Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.27 and 1.151

version 1.27, 2002/02/28 17:49:07 version 1.151, 2014/06/18 16:43:30
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
      *** empty log message ***
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the    Author: brouard
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a  
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are    Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the  
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The    Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the    Summary: Nothing new
   probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave    Author: Brouard
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore  
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more  
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    *** empty log message ***
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the  
   convergence.    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
     Summary: Merge
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple    Author: Brouard
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not  
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an    Merge, before building revised version.
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into  
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
     Summary: Debugging with valgrind
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be  
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx    improve the code.
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
   hPijx.    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
     optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    the source code.
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.  
      Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.  
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   from the European Union.    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and  
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
   **********************************************************************/  
      * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 #include <math.h>  
 #include <stdio.h>    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
 #include <stdlib.h>    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 #include <unistd.h>  
     Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
 #define MAXLINE 256    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"  
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
 /*#define DEBUG*/    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
 #define windows    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */  
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
     (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */  
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
 #define MAXN 20000    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
 #define AGESUP 130    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
 #define AGEBASE 40  
     Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
     (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 int erreur; /* Error number */  
 int nvar;    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 int npar=NPARMAX;  
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    just nforces
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
 int popbased=0;    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
     Many tings
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */  
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    Some dimensions resccaled
 int mle, weightopt;  
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */  
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
 FILE *ficreseij;  
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
  FILE  *ficresvij;    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];  
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
     imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 #define NR_END 1    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 #define FREE_ARG char*    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
     and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
 #define NRANSI    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 #define ITMAX 200    computation.
     In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
   
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
     loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 #define GOLD 1.618034    Version 0.98h
 #define GLIMIT 100.0  
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
     Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Forecasting file added.
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
      Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  
     Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 static double sqrarg;    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    name. <head> headers where missing.
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}  
     * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 int imx;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 int stepm;    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
     1.
 int m,nb;    Version 0.98g
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;  
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 double dateintmean=0;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
     otherwise the weight is truncated).
 double *weight;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 int **s; /* Status */    1.
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    Version 0.98g
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;  
     Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */  
     * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
 /**************** split *************************/    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 {  
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
 #ifdef windows    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
 #else    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
    s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */  
 #endif    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    table of variances if popbased=1 .
       extern char       *getwd( );    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     (Module): Function pstamp added
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    (Module): Version 0.98d
 #else  
       extern char       *getcwd( );    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
     (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 #endif    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    (Module): Function pstamp added
       }    (Module): Version 0.98d
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */  
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */  
    }    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
 #ifdef windows    filename with strsep.
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }  
 #else    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
 #endif    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */    allocation too.
    s++;  
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
    l1= strlen( name);    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
    l2= strlen( s)+1;  
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
 }    can be a simple dot '.'.
   
     Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
 /******************************************/    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
 {    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
   int i;  
   int lg=20;    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   i=0;    Gnuplot problem appeared...
   lg=strlen(t);    To be fixed
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
     (s[i] = t[i]);    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   }  
 }    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
     Some cleaning and links added in html output
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   int i,j=0;    *** empty log message ***
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
   lg=strlen(s);    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
   }    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
   return j;    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
 }    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
     the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   i=0;  
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
   }  
     Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
   lg=strlen(t);    Fix on curr_time
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {  
     (u[j] = t[j]);    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
   }    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
      u[p]='\0';  
     Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    *** empty log message ***
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  
   }    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
 }    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
     directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
     This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 {    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    from other sources like vital statistic data.
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);  
   exit(1);    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
 }  
 /*********************** vector *******************/    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
 {  
   double *v;    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Current limitations:
 }    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
     model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
 /************************ free vector ******************/    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)  
 {    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
 }    suppressed.
   
 /************************ivector *******************************/    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
 {    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   int *v;  
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    * imach.c (Repository):
   return v-nl+NR_END;    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
 }    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
   
 /******************free ivector **************************/    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Just cleaning
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
 }    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
     exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    (Module): Version 0.96b
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
 {    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   int **m;  
      Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
   m += NR_END;    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
   m -= nrl;    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
    
      Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
      (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
      of the covariance matrix to be input.
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */  
   return m;    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
 }    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
   
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    Version 0.96
       int **m;  
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
 {    routine fileappend.
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
 }    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
     current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
 {    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    interview.
   double **m;    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
     we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    truncation)
   m += NR_END;    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
   m -= nrl;  
     Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    parcimony.
     Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
   return m;    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
 }    *** empty log message ***
   
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  */
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  /*
 }     Interpolated Markov Chain
   
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    Short summary of the programme:
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    
 {    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   double ***m;    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
     interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   m += NR_END;    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   m -= nrl;    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
     model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
     the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
     complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    convergence.
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;  
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
      identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
   }    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   return m;    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
 }    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
     semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
 {    hPijx.
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
 }    
     Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
 /***************** f1dim *************************/             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
 extern int ncom;    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    from the European Union.
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
      software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
 double f1dim(double x)    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
 {  
   int j;    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   double f;    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   double *xt;    
      **********************************************************************/
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  /*
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    main
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    read parameterfile
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    read datafile
   return f;    concatwav
 }    freqsummary
     if (mle >= 1)
 /*****************brent *************************/      mlikeli
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    print results files
 {    if mle==1 
   int iter;       computes hessian
   double a,b,d,etemp;    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;        begin-prev-date,...
   double ftemp;    open gnuplot file
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    open html file
   double e=0.0;    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
       for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
   x=w=v=bx;  
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
     xm=0.5*(a+b);         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
 #ifdef DEBUG         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
 #endif     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  
       *xmin=x;    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
       return fx;    health expectancies
     }    Variance-covariance of DFLE
     ftemp=fu;    prevalence()
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {     movingaverage()
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);    varevsij() 
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    total life expectancies
       q=2.0*(q-r);    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;   end
       q=fabs(q);  */
       etemp=e;  
       e=d;  
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));   
       else {  #include <math.h>
         d=p/q;  #include <stdio.h>
         u=x+d;  #include <stdlib.h>
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  #include <string.h>
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  #include <unistd.h>
       }  
     } else {  #include <limits.h>
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  #include <sys/types.h>
     }  #include <sys/stat.h>
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  #include <errno.h>
     fu=(*f)(u);  extern int errno;
     if (fu <= fx) {  
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  #ifdef LINUX
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  #include <time.h>
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  #include "timeval.h"
         } else {  #else
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  #include <sys/time.h>
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  #endif
             v=w;  
             w=u;  #ifdef GSL
             fv=fw;  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
             fw=fu;  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {  #endif
             v=u;  
             fv=fu;  /* #include <libintl.h> */
           }  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
         }  
   }  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  
   *xmin=x;  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
   return fx;  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
 }  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
   
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
   #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,  
             double (*func)(double))  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
 {  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  
   double fu;  #define NINTERVMAX 8
    #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
   if (*fb > *fa) {  #define codtabm(h,k)  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  #define MAXN 20000
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
       }  #define AGESUP 130
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  #define AGEBASE 40
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  #define AGEGOMP 10. /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   while (*fb > *fc) {  #ifdef UNIX
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  #else
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
       fu=(*func)(u);  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  #endif
       fu=(*func)(u);  
       if (fu < *fc) {  /* $Id$ */
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  /* $State$ */
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  
           }  char version[]="Imach version 0.98nT, January 2014,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121)";
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
       u=ulim;  char strstart[80];
       fu=(*func)(u);  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
     } else {  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
       fu=(*func)(u);  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
     }  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
       }  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
 }  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
   int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
 /*************** linmin ************************/  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
   int npar=NPARMAX;
 int ncom;  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
 double *pcom,*xicom;  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
    int popbased=0;
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  
 {  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   double f1dim(double x);  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
   int j;  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
   double fx,fb,fa;  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
    int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
   ncom=n;             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
   pcom=vector(1,n);  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
   xicom=vector(1,n);  double **matprod2(); /* test */
   nrfunc=func;  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
     pcom[j]=p[j];  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
   }  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
   ax=0.0;  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
   xx=1.0;  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
 #ifdef DEBUG  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
 #endif  FILE *ficresilk;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
     xi[j] *= xmin;  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
     p[j] += xi[j];  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   }  FILE *ficreseij;
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  FILE *ficresstdeij;
 }  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
   FILE *ficrescveij;
 /*************** powell ************************/  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  FILE  *ficresvij;
             double (*func)(double []))  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
               double (*func)(double []));  char title[MAXLINE];
   int i,ibig,j;  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double fp,fptt;  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
   double *xits;  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
   pt=vector(1,n);  int  outcmd=0;
   ptt=vector(1,n);  
   xit=vector(1,n);  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
   xits=vector(1,n);  
   *fret=(*func)(p);  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     fp=(*fret);  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
     ibig=0;  
     del=0.0;  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  struct timezone tzp;
     printf("\n");  extern int gettimeofday();
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  long time_value;
       fptt=(*fret);  extern long time();
 #ifdef DEBUG  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  
 #endif  char *endptr;
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  long lval;
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  double dval;
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  #define NR_END 1
         ibig=i;  #define FREE_ARG char*
       }  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  #define NRANSI 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #define ITMAX 200 
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
       }  
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
       printf("\n");  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
 #endif  
     }  #define GOLD 1.618034 
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
       int k[2],l;  
       k[0]=1;  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
       k[1]=-1;  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
       printf("\n");  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  static double sqrarg;
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
         }  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  
       }  int imx; 
 #endif  int stepm=1;
   /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  int estepm;
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  int m,nb;
       return;  long *num;
     }  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double **pmmij, ***probs;
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  double dateintmean=0;
       pt[j]=p[j];  
     }  double *weight;
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  int **s; /* Status */
     if (fptt < fp) {  double *agedc;
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
       if (t < 0.0) {                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; */
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double  idx; 
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
         }  int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
 #ifdef DEBUG  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
         printf("\n");  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
 #endif  
       }  /**************** split *************************/
     }  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
   }  {
 }    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
        the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/    */ 
     char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
 {  
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
     ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
   int i, ii,j,k;    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
   double **matprod2();      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
   double **newm;      /* get current working directory */
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      }
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
     }      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
     } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
    cov[1]=1.;      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
        l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
     newm=savm;      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
      cov[2]=agefin;      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
      }
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
         /*printf("ij=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf\n",ij, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k]);*/    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
       }      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    }
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
     if (ss >0){
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/      ss++;
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
       l1= strlen( name);
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
       strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
     savm=oldm;      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
     oldm=newm;    }
     maxmax=0.;  
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
       min=1.;  }
       max=0.;  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  
         sumnew=0;  /******************************************/
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  {
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);    int i;
       }    int lg=0;
       maxmin=max-min;    i=0;
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);    lg=strlen(t);
     }    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){      (s[i] = t[i]);
       return prlim;      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
     }    }
   }  }
 }  
   char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
     char *s;
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )    s=out;
 {    while (*in != '\0'){
   double s1, s2;      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
   /*double t34;*/        in++;
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;      }
       *out++ = *in++;
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    }
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){    *out='\0';
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    return s;
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  }
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
       }  {
       ps[i][j]=s2;    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     }       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    */
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    char *s, *t, *bl;
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/    t=in;s=in;
       }    while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
       ps[i][j]=s2;      *alocc++ = *in++;
     }    }
   }    if( *in == occ){
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/      *(alocc)='\0';
       s=++in;
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    }
      s1=0;   
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)      in=s;
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    }
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);    while ( *in != '\0'){
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)      *blocc++ = *in++;
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    }
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    *blocc='\0';
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */    return t;
   } /* end i */  }
   char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  {
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
       ps[ii][jj]=0;       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
       ps[ii][ii]=1;       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
     }       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
   }    */
     char *s, *t;
     t=in;s=in;
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    while (*in != '\0'){
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){      while( *in == occ){
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);        *blocc++ = *in++;
    }        s=in;
     printf("\n ");      }
     }      *blocc++ = *in++;
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/    }
 /*    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
   goto end;*/    else
     return ps;      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
 }    in=s;
     while ( *in != '\0'){
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/      *alocc++ = *in++;
     }
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  
 {    *alocc='\0';
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times    return s;
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  }
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  {
   long i, j, k;    int i,j=0;
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)    int lg=20;
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)    i=0;
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)    lg=strlen(s);
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
   return out;    }
 }    return j;
   }
   
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
   /* { */
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
 {  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
      duration (i.e. until  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  /*   i=0; */
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
      included manually here.  /*   } */
   
      */  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
   /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
   int i, j, d, h, k;  /*   } */
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
   double **newm;  
   /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  /*   } */
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  /* } */
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  /********************** nrerror ********************/
     }  
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  void nrerror(char error_text[])
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  {
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
       newm=savm;    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       cov[1]=1.;  }
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  /*********************** vector *******************/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  {
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    double *v;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
     return v-nl+NR_END;
   }
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  /************************ free vector ******************/
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  {
       savm=oldm;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       oldm=newm;  }
     }  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  /************************ivector *******************************/
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  {
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);    int *v;
          */    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
       }    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   } /* end h */    return v-nl+NR_END;
   return po;  }
 }  
   /******************free ivector **************************/
   void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/  {
 double func( double *x)    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
 {  }
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  /************************lvector *******************************/
   double **out;  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  {
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */    long *v;
   long ipmx;    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
   /*extern weight */    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */    return v-nl+NR_END;
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  }
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  /******************free lvector **************************/
   */  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
   cov[1]=1.;  {
     free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  }
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  { 
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
         newm=savm;    int **m; 
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;    
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
         }    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
            m += NR_END; 
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    m -= nrl; 
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    
         savm=oldm;    
         oldm=newm;    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
            m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
            if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
       } /* end mult */    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
          m[nrl] -= ncl; 
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
       ipmx +=1;    
       sw += weight[i];    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    return m; 
     } /* end of wave */  } 
   } /* end of individual */  
   /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */        int **m;
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
   return -l;       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
 }  { 
     free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
     free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  } 
   
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  /******************* matrix *******************************/
 {  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   int i,j, iter;  {
   double **xi,*delti;    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
   double fret;    double **m;
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    m += NR_END;
   printf("Powell\n");    m -= nrl;
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  
     m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));    m[nrl] += NR_END;
     m[nrl] -= ncl;
 }  
     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/    return m;
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
 {  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
   double **hess;     */
   int i, j,jk;  }
   int *indx;  
   /*************************free matrix ************************/
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  {
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   }
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  {
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);    double ***m;
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/  
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
   }    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
      m += NR_END;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    m -= nrl;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  
       if (j>i) {    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);    m[nrl] += NR_END;
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];        m[nrl] -= ncl;
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/  
       }    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     }  
   }    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   printf("\n");    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
     m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    
   x=vector(1,npar);    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
   indx=ivector(1,npar);      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    }
     return m; 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
     x[j]=1;    */
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  }
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
     }  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   }  {
     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  }
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  
     }  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
     printf("\n");  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
   }  {
     /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   /* Recompute Inverse */    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    return tmpout;
   }
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");  
   /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  {
     x[j]=1;    
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
       y[i][j]=x[i];    strcat(tmpout,"/");
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     printf("\n");    return tmpout;
   }  }
   */  
   /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);  {
   free_vector(x,1,npar);    
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     strcat(tmpout,"/");
     strcat(tmpout,preop);
 }    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     strcat(tmpout,fileres);
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/    return tmpout;
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])  }
 {  
   int i;  /***************** f1dim *************************/
   int l=1, lmax=20;  extern int ncom; 
   double k1,k2;  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
   double res;   
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  double f1dim(double x) 
   double fx;  { 
   int k=0,kmax=10;    int j; 
   double l1;    double f;
     double *xt; 
   fx=func(x);   
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
     l1=pow(10,l);    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
     delts=delt;    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){    return f; 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);  } 
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;  
       k1=func(p2)-fx;  /*****************brent *************************/
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
       k2=func(p2)-fx;  { 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */    int iter; 
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */    double a,b,d,etemp;
          double fu,fv,fw,fx;
 #ifdef DEBUG    double ftemp;
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
 #endif    double e=0.0; 
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */   
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
         k=kmax;    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
       }    x=w=v=bx; 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
       }      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
         delts=delt;      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       }      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
     }      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
   }  #ifdef DEBUG
   delti[theta]=delts;      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   return res;      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
        /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
 }  #endif
       if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)        *xmin=x; 
 {        return fx; 
   int i;      } 
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;      ftemp=fu;
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
   int k;        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
         p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
   fx=func(x);        q=2.0*(q-r); 
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];        q=fabs(q); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;        etemp=e; 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;        e=d; 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
            d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;        else { 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;          d=p/q; 
     k2=func(p2)-fx;          u=x+d; 
            if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;        } 
     k3=func(p2)-fx;      } else { 
          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;      } 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
     k4=func(p2)-fx;      fu=(*f)(u); 
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */      if (fu <= fx) { 
 #ifdef DEBUG        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
 #endif          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
   }          } else { 
   return res;            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
 }            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
               v=w; 
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/              w=u; 
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)              fv=fw; 
 {              fw=fu; 
   int i,imax,j,k;            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
   double big,dum,sum,temp;              v=u; 
   double *vv;              fv=fu; 
              } 
   vv=vector(1,n);          } 
   *d=1.0;    } 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
     big=0.0;    *xmin=x; 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    return fx; 
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;  } 
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");  
     vv[i]=1.0/big;  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   }  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {              double (*func)(double)) 
       sum=a[i][j];  { 
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
       a[i][j]=sum;    double fu; 
     }   
     big=0.0;    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
       sum=a[i][j];    if (*fb > *fa) { 
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
       a[i][j]=sum;        } 
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
         big=dum;    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
         imax=i;    while (*fb > *fc) { 
       }      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
     }      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
     if (j != imax) {      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
         dum=a[imax][k];      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
         a[j][k]=dum;        fu=(*func)(u); 
       }      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
       *d = -(*d);        fu=(*func)(u); 
       vv[imax]=vv[j];        if (fu < *fc) { 
     }          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
     indx[j]=imax;            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;            } 
     if (j != n) {      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);        u=ulim; 
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;        fu=(*func)(u); 
     }      } else { 
   }        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */        fu=(*func)(u); 
 ;      } 
 }      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
         SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])        } 
 {  } 
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;  
   double sum;  /*************** linmin ************************/
    
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  int ncom; 
     ip=indx[i];  double *pcom,*xicom;
     sum=b[ip];  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     b[ip]=b[i];   
     if (ii)  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  { 
     else if (sum) ii=i;    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
     b[i]=sum;                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
   }    double f1dim(double x); 
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
     sum=b[i];                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    int j; 
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
   }    double fx,fb,fa;
 }   
     ncom=n; 
 /************ Frequencies ********************/    pcom=vector(1,n); 
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)    xicom=vector(1,n); 
 {  /* Some frequencies */    nrfunc=func; 
      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
   double *pp;    } 
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;    ax=0.0; 
   FILE *ficresp;    xx=1.0; 
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
     *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  #ifdef DEBUG
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);  #endif
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);      xi[j] *= xmin; 
     exit(0);      p[j] += xi[j]; 
   }    } 
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
   j1=0;    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
   } 
   j=cptcoveff;  
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
   {
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
        j1++;    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
          scanf("%d", i);*/    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      minutes = (sec_left) /60;
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)      sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;    return ascdiff;
   }
         dateintsum=0;  
         k2cpt=0;  /*************** powell ************************/
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
          bool=1;              double (*func)(double [])) 
          if  (cptcovn>0) {  { 
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])                double (*func)(double [])); 
                bool=0;    int i,ibig,j; 
          }    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
          if (bool==1) {    double fp,fptt;
            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){    double *xits;
              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);    int niterf, itmp;
              if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {  
                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;    pt=vector(1,n); 
                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;    ptt=vector(1,n); 
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];    xit=vector(1,n); 
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];    xits=vector(1,n); 
                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {    *fret=(*func)(p); 
                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
                  k2cpt++;    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
                }      fp=(*fret); 
       ibig=0; 
              }      del=0.0; 
            }      last_time=curr_time;
          }      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
        }      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
              fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); fflush(ficlog);
        fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); */
      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
         if  (cptcovn>0) {        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");      }
         }      printf("\n");
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");      if(*iter <=3){
                tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
       printf("Total");        forecast_time=curr_time; 
     else        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
       printf("Age %d", i);        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     }        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);          itmp = strlen(strfor);
       else          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
     }          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
           fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
      for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        }
       for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)      }
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
      }        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
         fptt=(*fret); 
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)  #ifdef DEBUG
       pos += pp[jk];        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
       if(pos>=1.e-5)  #endif
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
       else        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
       if( i <= (int) agemax){        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
         if(pos>=1.e-5){          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);          ibig=i; 
           probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;        } 
           /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/  #ifdef DEBUG
         }        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
       else        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       }          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
     }          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        }
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     if(i <= (int) agemax)          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
     printf("\n");        }
     }        printf("\n");
     }        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
  }  #endif
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;      } 
        if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
   fclose(ficresp);  #ifdef DEBUG
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);        int k[2],l;
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);        k[0]=1;
         k[1]=-1;
   /* End of Freq */        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
 }        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
 /************ Prevalence ********************/          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
 void prevalence(int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
 {  /* Some frequencies */        }
          printf("\n");
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
   double *pp;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   double pos, k2;            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
             printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          }
            printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   j1=0;        }
    #endif
   j=cptcoveff;  
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  
          free_vector(xit,1,n); 
  for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
       j1++;        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
          return; 
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)        } 
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
              xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {        pt[j]=p[j]; 
         bool=1;      } 
         if  (cptcovn>0) {      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)      if (fptt < fp) { 
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
               bool=0;        if (t < 0.0) { 
         }          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
         if (bool==1) {          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {          }
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  #ifdef DEBUG
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
               freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
               freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3+1)] += weight[i];            for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
             }            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
           }            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
         }          }
       }          printf("\n");
                fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  #endif
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        }
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)      } 
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    } 
           }  } 
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];  
         }  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
          {
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  
          }    int i, ii,j,k;
              double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
     double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){              double **newm;
            if( i <= (int) agemax){    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
              if(pos>=1.e-5){  
                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
              }      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            }        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
          }      }
            
         }     cov[1]=1.;
     }   
   }   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
      for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
        newm=savm;
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      cov[2]=agefin;
        
 }  /* End of Freq */      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/        /*printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[%d][Tvar[%d]]=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
       }
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
 {      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /\* Useless *\/ */
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.      /*   cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]]; */
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).      
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
      */      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
       /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
   int i, mi, m;      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;      
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/      savm=oldm;
       oldm=newm;
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;      maxmax=0.;
   double sum=0.;      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
   jmin=1e+5;        min=1.;
   jmax=-1;        max=0.;
   jmean=0.;        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){          sumnew=0;
     mi=0;          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
     m=firstpass;          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){          /*printf(" prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d \n", i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin);*/
       if(s[m][i]>=1)          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
         mw[++mi][i]=m;          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
       if(m >=lastpass)        }
         break;        maxmin=max-min;
       else        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
         m++;      }
     }/* end while */      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){        return prlim;
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */      }
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */    }
          /* Only death is a correct wave */  }
       mw[mi][i]=m;  
     }  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
   
     wav[i]=mi;  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
     if(mi==0)  {
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
   }       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
        model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
       if (stepm <=0)       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
         dh[mi][i]=1;       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
       else{       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
           k=k+1;    */
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;    double s1, lnpijopii;
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;    /*double t34;*/
           sum=sum+j;    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
           /* if (j<10) printf("j=%d num=%d ",j,i); */  
           }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
         }        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
         else{          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
           k=k+1;            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;          }
           /*   if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
           sum=sum+j;  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
         }        }
         jk= j/stepm;        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         jl= j -jk*stepm;          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
         if(jl <= -ju)            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
           dh[mi][i]=jk;  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
         else          }
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)        }
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */      }
       }      
     }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
   }        s1=0;
   jmean=sum/k;        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
  }          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/        }
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
 {          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   int cptcode=0;        }
   cptcoveff=0;        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
          ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;        /* Computing other pijs */
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
           ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
       Ndum[ij]++;      } /* end i */
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/      
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
     }        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           ps[ii][jj]=0;
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {          ps[ii][ii]=1;
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;        }
     }      }
     ij=1;      
       
       /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {      /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {      /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {      /*   } */
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;      /*   printf("\n "); */
           ij++;      /* } */
         }      /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;      /*
       }          for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
     }        goto end;*/
   }        return ps;
   }
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  
   /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {  
       ij=Tvar[i];  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
       Ndum[ij]++;  {
     }    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
        b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
  ij=1;    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncov)){       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;    int i, j, k;
      ij++;    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
    }      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
  }        out[i][k]=0.;
          for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
     cptcoveff=ij-1;          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
 }      }
     return out;
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/  }
   
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)  
 {  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
   /* Health expectancies */  
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
   double age, agelim,hf;  {
   double ***p3mat;    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
         'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);       for the memory).
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
        included manually here. 
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */  
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */       */
   
   agelim=AGESUP;    int i, j, d, h, k;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */    double **newm;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);  
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */      }
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);      /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
       for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        newm=savm;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        cov[1]=1.;
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
         }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
              cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
     hf=1;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);  
       }        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
   }                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 }        savm=oldm;
         oldm=newm;
 /************ Variance ******************/      }
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
 {        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
   /* Variance of health expectancies */          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
   double **newm;        }
   double **dnewm,**doldm;      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;    } /* end h */
   int k, cptcode;  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
   double *xp;    return po;
   double **gp, **gm;  }
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;  
   double ***p3mat;  
   double age,agelim;  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   int theta;  double func( double *x)
   {
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double **out;
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");    int s1, s2;
     double bbh, survp;
   xp=vector(1,npar);    long ipmx;
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    /*extern weight */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
      /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   agelim = AGESUP;    */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    cov[1]=1.;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */  
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */  
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    if(mle==1){
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
            Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */         */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
       }          cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          }
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
            is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
       if (popbased==1) {           has been calculated etc */
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            }
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];            newm=savm;
         }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       }            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */            }
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);                           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);            savm=oldm;
              oldm=newm;
       if (popbased==1) {          } /* end mult */
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
       }          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
            * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
         }           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
       }           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
            * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];           */
         }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     } /* End theta */          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
            * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)           */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
                then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
       }          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
     }          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
     h=1;          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
       }          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");          lower mortality.
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);            */
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);  
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          } else if  (s2==-2) {
   } /* End age */            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
                survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);            lli= log(survp);
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          }
           
 }          else if  (s2==-4) { 
             for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)            lli= log(survp); 
 {          } 
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */  
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          else if  (s2==-5) { 
   double **newm;            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
   double **dnewm,**doldm;              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;            lli= log(survp); 
   int k, cptcode;          } 
   double *xp;          
   double *gp, *gm;          else{
   double **gradg, **trgradg;            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   double age,agelim;            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
   int theta;          } 
              /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          ipmx +=1;
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);          sw += weight[i];
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         } /* end of wave */
   xp=vector(1,npar);      } /* end of individual */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    }  else if(mle==2){
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   agelim = AGESUP;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;            }
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);            newm=savm;
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){            }
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       }            savm=oldm;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);            oldm=newm;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          } /* end mult */
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];        
              s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          ipmx +=1;
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];          sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        } /* end of wave */
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];      } /* end of individual */
     } /* End theta */    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            }
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);            newm=savm;
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
             }
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));            savm=oldm;
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");            oldm=newm;
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);          } /* end mult */
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);        
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   } /* End age */          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          ipmx +=1;
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          sw += weight[i];
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         } /* end of wave */
 }      } /* end of individual */
     }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
 {        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   int i, j;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   int k=0, cptcode;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   double **dnewm,**doldm;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double *xp;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double *gp, *gm;            }
   double **gradg, **trgradg;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];            newm=savm;
   int theta;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");            }
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);          
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   }            savm=oldm;
   printf("Computing variance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);            oldm=newm;
            } /* end mult */
         
   xp=vector(1,npar);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
              lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   cov[1]=1;          }else{
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
     cov[2]=age;          }
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);          ipmx +=1;
     trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);          sw += weight[i];
     gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
            } /* end of wave */
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      } /* end of individual */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
              for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
              for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       k=0;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
            k=k+1;            }
           gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         }            newm=savm;
       }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            }
              
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       k=0;            savm=oldm;
       for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){            oldm=newm;
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){          } /* end mult */
           k=k+1;        
           gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         }          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       }          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
                ipmx +=1;
        for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)          sw += weight[i];
            gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];            ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     }          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
         } /* end of wave */
      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)      } /* end of individual */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    } /* End of if */
       trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
      /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);    return -l;
   }
      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);  
   /*************** log-likelihood *************/
      k=0;  double funcone( double *x)
      for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){  {
        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
          k=k+1;    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
          gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
         }    double **out;
      }    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
          double llt;
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);    int s1, s2;
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){    double bbh, survp;
            /*extern weight */
     /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
      }*/    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
       printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);    */
     cov[1]=1.;
   for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){  
     if (i== 2) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
 if (i== 4) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);  
   }    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 }            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
  free_vector(xp,1,npar);          }
 fclose(ficresprob);        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
           newm=savm;
 }          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[],char optionfilehtm[] ){          }
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
   FILE *fichtm;          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");          savm=oldm;
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {          oldm=newm;
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);        } /* end mult */
   }        
         s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> <font size=\"6\">Imach, Version 0.7 </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
         /* bias is positive if real duration
 Total number of observations=%d <br>         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>         */
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
 <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n        } else if  (s2==-2) {
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>          lli= log(survp);
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>        }else if (mle==1){
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>        } else if(mle==2){
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         - Prevalences and population forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         <br>",title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
            lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
 fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
           lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
  m=cptcoveff;          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        } /* End of if */
         ipmx +=1;
  jj1=0;        sw += weight[i];
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
        jj1++;        if(globpr){
        if (cptcovn > 0) {          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
        }            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);              }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>        }
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      } /* end of wave */
        }    } /* end of individual */
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
      }      gipmx=ipmx;
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {      gsw=sw;
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>    }
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);    return -l;
      }  }
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and  
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>  
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);  /*************** function likelione ***********/
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
    }  {
    }    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
 fclose(fichtm);       the selection of individuals/waves and
 }       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
        Plotting could be done.
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/     */
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double agemin, double agemax, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){    int k;
   
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
       strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".plt");      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
   }      }
       fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
 #ifdef windows      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
 #endif      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
  /* 1eme*/    }
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {  
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
     if(*globpri !=0){
 #ifdef windows      fclose(ficresilk);
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
 #endif      fflush(fichtm); 
 #ifdef unix    } 
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);    return;
 #endif  }
   
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  {
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    int i,j, iter;
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    double **xi;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    double fret;
 }    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
 }          xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
 #ifdef unix    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
 #endif    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
    }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
   }    }
   /*2 eme*/    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
        fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {  
       k=2*i;    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    fclose(ficrespow);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
 }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);  
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  }
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
 }    {
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    double **hess;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    int i, j,jk;
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    int *indx;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }      double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     }    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);    double gompertz(double p[]);
   }    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
    
   /*3eme*/    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);     
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);      
       }      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
     }    }
     }    
      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
   /* CV preval stat */      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        if (j>i) { 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
       k=3;          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
           
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);        }
            }
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    }
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);    printf("\n");
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;  
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
       }    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);      
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   }      x=vector(1,npar);
      indx=ivector(1,npar);
   /* proba elementaires */    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
       if (k != i) {  
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
              for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);      x[j]=1;
           jk++;      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         }        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
       }      }
     }    }
     }  
     printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
    i=1;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
      k3=i;        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {      }
        if (k != k2){      printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 ij=1;    }
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {  
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    /* Recompute Inverse */
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
             ij++;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
           }    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
           else  
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
         }  
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
              for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){        x[j]=1;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
 ij=1;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        y[i][j]=x[i];
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
             ij++;      }
           }      printf("\n");
           else      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    }
           }    */
           fprintf(ficgp,")");  
         }    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");    free_vector(x,1,npar);
         i=i+ncovmodel;    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
        }    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
      }  
    }  
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);  }
    }  
      /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
   fclose(ficgp);  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
 }  /* end gnuplot */  {
     int i;
     int l=1, lmax=20;
 /*************** Moving average **************/    double k1,k2;
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double agemin, double ***mobaverage){    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
     double res;
   int i, cpt, cptcod;    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
     for (agedeb=agemin; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)    double fx;
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    int k=0,kmax=10;
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)    double l1;
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;  
        fx=func(x);
     for (agedeb=agemin+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){      l1=pow(10,l);
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){      delts=delt;
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
           }        delt = delta*(l1*k);
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
         }        k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
       }        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
     }        k2=func(p2)-fx;
            /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
 }        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
         
   #ifdef DEBUGHESS
 /************** Forecasting ******************/        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double agemin, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
    #endif
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
   int *popage;        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;          k=kmax;
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;        }
   double ***p3mat;        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
         }
  agelim=AGESUP;        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;          delts=delt;
          }
   prevalence(agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);      }
     }
      delti[theta]=delts;
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");    return res; 
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);    
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {  }
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);  
   }  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);  {
     int i;
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
     double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
   if (mobilav==1) {    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    int k;
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, agemin, mobaverage);  
   }    fx=func(x);
     for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
        p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   agelim=AGESUP;      k1=func(p2)-fx;
      
   hstepm=1;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);      k2=func(p2)-fx;
   anprojmean=yp;    
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   mprojmean=yp;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);      k3=func(p2)-fx;
   jprojmean=yp;    
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
        k4=func(p2)-fx;
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
    #ifdef DEBUG
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       k=k+1;  #endif
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");    }
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {    return res;
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  }
       }  
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);  { 
          int i,imax,j,k; 
          double big,dum,sum,temp; 
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {    double *vv; 
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");   
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);      vv=vector(1,n); 
            *d=1.0; 
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(agemin-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);      big=0.0; 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
                  if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      } 
            for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {        sum=a[i][j]; 
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
             }        a[i][j]=sum; 
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {      } 
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;      big=0.0; 
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                    for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
                 if (mobilav==1)        sum=a[i][j]; 
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
                 else {          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];        a[i][j]=sum; 
                 }        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
                          big=dum; 
               }          imax=i; 
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){        } 
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);      } 
                              if (j != imax) { 
               }        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
             }          dum=a[imax][k]; 
           }          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          a[j][k]=dum; 
         }        } 
       }        *d = -(*d); 
     }        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
   }      } 
              indx[j]=imax; 
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
       if (j != n) { 
   fclose(ficresf);        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
 }        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
 /************** Forecasting ******************/      } 
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double agemin, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){    } 
      free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;  ;
   int *popage;  } 
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;  
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;  { 
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
     double sum; 
 tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);   
 tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
  agelim=AGESUP;      ip=indx[i]; 
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;      sum=b[ip]; 
        b[ip]=b[i]; 
   prevalence(agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);      if (ii) 
         for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
        else if (sum) ii=i; 
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");      b[i]=sum; 
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);    } 
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);      sum=b[i]; 
   }      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
     } 
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;  } 
   
   if (mobilav==1) {  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  {
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, agemin, mobaverage);    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
   }  }
   
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;  /************ Frequencies ********************/
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
    {  /* Some frequencies */
   agelim=AGESUP;    
      int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
   hstepm=1;    int first;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
      double *pp, **prop;
   if (popforecast==1) {    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);    
     }    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
        if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
     i=1;        printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
          exit(0);
     imx=i;    }
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
   }    j1=0;
     
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){    j=cptcoveff;
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
       k=k+1;  
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");    first=1;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {  
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){   /* Loop on covariates */
       }    /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ /* Now it is 2 */
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");    /*    j1++;
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# StartingAge FinalAge");  */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);    for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
                scanf("%d", i);*/
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);            for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
                    for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(agemin-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);        
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
                    for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            prop[i][m]=0;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);          dateintsum=0;
                k2cpt=0;
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {          bool=1;
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);          if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
             }            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]){
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;                  /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                              bool=0;
                 if (mobilav==1)                /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtab[%d][%d]=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtab[%d][%d]=%d, j1=%d\n", 
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                  bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtab[j1][z1],
                 else {                  j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]],j1);*/
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];                /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtab[7][3]=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
                 }              } 
               }          }
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){   
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;          if (bool==1){
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
               }              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
             }                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
               kk1=0.;                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){                if (m<lastpass) {
                   kk1= kk1+Tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                 }                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];                }
             }                
                 if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
 if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
           }                  k2cpt++;
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                }
         }                /*}*/
       }            }
            }
   /******/        } /* end i */
          
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=4;cpt++) {        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);          pstamp(ficresp);
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(agemin-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){        if  (cptcovn>0) {
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
                    fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);            fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        }
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
             }        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {        
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                        if(i==iagemax+3){
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
               }          }else{
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);              if(first==1){
             }              first=0;
           }              printf("See log file for details...\n");
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            }
         }            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
       }          }
    }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   }            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
                pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   if (popforecast==1) {            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);              if(first==1){
   }                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);              }
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   fclose(ficrespop);            }else{
 }              if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
 /***********************************************/              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
 /**************** Main Program *****************/            }
 /***********************************************/          }
   
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
 {            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;          }       
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;            pos += pp[jk];
             posprop += prop[jk][i];
   double fret;          }
   double **xi,tmp,delta;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             if(pos>=1.e-5){
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */              if(first==1)
   double ***p3mat;                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   int *indx;              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];            }else{
   char title[MAXLINE];              if(first==1)
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
              }
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH];            if( i <= iagemax){
               if(pos>=1.e-5){
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];              }
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;              else
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
   int c,  h , cpt,l;            }
   int ju,jl, mi;          }
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;          
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   int hstepm, nhstepm;              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2;              if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
   double ftolpl=FTOL;              }
   double **prlim;          if(i <= iagemax)
   double *severity;            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */          if(first==1)
   double  *p;            printf("Others in log...\n");
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */        }
   double *delti; /* Scale */        /*}*/
   double ***eij, ***vareij;    }
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
   double *epj, vepp;   
   double kk1, kk2;    fclose(ficresp);
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
      free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.7, February 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";    /* End of Freq */
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];  }
   
   /************ Prevalence ********************/
   char z[1]="c", occ;  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
 #include <sys/time.h>  {  
 #include <time.h>    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
         We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
   /* long total_usecs;    */
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;   
      int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     double *pp, **prop;
     double pos,posprop; 
   printf("\n%s",version);    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
   if(argc <=1){    int iagemin, iagemax;
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");    int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
     scanf("%s",pathtot);  
   }    iagemin= (int) agemin;
   else{    iagemax= (int) agemax;
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
   }    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);    j1=0;
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/    
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/    /*j=cptcoveff;*/
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);    
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);    first=1;
   chdir(path);    for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
   replace(pathc,path);      /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
         j1++;*/
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/        
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   strcpy(fileres,"r");          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);            prop[i][m]=0.0;
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */       
         for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
   /*---------arguments file --------*/          bool=1;
           if  (cptcovn>0) {
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
     goto end;                bool=0;
   }          } 
           if (bool==1) { 
   strcpy(filereso,"o");            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
   strcat(filereso,fileres);              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
   }                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                 if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
     ungetc(c,ficpar);                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
     puts(line);                } 
     fputs(line,ficparo);              }
   }            } /* end selection of waves */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          }
         }
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          } 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
     puts(line);            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
     fputs(line,ficparo);              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
   }                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              } else{
                  if(first==1){
                      first=0;
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);                  printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
   cptcovn=0;                }
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;              }
             } 
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;          }/* end jk */ 
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */        }/* end i */ 
        /*} *//* end i1 */
   /* Read guess parameters */    } /* end j1 */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
     puts(line);  }  /* End of prevalence */
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  
    void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);  {
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){       */
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);  
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);    int i, mi, m;
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
       }       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");    int first;
       printf("\n");    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    double sum=0.;
     }    first=0;
      jmin=1e+5;
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;    jmax=-1;
     jmean=0.;
   p=param[1][1];    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        mi=0;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      m=firstpass;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          mw[++mi][i]=m;
     puts(line);        if(m >=lastpass)
     fputs(line,ficparo);          break;
   }        else
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          m++;
       }/* end while */
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){           /* Only death is a correct wave */
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);        mw[mi][i]=m;
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      }
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);  
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){      wav[i]=mi;
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);      if(mi==0){
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);        nbwarn++;
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);        if(first==0){
       }          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          first=1;
       printf("\n");        }
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");        if(first==1){
     }          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
   }        }
   delti=delti3[1][1];      } /* end mi==0 */
      } /* End individuals */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */  
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        if (stepm <=0)
     puts(line);          dh[mi][i]=1;
     fputs(line,ficparo);        else{
   }          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
                j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){              else if(j<0){
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);                nberr++;
     printf("%s",str);                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);              }
     }              k=k+1;
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");              if (j >= jmax){
     printf("\n");                jmax=j;
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");                ijmax=i;
   }              }
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)              if (j <= jmin){
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)                jmin=j;
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];                ijmin=i;
                  }
   printf("\n");              sum=sum+j;
               /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
               /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
     /*-------- data file ----------*/            }
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {          }
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;          else{
     }            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
      
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {            k=k+1;
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;            if (j >= jmax) {
     }              jmax=j;
               ijmax=i;
     n= lastobs;            }
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);            else if (j <= jmin){
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);              jmin=j;
     num=ivector(1,n);              ijmin=i;
     moisnais=vector(1,n);            }
     annais=vector(1,n);            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
     moisdc=vector(1,n);            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
     andc=vector(1,n);            if(j<0){
     agedc=vector(1,n);              nberr++;
     cod=ivector(1,n);              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     weight=vector(1,n);              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */            }
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);            sum=sum+j;
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);          }
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);          jk= j/stepm;
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);              jl= j -jk*stepm;
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
             if(jl==0){
     i=1;              dh[mi][i]=jk;
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {              bh[mi][i]=0;
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
                            * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);              bh[mi][i]=ju;
           strcpy(line,stra);            }
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          }else{
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            if(jl <= -ju){
         }              dh[mi][i]=jk;
                      bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);                                   */
             }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            else{
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            }
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
         }              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
         num[i]=atol(stra);              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
                    }
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){          } /* end if mle */
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/        }
       } /* end wave */
         i=i+1;    }
       }    jmean=sum/k;
     }    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
        scanf("%d",i);*/   }
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */  
   /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;  {
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;    /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;    /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
     }    /* Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
      * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)    /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
     if (covar[1][i]==0) printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));*/    */
   
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/    int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);    int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);    int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);  
   Tage=ivector(1,15);        
        cptcoveff=0; 
   if (strlen(model) >1){   
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;    for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     j=nbocc(model,'+');    for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');  
     cptcovn=j+1;    /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
     cptcovprod=j1;    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 : V1 + V3 = 2 only */
          for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Lopp on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
                                     modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
     strcpy(modelsav,model);        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){                                      * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);                                      * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
       goto end;                                      * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
     }        /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
                                            modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){        if (ij > modmaxcovj)
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');          modmaxcovj=ij; 
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);        else if (ij < modmincovj) 
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/          modmincovj=ij; 
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/        if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {          printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');          exit(1);
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {        }else
           cptcovprod--;        Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');        /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
           cptcovage++;        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;           (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/           female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
         }      }
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {      printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
           cptcovprod--;      cptcode=modmaxcovj;
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');      /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);     /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
           cptcovage++;      for (i=modmincovj;  i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value of the modality of model-cov j */
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;        printf("Frequencies of covariates %d V%d %d\n", j, Tvar[j], Ndum[i]);
         }        if( Ndum[i] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered, empty modality */
         else {          ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of non-null modalities of the j th covariate. */
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        }
           Tvar[i]=ncov+k1;        /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');           historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
           Tprod[k1]=i;      } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);  
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];      /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4. If Ndum[2]=0 ncodemax[j] is not 4 but 3 */
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];      /* If Ndum[3}= 635; Ndum[4]=0; Ndum[5]=0; Ndum[6]=27; Ndum[7]=125;
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)         modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
             covar[ncov+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];         There are only 3 modalities non empty (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
           k1++;         which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10; defining two dummy 
           k2=k2+2;         variables V1_1 and V1_2.
         }         nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
       }         nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
       else {         nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/         nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/      */
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');      ij=1; /* ij is similar to i but can jumps over null modalities */
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);      for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 */
       }        for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *//* Could be 1 to 4 */
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);            /*recode from 0 */
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);          if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
         scanf("%d",i);*/            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
     }                                       k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
 }                                       then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
              ij++;
   /*printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);          }
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
   scanf("%d ",i);*/        }  /* end of loop on */
     fclose(fic);      } /* end of loop on modality */ 
     } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     /*  if(mle==1){*/    
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/   for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;    
     }    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */ 
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
      Ndum[ij]++; 
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)   } 
      for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++)  
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){   ij=1;
          anint[m][i]=9999;   for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
          s[m][i]=-1;     /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
        }     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
           /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);       ij++;
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){     }else
         if(s[m][i] >0){         Tvaraff[ij]=0;
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {   }
             if(agedc[i]>0)   ij--;
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];  
             else {  }
               if (andc[i]!=9999){  
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);  
               agev[m][i]=-1;  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
               }  
             }  void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
           }  
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */  {
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);    /* Health expectancies, no variances */
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
               agev[m][i]=1;    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){    double age, agelim, hf;
               agemin=agev[m][i];    double ***p3mat;
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/    double eip;
             }  
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){    pstamp(ficreseij);
               agemax=agev[m][i];    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
             }    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/        fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
           }      }
           else { /* =9 */      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
             agev[m][i]=1;    }
             s[m][i]=-1;    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
           }  
         }    
         else /*= 0 Unknown */    if(estepm < stepm){
           agev[m][i]=1;      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
       }    }
        else  hstepm=estepm;   
     }    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");       * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
           goto end;     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
         }     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
       }     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
     }     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);  
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     free_vector(annais,1,n);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     free_vector(andc,1,n);       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
           results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     wav=ivector(1,imx);    */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);  
        agelim=AGESUP;
     /* Concatenates waves */    /* If stepm=6 months */
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);  /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       ncodemax[1]=1;    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
          nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    h=0;  
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
        nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){  
            h++;      /* If stepm=6 months */
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          }         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
        }      
      }      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
    }      
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       
    /*for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);      
      }      /* Computing expectancies */
      printf("\n");      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
    }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
    scanf("%d",i);*/          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
                eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age            
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
              }
      
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        eip=0;
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */          eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
                fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]        }
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */        fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */      }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
     if(mle==1){      
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);    }
     }    free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
        printf("\n");
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);    
    }
   
    jk=1;  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");  
    printf("# Parameters\n");  {
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){     to initial status i, ei. .
        if (k != i)    */
          {    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);    double age, agelim, hf;
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);    double *xp, *xm;
              jk++;    double **gp, **gm;
            }    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
            printf("\n");    int theta;
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");  
          }    double eip, vip;
      }  
    }    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
  if(mle==1){    xp=vector(1,npar);
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */    xm=vector(1,npar);
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
  }    
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");    pstamp(ficresstdeij);
     printf("# Scales\n");    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         if (j!=i) {      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);        fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    }
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);  
             jk++;    pstamp(ficrescveij);
           }    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
           printf("\n");    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
       }        cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
      }        for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
              for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
     k=1;            cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");            if(cptj2 <= cptj)
     printf("# Covariance\n");              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){          }
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;      }
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;    fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);    
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/    if(estepm < stepm){
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
       printf("%3d",i);    }
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){    else  hstepm=estepm;   
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
       }     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
       printf("\n");     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
       k++;     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
     }     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
         * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
       ungetc(c,ficpar);     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
       puts(line);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
       fputs(line,ficparo);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
     }       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
         Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
        /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     if (fage <= 2) {       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
       bage = agemin;       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
       fage = agemax;       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
     }       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
        */
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);  
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);    /* If stepm=6 months */
      /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    agelim=AGESUP;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     puts(line);    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     fputs(line,ficparo);    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
   }    
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
      p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);    gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
  fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
          gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     puts(line);      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     fputs(line,ficparo);      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
   }      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  
        /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;      
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);  
    fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);        /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
    fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);        /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
          decrease memory allocation */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     puts(line);          xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     fputs(line,ficparo);        }
   }        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);    
 fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",popforecast,popfile,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
 fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",popforecast,popfile,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);              gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/            }
  printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, agemin,agemax,fage, pathc,p);          }
          }
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/       
  chdir(path);        for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);            gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);          }
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        }/* End theta */
  free_ivector(num,1,n);      
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);      
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
  fclose(ficparo);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
  fclose(ficres);          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
              trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);       for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
     puts(line);          varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
         for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/          for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
   printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm);              varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
         }
        }
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/  
        /* Computing expectancies */
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");      hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   }            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);            
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);          }
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");  
        fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        eip=0.;
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        vip=0.;
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */          for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
   k=0;            vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
   agebase=agemin;          fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
   agelim=agemax;        }
   ftolpl=1.e-10;        fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
   i1=cptcoveff;      }
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         k=k+1;        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/          cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");          for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)            for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");              if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                        fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){            }
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);        }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );      fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)     
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);    }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");    free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         }    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       }    free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     }    free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   fclose(ficrespl);    free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/    printf("\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);  
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {    free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   }    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;  }
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/  
   /************ Variance ******************/
   agelim=AGESUP;  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */  {
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    /* Variance of health expectancies */
      /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
   k=0;    /* double **newm;*/
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
       k=k+1;    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");    int k, cptcode;
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    double *xp;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
            double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    double ***p3mat;
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    double age,agelim, hf;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    double ***mobaverage;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      int theta;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");    char digit[4];
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    char digitp[25];
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)  
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");  
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    if(popbased==1){
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );      if(mobilav!=0)
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);    }
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    else 
           }      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    if (mobilav!=0) {
         }      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
   }        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
   /* varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k);*/      }
     }
   fclose(ficrespij);  
     strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
     sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
   if(stepm == 1) {    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
 populforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     free_vector(weight,1,n);}      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
   else{    }
     erreur=108;    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     printf("Error %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d\n", erreur, stepm);   
   }    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
      pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   strcpy(filerest,"t");      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
   strcat(filerest,fileres);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    }  
   }    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
     /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
   strcpy(filerese,"e");    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
   strcat(filerese,fileres);  /*   } */
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    pstamp(ficresvij);
   }    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    if(popbased==1)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");    else
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   k=0;  
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    xp=vector(1,npar);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
       k=k+1;    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);    
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");    if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");    }
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    else  hstepm=estepm;   
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;       Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);      /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
        varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
           results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
      hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");    agelim = AGESUP;
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       hf=1;      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);  
         if (popbased==1) {  
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
         }          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
                }
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {  
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];        if (popbased==1) {
           }          if(mobilav ==0){
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         }              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));          }
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){        }
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));    
         }        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
       }            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
     }              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
   }          }
         }
   fclose(ficreseij);        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   fclose(ficresvij);           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   fclose(ficrest);           as a weighted average of prlim.
   fclose(ficpar);        */
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/              gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");        /* end probability of death */
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);  
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     exit(0);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
   }        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);   
         if (popbased==1) {
   k=0;          if(mobilav ==0){
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
       k=k+1;          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          }
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");        }
        
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
     }              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
  }          }
         }
   fclose(ficresvpl);        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/           as a weighted average of prlim.
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);        */
          for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
          }    
          /* end probability of death */
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
            }
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);  
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        }
   
   if(erreur >0)      } /* End theta */
     printf("End of Imach with error %d\n",erreur);  
   else   printf("End of Imach\n");      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */  
        for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   /*------ End -----------*/            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
  end:        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
 #ifdef windows          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/    
 #endif  
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);  
  strcat(plotcmd," ");      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
  system(plotcmd);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
 #ifdef windows          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   while (z[0] != 'q') {            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
     chdir(path);              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");        }
     scanf("%s",z);      }
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");    
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {      /* pptj */
       chdir(path);      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       system(optionfilehtm);      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
     }      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
   }          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
 #endif      /* end ppptj */
 }      /*  x centered again */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
       if (popbased==1) {
         if(mobilav ==0){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }
       }
                
       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          as a weighted average of prlim.
       */
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
       }    
       /* end probability of death */
   
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         }
       } 
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240");
     /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtm); 
   }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
     double **newm;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     int k, cptcode;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0,l, cptcode;
     int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];/* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d_1.png\">%s%d_1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d_2.png\">%s%d_2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Period (stable) prevalence in each health state : <a href=\"%s%d_%d.png\">%s%d_%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m0,cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d_%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small size 320, 240\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
     /*goto avoid;*/
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { /\* Bug valgrind *\/ */
                  /*        /\*fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);*\/ */
                  /*        ij++; */
                  /* } */
                  /* else */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { */
                    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]); */
                    /*   ij++; */
                    /* } */
                    /* else */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    avoid:
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small size 320, 240\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i, j, n;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       for (j=0; line[j]!='\0';j++){
         line[j]=linetmp[j];
       }
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ = *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int i1, j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V2*age+V3 +V3*V4=> V1 + V3 =2  */
       cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     /* but the covariates which are products must be treated separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
       cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /*   Design
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
        *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
        *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
        *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
        *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
        *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
        *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
        *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
        *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
        *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
        *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
        *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
        *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
        *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
        *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
        * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
        *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
        * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
        *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
        *How to reorganize?
        * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
        * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
        * Struct []
        */
   
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       /*
        * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
       cptcovage=0;
       for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
         cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
             /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cptcovn++;
             cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             k2=k2+2;
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
           cptcovn++;
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     endread:
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s with errno=%s\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s with errno=%s\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2;
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel > 2)
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
   
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtab[100][10]);*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*/
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              *     h     1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     1
              *    10     2     1     1     1
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     1
              *    12     2     2     1     1
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     1    
              *    14     2     1     2     1
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     1
              *    16     2     2     2     1
              */
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             /*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*/
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #elsedef
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #elsedef
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
   #include "prevlim.h"  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   #include "hpijx.h"
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
           /*
            */
           /* goto endfree; */
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
   
   
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* Segmentation fault */
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart);
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         /*}*/
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    endfree:
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot command %s\n", plotcmd);
       printf("\n Trying on same directory\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"./gnuplot %s", optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s\n", plotcmd);
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.27  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.151


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