Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.14 and 1.166

version 1.14, 2002/02/20 17:05:44 version 1.166, 2014/12/22 11:40:47
Line 1 Line 1
      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.166  2014/12/22 11:40:47  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    *** empty log message ***
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews  
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    Revision 1.165  2014/12/16 11:20:36  brouard
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    Summary: After compiling on Visual C
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number  
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    Revision 1.164  2014/12/16 10:52:11  brouard
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional    Summary: Merging with Visual C after suppressing some warnings for unused variables. Also fixing Saito's bug 0.98Xn
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:  
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and  
   age", you should modify the program where the markup    Revision 1.163  2014/12/16 10:30:11  brouard
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.  
     Revision 1.162  2014/09/25 11:43:39  brouard
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the    Summary: temporary backup 0.99!
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some  
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    Revision 1.1  2014/09/16 11:06:58  brouard
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    Summary: With some code (wrong) for nlopt
   hPijx is the probability to be  
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age    Author:
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of  
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or    Revision 1.161  2014/09/15 20:41:41  brouard
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.    Summary: Problem with macro SQR on Intel compiler
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices  
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.    Revision 1.160  2014/09/02 09:24:05  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also  
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    Revision 1.159  2014/09/01 10:34:10  brouard
      Summary: WIN32
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Author: Brouard
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.  
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    Revision 1.158  2014/08/27 17:11:51  brouard
   from the European Union.    *** empty log message ***
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and  
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Revision 1.157  2014/08/27 16:26:55  brouard
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Summary: Preparing windows Visual studio version
   **********************************************************************/    Author: Brouard
    
 #include <math.h>    In order to compile on Visual studio, time.h is now correct and time_t
 #include <stdio.h>    and tm struct should be used. difftime should be used but sometimes I
 #include <stdlib.h>    just make the differences in raw time format (time(&now).
 #include <unistd.h>    Trying to suppress #ifdef LINUX
     Add xdg-open for __linux in order to open default browser.
 #define MAXLINE 256  
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    Revision 1.156  2014/08/25 20:10:10  brouard
 /*#define DEBUG*/    *** empty log message ***
 #define windows  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Revision 1.155  2014/08/25 18:32:34  brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    Summary: New compile, minor changes
     Author: Brouard
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */  
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
     Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    Author: Brouard
 #define MAXN 20000  
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
 #define AGESUP 130    Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
 #define AGEBASE 40  
     Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
 int nvar;  
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    Author: brouard
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */  
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
 int popbased=0, fprev,lprev;    Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
     Author: Nicolas Brouard
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */  
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    Summary: Nothing new
 int mle, weightopt;    Author: Brouard
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */  
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */  
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    *** empty log message ***
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf;  
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm,*ficresprob;    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
 FILE *ficreseij;    Summary: Merge
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Author: Brouard
  FILE  *ficresvij;  
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    Merge, before building revised version.
  FILE  *ficresvpl;  
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
     Summary: Debugging with valgrind
 #define NR_END 1    Author: Nicolas Brouard
 #define FREE_ARG char*  
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
     After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
 #define NRANSI    improve the code.
 #define ITMAX 200    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
     continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
     optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    the source code.
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10  
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
     Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
 #define GOLD 1.618034  
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
   
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
      * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))  
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
     * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 static double sqrarg;  
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   
 int imx;    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
 int stepm;    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
   
 int m,nb;    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    *** empty log message ***
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;  
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
     (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
 double *weight;    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
 int **s; /* Status */  
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
     of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
   
 /**************** split *************************/    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name )    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 {  
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    just nforces
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */  
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    Many tings
       extern char       *getwd( );  
     Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    Some dimensions resccaled
 #else  
       extern char       *getcwd( );    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
     (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
 #endif    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );  
       }    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */  
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
    }    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
 }    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
     computation.
     In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 /******************************************/    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
   
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
 {    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
   int i;    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
   int lg=20;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
   i=0;    Version 0.98h
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
     (s[i] = t[i]);    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    Forecasting file added.
   }  
 }    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
     Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 {  
   int i,j=0;    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
   int lg=20;    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
   i=0;    name. <head> headers where missing.
   lg=strlen(s);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
   }    otherwise the weight is truncated).
   return j;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 }    1.
     Version 0.98g
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
   i=0;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    otherwise the weight is truncated).
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
   }    1.
     Version 0.98g
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
     (u[j] = t[j]);    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
   }  
      u[p]='\0';    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  
   }    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
 }    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
 {    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);  
   exit(1);    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
 }    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 /*********************** vector *******************/    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 {    (Module): Function pstamp added
   double *v;    (Module): Version 0.98d
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
   return v-nl+NR_END;    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 }    table of variances if popbased=1 .
     (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 /************************ free vector ******************/    (Module): Function pstamp added
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    (Module): Version 0.98d
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
 }    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
     varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
 /************************ivector *******************************/  
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
 {    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
   int *v;  
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
   return v-nl+NR_END;    filename with strsep.
 }  
     Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
 /******************free ivector **************************/    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
 {    allocation too.
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
     (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 {    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    can be a simple dot '.'.
   int **m;  
      Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
   m += NR_END;    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
   m -= nrl;  
      Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
      Gnuplot problem appeared...
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    To be fixed
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
      Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Some cleaning and links added in html output
    
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   return m;    *** empty log message ***
 }  
     Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
       int **m;    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
 {    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
     (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
 {    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  
   double **m;    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
     Fix on curr_time
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
   m += NR_END;    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   m -= nrl;  
     Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    *** empty log message ***
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
     directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
   return m;    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
 }    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
     cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    from other sources like vital statistic data.
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
 {    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
 }    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
 {  
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    Current limitations:
   double ***m;    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
     model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
   m -= nrl;    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
     suppressed.
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository):
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    Just cleaning
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;  
      Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    (Module): Version 0.96b
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  
   }    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
   return m;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 }    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
 {    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
 }  
     Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 extern int ncom;    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);  
      Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 double f1dim(double x)    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 {    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   int j;    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   double f;  
   double *xt;    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
      * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    Version 0.96
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);  
   return f;    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
 }    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
     routine fileappend.
 /*****************brent *************************/  
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
 {    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
   int iter;    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
   double a,b,d,etemp;    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   double ftemp;    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    interview.
   double e=0.0;    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
      we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);    truncation)
   x=w=v=bx;    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
     xm=0.5*(a+b);    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    parcimony.
 #ifdef DEBUG    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
 #endif    *** empty log message ***
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  
       *xmin=x;    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
       return fx;    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
     }  
     ftemp=fu;  */
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  /*
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);     Interpolated Markov Chain
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    Short summary of the programme:
       q=2.0*(q-r);    
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
       q=fabs(q);    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
       etemp=e;    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
       e=d;    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
       else {    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
         d=p/q;    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
         u=x+d;    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
       }    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
     } else {    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
     }    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
     fu=(*f)(u);    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
     if (fu <= fx) {    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;    convergence.
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
         } else {    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
             v=w;    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
             w=u;  
             fv=fw;    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
             fw=fu;    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
             v=u;    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
             fv=fu;    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
           }    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
         }    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   }    hPijx.
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  
   *xmin=x;    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   return fx;    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
 }    
     Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
     This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    from the European Union.
             double (*func)(double))    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
 {    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
   double fu;  
      Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);    
   if (*fb > *fa) {    **********************************************************************/
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  /*
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)    main
       }    read parameterfile
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);    read datafile
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);    concatwav
   while (*fb > *fc) {    freqsummary
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);    if (mle >= 1)
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);      mlikeli
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/    print results files
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));    if mle==1 
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);       computes hessian
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
       fu=(*func)(u);        begin-prev-date,...
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {    open gnuplot file
       fu=(*func)(u);    open html file
       if (fu < *fc) {    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
           }      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  
       u=ulim;    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
       fu=(*func)(u);     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
     } else {         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
       fu=(*func)(u);  
     }         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
       }     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
 }     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
   
 /*************** linmin ************************/    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
     health expectancies
 int ncom;    Variance-covariance of DFLE
 double *pcom,*xicom;    prevalence()
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);     movingaverage()
      varevsij() 
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
 {    total life expectancies
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);   end
   double f1dim(double x);  */
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  #define POWELL /* Instead of NLOPT */
   int j;  
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  #include <math.h>
   double fx,fb,fa;  #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
   ncom=n;  #include <string.h>
   pcom=vector(1,n);  
   xicom=vector(1,n);  #ifdef _WIN32
   nrfunc=func;  #include <io.h>
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #else
     pcom[j]=p[j];  #include <unistd.h>
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  #endif
   }  
   ax=0.0;  #include <limits.h>
   xx=1.0;  #include <sys/types.h>
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  #include <sys/stat.h>
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  #include <errno.h>
 #ifdef DEBUG  /* extern int errno; */
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  
 #endif  /* #ifdef LINUX */
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /* #include <time.h> */
     xi[j] *= xmin;  /* #include "timeval.h" */
     p[j] += xi[j];  /* #else */
   }  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  /* #endif */
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  
 }  #include <time.h>
   
 /*************** powell ************************/  #ifdef GSL
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
             double (*func)(double []))  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
 {  #endif
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  
               double (*func)(double []));  #ifdef NLOPT
   int i,ibig,j;  #include <nlopt.h>
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  typedef struct {
   double fp,fptt;    double (* function)(double [] );
   double *xits;  } myfunc_data ;
   pt=vector(1,n);  #endif
   ptt=vector(1,n);  
   xit=vector(1,n);  /* #include <libintl.h> */
   xits=vector(1,n);  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
   *fret=(*func)(p);  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  
     fp=(*fret);  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
     ibig=0;  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
     del=0.0;  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
     printf("\n");  
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
       fptt=(*fret);  
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define NINTERVMAX 8
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
 #endif  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  #define codtabm(h,k)  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  #define MAXN 20000
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
         ibig=i;  #define AGESUP 130
       }  #define AGEBASE 40
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define AGEGOMP 10 /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  #ifdef _WIN32
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
       }  #else
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
       printf("\n");  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
 #endif  #endif
     }  
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  /* $Id$ */
 #ifdef DEBUG  /* $State$ */
       int k[2],l;  
       k[0]=1;  char version[]="Imach version 0.99, September 2014,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121)";
       k[1]=-1;  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  char strstart[80];
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
       printf("\n");  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
         }  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
       }  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
 #endif  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
   int npar=NPARMAX;
   int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  int popbased=0;
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  
       return;  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
     }  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
       pt[j]=p[j];  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
     }  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
     if (fptt < fp) {  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
       if (t < 0.0) {  int countcallfunc=0;  /* Count the number of calls to func */
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double **matprod2(); /* test */
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
         }  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
 #ifdef DEBUG  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
         printf("\n");  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
 #endif  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
       }  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
     }  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
   }  FILE *ficresilk;
 }  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   FILE *ficreseij;
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  FILE *ficresstdeij;
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */  FILE *ficrescveij;
   char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int i, ii,j,k;  FILE  *ficresvij;
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double **matprod2();  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double **newm;  char title[MAXLINE];
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  int  outcmd=0;
     }  
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
    cov[1]=1.;  
    char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     newm=savm;  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  
      cov[2]=agefin;  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
    
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {  /* struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time; */
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  /* struct timezone tzp; */
         /*printf("ij=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf\n",ij, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k]);*/  /* extern int gettimeofday(); */
       }  struct tm tml, *gmtime(), *localtime();
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  extern time_t time();
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  struct tm start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
   time_t  rstart_time, rend_time, rcurr_time, rlast_time, rforecast_time; /* raw time */
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/  struct tm tm;
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  
   char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  
   char *endptr;
     savm=oldm;  long lval;
     oldm=newm;  double dval;
     maxmax=0.;  
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  #define NR_END 1
       min=1.;  #define FREE_ARG char*
       max=0.;  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  
         sumnew=0;  #define NRANSI 
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  #define ITMAX 200 
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  
       }  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
       maxmin=max-min;  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
     }  
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){  #define GOLD 1.618034 
       return prlim;  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
     }  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
   }  
 }  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
     
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
 {  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   double s1, s2;  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/myutils_8h-source.html */
   /*double t34;*/  /* #define mytinydouble 1.0e-16 */
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;  /* #define DEQUAL(a,b) (fabs((a)-(b))<mytinydouble) */
   /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/mynrutils_8h-source.html */
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  /* static double dsqrarg; */
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){  /* #define DSQR(a) (DEQUAL((dsqrarg=(a)),0.0) ? 0.0 : dsqrarg*dsqrarg) */
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  static double sqrarg;
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
       }  
       ps[i][j]=s2;  int imx; 
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  int stepm=1;
     }  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  int estepm;
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  
       }  int m,nb;
       ps[i][j]=(s2);  long *num;
     }  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
   }  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/  double **pmmij, ***probs;
   double *ageexmed,*agecens;
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  double dateintmean=0;
      s1=0;  
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  double *weight;
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  int **s; /* Status */
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  double *agedc;
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; */
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  double  idx; 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
   } /* end i */  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
   double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  
     }  /**************** split *************************/
   }  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
   {
     /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    */ 
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
    }    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
     printf("\n ");  
     }    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
 /*    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
   goto end;*/      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
     return ps;      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
 }        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
       /* get current working directory */
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
 {      }
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
   long i, j, k;      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
     }
   return out;    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
 }    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
     if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
       dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
       printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )    }
 {    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month    if (ss >0){
      duration (i.e. until      ss++;
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step      l1= strlen( name);
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
      included manually here.      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
     }
      */  
     return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
   int i, j, d, h, k;  }
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  
   double **newm;  
   /******************************************/
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  {
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    int i;
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    int lg=0;
     }    i=0;
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    lg=strlen(t);
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){      (s[i] = t[i]);
       newm=savm;      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    }
       cov[1]=1.;  }
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    char *s;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    s=out;
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    while (*in != '\0'){
       while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
         in++;
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/      }
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/      *out++ = *in++;
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    }
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    *out='\0';
       savm=oldm;    return s;
       oldm=newm;  }
     }  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  {
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
          */       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
       }       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
   } /* end h */    */
   return po;    char *s, *t;
 }    t=in;s=in;
     while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
       *alocc++ = *in++;
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/    }
 double func( double *x)    if( *in == occ){
 {      *(alocc)='\0';
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;      s=++in;
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];    }
   double **out;   
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
   long ipmx;      in=s;
   /*extern weight */    }
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */    while ( *in != '\0'){
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/      *blocc++ = *in++;
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)    }
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  
   */    *blocc='\0';
   cov[1]=1.;    return t;
   }
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  {
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){    */
         newm=savm;    char *s, *t;
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;    t=in;s=in;
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {    while (*in != '\0'){
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];      while( *in == occ){
         }        *blocc++ = *in++;
                s=in;
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,      }
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));      *blocc++ = *in++;
         savm=oldm;    }
         oldm=newm;    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
              *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
            else
       } /* end mult */      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
          in=s;
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    while ( *in != '\0'){
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/      *alocc++ = *in++;
       ipmx +=1;    }
       sw += weight[i];  
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    *alocc='\0';
     } /* end of wave */    return s;
   } /* end of individual */  }
   
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  {
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */    int i,j=0;
   return -l;    int lg=20;
 }    i=0;
     lg=strlen(s);
     for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
     }
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))    return j;
 {  }
   int i,j, iter;  
   double **xi,*delti;  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
   double fret;  /* { */
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
   printf("Powell\n");  /*   i=0; */
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
   /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));  /*   } */
   
 }  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
   /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  /*   } */
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
 {  
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
   double **hess;  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
   int i, j,jk;  /*   } */
   int *indx;  /* } */
   
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);  #ifdef _WIN32
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  char * strsep(char **pp, const char *delim)
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;  {
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    char *p, *q;
            
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    if ((p = *pp) == NULL)
       return 0;
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");    if ((q = strpbrk (p, delim)) != NULL)
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    {
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);      *pp = q + 1;
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);      *q = '\0';
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/    }
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/    else
   }      *pp = 0;
      return p;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  }
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  #endif
       if (j>i) {  
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);  /********************** nrerror ********************/
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);  
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];      void nrerror(char error_text[])
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/  {
       }    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
     }    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
   }    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   printf("\n");  }
   /*********************** vector *******************/
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
    {
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    double *v;
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   x=vector(1,npar);    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
   indx=ivector(1,npar);    return v-nl+NR_END;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  }
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];  
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  /************************ free vector ******************/
   void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  {
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     x[j]=1;  }
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  /************************ivector *******************************/
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
     }  {
   }    int *v;
     v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    return v-nl+NR_END;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  }
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  
     }  /******************free ivector **************************/
     printf("\n");  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
   }  {
     free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   /* Recompute Inverse */  }
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  /************************lvector *******************************/
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
   {
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");    long *v;
     v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    return v-nl+NR_END;
     x[j]=1;  }
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  /******************free lvector **************************/
       y[i][j]=x[i];  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  {
     }    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     printf("\n");  }
   }  
   */  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
   int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);  { 
   free_vector(x,1,npar);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);    int **m; 
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);    
     /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
     m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
 }    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
     m += NR_END; 
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/    m -= nrl; 
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])    
 {    
   int i;    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
   int l=1, lmax=20;    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
   double k1,k2;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
   double res;    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;    
   double fx;    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
   int k=0,kmax=10;    
   double l1;    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
     return m; 
   fx=func(x);  } 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
     l1=pow(10,l);  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
     delts=delt;        int **m;
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;  { 
       k1=func(p2)-fx;    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
       k2=func(p2)-fx;  } 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */  
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */  /******************* matrix *******************************/
        double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
 #ifdef DEBUG  {
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
 #endif    double **m;
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */  
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
         k=kmax;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
       }    m += NR_END;
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    m -= nrl;
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;  
       }    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
         delts=delt;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
       }    m[nrl] -= ncl;
     }  
   }    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   delti[theta]=delts;    return m;
   return res;    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
    m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
 }  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
      */
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)  }
 {  
   int i;  /*************************free matrix ************************/
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;  {
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   int k;    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   }
   fx=func(x);  
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  {
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
     k1=func(p2)-fx;    double ***m;
    
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     k2=func(p2)-fx;    m += NR_END;
      m -= nrl;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     k3=func(p2)-fx;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
      m[nrl] += NR_END;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    m[nrl] -= ncl;
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  
     k4=func(p2)-fx;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */  
 #ifdef DEBUG    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
 #endif    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
   }    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
   return res;    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
 }      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
     
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
 {      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   int i,imax,j,k;        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
   double big,dum,sum,temp;    }
   double *vv;    return m; 
      /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
   vv=vector(1,n);             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
   *d=1.0;    */
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  }
     big=0.0;  
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");  {
     vv[i]=1.0/big;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
   }    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {  }
       sum=a[i][j];  
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
       a[i][j]=sum;  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
     }  {
     big=0.0;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
       sum=a[i][j];    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    return tmpout;
       a[i][j]=sum;  }
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {  
         big=dum;  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
         imax=i;  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
       }  {
     }    
     if (j != imax) {    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
         dum=a[imax][k];    strcat(tmpout,"/");
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];    strcat(tmpout,preop);
         a[j][k]=dum;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       }    return tmpout;
       *d = -(*d);  }
       vv[imax]=vv[j];  
     }  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
     indx[j]=imax;  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;  {
     if (j != n) {    
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     }    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   }    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
 ;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
 }    return tmpout;
   }
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])  
 {  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;  {
   double sum;    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
      days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
     ip=indx[i];    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
     sum=b[ip];    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
     b[ip]=b[i];    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
     if (ii)    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
     else if (sum) ii=i;    return ascdiff;
     b[i]=sum;  }
   }  
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {  /***************** f1dim *************************/
     sum=b[i];  extern int ncom; 
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
   }   
 }  double f1dim(double x) 
   { 
 /************ Frequencies ********************/    int j; 
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)    double f;
 {  /* Some frequencies */    double *xt; 
     
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
   double *pp;    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
   double pos;    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
   FILE *ficresp;    return f; 
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];  } 
   
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  /*****************brent *************************/
  probs= ma3x(1,130 ,1,8, 1,8);  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");  { 
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);    int iter; 
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {    double a,b,d,etemp;
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    double fu=0,fv,fw,fx;
     exit(0);    double ftemp=0.;
   }    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    double e=0.0; 
   j1=0;   
     a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
   j=cptcoveff;    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    x=w=v=bx; 
     fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
        j1++;      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
          scanf("%d", i);*/      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)        fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    #ifdef DEBUGBRENT
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
              /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  #endif
          bool=1;      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
          if  (cptcovn>0) {        *xmin=x; 
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)        return fx; 
              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])      } 
                bool=0;      ftemp=fu;
          }      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
           if (bool==1) {        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
            for(m=fprev; m<=lprev; m++){        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
              if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
              if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;        q=2.0*(q-r); 
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];        q=fabs(q); 
            }        etemp=e; 
          }        e=d; 
        }        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
         if  (cptcovn>0) {          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");        else { 
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);          d=p/q; 
        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");          u=x+d; 
         }          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);        } 
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");      } else { 
                d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){      } 
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
       printf("Total");      fu=(*f)(u); 
     else      if (fu <= fx) { 
       printf("Age %d", i);        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          } else { 
     }            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)              v=w; 
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];              w=u; 
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)              fv=fw; 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);              fw=fu; 
       else            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);              v=u; 
     }              fv=fu; 
             } 
      for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          } 
       for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    } 
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
      }    *xmin=x; 
     return fx; 
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)  } 
       pos += pp[jk];  
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
       if(pos>=1.e-5)  
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
       else              double (*func)(double)) 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  { 
       if( i <= (int) agemax){    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
         if(pos>=1.e-5){    double fu; 
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);   
           probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
           /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
         }    if (*fb > *fa) { 
       else      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
       }        } 
     }    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining fa, fb, fc */
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
     if(i <= (int) agemax)      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
     printf("\n");        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); /* Minimum abscisse of a parabolic estimated from (a,fa), (b,fb) and (c,fc). */
     }      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); /* Maximum abscisse where function can be evaluated */
     }      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { /* if u between b and c */
  }        fu=(*func)(u); 
    #ifdef DEBUG
   fclose(ficresp);        /* f(x)=A(x-u)**2+f(u) */
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);        double A, fparabu; 
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);        A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
         fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
 }  /* End of Freq */        printf("mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
         fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/  #endif 
       } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { /* u is after c but before ulim */
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)        fu=(*func)(u); 
 {        if (fu < *fc) { 
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i            } 
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { /* u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c) */
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.        u=ulim; 
      */        fu=(*func)(u); 
       } else { 
   int i, mi, m;        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;        fu=(*func)(u); 
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/      } 
       SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
   double sum=0.;        } 
   jmin=1e+5;  } 
   jmax=-1;  
   jmean=0.;  /*************** linmin ************************/
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /* Given an n -dimensional point p[1..n] and an n -dimensional direction xi[1..n] , moves and
     mi=0;  resets p to where the function func(p) takes on a minimum along the direction xi from p ,
     m=firstpass;  and replaces xi by the actual vector displacement that p was moved. Also returns as fret
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){  the value of func at the returned location p . This is actually all accomplished by calling the
       if(s[m][i]>=1)  routines mnbrak and brent .*/
         mw[++mi][i]=m;  int ncom; 
       if(m >=lastpass)  double *pcom,*xicom;
         break;  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
       else   
         m++;  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
     }/* end while */  { 
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */    double f1dim(double x); 
          /* Only death is a correct wave */    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
       mw[mi][i]=m;                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
     }    int j; 
     double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
     wav[i]=mi;    double fx,fb,fa;
     if(mi==0)   
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);    ncom=n; 
   }    pcom=vector(1,n); 
     xicom=vector(1,n); 
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){    nrfunc=func; 
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       if (stepm <=0)      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
         dh[mi][i]=1;      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
       else{    } 
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {    ax=0.0; 
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {    xx=1.0; 
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); /* Find a bracket a,x,b in direction n=xi ie xicom */
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); /* Find a minimum P+lambda n in that direction (lambdamin), with TOL between abscisses */
           k=k+1;  #ifdef DEBUG
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
           sum=sum+j;  #endif
           /* if (j<10) printf("j=%d num=%d ",j,i); */    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
           }      xi[j] *= xmin; 
         }      p[j] += xi[j]; 
         else{    } 
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
           k=k+1;    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  } 
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;  
           /*   if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */  
           sum=sum+j;  /*************** powell ************************/
         }  /*
         jk= j/stepm;  Minimization of a function func of n variables. Input consists of an initial starting point
         jl= j -jk*stepm;  p[1..n] ; an initial matrix xi[1..n][1..n] , whose columns contain the initial set of di-
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;  rections (usually the n unit vectors); and ftol , the fractional tolerance in the function value
         if(jl <= -ju)  such that failure to decrease by more than this amount on one iteration signals doneness. On
           dh[mi][i]=jk;  output, p is set to the best point found, xi is the then-current direction set, fret is the returned
         else  function value at p , and iter is the number of iterations taken. The routine linmin is used.
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;   */
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */              double (*func)(double [])) 
       }  { 
     }    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
   }                double (*func)(double [])); 
   jmean=sum/k;    int i,ibig,j; 
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
  }    double fp,fptt;
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/    double *xits;
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)    int niterf, itmp;
 {  
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;    pt=vector(1,n); 
   int cptcode=0;    ptt=vector(1,n); 
   cptcoveff=0;    xit=vector(1,n); 
      xits=vector(1,n); 
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;    *fret=(*func)(p); 
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
       rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      fp=(*fret); 
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);      ibig=0; 
       Ndum[ij]++;      del=0.0; 
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/      rlast_time=rcurr_time;
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;      /* (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
     }      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
       curr_time = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time);fflush(stdout);
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret,rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time); fflush(ficlog);
     }  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec); */
     ij=1;     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
         printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
         fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {      }
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {      printf("\n");
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           ij++;      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
         }      if(*iter <=3){
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;        tml = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
       }          strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tml));
     }        rforecast_time=rcurr_time; 
   }          itmp = strlen(strcurr);
         if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
         printf("\nConsidering the time needed for the last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
       ij=Tvar[i];        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
       Ndum[ij]++;          rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
     }          forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
           strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
  ij=1;          itmp = strlen(strfor);
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncov)){          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
      ij++;          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
    }        }
  }      }
        for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
     cptcoveff=ij-1;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
 }        fptt=(*fret); 
   #ifdef DEBUG
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/            printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
             fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)  #endif
 {        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   /* Health expectancies */        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
   double age, agelim,hf;        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
   double ***p3mat;          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
            ibig=i; 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");        } 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");  #ifdef DEBUG
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
           printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        }
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   agelim=AGESUP;          printf(" p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */          fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */        }
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);        printf("\n");
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  #endif
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */      } /* end i */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored  #ifdef DEBUG
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */        int k[2],l;
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);          k[0]=1;
         k[1]=-1;
         printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
         }        }
            printf("\n");
     hf=1;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
       }          }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   }        }
 }  #endif
   
 /************ Variance ******************/  
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
 {        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
   /* Variance of health expectancies */        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
   double **newm;        return; 
   double **dnewm,**doldm;      } 
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
   int k, cptcode;      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { /* Computes an extrapolated point */
   double *xp;        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
   double **gp, **gm;        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;        pt[j]=p[j]; 
   double ***p3mat;      } 
   double age,agelim;      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
   int theta;      if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
         /* (x1 f1=fp), (x2 f2=*fret), (x3 f3=fptt), (xm fm) */
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");        /* From x1 (P0) distance of x2 is at h and x3 is 2h */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");        /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere.  */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        /* Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3) */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        /* will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f"m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);        /* f1-f3 = delta(2h) = 2 h**2 f'' = 2(f1- 2f2 +f3) */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        /* Thus we compare delta(2h) with observed f1-f3 */
         /* or best gain on one ancient line 'del' with total  */
   xp=vector(1,npar);        /* gain f1-f2 = f1 - f2 - 'del' with del  */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);        /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
          t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del);
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t);
   agelim = AGESUP;        fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  #ifdef DEBUG
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        printf("t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        fprintf(ficlog,"t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);        printf("tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        fprintf(ficlog, "tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  #endif
         if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for last direction */
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes mean on the extrapolated direction.*/
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace the direction with biggest decrease by n */
       }            xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and nth direction by the extrapolated */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            }
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          printf("Gaining to use average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction :\n",n,ibig);
       if (popbased==1) {  
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  #ifdef DEBUG
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
       }          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
                for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)          }
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];          printf("\n");
         }          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       }  #endif
            } /* end of t negative */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */      } /* end if (fptt < fp)  */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    } 
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    } 
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  
   /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
       if (popbased==1) {  
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];  {
       }    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
        matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    int i, ii,j,k;
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
         }    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
       }    double **newm;
     double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)  
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         }        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     } /* End theta */      }
   
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);     cov[1]=1.;
    
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      newm=savm;
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
       cov[2]=agefin;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){        /*printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[%d][Tvar[%d]]=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){      }
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /\* Useless *\/ */
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      /*   cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]]; */
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)      
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
       }      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
     }      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
     h=1;      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){      savm=oldm;
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);      oldm=newm;
       }      maxmax=0.;
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        min=1.;
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        max=0.;
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          sumnew=0;
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
   } /* End age */          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
            /*printf(" prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d \n", i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin);*/
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        }
         maxmin=max-min;
 }        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
       }
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)        return prlim;
 {      }
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */    }
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/  }
   double **newm;  
   double **dnewm,**doldm;  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;  
   int k, cptcode;  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
   double *xp;  {
   double *gp, *gm;    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
   double **gradg, **trgradg;       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
   double age,agelim;       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
   int theta;       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
           and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
        Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
   xp=vector(1,npar);       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    double s1, lnpijopii;
      /*double t34;*/
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  
   agelim = AGESUP;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);          }
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
   /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        }
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
       }            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];          }
              ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */        }
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      }
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];        s1=0;
         for(j=1; j<i; j++){
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
     } /* End theta */        }
         for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
           /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        }
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
         /* Computing other pijs */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */      } /* end i */
       
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));          ps[ii][jj]=0;
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");          ps[ii][ii]=1;
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);        }
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);      }
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);      
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);      
   } /* End age */      /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
       /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);      /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      /*   } */
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      /*   printf("\n "); */
       /* } */
 }      /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
       /*
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij)        goto end;*/
 {      return ps;
   int i, j;  }
   int k=0, cptcode;  
   double **dnewm,**doldm;  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
   double *xp;  
   double *gp, *gm;  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
   double **gradg, **trgradg;  {
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
   int theta;       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
        before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);    int i, j, k;
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
   }        out[i][k]=0.;
   printf("Computing variance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
            out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
       }
   xp=vector(1,npar);    return out;
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);  }
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  
    
   cov[1]=1;  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){  
     cov[2]=age;  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);  {
     trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
     gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
     gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
           nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);       for the memory).
             Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);       included manually here. 
      
       k=0;       */
       for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){  
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    int i, j, d, h, k;
            k=k+1;    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
           gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];    double **newm;
         }  
       }    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
            po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
       k=0;    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
       for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){        newm=savm;
           k=k+1;        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
           gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];        cov[1]=1.;
         }        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
       }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
                cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
        for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
            gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];            cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
     }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)  
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  
       trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
          /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         savm=oldm;
      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);        oldm=newm;
       }
      k=0;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
      for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
          k=k+1;          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
          gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];        }
         }      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
      }    } /* end h */
        /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);    return po;
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){  }
          
   #ifdef NLOPT
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));    double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
      }*/    double fret;
     double *xt;
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);    int j;
     myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
   for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){  /* xt = (p1-1); */
     if (i== 2) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);    xt=vector(1,n); 
 if (i== 4) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   xt[j]=p1[j-1]; /* xt[1]=p1[0] */
   }  
     fret=(d2->function)(xt); /*  p xt[1]@8 is fine */
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    /* fret=(*func)(xt); /\*  p xt[1]@8 is fine *\/ */
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    printf("Function = %.12lf ",fret);
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) printf(" %d %.8lf", j, xt[j]); 
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    printf("\n");
 }   free_vector(xt,1,n);
  free_vector(xp,1,npar);    return fret;
 fclose(ficresprob);  }
  exit(0);  #endif
 }  
   /*************** log-likelihood *************/
 /***********************************************/  double func( double *x)
 /**************** Main Program *****************/  {
 /***********************************************/    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
     double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/    double **out;
 int main()    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
 {    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     int s1, s2;
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;    double bbh, survp;
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;    long ipmx;
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;    /*extern weight */
     /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   double fret;    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   double **xi,tmp,delta;    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
       printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */    */
   double ***p3mat;  
   int *indx;    ++countcallfunc;
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];  
   char title[MAXLINE];    cov[1]=1.;
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];  
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];  
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];    if(mle==1){
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
   int c,  h , cpt,l;           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
   int ju,jl, mi;           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;         */
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
   int mobilav=0, fprevfore=1, lprevfore=1;          cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   int hstepm, nhstepm;        }
         /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
   double ftolpl=FTOL;           has been calculated etc */
   double **prlim;        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   double *severity;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   double  *p;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */            }
   double *delti; /* Scale */          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   double ***eij, ***vareij;            newm=savm;
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   double *epj, vepp;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   double kk1;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
             }
   char version[80]="Imach version 64b, May 2001, INED-EUROREVES ";            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
             oldm=newm;
   char z[1]="c", occ;          } /* end mult */
 #include <sys/time.h>        
 #include <time.h>          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
   /* long total_usecs;           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
             * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
            * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
            * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64b");           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
            * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
 #ifdef windows           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
   scanf("%s",pathtot);           */
   getcwd(pathcd, size);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
            * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
 split(pathtot, path,optionfile);           */
   chdir(path);          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
   replace(pathc,path);          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
 #endif            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
 #ifdef unix               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
   scanf("%s",optionfile);               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
 #endif               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
                minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
           as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
   strcpy(fileres,"r");          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
           to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   /*---------arguments file --------*/          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
           introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
     goto end;          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
   }          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
           interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
   strcpy(filereso,"o");          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
   strcat(filereso,fileres);          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
   }          lower mortality.
             */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          } else if  (s2==-2) {
     puts(line);            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
     fputs(line,ficparo);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   }            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            lli= log(survp);
           }
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);          
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);          else if  (s2==-4) { 
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            lli= log(survp); 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          } 
     puts(line);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);          else if  (s2==-5) { 
   }            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
              lli= log(survp); 
   fscanf(ficpar,"fprevalence=%d lprevalence=%d pop_based=%d\n",&fprev,&lprev,&popbased);          } 
  while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          else{
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
     puts(line);            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
     fputs(line,ficparo);          } 
   }          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
            /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
   fscanf(ficpar,"fprevalence=%d lprevalence=%d mob_average=%d\n",&fprevfore,&lprevfore,&mobilav);          ipmx +=1;
            sw += weight[i];
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   cptcovn=0;        } /* end of wave */
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;      } /* end of individual */
     }  else if(mle==2){
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   /* Read guess parameters */          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            }
     puts(line);          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
     fputs(line,ficparo);            newm=savm;
   }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);            }
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);            savm=oldm;
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);            oldm=newm;
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          } /* end mult */
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){        
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
       }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          ipmx +=1;
       printf("\n");          sw += weight[i];
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     }        } /* end of wave */
        } /* end of individual */
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   p=param[1][1];        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     puts(line);            }
     fputs(line,ficparo);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   }            newm=savm;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */            }
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);            savm=oldm;
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);            oldm=newm;
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);          } /* end mult */
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){        
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
       }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          ipmx +=1;
       printf("\n");          sw += weight[i];
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     }        } /* end of wave */
   }      } /* end of individual */
   delti=delti3[1][1];    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
        for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     puts(line);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     fputs(line,ficparo);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   }            }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
              newm=savm;
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     printf("%s",str);            }
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);          
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);            savm=oldm;
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);            oldm=newm;
     }          } /* end mult */
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        
     printf("\n");          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   }          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)          }else{
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
              }
   printf("\n");          ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     /*-------- data file ----------*/  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {        } /* end of wave */
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;      } /* end of individual */
     }    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
            for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     n= lastobs;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);            }
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     num=ivector(1,n);            newm=savm;
     moisnais=vector(1,n);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     annais=vector(1,n);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     moisdc=vector(1,n);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     andc=vector(1,n);            }
     agedc=vector(1,n);          
     cod=ivector(1,n);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     weight=vector(1,n);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */            savm=oldm;
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);            oldm=newm;
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);          } /* end mult */
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);              s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           ipmx +=1;
     i=1;          sw += weight[i];
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
                } /* end of wave */
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){      } /* end of individual */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);    } /* End of if */
           strcpy(line,stra);    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
         }    return -l;
          }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   double funcone( double *x)
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  {
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
     int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){    double **out;
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
         }    double llt;
         num[i]=atol(stra);    int s1, s2;
            double bbh, survp;
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){    /*extern weight */
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
         i=i+1;    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
       }      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     }    */
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);    cov[1]=1.;
        scanf("%d",i);*/  
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     }          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));*/            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/          }
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);          newm=savm;
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   Tage=ivector(1,15);                  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
              }
   if (strlen(model) >1){          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     j=nbocc(model,'+');                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');          /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
     cptcovn=j+1;          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
     cptcovprod=j1;          savm=oldm;
              oldm=newm;
            } /* end mult */
     strcpy(modelsav,model);        
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       goto end;        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     }        /* bias is positive if real duration
             * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){         */
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/        } else if  (s2==-2) {
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');          lli= log(survp);
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {        }else if (mle==1){
           cptcovprod--;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');        } else if(mle==2){
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
           cptcovage++;        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
         }          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
           cptcovprod--;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);        } /* End of if */
           cptcovage++;        ipmx +=1;
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;        sw += weight[i];
         }        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         else {        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        if(globpr){
           Tvar[i]=ncov+k1;          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
           Tprod[k1]=i;                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)          }
             covar[ncov+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
           k1++;        }
           k2=k2+2;      } /* end of wave */
         }    } /* end of individual */
       }    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       else {    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');      gipmx=ipmx;
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);      gsw=sw;
       }    }
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);      return -l;
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);  }
         scanf("%d",i);*/  
     }  
 }  /*************** function likelione ***********/
    void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   /*printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);  {
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
   scanf("%d ",i);*/       the selection of individuals/waves and
     fclose(fic);       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
        Plotting could be done.
     /*  if(mle==1){*/     */
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/    int k;
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;  
     }    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
       if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
      for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++)        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){      }
          anint[m][i]=9999;      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
          s[m][i]=-1;      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
        }      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
          for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    }
         if(s[m][i] >0){  
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
             if(agedc[i]>0)    if(*globpri !=0){
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)      fclose(ficresilk);
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
             else {      fflush(fichtm); 
               if (andc[i]!=9999){    } 
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);    return;
               agev[m][i]=-1;  }
               }  
             }  
           }  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */  
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)  {
               agev[m][i]=1;    int i,j, iter=0;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){    double **xi;
               agemin=agev[m][i];    double fret;
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
             }    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){  
               agemax=agev[m][i];  #ifdef NLOPT
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/    int creturn;
             }    nlopt_opt opt;
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/    /* double lb[9] = { -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL }; /\* lower bounds *\/ */
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/    double *lb;
           }    double minf; /* the minimum objective value, upon return */
           else { /* =9 */    double * p1; /* Shifted parameters from 0 instead of 1 */
             agev[m][i]=1;    myfunc_data dinst, *d = &dinst;
             s[m][i]=-1;  #endif
           }  
         }  
         else /*= 0 Unknown */    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
           agev[m][i]=1;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       }      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
            xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     }    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
           goto end;      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         }    }
       }    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     }    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);  #ifdef POWELL
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);  #endif
     free_vector(annais,1,n);  
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);  #ifdef NLOPT
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);  #ifdef NEWUOA
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);    opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_NEWUOA,npar);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);  #else
     opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_BOBYQA,npar);
      #endif
     wav=ivector(1,imx);    lb=vector(0,npar-1);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    for (i=0;i<npar;i++) lb[i]= -HUGE_VAL;
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    nlopt_set_lower_bounds(opt, lb);
        nlopt_set_initial_step1(opt, 0.1);
     /* Concatenates waves */    
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);    p1= (p+1); /*  p *(p+1)@8 and p *(p1)@8 are equal p1[0]=p[1] */
     d->function = func;
     printf(" Func %.12lf \n",myfunc(npar,p1,NULL,d));
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);    nlopt_set_min_objective(opt, myfunc, d);
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);    nlopt_set_xtol_rel(opt, ftol);
       ncodemax[1]=1;    if ((creturn=nlopt_optimize(opt, p1, &minf)) < 0) {
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);      printf("nlopt failed! %d\n",creturn); 
          }
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);    else {
    h=0;      printf("found minimum after %d evaluations (NLOPT=%d)\n", countcallfunc ,NLOPT);
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);      printf("found minimum at f(%g,%g) = %0.10g\n", p[0], p[1], minf);
        iter=1; /* not equal */
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){    }
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){    nlopt_destroy(opt);
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){  #endif
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
            h++;    fclose(ficrespow);
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;    printf("\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
          }    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
        }    fprintf(ficres,"\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
      }  
    }  }
   
   /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
    /*for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){  {
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
      }    double **hess;
      printf("\n");    int i, j;
    }    int *indx;
    scanf("%d",i);*/  
        double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
     double gompertz(double p[]);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
            printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */     
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
       
     if(mle==1){      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
     }    }
        
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
            if (j>i) { 
    jk=1;          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
    printf("# Parameters\n");          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){          
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
        if (k != i)          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
          {        }
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);      }
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);    }
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    printf("\n");
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);  
              jk++;    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
            }    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
            printf("\n");    
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
          }    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
      }    x=vector(1,npar);
    }    indx=ivector(1,npar);
  if(mle==1){    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);  
  }    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     printf("# Scales\n");      x[j]=1;
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         if (j!=i) {        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);      }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    }
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){  
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
             jk++;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
           }      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
           printf("\n");        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
         }      }
       }      printf("\n");
       }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        }
     k=1;  
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");    /* Recompute Inverse */
     printf("# Covariance\n");    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;  
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/  
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       printf("%3d",i);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){      x[j]=1;
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
       }        y[i][j]=x[i];
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
       printf("\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
       k++;      }
     }      printf("\n");
          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);    */
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
       puts(line);    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
       fputs(line,ficparo);    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
     }    free_vector(x,1,npar);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
      free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);  
      
     if (fage <= 2) {  }
       bage = agemin;  
       fage = agemax;  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
     }  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
   {
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");    int i;
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);    int l=1, lmax=20;
     double k1,k2;
        double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/    double res;
 chdir(pathcd);    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {    double fx;
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;    int k=0,kmax=10;
   }    double l1;
 #ifdef windows  
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);    fx=func(x);
 #endif    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
        l1=pow(10,l);
  /* 1eme*/      delts=delt;
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        delt = delta*(l1*k);
         p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
 #ifdef windows        k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
 #endif        k2=func(p2)-fx;
 #ifdef unix        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
 #endif        
   #ifdef DEBUGHESS
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  #endif
 }        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {          k=kmax;
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        }
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
 }          k=kmax; l=lmax*10;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        }
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          delts=delt;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        }
 }        }
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));    }
 #ifdef unix    delti[theta]=delts;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");    return res; 
 #endif    
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);  }
    }  
   }  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
   /*2 eme*/  {
     int i;
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    int l=1, lmax=20;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
        double p2[MAXPARM+1];
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {    int k;
       k=2*i;  
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    fx=func(x);
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
 }        p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");      k1=func(p2)-fx;
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);    
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      k2=func(p2)-fx;
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    
 }        p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      k3=func(p2)-fx;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
 }        k4=func(p2)-fx;
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");  #ifdef DEBUG
     }      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   }  #endif
      }
   /*3eme*/    return res;
   }
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {  
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);  { 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    int i,imax,j,k; 
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
       }    double *vv; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);   
     }    vv=vector(1,n); 
   }    *d=1.0; 
      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
   /* CV preval stat */      big=0.0; 
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
       k=3;      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)    } 
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
              sum=a[i][j]; 
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);        a[i][j]=sum; 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      } 
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      big=0.0; 
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
       }        sum=a[i][j]; 
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);          for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
     }        a[i][j]=sum; 
   }          if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
           big=dum; 
   /* proba elementaires */          imax=i; 
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        } 
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){      } 
       if (k != i) {      if (j != imax) { 
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);*/          dum=a[imax][k]; 
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s",alph[1]);*/          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);          a[j][k]=dum; 
           jk++;        } 
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");        *d = -(*d); 
         }        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
       }      } 
     }      indx[j]=imax; 
     }      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
       if (j != n) { 
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
    i=1;      } 
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {    } 
      k3=i;    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {  ;
        if (k != k2){  } 
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);  
 ij=1;  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {  { 
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    double sum; 
             ij++;   
           }    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
           else      ip=indx[i]; 
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);      sum=b[ip]; 
         }      b[ip]=b[i]; 
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");      if (ii) 
                for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){        else if (sum) ii=i; 
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);      b[i]=sum; 
 ij=1;    } 
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {      sum=b[i]; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
             ij++;      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
           }    } 
           else  } 
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);  
           }  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
           fprintf(ficgp,")");  {
         }    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);  }
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");  
         i=i+ncovmodel;  /************ Frequencies ********************/
        }  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
      }  {  /* Some frequencies */
    }    
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
   }    int first;
        double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
   fclose(ficgp);    double *pp, **prop;
        double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
 chdir(path);    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
        strcat(fileresp,fileres);
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
          printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
          fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
     free_ivector(num,1,n);      exit(0);
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);    }
     free_vector(weight,1,n);    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/    j1=0;
     fclose(ficparo);    
     fclose(ficres);    j=cptcoveff;
     /*  }*/    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
      
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/    first=1;
      
     /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){   /* Loop on covariates */
      /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ /* Now it is 2 */
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */    /*    j1++;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */  */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          scanf("%d", i);*/
     puts(line);        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
     fputs(line,ficparo);          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
   }            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
          
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);            prop[i][m]=0;
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/        
         dateintsum=0;
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);        k2cpt=0;
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {          bool=1;
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);goto end;          if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
   }            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
               if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]){
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> <font size=\"6\">Imach, Version 0.64b </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">                  /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
 Titre=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>                bool=0;
 Total number of observations=%d <br>                /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtab[%d][%d]=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtab[%d][%d]=%d, j1=%d\n", 
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>                  bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtab[j1][z1],
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">                  j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]],j1);*/
 <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n                /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtab[7][3]=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n              } 
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>          }
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>   
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>          if (bool==1){
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
         - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
 <br>",title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);                if (m<lastpass) {
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                 }
  m=cptcoveff;                
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
                   dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
  j1=0;                  k2cpt++;
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){                }
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){                /*}*/
        j1++;            }
        if (cptcovn > 0) {          }
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");        } /* end i */
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)         
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");        pstamp(ficresp);
        }        if  (cptcovn>0) {
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);              for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>          fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
        }          fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);          fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
      }        
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>          if(i==iagemax+3){
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
      }          }else{
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and            if(first==1){
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>              first=0;
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);              printf("See log file for details...\n");
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");            }
    }            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
  }          }
 fclose(fichtm);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
            }
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
   }              if(first==1){
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");              }
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);            }else{
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");              if(first==1)
                  printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            }
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          }
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   k=0;              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
   agebase=agemin;          }       
   agelim=agemax;          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   ftolpl=1.e-10;            pos += pp[jk];
   i1=cptcoveff;            posprop += prop[jk][i];
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}          }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            if(pos>=1.e-5){
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){              if(first==1)
         k=k+1;                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");            }else{
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)              if(first==1)
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
                    }
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){            if( i <= iagemax){
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);              if(pos>=1.e-5){
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");              }
         }              else
       }                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
     }            }
   fclose(ficrespl);          }
           
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
              for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {              if(first==1)
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
   }                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);              }
            if(i <= iagemax)
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/          if(first==1)
             printf("Others in log...\n");
   agelim=AGESUP;          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        }
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        /*}*/
      }
   k=0;    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){   
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    fclose(ficresp);
       k=k+1;    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    /* End of Freq */
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");  }
          
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */  /************ Prevalence ********************/
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */  {  
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);         We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");    */
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)   
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    double **prop;
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    double posprop; 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    int iagemin, iagemax;
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    iagemin= (int) agemin;
           }    iagemax= (int) agemax;
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
         }    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     }    j1=0;
   }    
     /*j=cptcoveff;*/
   /* varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k);*/    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     
   fclose(ficrespij);    first=1;
     for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/      /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
         j1++;*/
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");        
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);goto end;            prop[i][m]=0.0;
   }       
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
           bool=1;
   /* Mobile average */          if  (cptcovn>0) {
             for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   /* for (agedeb=bage; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
     for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                bool=0;
       for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++)          } 
       printf("%f %d i=%d j1=%d\n", probs[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod],(int) agedeb,i,cptcod);*/          if (bool==1) { 
             for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
               if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
   if (mobilav==1) {                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
     for (agedeb=bage+3; agedeb<=fage-2; agedeb++)                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                      prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
     for (agedeb=bage+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){                } 
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){              }
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){            } /* end selection of waves */
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){          }
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];        }
           }        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
         }            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
       }          } 
     }            
   }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
             if( i <=  iagemax){ 
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
               } else{
   agelim=AGESUP;                if(first==1){
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */                  first=0;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */                  printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
   hstepm=12;                }
    k=0;              }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            } 
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){          }/* end jk */ 
       k=k+1;        }/* end i */ 
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#****** ");      /*} *//* end i1 */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {    } /* end j1 */
         fprintf(ficresf,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    
       }    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
          /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
   }  /* End of prevalence */
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge Horizon(in years)");  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   
       for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n%d %.f %.f 0 ",k,agedeb, agedeb);  {
        if (mobilav==1) {    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
           fprintf(ficresf,"%.5f ",mobaverage[(int)agedeb][j][cptcod]);       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
         }       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
         else {       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       */
           fprintf(ficresf,"%.5f ",probs[(int)agedeb][j][cptcod]);  
         }    int i, mi, m;
            /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
       for(j=1; j<=ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf,"0.");       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
       }    int first;
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=NCOVMAX;cpt++)      int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
       for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */    double sum=0.;
            first=0;
         nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    jmin=100000;
         nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    jmax=-1;
         /*printf("stepm=%d hstepm=%d nhstepm=%d \n",stepm,hstepm,nhstepm);*/    jmean=0.;
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      mi=0;
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      m=firstpass;
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
                        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
         for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          mw[++mi][i]=m;
                if(m >=lastpass)
           if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==cpt)          break;
  fprintf(ficresf,"\n%d %.f %.f %.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm, h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);        else
                    m++;
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {      }/* end while */
             kk1=0.;      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
               if (mobilav==1)        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
               kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod];           /* Only death is a correct wave */
               else kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod];        mw[mi][i]=m;
             }          }
             if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==cpt) fprintf(ficresf," %.5f ", kk1);  
           }      wav[i]=mi;
         }      if(mi==0){
         free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        nbwarn++;
       }        if(first==0){
     }          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
   }          first=1;
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        }
   fclose(ficresf);        if(first==1){
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
         }
   strcpy(filerest,"t");      } /* end mi==0 */
   strcat(filerest,fileres);    } /* End individuals */
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
   }      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);        if (stepm <=0)
           dh[mi][i]=1;
         else{
   strcpy(filerese,"e");          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
   strcat(filerese,fileres);            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
   }              else if(j<0){
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);                nberr++;
                 printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   }              }
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);              k=k+1;
               if (j >= jmax){
   k=0;                jmax=j;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){                ijmax=i;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){              }
       k=k+1;              if (j <= jmin){
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");                jmin=j;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)                ijmin=i;
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);              }
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");              sum=sum+j;
               /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)            }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);          }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");          else{
             j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);            k=k+1;
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");            if (j >= jmax) {
               jmax=j;
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);              ijmax=i;
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            }
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);              else if (j <= jmin){
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);              jmin=j;
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              ijmin=i;
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);            }
                  /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);            if(j<0){
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");              nberr++;
                      printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
       hf=1;              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;            }
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);            sum=sum+j;
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){          }
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);          jk= j/stepm;
         if (popbased==1) {          jl= j -jk*stepm;
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
         }            if(jl==0){
                      dh[mi][i]=jk;
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);              bh[mi][i]=0;
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {                    * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
           }              bh[mi][i]=ju;
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];            }
         }          }else{
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)            if(jl <= -ju){
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)              dh[mi][i]=jk;
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){                                   */
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));            }
         }            else{
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
       }              bh[mi][i]=ju;
     }            }
   }            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
                      dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
                      bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
               /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
             }
  fclose(ficreseij);          } /* end if mle */
  fclose(ficresvij);        }
   fclose(ficrest);      } /* end wave */
   fclose(ficpar);    }
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);    jmean=sum/k;
   /*  scanf("%d ",i); */    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/     }
   
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {  {
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);    /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     exit(0);    /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
   }    /* Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);     * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
     /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
  k=0;    */
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){  
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
      k=k+1;    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");    int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
      for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");  
          cptcoveff=0; 
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);   
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
    }  
  }    /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
     for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 : V1 + V3 = 2 only */
   fclose(ficresvpl);      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Lopp on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
                                  modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);                                      * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
                                        * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);                                      * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);        /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
                                          modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
          if (ij > modmaxcovj)
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          modmaxcovj=ij; 
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        else if (ij < modmincovj) 
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          modmincovj=ij; 
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
            printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);          exit(1);
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);        }else
          Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
         /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
   printf("End of Imach\n");        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */           (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
             female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/      }
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/      printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
   /*------ End -----------*/      cptcode=modmaxcovj;
       /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
      /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
  end:      for (i=modmincovj;  i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value of the modality of model-cov j */
 #ifdef windows        printf("Frequencies of covariates %d V%d %d\n", j, Tvar[j], Ndum[i]);
  chdir(pathcd);        if( Ndum[i] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered, empty modality */
 #endif          ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of non-null modalities of the j th covariate. */
          }
  system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");        /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
            historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
 #ifdef windows      } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
   while (z[0] != 'q') {  
     chdir(pathcd);      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");      /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4. If Ndum[2]=0 ncodemax[j] is not 4 but 3 */
     scanf("%s",z);      /* If Ndum[3}= 635; Ndum[4]=0; Ndum[5]=0; Ndum[6]=27; Ndum[7]=125;
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");         modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {         There are only 3 modalities non empty (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
       chdir(path);         which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10; defining two dummy 
       system(optionfilehtm);         variables V1_1 and V1_2.
     }         nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);         nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
   }         nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
 #endif         nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
 }      */
       ij=1; /* ij is similar to i but can jumps over null modalities */
       for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 */
         for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *//* Could be 1 to 4 */
           /*recode from 0 */
           if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
             nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
                                        k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
                                        then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
             ij++;
           }
           if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
         }  /* end of loop on */
       } /* end of loop on modality */ 
     } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     
    for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
     
     for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */ 
      /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
      ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
      Ndum[ij]++; 
    } 
   
    ij=1;
    for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
      /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
      if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
        /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
        Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
        ij++;
      }else
          Tvaraff[ij]=0;
    }
    ij--;
    cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
   
   }
   
   
   /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   
   void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3mat;
     double eip;
   
     pstamp(ficreseij);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
   /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       
       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       
       /* Computing expectancies */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       
     }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     
   }
   
   void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
      to initial status i, ei. .
     */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp, *xm;
     double **gp, **gm;
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     int theta;
   
     double eip, vip;
   
     varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     xm=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     
     pstamp(ficresstdeij);
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
       fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
     pstamp(ficrescveij);
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
           for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
             cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
             if(cptj2 <= cptj)
               fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
           }
       }
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     /* If stepm=6 months */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     
     p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   
       /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
          decrease memory allocation */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
         hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }
           }
         }
        
         for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
           }
       }/* End theta */
       
       
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       
   
        for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
         for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
           varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
   
        printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
   
       /* Computing expectancies */
       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0.;
         vip=0.;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
           for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
             vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
       }
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
             for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
               cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
               if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                 fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
             }
         }
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
      
     }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
     free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
   
   /************ Variance ******************/
   void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of health expectancies */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     /* double **newm;*/
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
     int k;
     double *xp;
     double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
     double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
     double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
     double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
     double ***p3mat;
     double age,agelim, hf;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int theta;
     char digit[4];
     char digitp[25];
   
     char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     if(popbased==1){
       if(mobilav!=0)
         strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
       else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
     }
     else 
       strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
     sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
     /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
     if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     }
     printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
    
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     }  
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
     /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
   /*   } */
     varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     pstamp(ficresvij);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
     if(popbased==1)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     else
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
     gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
           }
   
         for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
           gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
         }
   
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
     
   
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
               vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
     
       /* pptj */
       matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
       /* end ppptj */
       /*  x centered again */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
       if (popbased==1) {
         if(mobilav ==0){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }
       }
                
       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          as a weighted average of prlim.
       */
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
       }    
       /* end probability of death */
   
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         }
       } 
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240");
     /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtm); 
   }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
   
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0, l;
     int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];/* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d_1.png\">%s%d_1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d_2.png\">%s%d_2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.png\">%s%d_%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'vpl' files\n");
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d_%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files\n");
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small size 320, 240\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=1; j<= (nlstate-1) ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
     /*goto avoid;*/
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { /\* Bug valgrind *\/ */
                  /*        /\*fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);*\/ */
                  /*        ij++; */
                  /* } */
                  /* else */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { */
                    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]); */
                    /*   ij++; */
                    /* } */
                    /* else */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    /* avoid: */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     int i,j, k, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
   
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small size 320, 240\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i=0, j=0, n=0;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[MAXLINE], strb[MAXLINE];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       strcpy(line, linetmp);
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     /* endread: */
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ = *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int  j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V2*age+V3 +V3*V4=> V1 + V3 =2  */
       cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     /* but the covariates which are products must be treated separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
       cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /*   Design
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
        *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
        *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
        *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
        *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
        *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
        *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
        *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
        *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
        *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
        *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
        *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
        *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
        *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
        *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
        * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
        *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
        * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
        *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
        *How to reorganize?
        * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
        * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
        * Struct []
        */
   
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       /*
        * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
       cptcovage=0;
       for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
         cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
             /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cptcovn++;
             cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             k2=k2+2;
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
           cptcovn++;
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     /*endread:*/
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
    /* endread:*/
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter=0,m,size=100, cptcod;
   
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
   
     char line[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int c,  h , cpt;
     int jl;
     int i1, j1, jk, stepsize;
     int *tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage=0, fage=110, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
   
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c";
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
   
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     rstart_time = time(NULL);  
     /*  (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);*/
     start_time = *localtime(&rstart_time);
     curr_time=start_time;
     /*tml = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec);*/
     /* strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tml)); */
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&start_time));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tm_sec = tp.tm_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tm_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]==' ') /* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname='%s'\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2;
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel > 2)
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
   
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtab[100][10]);*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*/
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              *     h     1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     1
              *    10     2     1     1     1
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     1
              *    12     2     2     1     1
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     1    
              *    14     2     1     2     1
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     1
              *    16     2     2     2     1
              */
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             /*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*/
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #else
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #else
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
   #include "prevlim.h"  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   #include "hpijx.h"
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
           /*
            */
           /* goto endfree; */
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
   
   
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* Segmentation fault */
             cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         /*}*/
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    /* endfree:*/
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     /*(void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);*/
     rend_time = time(NULL);  
     end_time = *localtime(&rend_time);
     /* tml = *localtime(&end_time.tm_sec); */
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&end_time));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifdef _WIN32
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s' Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef __unix
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: '%s', err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
       printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
     }
     printf(" Successful, please wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
   #ifdef __APPLE__
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #elif __linux
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "xdg-open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #else
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
   #endif
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
         system(pplotcmd);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }

Removed from v.1.14  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.166


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