          }
         }
   if (mobilav==1) {        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
   }          } 
           
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
                if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
   agelim=AGESUP;                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
                } else{
   hstepm=1;                if(first==1){
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;                  first=0;
                    printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
   if (popforecast==1) {                }
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {              }
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);            } 
     }          }/* end jk */ 
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);        }/* end i */ 
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);      /*} *//* end i1 */
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);    } /* end j1 */
        
     i=1;      /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
        free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
     imx=i;  }  /* End of prevalence */
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];  
   }  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){  {
       k=k+1;    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
       }       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");       */
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);    int i, mi, m;
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
             double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {    int first;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);      int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
            double sum=0.;
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    first=0;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    jmin=1e+5;
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    jmax=-1;
              jmean=0.;
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      mi=0;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        m=firstpass;
              while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {          mw[++mi][i]=m;
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);        if(m >=lastpass)
             }          break;
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {        else
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;          m++;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                    }/* end while */
                 if (mobilav==1)      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
                 else {        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];           /* Only death is a correct wave */
                 }        mw[mi][i]=m;
               }      }
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){  
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;      wav[i]=mi;
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);      if(mi==0){
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/        nbwarn++;
               }        if(first==0){
             }          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){          first=1;
               kk1=0.;        }
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){        if(first==1){
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
                 }        }
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];      } /* end mi==0 */
             }    } /* End individuals */
   
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
           }        if (stepm <=0)
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          dh[mi][i]=1;
         }        else{
       }          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
              if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
   /******/              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
               if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {              else if(j<0){
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);                  nberr++;
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
                          fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              }
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);                k=k+1;
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){              if (j >= jmax){
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {                jmax=j;
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);                ijmax=i;
             }              }
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {              if (j <= jmin){
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;                jmin=j;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                              ijmin=i;
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                  }
               }              sum=sum+j;
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
             }              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
           }            }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          }
         }          else{
       }            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
    }  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   }  
              k=k+1;
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            if (j >= jmax) {
               jmax=j;
   if (popforecast==1) {              ijmax=i;
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);            }
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);            else if (j <= jmin){
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);              jmin=j;
   }              ijmin=i;
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            }
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
   fclose(ficrespop);            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
 }            if(j<0){
               nberr++;
 /***********************************************/              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
 /**************** Main Program *****************/              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
 /***********************************************/            }
             sum=sum+j;
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])          }
 {          jk= j/stepm;
           jl= j -jk*stepm;
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;            if(jl==0){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
   double fret;              bh[mi][i]=0;
   double **xi,tmp,delta;            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
                     * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
   double ***p3mat;              bh[mi][i]=ju;
   int *indx;            }
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];          }else{
   char title[MAXLINE];            if(jl <= -ju){
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];              dh[mi][i]=jk;
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
                                     * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];                                   */
             }
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];            else{
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];              bh[mi][i]=ju;
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];            }
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
   int c,  h , cpt,l;              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
   int ju,jl, mi;              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;            }
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;          } /* end if mle */
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;        }
   int hstepm, nhstepm;      } /* end wave */
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;    }
     jmean=sum/k;
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
   double ftolpl=FTOL;    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
   double **prlim;   }
   double *severity;  
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   double  *p;  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */  {
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */    /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
   double *delti; /* Scale */    /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
   double ***eij, ***vareij;    /* Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */     * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
   double *epj, vepp;    /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
   double kk1, kk2;    */
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;  
      int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
     int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.8a1, June 2003, INED-EUROREVES ";    int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];    int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   
   
   char z[1]="c", occ;    cptcoveff=0; 
 #include <sys/time.h>   
 #include <time.h>    for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];    for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
    
   /* long total_usecs;    /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 : V1 + V3 = 2 only */
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Lopp on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
   getcwd(pathcd, size);        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
                                       * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
   printf("\n%s",version);                                      * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
   if(argc <=1){                                      * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");        /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
     scanf("%s",pathtot);                                        modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
   }        if (ij > modmaxcovj)
   else{          modmaxcovj=ij; 
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);        else if (ij < modmincovj) 
   }          modmincovj=ij; 
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/        if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);          printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/          exit(1);
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/        }else
         Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);        /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
   chdir(path);        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
   replace(pathc,path);           (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
            female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/      }
       printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
   strcpy(fileres,"r");      cptcode=modmaxcovj;
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);      /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */     /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
       for (i=modmincovj;  i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value of the modality of model-cov j */
   /*---------arguments file --------*/        printf("Frequencies of covariates %d V%d %d\n", j, Tvar[j], Ndum[i]);
         if( Ndum[i] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered, empty modality */
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {          ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of non-null modalities of the j th covariate. */
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);        }
     goto end;        /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
   }           historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
       } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
   strcpy(filereso,"o");  
   strcat(filereso,fileres);      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {      /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4. If Ndum[2]=0 ncodemax[j] is not 4 but 3 */
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;      /* If Ndum[3}= 635; Ndum[4]=0; Ndum[5]=0; Ndum[6]=27; Ndum[7]=125;
   }         modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
          There are only 3 modalities non empty (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */         which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10; defining two dummy 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){         variables V1_1 and V1_2.
     ungetc(c,ficpar);         nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);         nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
     puts(line);         nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
     fputs(line,ficparo);         nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
   }      */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      ij=1; /* ij is similar to i but can jumps over null modalities */
       for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 */
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);        for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *//* Could be 1 to 4 */
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);          /*recode from 0 */
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);          if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);                                       k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                                       then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
     puts(line);            ij++;
     fputs(line,ficparo);          }
   }          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        }  /* end of loop on */
        } /* end of loop on modality */ 
        } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);    
   cptcovn=0;   for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;    
     for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */ 
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
       Ndum[ij]++; 
   /* Read guess parameters */   } 
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */  
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){   ij=1;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);   for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);     /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
     puts(line);     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
     fputs(line,ficparo);       /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
   }       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);       ij++;
       }else
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);         Tvaraff[ij]=0;
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)   }
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){   ij--;
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);  
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);  }
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){  
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);  
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);  
       }  void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  
       printf("\n");  {
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     }    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
      int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;    double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3mat;
   p=param[1][1];    double eip;
    
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    pstamp(ficreseij);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     puts(line);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     fputs(line,ficparo);        fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
   }      }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */  
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){    if(estepm < stepm){
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    }
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
       }     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
       printf("\n");     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
     }     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
   }     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   delti=delti3[1][1];  
      /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     puts(line);       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     fputs(line,ficparo);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
   }       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
   ungetc(c,ficpar);       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
         you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){    */
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     printf("%s",str);  
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);    agelim=AGESUP;
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){    /* If stepm=6 months */
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);      
     }  /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     printf("\n");    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
   }    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)  
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
          nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
   printf("\n");      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/  
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */      /* If stepm=6 months */
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */      
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;      
     }      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);      
          printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
     /*-------- data file ----------*/      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {      
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;      /* Computing expectancies */
     }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     n= lastobs;          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);            
     num=ivector(1,n);            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
     moisnais=vector(1,n);  
     annais=vector(1,n);          }
     moisdc=vector(1,n);  
     andc=vector(1,n);      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
     agedc=vector(1,n);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     cod=ivector(1,n);        eip=0;
     weight=vector(1,n);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */          eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);          fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);        }
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);          }
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);      
     }
     i=1;    free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {    printf("\n");
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
            
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){  }
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);  
           strcpy(line,stra);  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  {
         }    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
             to initial status i, ei. .
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    double age, agelim, hf;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    double *xp, *xm;
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){    double **gp, **gm;
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
         }    int theta;
         num[i]=atol(stra);  
            double eip, vip;
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){  
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
         i=i+1;    xm=vector(1,npar);
       }    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     }    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);    
        scanf("%d",i);*/    pstamp(ficresstdeij);
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;        fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;      fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     }*/    }
    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;  
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/    pstamp(ficrescveij);
      fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
      fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);        cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);        for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);          for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
   Tage=ivector(1,15);                  cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
                if(cptj2 <= cptj)
   if (strlen(model) >1){              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;          }
     j=nbocc(model,'+');      }
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');    fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     cptcovn=j+1;    
     cptcovprod=j1;    if(estepm < stepm){
          printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     strcpy(modelsav,model);    }
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){    else  hstepm=estepm;   
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
       goto end;     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
     }     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
         * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');  
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
           cptcovprod--;    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
           cptcovage++;       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
         }       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
           cptcovprod--;       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    */
           cptcovage++;    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;  
         }    /* If stepm=6 months */
         else {    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');    agelim=AGESUP;
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
           Tprod[k1]=i;    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);    
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];    p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];    p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)    gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];    trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
           k1++;    gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
           k2=k2+2;    gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         }  
       }    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       else {      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);  
       }      /* If stepm=6 months */
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);        /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
         scanf("%d",i);*/      
     }      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
 }  
        /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);      /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);         decrease memory allocation */
   scanf("%d ",i);*/      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     fclose(fic);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     /*  if(mle==1){*/          xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/        }
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     }        hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/    
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {              gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){              gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
          anint[m][i]=9999;            }
          s[m][i]=-1;          }
        }        }
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;       
       }        for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
     }          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {          }
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);      }/* End theta */
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){      
         if(s[m][i] >0){      
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
             if(agedc[i]>0)        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/      
            else {  
               if (andc[i]!=9999){       for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               agev[m][i]=-1;          varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
               }  
             }       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
           }       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
               agev[m][i]=1;          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){          for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
               agemin=agev[m][i];            for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/              varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
             }        }
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){      }
               agemax=agev[m][i];  
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/      /* Computing expectancies */
             }      hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           }          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
           else { /* =9 */            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             agev[m][i]=1;            
             s[m][i]=-1;            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
           }  
         }          }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */  
           agev[m][i]=1;      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
            eip=0.;
     }        vip=0.;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){          eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {          for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");              vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           goto end;          fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }        }
       }        fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
     }      }
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);  
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);          cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
     free_vector(annais,1,n);          for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);            for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);              if(cptj2 <= cptj)
     free_vector(andc,1,n);                fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
             }
            }
     wav=ivector(1,imx);      fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);     
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    }
        free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     /* Concatenates waves */    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);    free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);    free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);    printf("\n");
       ncodemax[1]=1;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);  
          free_vector(xm,1,npar);
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
    h=0;    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){  }
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){  
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){  /************ Variance ******************/
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
            h++;  {
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;    /* Variance of health expectancies */
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
          }    /* double **newm;*/
        }    double **dnewm,**doldm;
      }    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
    }    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);    int k, cptcode;
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */    double *xp;
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
       }    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
       printf("\n");    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
       }    double ***p3mat;
       scanf("%d",i);*/    double age,agelim, hf;
        double ***mobaverage;
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age    int theta;
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */    char digit[4];
     char digitp[25];
      
        char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    if(popbased==1){
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      if(mobilav!=0)
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
          }
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]    else 
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */  
     if (mobilav!=0) {
     if(mle==1){      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
     }        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
            printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     /*--------- results files --------------*/      }
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);    }
    
     strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
    jk=1;    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
        if (k != i)    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
          {      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);    }
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);   
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
              jk++;    pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
            }    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
            printf("\n");    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
          }      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
      }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
    }        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
  if(mle==1){    }  
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);    /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
  }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");  /*   } */
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){    pstamp(ficresvij);
         if (j!=i) {    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);    if(popbased==1)
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    else
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
             jk++;    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           printf("\n");        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
         }  
       }    xp=vector(1,npar);
      }    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
        doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     k=1;    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");  
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/    
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);    if(estepm < stepm){
       printf("%3d",i);      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){    }
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
       }    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
       printf("\n");       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
       k++;       Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
     }    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
           survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
       ungetc(c,ficpar);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
       puts(line);    */
       fputs(line,ficparo);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     }    agelim = AGESUP;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
     estepm=0;      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     if (fage <= 2) {      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       bage = ageminpar;      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       fage = agemaxpar;      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     }  
      
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
          }
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);        if (popbased==1) {
     fputs(line,ficparo);          if(mobilav ==0){
   }            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
            }else{ /* mobilav */ 
   fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
  fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);          }
              }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
     puts(line);            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
     fputs(line,ficparo);              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
   }          }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        }
          /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;           as a weighted average of prlim.
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;        */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);              gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);          }    
          /* end probability of death */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     puts(line);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   }   
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
     fputs(line,ficparo);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   }            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);        }
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);        */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
  printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
          }    
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/        /* end probability of death */
  chdir(path);  
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);            }
  free_ivector(num,1,n);  
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
  fclose(ficparo);        }
  fclose(ficres);  
       } /* End theta */
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/  
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm,rfileres,optionfilegnuplot,version,popforecast,estepm);  
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
          for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
              trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");  
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
   }    
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);  
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
    
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
   k=0;              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
   agebase=ageminpar;        }
   agelim=agemaxpar;      }
   ftolpl=1.e-10;    
   i1=cptcoveff;      /* pptj */
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
         k=k+1;          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/      /* end ppptj */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");      /*  x centered again */
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");   
              if (popbased==1) {
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){        if(mobilav ==0){
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }        }
       }      }
     }               
   fclose(ficrespl);      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/         as a weighted average of prlim.
        */
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
   }      }    
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);      /* end probability of death */
    
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
   agelim=AGESUP;        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        }
        } 
   k=0;      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){  
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       k=k+1;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        }
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
              free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    } /* End age */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240");
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
              }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
         }    /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
     }  */
   }  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);  
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   fclose(ficrespij);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){    free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);    if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
   }    fflush(ficgp);
   else{    fflush(fichtm); 
     erreur=108;  }  /* end varevsij */
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);  
   }  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
    void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
   strcpy(filerest,"t");    double **newm;
   strcat(filerest,fileres);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    int k, cptcode;
   }    double *xp;
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);    double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
   strcpy(filerese,"e");    int theta;
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    pstamp(ficresvpl);
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
   }    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");    fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);  
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    xp=vector(1,npar);
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   }    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    
   calagedate=-1;    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
 prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
   k=0;    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       k=k+1;      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");  
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);    
          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      } /* End theta */
        varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm);  
          trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");  
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
         if (popbased==1) {      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];  
         }      fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);        fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
             /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/      free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
           }      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];    } /* End age */
         }  
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];  
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));  }
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){  
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
         }  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");  {
       }    int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
     }    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
   }    int k=0,l, cptcode;
 free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    int first=1, first1, first2;
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     free_vector(weight,1,n);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
   fclose(ficreseij);    double *xp;
   fclose(ficresvij);    double *gp, *gm;
   fclose(ficrest);    double **gradg, **trgradg;
   fclose(ficpar);    double **mu;
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);    double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
      double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/      int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");    char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {    double ***varpij;
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);  
     exit(0);    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
   }    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);    if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
   k=0;      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    }
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
       k=k+1;    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");    if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");    }
          strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
  }    }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
   fclose(ficresvpl);    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
      fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    pstamp(ficresprob);
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
      fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
      pstamp(ficresprobcov);
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    pstamp(ficresprobcor);
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
      fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);  
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);  
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
   if(erreur >0)        fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);        fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
   else   printf("End of Imach\n");      }  
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */   /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
      fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/   */
   /*------ End -----------*/    xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
  end:    mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/    varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    first=1;
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);  
  strcat(plotcmd," ");    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
  system(plotcmd);    file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
  /*#ifdef windows*/  and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
   while (z[0] != 'q') {   They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     /* chdir(path); */    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");  It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
     scanf("%s",z);  would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");  standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);   Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);   and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);  To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   }  
   /*#endif */    cov[1]=1;
 }    /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];/* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d_1.png\">%s%d_1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d_2.png\">%s%d_2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Period (stable) prevalence in each health state : <a href=\"%s%d_%d.png\">%s%d_%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m0,cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d_%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small size 320, 240\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
     /*goto avoid;*/
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { /\* Bug valgrind *\/ */
                  /*        /\*fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);*\/ */
                  /*        ij++; */
                  /* } */
                  /* else */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { */
                    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]); */
                    /*   ij++; */
                    /* } */
                    /* else */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    avoid:
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small size 320, 240\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i, j, n;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       for (j=0; line[j]!='\0';j++){
         line[j]=linetmp[j];
       }
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ = *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int i1, j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V2*age+V3 +V3*V4=> V1 + V3 =2  */
       cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     /* but the covariates which are products must be treated separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
       cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /*   Design
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
        *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
        *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
        *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
        *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
        *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
        *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
        *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
        *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
        *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
        *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
        *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
        *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
        *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
        *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
        * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
        *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
        * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
        *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
        *How to reorganize?
        * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
        * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
        * Struct []
        */
   
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       /*
        * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
       cptcovage=0;
       for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
         cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
             /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cptcovn++;
             cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             k2=k2+2;
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
           cptcovn++;
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     endread:
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2;
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel > 2)
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
   
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtab[100][10]);*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*/
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              *     h     1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     1
              *    10     2     1     1     1
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     1
              *    12     2     2     1     1
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     1    
              *    14     2     1     2     1
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     1
              *    16     2     2     2     1
              */
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             /*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*/
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #elsedef
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #elsedef
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
   #include "prevlim.h"  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   #include "hpijx.h"
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
           /*
            */
           /* goto endfree; */
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
   
   
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* Segmentation fault */
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart);
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         /*}*/
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    endfree:
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.41.2.2  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.147


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