Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.51 and 1.202

version 1.51, 2002/07/19 12:22:25 version 1.202, 2015/09/22 19:45:16
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.202  2015/09/22 19:45:16  brouard
      Summary: Adding some overall graph on contribution to likelihood. Might change
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Revision 1.201  2015/09/15 17:34:58  brouard
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    Summary: 0.98r0
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the  
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a    - Some new graphs like suvival functions
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    - Some bugs fixed like model=1+age+V2.
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are  
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a    Revision 1.200  2015/09/09 16:53:55  brouard
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    Summary: Big bug thanks to Flavia
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The  
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the    Even model=1+age+V2. did not work anymore
   probability to be observed in state j at the second wave  
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore    Revision 1.199  2015/09/07 14:09:23  brouard
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    Summary: 0.98q6 changing default small png format for graph to vectorized svg.
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more  
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    Revision 1.198  2015/09/03 07:14:39  brouard
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    Summary: 0.98q5 Flavia
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the  
   convergence.    Revision 1.197  2015/09/01 18:24:39  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple  
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    Revision 1.196  2015/08/18 23:17:52  brouard
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an    Summary: 0.98q5
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into  
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      Revision 1.195  2015/08/18 16:28:39  brouard
     Summary: Adding a hack for testing purpose
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h  
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be    After reading the title, ftol and model lines, if the comment line has
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    a q, starting with #q, the answer at the end of the run is quit. It
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    permits to run test files in batch with ctest. The former workaround was
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx    $ echo q | imach foo.imach
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices  
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply    Revision 1.194  2015/08/18 13:32:00  brouard
   hPijx.    Summary:  Adding error when the covariance matrix doesn't contain the exact number of lines required by the model line.
   
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Revision 1.193  2015/08/04 07:17:42  brouard
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    Summary: 0.98q4
    
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Revision 1.192  2015/07/16 16:49:02  brouard
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    Summary: Fixing some outputs
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action  
   from the European Union.    Revision 1.191  2015/07/14 10:00:33  brouard
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Summary: Some fixes
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version  
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Revision 1.190  2015/05/05 08:51:13  brouard
   **********************************************************************/    Summary: Adding digits in output parameters (7 digits instead of 6)
    
 #include <math.h>    Fix 1+age+.
 #include <stdio.h>  
 #include <stdlib.h>    Revision 1.189  2015/04/30 14:45:16  brouard
 #include <unistd.h>    Summary: 0.98q2
   
 #define MAXLINE 256    Revision 1.188  2015/04/30 08:27:53  brouard
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"    *** empty log message ***
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/  
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    Revision 1.187  2015/04/29 09:11:15  brouard
 /*#define DEBUG*/    *** empty log message ***
 #define windows  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Revision 1.186  2015/04/23 12:01:52  brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    Summary: V1*age is working now, version 0.98q1
   
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    Some codes had been disabled in order to simplify and Vn*age was
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    working in the optimization phase, ie, giving correct MLE parameters,
     but, as usual, outputs were not correct and program core dumped.
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Revision 1.185  2015/03/11 13:26:42  brouard
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Summary: Inclusion of compile and links command line for Intel Compiler
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  
 #define MAXN 20000    Revision 1.184  2015/03/11 11:52:39  brouard
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    Summary: Back from Windows 8. Intel Compiler
 #define AGESUP 130  
 #define AGEBASE 40    Revision 1.183  2015/03/10 20:34:32  brouard
 #ifdef windows    Summary: 0.98q0, trying with directest, mnbrak fixed
 #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'  
 #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'    We use directest instead of original Powell test; probably no
 #else    incidence on the results, but better justifications;
 #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'    We fixed Numerical Recipes mnbrak routine which was wrong and gave
 #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'    wrong results.
 #endif  
     Revision 1.182  2015/02/12 08:19:57  brouard
 char version[80]="Imach version 0.8i, June 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";    Summary: Trying to keep directest which seems simpler and more general
 int erreur; /* Error number */    Author: Nicolas Brouard
 int nvar;  
 int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    Revision 1.181  2015/02/11 23:22:24  brouard
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Summary: Comments on Powell added
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */  
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    Author:
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
 int popbased=0;    Revision 1.180  2015/02/11 17:33:45  brouard
     Summary: Finishing move from main to function (hpijx and prevalence_limit)
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */  
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    Revision 1.179  2015/01/04 09:57:06  brouard
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    Summary: back to OS/X
 int mle, weightopt;  
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    Revision 1.178  2015/01/04 09:35:48  brouard
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    *** empty log message ***
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */  
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    Revision 1.177  2015/01/03 18:40:56  brouard
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    Summary: Still testing ilc32 on OSX
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;  
 FILE *ficlog;    Revision 1.176  2015/01/03 16:45:04  brouard
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;    *** empty log message ***
 FILE *ficresprobmorprev;  
 FILE *fichtm; /* Html File */    Revision 1.175  2015/01/03 16:33:42  brouard
 FILE *ficreseij;    *** empty log message ***
 char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 FILE  *ficresvij;    Revision 1.174  2015/01/03 16:15:49  brouard
 char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    Summary: Still in cross-compilation
 FILE  *ficresvpl;  
 char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.173  2015/01/03 12:06:26  brouard
 char title[MAXLINE];    Summary: trying to detect cross-compilation
 char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.172  2014/12/27 12:07:47  brouard
     Summary: Back from Visual Studio and Intel, options for compiling for Windows XP
 char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */    Revision 1.171  2014/12/23 13:26:59  brouard
 char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];    Summary: Back from Visual C
 char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];    Still problem with utsname.h on Windows
   
 char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.170  2014/12/23 11:17:12  brouard
     Summary: Cleaning some \%% back to %%
 #define NR_END 1  
 #define FREE_ARG char*    The escape was mandatory for a specific compiler (which one?), but too many warnings.
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  
     Revision 1.169  2014/12/22 23:08:31  brouard
 #define NRANSI    Summary: 0.98p
 #define ITMAX 200  
     Outputs some informations on compiler used, OS etc. Testing on different platforms.
 #define TOL 2.0e-4  
     Revision 1.168  2014/12/22 15:17:42  brouard
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    Summary: update
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10  
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    Revision 1.167  2014/12/22 13:50:56  brouard
     Summary: Testing uname and compiler version and if compiled 32 or 64
 #define GOLD 1.618034  
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    Testing on Linux 64
 #define TINY 1.0e-20  
     Revision 1.166  2014/12/22 11:40:47  brouard
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    *** empty log message ***
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Revision 1.165  2014/12/16 11:20:36  brouard
      Summary: After compiling on Visual C
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))  
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   
 static double sqrarg;    Revision 1.164  2014/12/16 10:52:11  brouard
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    Summary: Merging with Visual C after suppressing some warnings for unused variables. Also fixing Saito's bug 0.98Xn
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}  
     * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 int imx;  
 int stepm;    Revision 1.163  2014/12/16 10:30:11  brouard
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   
 int estepm;    Revision 1.162  2014/09/25 11:43:39  brouard
 /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/    Summary: temporary backup 0.99!
   
 int m,nb;    Revision 1.1  2014/09/16 11:06:58  brouard
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    Summary: With some code (wrong) for nlopt
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;  
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    Author:
 double dateintmean=0;  
     Revision 1.161  2014/09/15 20:41:41  brouard
 double *weight;    Summary: Problem with macro SQR on Intel compiler
 int **s; /* Status */  
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    Revision 1.160  2014/09/02 09:24:05  brouard
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    *** empty log message ***
   
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    Revision 1.159  2014/09/01 10:34:10  brouard
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    Summary: WIN32
     Author: Brouard
 /**************** split *************************/  
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )    Revision 1.158  2014/08/27 17:11:51  brouard
 {    *** empty log message ***
    char *s;                             /* pointer */  
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    Revision 1.157  2014/08/27 16:26:55  brouard
     Summary: Preparing windows Visual studio version
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Author: Brouard
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
    s= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */    In order to compile on Visual studio, time.h is now correct and time_t
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    and tm struct should be used. difftime should be used but sometimes I
      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)    just make the differences in raw time format (time(&now).
        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/    Trying to suppress #ifdef LINUX
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    Add xdg-open for __linux in order to open default browser.
       extern char       *getwd( );  
     Revision 1.156  2014/08/25 20:10:10  brouard
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    *** empty log message ***
 #else  
       extern char       *getcwd( );    Revision 1.155  2014/08/25 18:32:34  brouard
     Summary: New compile, minor changes
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    Author: Brouard
 #endif  
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
       }    Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */  
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    Author: Brouard
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */  
    }    Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    *** empty log message ***
 #ifdef windows  
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
 #else    Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Author: brouard
 #endif  
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */    Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
    s++;    Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */    Author: Nicolas Brouard
    l1= strlen( name);  
    l2= strlen( s)+1;    Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);    Summary: Nothing new
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;    Author: Brouard
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */  
 }    Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
   
     Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
 /******************************************/    *** empty log message ***
   
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
 {    Summary: Merge
   int i;    Author: Brouard
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Merge, before building revised version.
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
     (s[i] = t[i]);    Summary: Debugging with valgrind
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   }  
 }    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
     After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    improve the code.
 {    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
   int i,j=0;    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
   int lg=20;    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
   i=0;    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
   lg=strlen(s);    the source code.
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
   }    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
   return j;  
 }    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
     (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
   /* cuts string t into u and v where u is ended by char occ excluding it    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
      and v is after occ excluding it too : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",2)  
      gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   int i,lg,j,p=0;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;  
   }    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
     Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
     (u[j] = t[j]);    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
   }    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
      u[p]='\0';  
     Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    *** empty log message ***
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  
   }    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
 }    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
     than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
 /********************** nrerror ********************/  
     Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
 {    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
   exit(1);  
 }    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
 /*********************** vector *******************/    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)  
 {    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
   double *v;    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
   return v-nl+NR_END;    just nforces
 }  
     Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
 /************************ free vector ******************/    Many tings
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)  
 {    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Some dimensions resccaled
 }  
     Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
 /************************ivector *******************************/    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
 {    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
   int *v;  
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
   return v-nl+NR_END;  
 }    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
     (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
 /******************free ivector **************************/  
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
 {    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 }    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
     (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 {    computation.
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
   int **m;    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
    
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
   m += NR_END;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
   m -= nrl;    Version 0.98h
    
      Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Forecasting file added.
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
      The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
      Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
   return m;    name. <head> headers where missing.
 }  
     * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    otherwise the weight is truncated).
       int **m;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    1.
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    Version 0.98g
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 }    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
     otherwise the weight is truncated).
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    1.
 {    Version 0.98g
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  
   double **m;    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
     * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   m += NR_END;    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
   m -= nrl;    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
   return m;    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
 }    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
   
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 {    table of variances if popbased=1 .
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    (Module): Function pstamp added
 }    (Module): Version 0.98d
   
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 {    table of variances if popbased=1 .
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
   double ***m;    (Module): Function pstamp added
     (Module): Version 0.98d
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
   m += NR_END;    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
   m -= nrl;    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
   
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
     (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    filename with strsep.
   
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    allocation too.
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
      (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {  
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
   }    can be a simple dot '.'.
   return m;  
 }    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
     (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
 {    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    Gnuplot problem appeared...
 }    To be fixed
   
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
 extern int ncom;    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;  
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
      Some cleaning and links added in html output
 double f1dim(double x)  
 {    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   int j;    *** empty log message ***
   double f;  
   double *xt;    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
      (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   xt=vector(1,ncom);    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
   return f;    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
 }    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   
 /*****************brent *************************/    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
 {  
   int iter;    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
   double a,b,d,etemp;    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  
   double ftemp;    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    Fix on curr_time
   double e=0.0;  
      Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  
   x=w=v=bx;    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);    *** empty log message ***
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  
     xm=0.5*(a+b);    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
     fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
 #ifdef DEBUG    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
     fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    from other sources like vital statistic data.
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  
 #endif    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  
       *xmin=x;    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
       return fx;    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
     }  
     ftemp=fu;    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    Current limitations:
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
       q=2.0*(q-r);    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
       q=fabs(q);  
       etemp=e;    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
       e=d;    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    suppressed.
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
       else {    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
         d=p/q;    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
         u=x+d;    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
       }    * imach.c (Repository):
     } else {    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
     }  
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
     fu=(*f)(u);    Just cleaning
     if (fu <= fx) {  
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
         } else {    (Module): Version 0.96b
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
             v=w;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
             w=u;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
             fv=fw;  
             fw=fu;    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
             v=u;    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
             fv=fu;    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
           }    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
         }    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   }  
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
   *xmin=x;    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
   return fx;    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 }    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
     (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
             double (*func)(double))    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 {  
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
   double fu;    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
    
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);    Version 0.96
   if (*fb > *fa) {  
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
       }    routine fileappend.
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
   while (*fb > *fc) {    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);    interview.
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
       fu=(*func)(u);    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
       fu=(*func)(u);    truncation)
       if (fu < *fc) {    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
           }    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
       u=ulim;    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
       fu=(*func)(u);    parcimony.
     } else {    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  
       fu=(*func)(u);    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
     }    *** empty log message ***
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
       }    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
 }  
   */
 /*************** linmin ************************/  /*
      Interpolated Markov Chain
 int ncom;  
 double *pcom,*xicom;    Short summary of the programme:
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);    
      This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
 {    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   double f1dim(double x);    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   int j;    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
   double fx,fb,fa;    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
      probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
   ncom=n;    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
   pcom=vector(1,n);    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
   xicom=vector(1,n);    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
   nrfunc=func;    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
     pcom[j]=p[j];    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
     xicom[j]=xi[j];    convergence.
   }  
   ax=0.0;    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
   xx=1.0;    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
 #ifdef DEBUG    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  
   fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
 #endif    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
     xi[j] *= xmin;    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
     p[j] += xi[j];    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
   }    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);    hPijx.
 }  
     Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
 /*************** powell ************************/    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,    
             double (*func)(double []))    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
 {             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
               double (*func)(double []));    from the European Union.
   int i,ibig,j;    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
   double fp,fptt;    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
   double *xits;  
   pt=vector(1,n);    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   ptt=vector(1,n);    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   xit=vector(1,n);    
   xits=vector(1,n);    **********************************************************************/
   *fret=(*func)(p);  /*
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];    main
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {    read parameterfile
     fp=(*fret);    read datafile
     ibig=0;    concatwav
     del=0.0;    freqsummary
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);    if (mle >= 1)
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);      mlikeli
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)    print results files
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);    if mle==1 
     fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12f",i, p[i]);       computes hessian
     printf("\n");    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");        begin-prev-date,...
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    open gnuplot file
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];    open html file
       fptt=(*fret);    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
 #ifdef DEBUG     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
       fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
 #endif  
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  
         ibig=i;         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
       }         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
 #ifdef DEBUG    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);    health expectancies
         fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);    Variance-covariance of DFLE
       }    prevalence()
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {     movingaverage()
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);    varevsij() 
         fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
       }    total life expectancies
       printf("\n");    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");   end
 #endif  */
     }  
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  /* #define DEBUG */
 #ifdef DEBUG  /* #define DEBUGBRENT */
       int k[2],l;  #define DEBUGLINMIN
       k[0]=1;  #define POWELL /* Instead of NLOPT */
       k[1]=-1;  #define POWELLF1F3 /* Skip test */
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  /* #define POWELLORIGINAL /\* Don't use Directest to decide new direction but original Powell test *\/ */
       fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  /* #define MNBRAKORIGINAL /\* Don't use mnbrak fix *\/ */
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  #include <math.h>
         fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);  #include <stdio.h>
       }  #include <stdlib.h>
       printf("\n");  #include <string.h>
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  #ifdef _WIN32
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #include <io.h>
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  #include <windows.h>
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  #include <tchar.h>
           fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  #else
         }  #include <unistd.h>
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  #endif
         fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  
       }  #include <limits.h>
 #endif  #include <sys/types.h>
   
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  #include <sys/utsname.h> /* Doesn't work on Windows */
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  #endif
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  #include <sys/stat.h>
       return;  #include <errno.h>
     }  /* extern int errno; */
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /* #ifdef LINUX */
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  /* #include <time.h> */
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  /* #include "timeval.h" */
       pt[j]=p[j];  /* #else */
     }  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  /* #endif */
     if (fptt < fp) {  
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  #include <time.h>
       if (t < 0.0) {  
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  #ifdef GSL
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  #endif
         }  
 #ifdef DEBUG  
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  #ifdef NLOPT
         fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  #include <nlopt.h>
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++){  typedef struct {
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);    double (* function)(double [] );
           fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);  } myfunc_data ;
         }  #endif
         printf("\n");  
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  /* #include <libintl.h> */
 #endif  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
       }  
     }  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
   }  
 }  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
   /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
   
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
 {  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit  
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   int i, ii,j,k;  
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;  #define NINTERVMAX 8
   double **matprod2();  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
   double **newm;  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
   #define MAXN 20000
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  #define AGESUP 130
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  #define AGEBASE 40
     }  #define AGEOVERFLOW 1.e20
   #define AGEGOMP 10 /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
    cov[1]=1.;  #ifdef _WIN32
    #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
     newm=savm;  #else
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
      cov[2]=agefin;  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
    #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {  #endif
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/  /* $Id$ */
       }  /* $State$ */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  #include "version.h"
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  char version[]=__IMACH_VERSION__;
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  char copyright[]="September 2015,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121), Intel Software 2015";
   char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/  char strstart[80];
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  int nagesqr=0, nforce=0; /* nagesqr=1 if model is including age*age, number of forces */
   /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
     savm=oldm;  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
     oldm=newm;  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
     maxmax=0.;  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
       min=1.;  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
       max=0.;  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
         sumnew=0;  int npar=NPARMAX;
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  int popbased=0;
       }  
       maxmin=max-min;  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
     }  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
       return prlim;  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
     }                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
   }  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
 }  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
   int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
              * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )  int countcallfunc=0;  /* Count the number of calls to func */
 {  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
   double s1, s2;  double **matprod2(); /* test */
   /*double t34;*/  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
   /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
       }  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
       ps[i][j]=s2;  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  FILE *ficresilk;
     }  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  FILE *ficreseij;
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
       }  FILE *ficresstdeij;
       ps[i][j]=s2;  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
     }  FILE *ficrescveij;
   }  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/  FILE  *ficresvij;
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  FILE  *ficresvpl;
      s1=0;  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  char title[MAXLINE];
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  int  outcmd=0;
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  char fileresu[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* fileres without r in front */
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   } /* end i */  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  
     }  /* struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time; */
   }  /* struct timezone tzp; */
   /* extern int gettimeofday(); */
   struct tm tml, *gmtime(), *localtime();
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  extern time_t time();
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);  
    }  struct tm start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
     printf("\n ");  time_t  rstart_time, rend_time, rcurr_time, rlast_time, rforecast_time; /* raw time */
     }  struct tm tm;
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  
 /*  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);  
   goto end;*/  char *endptr;
     return ps;  long lval;
 }  double dval;
   
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  #define NR_END 1
   #define FREE_ARG char*
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
 {  
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  #define NRANSI 
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  #define ITMAX 200 
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  
   long i, j, k;  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  #define GOLD 1.618034 
   #define GLIMIT 100.0 
   return out;  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
 }  
   static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
     
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
 {  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/myutils_8h-source.html */
      duration (i.e. until  #define mytinydouble 1.0e-16
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  /* #define DEQUAL(a,b) (fabs((a)-(b))<mytinydouble) */
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/mynrutils_8h-source.html */
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  /* static double dsqrarg; */
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  /* #define DSQR(a) (DEQUAL((dsqrarg=(a)),0.0) ? 0.0 : dsqrarg*dsqrarg) */
      included manually here.  static double sqrarg;
   #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
      */  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   int i, j, d, h, k;  
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  int imx; 
   double **newm;  int stepm=1;
   /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  int estepm;
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  int m,nb;
     }  long *num;
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *cens;
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  int *ncodemax;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){                     covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
       newm=savm;                     undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  int *ncodemaxwundef;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
       cov[1]=1.;                               covariate for which somebody answered including 
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;                               undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  double **pmmij, ***probs;
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  double dateintmean=0;
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  
   double *weight;
   int **s; /* Status */
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  double *agedc;
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*age; */
       savm=oldm;  double  idx; 
       oldm=newm;  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
     }  int *Tage;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  /* int **codtab;*/ /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
          */  
       }  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
   } /* end h */  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
   return po;  
 }  /**************** split *************************/
   static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
   {
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
 double func( double *x)       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
 {    */ 
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];    int   l1=0, l2=0;                             /* length counters */
   double **out;  
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   long ipmx;    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
   /*extern weight */    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);      /* get current working directory */
   */      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
   cov[1]=1.;  #ifdef WIN32
       if (_getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  #else
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){          if (getcwd(dirc, FILENAME_MAX) == NULL) {
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];  #endif
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)      }
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
         newm=savm;    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
         }      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
              strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,      dirc[l1-l2] = '\0';                 /* add zero */
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
         savm=oldm;    }
         oldm=newm;    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
            l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
            if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
       } /* end mult */      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
            dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/    }
       ipmx +=1;    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
       sw += weight[i];    if (ss >0){
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;      ss++;
     } /* end of wave */      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
   } /* end of individual */      l1= strlen( name);
       l2= strlen(ss)+1;
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */    }
   return -l;  
 }    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
   }
   
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  
   /******************************************/
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  
 {  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
   int i,j, iter;  {
   double **xi,*delti;    int i;
   double fret;    int lg=0;
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    i=0;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    lg=strlen(t);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);      (s[i] = t[i]);
   printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);    }
   }
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  
   fprintf(ficlog,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
     char *s;
 }    s=out;
     while (*in != '\0'){
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))        in++;
 {      }
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;      *out++ = *in++;
   double **hess;    }
   int i, j,jk;    *out='\0';
   int *indx;    return s;
   }
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);  
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  /* char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain) */
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;  /* { */
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;  /*   /\* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' *\/ */
   /*   char *s, *t; */
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  /*   t=in;s=out; */
   /*   while ((*in != *chain) && (*in != '\0')){ */
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  /*     *out++ = *in++; */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  /*   } */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  /*   /\* *in matches *chain *\/ */
     fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);  /*   while ((*in++ == *chain++) && (*in != '\0')){ */
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);  /*     printf("*in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/  /*   } */
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/  /*   in--; chain--; */
   }  /*   while ( (*in != '\0')){ */
    /*     printf("Bef *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  /*     *out++ = *in++; */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  /*     printf("Aft *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
       if (j>i) {  /*   } */
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);  /*   *out='\0'; */
         fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);  /*   out=s; */
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);  /*   return out; */
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];      /* } */
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/  char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain)
       }  {
     }    /* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' */
   }    /* in="V1+V1*age+age*age+V2", chain="age*age" */
   printf("\n");  
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    char *strloc;
   
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");    strcpy (out, in); 
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");    strloc = strstr(out, chain); /* strloc points to out at age*age+V2 */
      printf("Bef strloc=%s chain=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, out);
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    if(strloc != NULL){ 
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      /* will affect out */ /* strloc+strlenc(chain)=+V2 */ /* Will also work in Unicode */
   x=vector(1,npar);      memmove(strloc,strloc+strlen(chain), strlen(strloc+strlen(chain))+1);
   indx=ivector(1,npar);      /* strcpy (strloc, strloc +strlen(chain));*/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    }
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];    printf("Aft strloc=%s chain=%s in=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, in, out);
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    return out;
   }
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  
     x[j]=1;  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  {
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before FIRST occurence of char 'occ' 
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     }       gives blocc="abcdef" and alocc="ghi2j".
   }       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
     */
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    char *s, *t;
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    t=in;s=in;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {      *alocc++ = *in++;
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);    }
       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);    if( *in == occ){
     }      *(alocc)='\0';
     printf("\n");      s=++in;
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    }
   }   
     if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
   /* Recompute Inverse */      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)      in=s;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];    }
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    while ( *in != '\0'){
       *blocc++ = *in++;
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");    }
   
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    *blocc='\0';
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    return t;
     x[j]=1;  }
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  {
       y[i][j]=x[i];    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before LAST occurence of char 'occ' 
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
     }       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
     printf("\n");    */
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    char *s, *t;
   }    t=in;s=in;
   */    while (*in != '\0'){
       while( *in == occ){
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);        *blocc++ = *in++;
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);        s=in;
   free_vector(x,1,npar);      }
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);      *blocc++ = *in++;
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);    }
     if (s == t) /* occ not found */
       *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
 }    else
       *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/    in=s;
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])    while ( *in != '\0'){
 {      *alocc++ = *in++;
   int i;    }
   int l=1, lmax=20;  
   double k1,k2;    *alocc='\0';
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];    return s;
   double res;  }
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  
   double fx;  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   int k=0,kmax=10;  {
   double l1;    int i,j=0;
     int lg=20;
   fx=func(x);    i=0;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    lg=strlen(s);
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     l1=pow(10,l);    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
     delts=delt;    }
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){    return j;
       delt = delta*(l1*k);  }
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;  
       k1=func(p2)-fx;  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  /* { */
       k2=func(p2)-fx;  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
        /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
 #ifdef DEBUG  /*   i=0; */
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
 #endif  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */  /*   } */
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){  
         k=kmax;  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
       }  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */  /*   } */
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
       }  
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
         delts=delt;  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
       }  /*   } */
     }  /* } */
   }  
   delti[theta]=delts;  #ifdef _WIN32
   return res;  char * strsep(char **pp, const char *delim)
    {
 }    char *p, *q;
            
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)    if ((p = *pp) == NULL)
 {      return 0;
   int i;    if ((q = strpbrk (p, delim)) != NULL)
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    {
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;      *pp = q + 1;
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];      *q = '\0';
   int k;    }
     else
   fx=func(x);      *pp = 0;
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {    return p;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  }
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  #endif
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  
     k1=func(p2)-fx;  /********************** nrerror ********************/
    
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  void nrerror(char error_text[])
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  {
     k2=func(p2)-fx;    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
      fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  }
     k3=func(p2)-fx;  /*********************** vector *******************/
    double *vector(int nl, int nh)
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  {
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    double *v;
     k4=func(p2)-fx;    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
 #ifdef DEBUG    return v-nl+NR_END;
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  }
     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  
 #endif  /************************ free vector ******************/
   }  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   return res;  {
 }    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   }
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/  
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)  /************************ivector *******************************/
 {  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
   int i,imax,j,k;  {
   double big,dum,sum,temp;    int *v;
   double *vv;    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
      if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   vv=vector(1,n);    return v-nl+NR_END;
   *d=1.0;  }
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  
     big=0.0;  /******************free ivector **************************/
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;  {
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     vv[i]=1.0/big;  }
   }  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /************************lvector *******************************/
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
       sum=a[i][j];  {
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    long *v;
       a[i][j]=sum;    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
     }    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     big=0.0;    return v-nl+NR_END;
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {  }
       sum=a[i][j];  
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)  /******************free lvector **************************/
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
       a[i][j]=sum;  {
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
         big=dum;  }
         imax=i;  
       }  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
     }  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
     if (j != imax) {       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {  { 
         dum=a[imax][k];    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];    int **m; 
         a[j][k]=dum;    
       }    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
       *d = -(*d);    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
       vv[imax]=vv[j];    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
     }    m += NR_END; 
     indx[j]=imax;    m -= nrl; 
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;    
     if (j != n) {    
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
     }    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
   }    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
 ;    
 }    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
     
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
 {    return m; 
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;  } 
   double sum;  
    /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
     ip=indx[i];        int **m;
     sum=b[ip];        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
     b[ip]=b[i];       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
     if (ii)  { 
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
     else if (sum) ii=i;    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
     b[i]=sum;  } 
   }  
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {  /******************* matrix *******************************/
     sum=b[i];  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  {
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
   }    double **m;
 }  
     m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
 /************ Frequencies ********************/    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)    m += NR_END;
 {  /* Some frequencies */    m -= nrl;
    
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   int first;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */    m[nrl] += NR_END;
   double *pp;    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;  
   FILE *ficresp;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];    return m;
      /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");     */
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);  }
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);  /*************************free matrix ************************/
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     exit(0);  {
   }    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   j1=0;  }
    
   j=cptcoveff;  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
   {
   first=1;    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
     double ***m;
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){  
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
       j1++;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);    m += NR_END;
         scanf("%d", i);*/    m -= nrl;
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)      m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
          m[nrl] -= ncl;
       dateintsum=0;  
       k2cpt=0;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  
         bool=1;    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
         if  (cptcovn>0) {    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
               bool=0;    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
         }      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
         if (bool==1) {    
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;    }
               if (m<lastpass) {    return m; 
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
               }    */
                }
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {  
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
                 k2cpt++;  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
               }  {
             }    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
           }    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
         }    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
       }  }
          
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
   char *subdirf(char fileres[])
       if  (cptcovn>0) {  {
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
       }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    return tmpout;
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);  }
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");  
        /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
         if(i==(int)agemax+3){  {
           fprintf(ficlog,"Total");    
         }else{    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
           if(first==1){    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
             first=0;    strcat(tmpout,"/");
             printf("See log file for details...\n");    strcat(tmpout,preop);
           }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);    return tmpout;
         }  }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
         }  {
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){    strcat(tmpout,"/");
             if(first==1){    strcat(tmpout,preop);
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
             }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);    return tmpout;
           }else{  }
             if(first==1)  
               printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  {
           }    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
         }    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
     sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
         }    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
     sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)    return ascdiff;
           pos += pp[jk];  }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
           if(pos>=1.e-5){  /***************** f1dim *************************/
             if(first==1)  extern int ncom; 
               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
           }else{   
             if(first==1)  double f1dim(double x) 
               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  { 
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    int j; 
           }    double f;
           if( i <= (int) agemax){    double *xt; 
             if(pos>=1.e-5){   
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
             }    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
             else    return f; 
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);  } 
           }  
         }  /*****************brent *************************/
          double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  {
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    /* Given a function f, and given a bracketing triplet of abscissas ax, bx, cx (such that bx is
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {     * between ax and cx, and f(bx) is less than both f(ax) and f(cx) ), this routine isolates
             if(first==1)     * the minimum to a fractional precision of about tol using Brent’s method. The abscissa of
               printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);     * the minimum is returned as xmin, and the minimum function value is returned as brent , the
               fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);     * returned function value. 
             }    */
         if(i <= (int) agemax)    int iter; 
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");    double a,b,d,etemp;
         if(first==1)    double fu=0,fv,fw,fx;
           printf("Others in log...\n");    double ftemp=0.;
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
       }    double e=0.0; 
     }   
   }    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
      x=w=v=bx; 
   fclose(ficresp);    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
        tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
   /* End of Freq */      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
 }      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
 /************ Prevalence ********************/  #ifdef DEBUGBRENT
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
 {  /* Some frequencies */      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
        /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;  #endif
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
   double *pp;        *xmin=x; 
   double pos, k2;        return fx; 
       } 
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);      ftemp=fu;
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
          r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
   j1=0;        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
          q=2.0*(q-r); 
   j=cptcoveff;        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        q=fabs(q); 
          etemp=e; 
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){        e=d; 
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
       j1++;          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
              else { 
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)            d=p/q; 
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)            u=x+d; 
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
              } 
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      } else { 
         bool=1;        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
         if  (cptcovn>0) {      } 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])      fu=(*f)(u); 
               bool=0;      if (fu <= fx) { 
         }        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
         if (bool==1) {        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){        SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);      } else { 
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {        if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;        if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;          v=w; 
               if (m<lastpass) {          w=u; 
                 if (calagedate>0)          fv=fw; 
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];          fw=fu; 
                 else        } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];          v=u; 
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];          fv=fu; 
               }        } 
             }      } 
           }    } 
         }    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
       }    *xmin=x; 
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){    return fx; 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  } 
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)  
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
         }  
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)              double (*func)(double)) 
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];  { /* Given a function func , and given distinct initial points ax and bx , this routine searches in
         }  the downhill direction (defined by the function as evaluated at the initial points) and returns
          new points ax , bx , cx that bracket a minimum of the function. Also returned are the function
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  values at the three points, fa, fb , and fc such that fa > fb and fb < fc.
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)     */
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
         }    double fu; 
          
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];    double scale=10.;
            int iterscale=0;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      
           if( i <= (int) agemax){    *fa=(*func)(*ax); /*  xta[j]=pcom[j]+(*ax)*xicom[j]; fa=f(xta[j])*/
             if(pos>=1.e-5){    *fb=(*func)(*bx); /*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) */
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;  
             }  
           }    /* while(*fb != *fb){ /\* *ax should be ok, reducing distance to *ax *\/ */
         }/* end jk */    /*   printf("Warning mnbrak *fb = %lf, *bx=%lf *ax=%lf *fa==%lf iter=%d\n",*fb, *bx, *ax, *fa, iterscale++); */
       }/* end i */    /*   *bx = *ax - (*ax - *bx)/scale; */
     } /* end i1 */    /*   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  /\*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) *\/ */
   } /* end k1 */    /* } */
   
      if (*fb > *fa) { 
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
      } 
 }  /* End of Freq */    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
     *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/  #ifdef DEBUG
     printf("mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)    fprintf(ficlog,"mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
 {  #endif
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.    while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining a,b,c with fa> fb > fc */
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); /* Minimum abscissa of a parabolic estimated from (a,fa), (b,fb) and (c,fc). */
      */      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); /* Maximum abscissa where function should be evaluated */
       if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { /* if u_p is between b and c */
   int i, mi, m;        fu=(*func)(u); 
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;  #ifdef DEBUG
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/        /* f(x)=A(x-u)**2+f(u) */
   int first;        double A, fparabu; 
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;        A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
   double sum=0.;        fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
   first=0;        printf("mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
   jmin=1e+5;        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
   jmax=-1;        /* And thus,it can be that fu > *fc even if fparabu < *fc */
   jmean=0.;        /* mnbrak (*ax=7.666299858533, *fa=299039.693133272231), (*bx=8.595447774979, *fb=298976.598289369489),
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){          (*cx=10.098840694817, *fc=298946.631474258087),  (*u=9.852501168332, fu=298948.773013752128, fparabu=298945.434711494134) */
     mi=0;        /* In that case, there is no bracket in the output! Routine is wrong with many consequences.*/
     m=firstpass;  #endif 
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){  #ifdef MNBRAKORIGINAL
       if(s[m][i]>=1)  #else
         mw[++mi][i]=m;  /*       if (fu > *fc) { */
       if(m >=lastpass)  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
         break;  /*       printf("mnbrak4  fu > fc \n"); */
       else  /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak4 fu > fc\n"); */
         m++;  /* #endif */
     }/* end while */  /*      /\* SHFT(u,*cx,*cx,u) /\\* ie a=c, c=u and u=c; in that case, next SHFT(a,b,c,u) will give a=b=b, b=c=u, c=u=c and *\\/  *\/ */
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  /*      /\* SHFT(*fa,*fc,fu,*fc) /\\* (b, u, c) is a bracket while test fb > fc will be fu > fc  will exit *\\/ *\/ */
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */  /*      u = *cx; */
          /* Only death is a correct wave */  /*      *cx = dum; */
       mw[mi][i]=m;  /*      dum = fu; */
     }  /*      fu = *fc; */
   /*      *fc =dum; */
     wav[i]=mi;  /*       } else { /\* end *\/ */
     if(mi==0){  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
       if(first==0){  /*       printf("mnbrak3  fu < fc \n"); */
         printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);  /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak3 fu < fc\n"); */
         first=1;  /* #endif */
       }  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
       if(first==1){  /*      u = *cx; */
         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);  /*      *cx = dum; */
       }  /*      dum = fu; */
     } /* end mi==0 */  /*      fu = *fc; */
   }  /*      *fc =dum; */
   /*       } */
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  #ifdef DEBUG
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){        printf("mnbrak34  fu < or >= fc \n");
       if (stepm <=0)        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak34 fu < fc\n");
         dh[mi][i]=1;  #endif
       else{        dum=u; /* Shifting c and u */
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {        u = *cx;
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {        *cx = dum;
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);        dum = fu;
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */        fu = *fc;
           k=k+1;        *fc =dum;
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  #endif
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { /* u is after c but before ulim */
           sum=sum+j;  #ifdef DEBUG
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */        printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim\n");
           }        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim\n");
         }  #endif
         else{        fu=(*func)(u); 
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));        if (fu < *fc) { 
           k=k+1;  #ifdef DEBUG
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;        printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim AND fu < fc\n");
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim AND fu <fc \n");
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */  #endif
           sum=sum+j;          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
         }          SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
         jk= j/stepm;        } 
         jl= j -jk*stepm;      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { /* u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c) */
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;  #ifdef DEBUG
         if(jl <= -ju)        printf("mnbrak2  u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
           dh[mi][i]=jk;        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
         else  #endif
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;        u=ulim; 
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)        fu=(*func)(u); 
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */      } else { /* u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum) */
       }  #ifdef DEBUG
     }        printf("mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
   }        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
   jmean=sum/k;  #endif
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
   fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);        fu=(*func)(u); 
  }      } /* end tests */
       SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/      SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)  #ifdef DEBUG
 {        printf("mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
   int cptcode=0;  #endif
   cptcoveff=0;    } /* end while; ie return (a, b, c, fa, fb, fc) such that a < b < c with f(a) > f(b) and fb < f(c) */
    } 
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;  /*************** linmin ************************/
   /* Given an n -dimensional point p[1..n] and an n -dimensional direction xi[1..n] , moves and
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {  resets p to where the function func(p) takes on a minimum along the direction xi from p ,
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  and replaces xi by the actual vector displacement that p was moved. Also returns as fret
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);  the value of func at the returned location p . This is actually all accomplished by calling the
       Ndum[ij]++;  routines mnbrak and brent .*/
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/  int ncom; 
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;  double *pcom,*xicom;
     }  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
    
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;  { 
     }    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
     ij=1;                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
     double f1dim(double x); 
     void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {    int j; 
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;    double fx,fb,fa;
            
           ij++;    double scale=10., axs, xxs, xxss; /* Scale added for infinity */
         }   
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;    ncom=n; 
       }      pcom=vector(1,n); 
     }    xicom=vector(1,n); 
   }      nrfunc=func; 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
       xicom[j]=xi[j]; /* Former scale xi[j] of currrent direction i */
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {    } 
    ij=Tvar[i];  
    Ndum[ij]++;    /* axs=0.0; */
  }    /* xxss=1; /\* 1 and using scale *\/ */
     xxs=1;
  ij=1;    /* do{ */
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {      ax=0.;
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){      xx= xxs;
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;      mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  /* Outputs: xtx[j]=pcom[j]+(*xx)*xicom[j]; fx=f(xtx[j]) */
      ij++;      /* brackets with inputs ax=0 and xx=1, but points, pcom=p, and directions values, xicom=xi, are sent via f1dim(x) */
    }      /* xt[x,j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]  f(ax) = f(xt(a,j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 0 * xi(j)) and  f(xx) = f(xt(x, j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 1 * xi(j))   */
  }      /* Outputs: fa=f(p(j)) and fx=f(p(j) + xxs * xi(j) ) and f(bx)= f(p(j)+ bx* xi(j)) */
        /* Given input ax=axs and xx=xxs, xx might be too far from ax to get a finite f(xx) */
  cptcoveff=ij-1;      /* Searches on line, outputs (ax, xx, bx) such that fx < min(fa and fb) */
 }      /* Find a bracket a,x,b in direction n=xi ie xicom, order may change. Scale is [0:xxs*xi[j]] et non plus  [0:xi[j]]*/
     /*   if (fx != fx){ */
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/    /*    xxs=xxs/scale; /\* Trying a smaller xx, closer to initial ax=0 *\/ */
     /*    printf("\nLinmin NAN : input [axs=%lf:xxs=%lf], mnbrak outputs fx=%lf <(fb=%lf and fa=%lf) with xx=%lf in [ax=%lf:bx=%lf] \n",  axs, xxs, fx,fb, fa, xx, ax, bx); */
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )    /*   } */
     /* }while(fx != fx); */
 {  
   /* Health expectancies */  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;    printf("\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
   double age, agelim, hf;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
   double ***p3mat,***varhe;  #endif
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); /* Giving a bracketting triplet (ax, xx, bx), find a minimum, xmin, according to f1dim, *fret(xmin),*/
   double *xp;    /* fa = f(p[j] + ax * xi[j]), fx = f(p[j] + xx * xi[j]), fb = f(p[j] + bx * xi[j]) */
   double **gp, **gm;    /* fmin = f(p[j] + xmin * xi[j]) */
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;    /* P+lambda n in that direction (lambdamin), with TOL between abscisses */
   int theta;    /* f1dim(xmin): for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+xmin*xicom[j]; */
   #ifdef DEBUG
   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   xp=vector(1,npar);    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);  #endif
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
      printf("linmin end ");
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");    fprintf(ficlog,"linmin end ");
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");  #endif
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      /* printf(" before xi[%d]=%12.8f", j,xi[j]); */
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);      xi[j] *= xmin; /* xi rescaled by xmin: if xmin=-1.237 and xi=(1,0,...,0) xi=(-1.237,0,...,0) */
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");      /* if(xxs <1.0) */
       /*   printf(" after xi[%d]=%12.8f, xmin=%12.8f, ax=%12.8f, xx=%12.8f, bx=%12.8f, xxs=%12.8f", j,xi[j], xmin, ax, xx, bx,xxs ); */
   if(estepm < stepm){      p[j] += xi[j]; /* Parameters values are updated accordingly */
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);    } 
   }    /* printf("\n"); */
   else  hstepm=estepm;    #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months    printf("Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example    fprintf(ficlog,"Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear      printf(" xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
    * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according      fprintf(ficlog," xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we      if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months        printf("\n");
    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise      }
    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */    }
   #endif
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim  } 
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.  
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size  
      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */  /*************** powell ************************/
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the  /*
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it  Minimization of a function func of n variables. Input consists of an initial starting point
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if  p[1..n] ; an initial matrix xi[1..n][1..n] , whose columns contain the initial set of di-
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same  rections (usually the n unit vectors); and ftol , the fractional tolerance in the function value
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.  such that failure to decrease by more than this amount on one iteration signals doneness. On
   */  output, p is set to the best point found, xi is the then-current direction set, fret is the returned
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */  function value at p , and iter is the number of iterations taken. The routine linmin is used.
    */
   agelim=AGESUP;  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */              double (*func)(double [])) 
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */  { 
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */                double (*func)(double [])); 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/    int i,ibig,j; 
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    double directest;
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);    double fp,fptt;
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    double *xits;
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    int niterf, itmp;
   
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored    pt=vector(1,n); 
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */    ptt=vector(1,n); 
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);      xit=vector(1,n); 
      xits=vector(1,n); 
     *fret=(*func)(p); 
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
     rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
     /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
       fp=(*fret); /* From former iteration or initial value */
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      ibig=0; 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){      del=0.0; 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      rlast_time=rcurr_time;
       }      /* (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);        rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
        curr_time = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
       cptj=0;      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time);fflush(stdout);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret,rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time); fflush(ficlog);
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec); */
           cptj=cptj+1;      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
           }        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
         }      }
       }      printf("\n");
            fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
            fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)      if(*iter <=3){
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        tml = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tml));
              rforecast_time=rcurr_time; 
       cptj=0;        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
           cptj=cptj+1;        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for the last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
           }          rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
         }          forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
       }          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)          itmp = strlen(strfor);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
         }          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
      }          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
            }
 /* End theta */      }
       for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { /* For each direction i */
      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; /* Directions stored from previous iteration with previous scales */
         fptt=(*fret); 
      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)  #ifdef DEBUG
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)            printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)            fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];  #endif
                  printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout); /* print direction (parameter) i */
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)                                      /* Outputs are fret(new point p) p is updated and xit rescaled */
         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { /* We are keeping the max gain on each of the n directions */
           /* because that direction will be replaced unless the gain del is small */
      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);          /* in comparison with the 'probable' gain, mu^2, with the last average direction. */
      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);          /* Unless the n directions are conjugate some gain in the determinant may be obtained */
      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){          /* with the new direction. */
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);          ibig=i; 
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);        } 
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)  #ifdef DEBUG
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
       }        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     }          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
     /* Computing expectancies */          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        }
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;          printf(" p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
                    fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
 /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/        }
         printf("\n");
         }        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   #endif
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );      } /* end loop on each direction i */
     cptj=0;      /* Convergence test will use last linmin estimation (fret) and compare former iteration (fp) */ 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      /* But p and xit have been updated at the end of linmin, *fret corresponds to new p, xit  */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){      /* New value of last point Pn is not computed, P(n-1) */
         cptj++;      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) { /* Did we reach enough precision? */
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );        /* We could compare with a chi^2. chisquare(0.95,ddl=1)=3.84 */
       }        /* By adding age*age in a model, the new -2LL should be lower and the difference follows a */
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        /* a chisquare statistics with 1 degree. To be significant at the 95% level, it should have */
            /* decreased of more than 3.84  */
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);        /* By adding age*age and V1*age the gain (-2LL) should be more than 5.99 (ddl=2) */
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);        /* By using V1+V2+V3, the gain should be  7.82, compared with basic 1+age. */
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);        /* By adding 10 parameters more the gain should be 18.31 */
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);  
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        /* Starting the program with initial values given by a former maximization will simply change */
   }        /* the scales of the directions and the directions, because the are reset to canonical directions */
   printf("\n");        /* Thus the first calls to linmin will give new points and better maximizations until fp-(*fret) is */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");        /* under the tolerance value. If the tolerance is very small 1.e-9, it could last long.  */
   #ifdef DEBUG
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        int k[2],l;
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);        k[0]=1;
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);        k[1]=-1;
   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
 }        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
 /************ Variance ******************/          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
 void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased)          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
 {        }
   /* Variance of health expectancies */        printf("\n");
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   /* double **newm;*/        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   double **dnewmp,**doldmp;            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   int k, cptcode;            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   double *xp;          }
   double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */        }
   double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */  #endif
   double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */  
   double ***p3mat;  
   double age,agelim, hf;        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
   int theta;        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
   char digit[4];        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
   char digitp[16];        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
         return; 
   char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];      } /* enough precision */ 
       if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
   if(popbased==1)      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { /* Computes the extrapolated point P_0 + 2 (P_n-P_0) */
     strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-");        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
   else        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
     strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");        pt[j]=p[j]; 
       } 
   strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev");      fptt=(*func)(ptt); /* f_3 */
   sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);  #ifdef POWELLF1F3
   /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/  #else
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */      if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not */  #endif
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);        /* (x1 f1=fp), (x2 f2=*fret), (x3 f3=fptt), (xm fm) */
   if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {        /* From x1 (P0) distance of x2 is at h and x3 is 2h */
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);        /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere.  */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);        /* Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3) */
   }        /* will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f"m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
   printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);        /* Conditional for using this new direction is that mu^2 = (f1-2f2+f3)^2 /2 < del */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);        /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying during a year and weighted mean w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n");  #ifdef NRCORIGINAL
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)- del*SQR(fp-fptt); /* Original Numerical Recipes in C*/
   for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){  #else
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del); /* Intel compiler doesn't work on one line; bug reported */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);  #endif
   }          directest = fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt - 2.0 * del; /* If delta was big enough we change it for a new direction */
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");  #ifdef DEBUG
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {        printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf  directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
     printf("Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);        fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);        printf("t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
     exit(0);               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
   }        fprintf(ficlog,"t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
   else{               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");        printf("tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
   }        fprintf(ficlog, "tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL) {  #endif
     printf("Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);  #ifdef POWELLORIGINAL
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);        if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
     exit(0);  #else
   }        if (directest*t < 0.0) { /* Contradiction between both tests */
   else{          printf("directest= %.12lf (if <0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt,del);
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing step probabilities of dying and weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");          printf("f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
   }          fprintf(ficlog,"directest= %.12lf (if <0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt, del);
   varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);          fprintf(ficlog,"f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
         } 
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");        if (directest < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");  #endif
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          printf("Before linmin in direction P%d-P0\n",n);
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");            printf(" Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
             fprintf(ficlog," Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
   xp=vector(1,npar);            if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);              printf("\n");
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);              fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);            }
   doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);          }
   #endif
   gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
   gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/            printf("After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
              fprintf(ficlog,"After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
   if(estepm < stepm){            if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);              printf("\n");
   }              fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   else  hstepm=estepm;              }
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */          }
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.  #endif
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace direction with biggest decrease by last direction n */
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size            xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and this nth direction by the by the average p_0 p_n */
      and note for a fixed period like k years */          }
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the          printf("Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it          fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if  
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same  #ifdef DEBUG
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
   */          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
   agelim = AGESUP;            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */          }
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */          printf("\n");
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);  #endif
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        } /* end of t or directest negative */
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  #ifdef POWELLF1F3
   #else
       } /* end if (fptt < fp)  */
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){  #endif
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */    } /* loop iteration */ 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  } 
       }  
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  
   double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
       if (popbased==1) {  {
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
       }    
      int i, ii,j,k;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];    double **newm;
         }    double agefin, delaymax=100 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
       }    long int ncvyear=0, ncvloop=0;
       /* This for computing forces of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */    
       for(j=nlstate+1,gpp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }          }
       /* end force of mortality */    
     cov[1]=1.;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */    
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
        ncvloop++;
       if (popbased==1) {      newm=savm;
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];      cov[2]=agefin;
       }      if(nagesqr==1)
         cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)        cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];        /* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); */
         }      }
       }      /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       /* This for computing force of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]*cov[2]; */
       for(j=nlstate+1,gmp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];        /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
       }            cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
       /* end force of mortality */      
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
         }      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
         gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];      
       }      savm=oldm;
       oldm=newm;
     } /* End theta */      maxmax=0.;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */        min=1.;
         max=0.;
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          sumnew=0;
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
           max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          /* printf(" age= %d prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d max=%f min=%f\n", (int)age, i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin, max, min); */
         trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];        }
         maxmin=max-min;
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      } /* j loop */
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;        /* printf("maxmax=%lf maxmin=%lf ncvloop=%ld, ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, maxmin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
         return prlim;
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){      }
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){    } /* age loop */
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    printf("Warning: the stable prevalence did not converge with the required precision ftolpl=6*10^5*ftol=%g. \n\
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);  Earliest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%ld, ncvyear=%d\n\
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin);
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    return prlim; /* should not reach here */
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;  }
       }  
     }  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
   
     /* pptj */  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
     matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  {
     matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
     for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
       for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
         varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
     /* end ppptj */       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);         ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
     prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
         j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
     if (popbased==1) {       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
         prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
     }       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
        */
     /* This for computing force of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */    double s1, lnpijopii;
     for(j=nlstate+1,gmp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    /*double t34;*/
       for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)    int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
         gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];  
     }          for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     /* end force of mortality */        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
           for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){          }
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
       }  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
     }        }
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);          }
       }          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        }
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        s1=0;
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
   } /* End age */          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);        }
   free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
   free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */        }
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);        /* Computing other pijs */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",fileresprobmorprev,fileresprobmorprev);          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,digit);          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
         /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);      } /* end i */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
   free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
   free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);          ps[ii][jj]=0;
   free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);          ps[ii][ii]=1;
   fclose(ficresprobmorprev);        }
   fclose(ficgp);      }
   fclose(fichtm);      
       
 }      /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
       /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/      /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)      /*   } */
 {      /*   printf("\n "); */
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */      /* } */
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/      /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
   double **newm;      /*
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;        goto end;*/
   int k, cptcode;      return ps;
   double *xp;  }
   double *gp, *gm;  
   double **gradg, **trgradg;  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
   double age,agelim;  
   int theta;  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
      {
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalence's limit\n");    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
     int i, j, k;
   xp=vector(1,npar);    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        out[i][k]=0.;
          for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      }
   agelim = AGESUP;    return out;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  }
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */  
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);  
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);  {
     /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
       }       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)       for the memory).
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
           included manually here. 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */  
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);       */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    int i, j, d, h, k;
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double **newm;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    double agexact;
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  
     } /* End theta */    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      }
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;        newm=savm;
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);        cov[1]=1.;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */        cov[2]=agexact;
         if(nagesqr==1)
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );          cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));          cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");          /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);          /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);          cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);          /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
   } /* End age */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
           cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
         /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
 }        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)        savm=oldm;
 {        oldm=newm;
   int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;      }
   int k2, l2, j1,  z1;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
   int k=0,l, cptcode;        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
   int first=1, first1;          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        }
   double *xp;      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
   double *gp, *gm;    } /* end h */
   double **gradg, **trgradg;  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
   double **mu;    return po;
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];  }
   double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */  
   int theta;  #ifdef NLOPT
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];    double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
   char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];    double fret;
   char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];    double *xt;
     int j;
   double ***varpij;    myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
   /* xt = (p1-1); */
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");    xt=vector(1,n); 
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   xt[j]=p1[j-1]; /* xt[1]=p1[0] */
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);    fret=(d2->function)(xt); /*  p xt[1]@8 is fine */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);    /* fret=(*func)(xt); /\*  p xt[1]@8 is fine *\/ */
   }    printf("Function = %.12lf ",fret);
   strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov");    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) printf(" %d %.8lf", j, xt[j]); 
   strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);    printf("\n");
   if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {   free_vector(xt,1,n);
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);    return fret;
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);  }
   }  #endif
   strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor");  
   strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {  double func( double *x)
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);  {
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   }    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);    double **out;
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);    int s1, s2;
   printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);    double bbh, survp;
   fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);    long ipmx;
      double agexact;
   fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");    /*extern weight */
   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");    */
   
     ++countcallfunc;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    cov[1]=1.;
       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);  
       fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
       fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);  
     }      if(mle==1){
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
   xp=vector(1,npar);           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));         */
   mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
   varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);            cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   first=1;        }
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
     printf("Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);           has been calculated etc */
     exit(0);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   else{            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   }              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL) {            }
     printf("Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);            newm=savm;
     exit(0);            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   }            cov[2]=agexact;
   else{            if(nagesqr==1)
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing matrix of variance-covariance of step probabilities</h4></li>\n");            }
     fprintf(fichtm,"\nWe have drawn ellipsoids of confidence around the p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf> to understand the covariance between two incidences. They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> We have drawn x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 where x is the column vector (pij,pkl). It means that if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2X2) matrix would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 standard deviations wide on each axis. <br> When both incidences are correlated we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix and made the appropriate rotation.<br> \n");                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
   }            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
          
   cov[1]=1;          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
   tj=cptcoveff;          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
   if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
   j1=0;           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
   for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
       j1++;           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
                 * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
       if  (cptcovn>0) {           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
         fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
         fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable ");           */
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#");          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
                  bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
         fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable ");          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, "# V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#");           */
                  /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
                  if( s2 > nlstate){ 
         fprintf(fichtm, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable ");            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
         fprintf(fichtm, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
                       which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
         fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");                   minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
         fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#");              as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
       }          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
                and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
         cov[2]=age;          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
         }          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
                  probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));          lower mortality.
                */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          /* If, at the beginning of the maximization mostly, the
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)             cumulative probability or probability to be dead is
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);             constant (ie = 1) over time d, the difference is equal to
                       0.  out[s1][3] = savm[s1][3]: probability, being at state
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);             s1 at precedent wave, to be dead a month before current
                       wave is equal to probability, being at state s1 at
           k=0;             precedent wave, to be dead at mont of the current
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){             wave. Then the observed probability (that this person died)
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){             is null according to current estimated parameter. In fact,
               k=k+1;             it should be very low but not zero otherwise the log go to
               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];             infinity.
             }          */
           }  /* #ifdef INFINITYORIGINAL */
            /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)  /* #else */
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  /*        if ((out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]) < mytinydouble)  */
      /*          lli=log(mytinydouble); */
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);  /*        else */
           k=0;  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){  /* #endif */
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){              lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
               k=k+1;  
               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];          } else if  (s2==-2) {
             }            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
           }              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
                  /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)            lli= log(survp);
             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];            }
         }          
           else if  (s2==-4) { 
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];            lli= log(survp); 
                  } 
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);          else if  (s2==-5) { 
                    for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
                    lli= log(survp); 
         k=0;          } 
         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){          
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){          else{
             k=k+1;            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
             mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
           }          } 
         }          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
         for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
           for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
             varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];          ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
         /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){          /* if (lli < log(mytinydouble)){ */
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));          /*   printf("Close to inf lli = %.10lf <  %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[%d][i]=%d s1=%d s2=%d\n", lli,log(mytinydouble), i, mi,mw[mi][i], s[mw[mi][i]][i], s1,s2); */
        fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));          /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Close to inf lli = %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[mw[mi][i]][i]=%d\n", lli, i, mi,s[mw[mi][i]][i]); */
      }*/          /* } */
         } /* end of wave */
         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);      } /* end of individual */
         fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);    }  else if(mle==2){
         fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         }            }
         i=0;          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
         for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){            newm=savm;
           for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             i=i++;            cov[2]=agexact;
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);            if(nagesqr==1)
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
             for (j=1; j<=i;j++){            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
               fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));            }
             }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
           }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         }/* end of loop for state */            savm=oldm;
       } /* end of loop for age */            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
       /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */        
       /*          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);          ipmx +=1;
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);          sw += weight[i];
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);        } /* end of wave */
       */      } /* end of individual */
     }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
       /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       first1=1;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           if(l2==k2) continue;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){            }
               if(l1==k1) continue;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
               i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;            newm=savm;
               if(i<=j) continue;            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
               for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){            cov[2]=agexact;
                 if ((int)age %5==0){            if(nagesqr==1)
                   v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
                   v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                   cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
                   mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;            }
                   mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                   c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
                   /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */            savm=oldm;
                   lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;            oldm=newm;
                   lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;          } /* end mult */
                   /* Eigen vectors */        
                   v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
                   /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
                   v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
                   v12=-v21;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
                   v22=v11;          ipmx +=1;
                   tnalp=v21/v11;          sw += weight[i];
                   if(first1==1){          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
                     first1=0;        } /* end of wave */
                     printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);      } /* end of individual */
                   }    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
                   fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
                   /*printf(fignu*/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
                   /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
                   /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
                   if(first==1){            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                     first=0;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);            }
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
                     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);            newm=savm;
                     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);            cov[2]=agexact;
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);            if(nagesqr==1)
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));            }
                   }else{          
                     first=0;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);            savm=oldm;
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\            oldm=newm;
                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\          } /* end mult */
                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));        
                   }/* if first */          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
                 } /* age mod 5 */          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
               } /* end loop age */          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
               fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
               first=1;          }else{
             } /*l12 */            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           } /* k12 */          }
         } /*l1 */          ipmx +=1;
       }/* k1 */          sw += weight[i];
     } /* loop covariates */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));        } /* end of wave */
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      } /* end of individual */
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   }        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   fclose(ficresprob);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   fclose(ficresprobcov);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   fclose(ficresprobcor);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   fclose(ficgp);            }
   fclose(fichtm);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
 }            newm=savm;
             agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             cov[2]=agexact;
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/            if(nagesqr==1)
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
                   int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                   int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
                   int popforecast, int estepm ,\            }
                   double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \          
                   double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/            savm=oldm;
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL)    {            oldm=newm;
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);          } /* end mult */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);        
   }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
    fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files (first order: no variance)</h4>\n          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
  - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n          ipmx +=1;
  - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n          sw += weight[i];
  - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months):          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
    <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n</li>", \        } /* end of wave */
   jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,fileres,fileres,stepm,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);      } /* end of individual */
     } /* End of if */
 fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
  m=cptcoveff;    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    return -l;
   }
  jj1=0;  
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  double funcone( double *x)
      jj1++;  {
      if (cptcovn > 0) {    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);    double **out;
        fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
      }    double llt;
      /* Pij */    int s1, s2;
      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months before: pe%s%d1.png<br>    double bbh, survp;
 <img src=\"pe%s%d1.png\">",stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);        double agexact;
      /* Quasi-incidences */    /*extern weight */
      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: pe%s%d2.png<br>    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
 <img src=\"pe%s%d2.png\">",stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
        /* Stable prevalence in each health state */    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br>    */
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);    cov[1]=1.;
        }  
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.png <br>  
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
      }      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.png<br>        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
 <img src=\"e%s%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
    } /* end i1 */            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
  }/* End k1 */            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");          }
         for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
           newm=savm;
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><li><h4> Result files (second order: variances)</h4>\n          agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n          cov[2]=agexact;
  - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n          if(nagesqr==1)
  - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"probcov%s\">probcov%s</a> <br>\n            cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
  - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"probcor%s\">probcor%s</a> <br>\n          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
  - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n            cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
  - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n          }
  - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);  
           /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n          /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
  else          savm=oldm;
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);          oldm=newm;
 fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");        } /* end mult */
         
  m=cptcoveff;        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
  jj1=0;        /* bias is positive if real duration
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){         */
      jj1++;        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
      if (cptcovn > 0) {          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
        fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");        } else if  (s2==-2) {
        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
        fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");          lli= log(survp);
      }        }else if (mle==1){
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident        } else if(mle==2){
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.png <br>          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);          } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
      }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
    } /* end i1 */        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
  }/* End k1 */          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
 fclose(fichtm);          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
 }          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
         } /* End of if */
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/        ipmx +=1;
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){        sw += weight[i];
         ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   int ng;        if(globpr){
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6.1f %6d %2d %2d %2d %2d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);                  num[i], agexact, i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
   }                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
           for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
 #ifdef windows            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
 #endif          }
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
          }
  /* 1eme*/      } /* end of wave */
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    } /* end of individual */
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
 #ifdef windows    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      gipmx=ipmx;
 #endif      gsw=sw;
 #ifdef unix    }
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    return -l;
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres);  }
 #endif  
   
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  /*************** function likelione ***********/
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  {
 }    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);       the selection of individuals/waves and
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");       Plotting could be done.
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");     */
 }    int k;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      strcpy(fileresilk,"ILK_"); 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      strcat(fileresilk,fileresu);
 }        if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
 #ifdef unix        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n");      }
 #endif      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
    }      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i age i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
   }      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   /*2 eme*/      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
         fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);    }
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);  
        *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {    if(*globpri !=0){
       k=2*i;      fclose(ficresilk);
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with initial parameters and mle >= 1. You should at least run with mle >= 1 and starting values corresponding to the optimized parameters in order to visualize the real contribution of each individual/wave: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- The first 3 individuals are drawn with lines. The function drawn is -2Log(L) in log scale: <a href=\"%s.png\">%s.png</a><br> \
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  <img src=\"%s.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      fflush(fichtm);
 }      } 
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");    return;
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);  }
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }    void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");  {
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    int i,j, iter=0;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    double **xi;
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    double fret;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
 }      /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");  
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");  #ifdef NLOPT
     }    int creturn;
   }    nlopt_opt opt;
      /* double lb[9] = { -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL }; /\* lower bounds *\/ */
   /*3eme*/    double *lb;
     double minf; /* the minimum objective value, upon return */
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    double * p1; /* Shifted parameters from 0 instead of 1 */
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    myfunc_data dinst, *d = &dinst;
       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);  #endif
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);  
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);  
       /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);    strcpy(filerespow,"POW_"); 
     strcat(filerespow,fileres);
 */    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
     }
       }    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     }    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   }      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
          if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
   /* CV preval stat */    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {  #ifdef POWELL
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
       k=3;  #endif
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"p%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);  
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);  #ifdef NLOPT
   #ifdef NEWUOA
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)    opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_NEWUOA,npar);
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);  #else
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);    opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_BOBYQA,npar);
        #endif
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    lb=vector(0,npar-1);
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);    for (i=0;i<npar;i++) lb[i]= -HUGE_VAL;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    nlopt_set_lower_bounds(opt, lb);
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    nlopt_set_initial_step1(opt, 0.1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);    
       }    p1= (p+1); /*  p *(p+1)@8 and p *(p1)@8 are equal p1[0]=p[1] */
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);      d->function = func;
     }    printf(" Func %.12lf \n",myfunc(npar,p1,NULL,d));
   }      nlopt_set_min_objective(opt, myfunc, d);
      nlopt_set_xtol_rel(opt, ftol);
   /* proba elementaires */    if ((creturn=nlopt_optimize(opt, p1, &minf)) < 0) {
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      printf("nlopt failed! %d\n",creturn); 
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    }
       if (k != i) {    else {
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){      printf("found minimum after %d evaluations (NLOPT=%d)\n", countcallfunc ,NLOPT);
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);      printf("found minimum at f(%g,%g) = %0.10g\n", p[0], p[1], minf);
           jk++;      iter=1; /* not equal */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");    }
         }    nlopt_destroy(opt);
       }  #endif
     }    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
    }    fclose(ficrespow);
     printf("#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
    for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/    fprintf(ficlog,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
      for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk,ng);  
        if (ng==2)  }
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");  
        else  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);  {
        i=1;    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
        for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {    double **hess;
          k3=i;    int i, j;
          for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {    int *indx;
            if (k != k2){  
              if(ng==2)    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
                fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
              else    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
                fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
              ij=1;    double gompertz(double p[]);
              for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
                if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {  
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
                  ij++;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
                }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
                else      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
              }     
              fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
                    
              for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){        /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
                fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
                ij=1;    }
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
                    ij++;        if (j>i) { 
                  }          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
                  else          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
                }          
                fprintf(ficgp,")");          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
              }          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
              fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);        }
              if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");      }
              i=i+ncovmodel;    }
            }    printf("\n");
          } /* end k */    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        } /* end k2 */  
      } /* end jk */    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
    } /* end ng */    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
    fclose(ficgp);    
 }  /* end gnuplot */    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     x=vector(1,npar);
 /*************** Moving average **************/    indx=ivector(1,npar);
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
   int i, cpt, cptcod;    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)  
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;      x[j]=1;
          lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){      }
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){    }
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];  
           }    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
         }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
       }      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
     }        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
            fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
 }      }
       printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 /************** Forecasting ******************/    }
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){  
      /* Recompute Inverse */
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   int *popage;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;  
   double ***p3mat;    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
  agelim=AGESUP;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;      x[j]=1;
       lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
          y[i][j]=x[i];
          printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);      }
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {      printf("\n");
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);    }
   }    */
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);  
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;    free_vector(x,1,npar);
     free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
   if (mobilav==1) {    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);  
   }  }
   
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
    {
   agelim=AGESUP;    int i;
      int l=1, lmax=20;
   hstepm=1;    double k1,k2;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);    double res;
   anprojmean=yp;    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);    double fx;
   mprojmean=yp;    int k=0,kmax=10;
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);    double l1;
   jprojmean=yp;  
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;    fx=func(x);
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
      for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);      l1=pow(10,l);
        delts=delt;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){        delt = delta*(l1*k);
       k=k+1;        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");        k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        k2=func(p2)-fx;
       }        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");        
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
              printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
              fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {  #endif
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);          if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
           k=kmax;
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){        }
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;          k=kmax; l=lmax*10;
                  }
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          delts=delt;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);          }
              }
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    }
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {    delti[theta]=delts;
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    return res; 
             }    
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  }
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;  
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
                 if (mobilav==1)  {
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    int i;
                 else {    int l=1, lmax=20;
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
                 }    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
                    int k;
               }  
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){    fx=func(x);
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
                              for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
               }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
             }      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
           }      k1=func(p2)-fx;
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    
         }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
       }      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     }      k2=func(p2)-fx;
   }    
              p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
       k3=func(p2)-fx;
   fclose(ficresf);    
 }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
 /************** Forecasting ******************/      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){      k4=func(p2)-fx;
        res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;  #ifdef DEBUG
   int *popage;      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;  #endif
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;    }
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];    return res;
   }
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
   agelim=AGESUP;  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;  { 
      int i,imax,j,k; 
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
      double *vv; 
     
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");    vv=vector(1,n); 
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);    *d=1.0; 
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);      big=0.0; 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
   }        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
     } 
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
   if (mobilav==1) {        sum=a[i][j]; 
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);        a[i][j]=sum; 
   }      } 
       big=0.0; 
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;        sum=a[i][j]; 
          for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
   agelim=AGESUP;          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
          a[i][j]=sum; 
   hstepm=1;        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;          big=dum; 
            imax=i; 
   if (popforecast==1) {        } 
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {      } 
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);      if (j != imax) { 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
     }          dum=a[imax][k]; 
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);          a[j][k]=dum; 
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);        } 
            *d = -(*d); 
     i=1;          vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;      } 
          indx[j]=imax; 
     imx=i;      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];      if (j != n) { 
   }        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
         for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){      } 
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    } 
       k=k+1;    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");  ;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {  } 
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
       }  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");  { 
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);    double sum; 
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");   
          for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {      ip=indx[i]; 
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);        sum=b[ip]; 
              b[ip]=b[i]; 
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){      if (ii) 
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;      else if (sum) ii=i; 
                b[i]=sum; 
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    } 
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        sum=b[i]; 
              for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {    } 
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);  } 
             }  
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;  {
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                  fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#IMaCh version %s, %s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,copyright, fullversion, strstart);
                 if (mobilav==1)  }
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];  
                 else {  /************ Frequencies ********************/
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
                 }  {  /* Some frequencies */
               }    
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;    int first;
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/    double *pp, **prop;
               }    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
             }    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    
               kk1=0.;    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];    strcpy(fileresp,"P_");
                 }    strcat(fileresp,fileresu);
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
             }      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      exit(0);
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);    }
           }    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    j1=0;
         }    
       }    j=cptcoveff;
      if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   /******/  
     first=1;
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {  
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);      /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){ */  /* Loop on covariates */
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */ /* Now it is 2 */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    /*    j1++; */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
                  /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          scanf("%d", i);*/
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);            for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);        
             }        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;            prop[i][m]=0;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                      
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];            dateintsum=0;
               }        k2cpt=0;
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
             }          bool=1;
           }          if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
         }              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]){
       }                  /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
    }                bool=0;
   }                /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, j1=%d\n", 
                    bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtabm(j1,z1),
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);                  j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)],j1);*/
                 /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtabm(7,3)=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
   if (popforecast==1) {              } 
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);          }
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);   
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);          if (bool==1){
   }            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
   fclose(ficrespop);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
 }                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
 /***********************************************/                if (m<lastpass) {
 /**************** Main Program *****************/                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
 /***********************************************/                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                 }
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])                
 {                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
                   dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;                  k2cpt++;
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;                }
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;                /*}*/
             }
   double fret;          }
   double **xi,tmp,delta;        } /* end i */
          
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
   double ***p3mat;        pstamp(ficresp);
   int *indx;        if  (cptcovn>0) {
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[80];          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */          fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
   int c,  h , cpt,l;          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
   int ju,jl, mi;          fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;        }
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
   int hstepm, nhstepm;        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;        
         for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;          if(i==iagemax+3){
   double ftolpl=FTOL;            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
   double **prlim;          }else{
   double *severity;            if(first==1){
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */              first=0;
   double  *p;              printf("See log file for details...\n");
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */            }
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
   double *delti; /* Scale */          }
   double ***eij, ***vareij;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
   double *epj, vepp;              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
   double kk1, kk2;          }
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
               pos += freq[jk][m][i];
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
               if(first==1){
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   char z[1]="c", occ;              }
 #include <sys/time.h>              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
 #include <time.h>            }else{
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];              if(first==1)
                  printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   /* long total_usecs;              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;            }
            }
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */  
   getcwd(pathcd, size);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   printf("\n%s",version);              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
   if(argc <=1){          }       
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     scanf("%s",pathtot);            pos += pp[jk];
   }            posprop += prop[jk][i];
   else{          }
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   }            if(pos>=1.e-5){
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/              if(first==1)
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/            }else{
               if(first==1)
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   chdir(path);            }
   replace(pathc,path);            if( i <= iagemax){
               if(pos>=1.e-5){
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
                 /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
   /* Log file */                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
   strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);              }
   strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */              else
   if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
     printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);            }
     goto end;          }
   }          
   fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s",version);            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: ");              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
   fprintf(ficlog,"pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);              if(first==1)
   fflush(ficlog);                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
                 fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
   /* */              }
   strcpy(fileres,"r");          if(i <= iagemax)
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */          if(first==1)
             printf("Others in log...\n");
   /*---------arguments file --------*/          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {        /*}*/
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);    }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
     goto end;   
   }    fclose(ficresp);
     free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
   strcpy(filereso,"o");    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
   strcat(filereso,fileres);    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {    /* End of Freq */
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);  }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);  
     goto end;  /************ Prevalence ********************/
   }  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
   {  
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
     ungetc(c,ficpar);       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    */
     puts(line);   
     fputs(line,ficparo);    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
   }  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    double **prop;
     double posprop; 
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);    int iagemin, iagemax;
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);    int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    iagemin= (int) agemin;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    iagemax= (int) agemax;
     puts(line);    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
     fputs(line,ficparo);    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
   }    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    j1=0;
      
        /*j=cptcoveff;*/
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   cptcovn=0;    
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;    first=1;
     for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;      /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */        j1++;*/
          
   /* Read guess parameters */        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            prop[i][m]=0.0;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);       
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
     puts(line);          bool=1;
     fputs(line,ficparo);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
   }            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) 
                  bool=0;
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);          } 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)          if (bool==1) { 
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
       if(mle==1)                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
       fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
         if(mle==1){                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
           printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
           fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);                } 
         }              }
         else            } /* end selection of waves */
           fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);          }
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);        }
       }        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
       if(mle==1)            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
         printf("\n");          } 
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");          
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
     }            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
                if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
               } else{
   p=param[1][1];                if(first==1){
                    first=0;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */                  printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);              }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            } 
     puts(line);          }/* end jk */ 
     fputs(line,ficparo);        }/* end i */ 
   }      /*} *//* end i1 */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    } /* end j1 */
     
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){  }  /* End of prevalence */
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);  
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);  
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);  {
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
       }       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
       printf("\n");       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");       */
     }  
   }    int i, mi, m;
   delti=delti3[1][1];    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
         double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    int first;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    double sum=0.;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    first=0;
     puts(line);    jmin=100000;
     fputs(line,ficparo);    jmax=-1;
   }    jmean=0.;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        mi=0;
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      m=firstpass;
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
     if(mle==1)          mw[++mi][i]=m;
       printf("%s",str);        if(m >=lastpass)
     fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);          break;
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);        else
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){          m++;
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);      }/* end while */
       if(mle==1){      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
         printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
         fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
       }           /* Only death is a correct wave */
       else        mw[mi][i]=m;
         fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);      }
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);  
     }      wav[i]=mi;
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");      if(mi==0){
     if(mle==1)        nbwarn++;
       printf("\n");        if(first==0){
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          first=1;
   }        }
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)        if(first==1){
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];        }
          } /* end mi==0 */
   if(mle==1)    } /* End individuals */
     printf("\n");  
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
         if (stepm <=0)
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/          dh[mi][i]=1;
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */        else{
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;              else if(j<0){
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;                nberr++;
     }                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
                    printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
     /*-------- data file ----------*/                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;              }
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;              k=k+1;
     }              if (j >= jmax){
                 jmax=j;
     n= lastobs;                ijmax=i;
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);              }
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);              if (j <= jmin){
     num=ivector(1,n);                jmin=j;
     moisnais=vector(1,n);                ijmin=i;
     annais=vector(1,n);              }
     moisdc=vector(1,n);              sum=sum+j;
     andc=vector(1,n);              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
     agedc=vector(1,n);              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
     cod=ivector(1,n);            }
     weight=vector(1,n);          }
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */          else{
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);  
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);                k=k+1;
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);            if (j >= jmax) {
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);              jmax=j;
               ijmax=i;
     i=1;            }
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {            else if (j <= jmin){
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {              jmin=j;
                      ijmin=i;
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){            }
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
           strcpy(line,stra);            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            if(j<0){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              nberr++;
         }              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                      fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            sum=sum+j;
           }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          jk= j/stepm;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          jl= j -jk*stepm;
           ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){            if(jl==0){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              dh[mi][i]=jk;
         }              bh[mi][i]=0;
         num[i]=atol(stra);            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
                            * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/              bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
         i=i+1;          }else{
       }            if(jl <= -ju){
     }              dh[mi][i]=jk;
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
        scanf("%d",i);*/                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */                                   */
             }
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){            else{
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;              bh[mi][i]=ju;
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;            }
     }*/            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
              }
            } /* end if mle */
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/        }
   Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */      } /* end wave */
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);    }
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);    jmean=sum/k;
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
   Tage=ivector(1,15);          fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
       }
   if (strlen(model) >1){  
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
     j=nbocc(model,'+');  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');  {
     cptcovn=j+1;    /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     cptcovprod=j1;    /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
         * Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
     strcpy(modelsav,model);     * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){     * nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);    */
       fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);  
       goto end;    int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
     }    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
        int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){    int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */  
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyze it */  
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/    cptcoveff=0; 
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/   
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */    for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/  
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */    /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
           cptcovprod--;    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* From model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only */
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');      for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Loop on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
           cptcovage++;                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/                                      * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
         }                                      * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */                                      * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
           cptcovprod--;        /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');                                        modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);        if (ij > modmaxcovj)
           cptcovage++;          modmaxcovj=ij; 
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;        else if (ij < modmincovj) 
         }          modmincovj=ij; 
         else {  /* Age is not in the model */        if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/          printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;          exit(1);
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */        }else
           Tprod[k1]=i;        Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/        /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];           (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)           female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];      } /* end for loop on individuals i */
           k1++;      printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
           k2=k2+2;      fprintf(ficlog," Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
         }      cptcode=modmaxcovj;
       }      /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
       else { /* no more sum */     /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/      for (k=modmincovj;  k<=modmaxcovj; k++) { /* k=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value k of the modality of model-cov j */
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/        printf("Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');        fprintf(ficlog, "Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);        if( Ndum[k] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered modality k ie empty modality, we skip it and reorder */
       }          if( k != -1){
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);              ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);                               covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
         scanf("%d",i);*/                               undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
     } /* end of loop + */          }
   } /* end model */          ncodemaxwundef[j]++; /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
                                 covariate for which somebody answered including 
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);                               undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);        }
   fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);        /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
   scanf("%d ",i);*/           historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
     fclose(fic);      } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
   
     /*  if(mle==1){*/      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/      /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;         If Ndum[1]=0, Ndum[2]=0, Ndum[3]= 635, Ndum[4]=0, Ndum[5]=0, Ndum[6]=27, Ndum[7]=125;
     }         modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/         There are only 3 modalities non empty 3, 6, 7 (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);         which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 2=3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10;
          defining two dummy variables: variables V1_1 and V1_2.
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {         nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {         nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){         nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
          anint[m][i]=9999;         nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
          s[m][i]=-1;         To be continued (not working yet).
        }      */
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;      ij=0; /* ij is similar to i but can jump over null modalities */
       }      for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 or from -1 or 0 to 1 currently*/
     }          if (Ndum[i] == 0) { /* If nobody responded to this modality k */
             break;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {          }
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);          ij++;
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){          nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=i;  /* stores the original value of modality i in an array nbcode, ij modality from 1 to last non-nul modality.*/
         if(s[m][i] >0){          cptcode = ij; /* New max modality for covar j */
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {      } /* end of loop on modality i=-1 to 1 or more */
             if(agedc[i]>0)        
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)      /*   for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /\* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *\//\* Could be 1 to 4 *\//\* cptcode=modmaxcovj *\/ */
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];      /*  /\*recode from 0 *\/ */
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/      /*                               k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex  */
            else {      /*                               then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
               if (andc[i]!=9999){      /*                            But if some modality were not used, it is recoded from 0 to a newer modmaxcovj=cptcode *\/ */
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);      /*  } */
               fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);      /*  /\* cptcode = ij; *\/ /\* New max modality for covar j *\/ */
               agev[m][i]=-1;      /*  if (ij > ncodemax[j]) { */
               }      /*    printf( " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]);  */
             }      /*    fprintf(ficlog, " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]); */
           }      /*    break; */
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */      /*  } */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);      /*   }  /\* end of loop on modality k *\/ */
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)    } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
               agev[m][i]=1;    
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){   for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
               agemin=agev[m][i];    
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2-nagesqr; i++) { /* -2, cste and age and eventually age*age */ 
             }     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
               agemax=agev[m][i];     Ndum[ij]++; /* Might be supersed V1 + V1*age */
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/   } 
             }  
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/   ij=0;
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/   for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
           }     /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
           else { /* =9 */     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
             agev[m][i]=1;       ij++;
             s[m][i]=-1;       /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
           }       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
         }     }else{
         else /*= 0 Unknown */         /* Tvaraff[ij]=0; */
           agev[m][i]=1;     }
       }   }
       /* ij--; */
     }   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {  
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){  }
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {  
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);    
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);    /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
           goto end;  
         }  void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
       }  
     }  {
     /* Health expectancies, no variances */
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm;
  fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);    double ***p3mat;
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    double eip;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);  
     free_vector(annais,1,n);    pstamp(ficreseij);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     free_vector(andc,1,n);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
          }
     wav=ivector(1,imx);      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    }
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
      
     /* Concatenates waves */    
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);    if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
       ncodemax[1]=1;     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
           * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
    h=0;     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
       * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){  
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
            h++;    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
          }       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        }       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
      }    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
    }       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){    */
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
       }  
       printf("\n");    agelim=AGESUP;
       }    /* If stepm=6 months */
       scanf("%d",i);*/      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
             in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age      
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */  /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
        /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
        /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
            /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */  
       /* If stepm=6 months */
     if(mle==1){      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
     }      
          hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
     /*--------- results files --------------*/      
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
        
       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
    jk=1;      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");      
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");      /* Computing expectancies */
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
        if (k != i)            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
          {            
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
            fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);  
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);          }
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){  
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
              fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);        eip=0;
              jk++;        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
            }          eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
            printf("\n");          fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
            fprintf(ficlog,"\n");        }
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");        fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
          }      }
      }      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
    }      
    if(mle==1){    }
      /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */    free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
      ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    printf("\n");
      hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
    }    
    fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");  }
    printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");  
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  
      for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){  {
        if (j!=i) {    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
          fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);     to initial status i, ei. .
          printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    */
          fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
          for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
            printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    double age, agelim, hf;
            fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);    double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
            fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
            jk++;    double *xp, *xm;
          }    double **gp, **gm;
          printf("\n");    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    int theta;
          fprintf(ficres,"\n");  
        }    double eip, vip;
      }  
    }    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
        xp=vector(1,npar);
    k=1;    xm=vector(1,npar);
    fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
    if(mle==1)    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");    
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");    pstamp(ficresstdeij);
    for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
      /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
          i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
          fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
          printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/        fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
      fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);      fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
      if(mle==1)    }
        printf("%3d",i);    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"%3d",i);  
      for(j=1; j<=i;j++){    pstamp(ficrescveij);
        fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
        if(mle==1)    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
          printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
      }        cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
      fprintf(ficres,"\n");        for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
      if(mle==1)          for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
        printf("\n");            cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");            if(cptj2 <= cptj)
      k++;              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
    }          }
          }
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
      ungetc(c,ficpar);    
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    if(estepm < stepm){
      puts(line);      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
      fputs(line,ficparo);    }
    }    else  hstepm=estepm;   
    ungetc(c,ficpar);    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
    estepm=0;     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
    fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
    if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
    if (fage <= 2) {     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      bage = ageminpar;     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      fage = agemaxpar;     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
    }     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
         * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
    fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
    fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);  
    fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
        /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
      ungetc(c,ficpar);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
      puts(line);       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
      fputs(line,ficparo);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
    }       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
    ungetc(c,ficpar);       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
         you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
    fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
    fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    */
    fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
      
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    /* If stepm=6 months */
      ungetc(c,ficpar);    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    agelim=AGESUP;
      puts(line);    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
      fputs(line,ficparo);    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
    }    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
    ungetc(c,ficpar);    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
      
     p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;    p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;    gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);    gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);    
      for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     puts(line);      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }      /* If stepm=6 months */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);      
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);  
       /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){         decrease memory allocation */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
     puts(line);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     fputs(line,ficparo);          xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   }        }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
         hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);    
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);              gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/            }
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);          }
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");        }
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {       
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);        for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
   }          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   fclose(ficgp);            gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
  printinggnuplot(fileres, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);          }
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/      }/* End theta */
       
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);      
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   }            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       
   fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n  
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n       for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
 \n        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n          varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n  
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
  <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
  - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a></ul>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   fclose(fichtm);          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
  printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);            for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
                varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/        }
  chdir(path);      }
    
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);      /* Computing expectancies */
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
  free_ivector(num,1,n);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
  fclose(ficparo);            
  fclose(ficres);            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/  
        fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);        eip=0.;
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {        vip=0.;
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;          eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
   }          for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);            vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);          fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");        }
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");        fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);      }
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
    
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */            for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
   k=0;              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
   agebase=ageminpar;              if(cptj2 <= cptj)
   agelim=agemaxpar;                fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
   ftolpl=1.e-10;            }
   i1=cptcoveff;        }
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}      fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
      
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    }
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         k=k+1;    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/    free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");    free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
         printf("\n#******");    free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");    free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {    printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    free_vector(xm,1,npar);
         }    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
         printf("******\n");    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
          }
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){  
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);  /************ Variance ******************/
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  {
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);    /* Variance of health expectancies */
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
         }    /* double **newm;*/
       }    /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav)*/
     }    
   fclose(ficrespl);    int movingaverage();
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
      int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);    int k;
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {    double *xp;
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
   }    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
      double ***p3mat;
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    double age,agelim, hf;
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/    double ***mobaverage;
     int theta;
   agelim=AGESUP;    char digit[4];
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    char digitp[25];
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  
     char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/  
     if(popbased==1){
   k=0;      if(mobilav!=0)
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-MOBILAV_");
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      else strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-NOMOBIL_");
       k=k+1;    }
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");    else 
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      strcpy(digitp,"-STABLBASED_");
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");    if (mobilav!=0) {
              mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
           /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/    }
   
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"PRMORPREV-"); 
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileresu);
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %f %f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );    }
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)   
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
              }    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         }      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
     }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     }  
   varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
   fclose(ficrespij);    fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title \n");
   /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){  /*   } */
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);    pstamp(ficresvij);
   }    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
   else{    if(popbased==1)
     erreur=108;      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);    else
     fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
   }    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   strcpy(filerest,"t");  
   strcat(filerest,fileres);    xp=vector(1,npar);
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
   }    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);  
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   strcpy(filerese,"e");    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    if(estepm < stepm){
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    }
   }    else  hstepm=estepm;   
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
   strcpy(fileresv,"v");       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);       Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
   }       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    */
   calagedate=-1;    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
   k=0;      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       k=k+1;      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");  
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)        if (popbased==1) {
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          if(mobilav ==0){
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);                prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
            }
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);        }
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    
       varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
       if(popbased==1){          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
         varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased);            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
        }              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
          }
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");           as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);            gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         if (popbased==1) {        }    
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        /* end probability of death */
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];  
         }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
                  xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {   
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];        if (popbased==1) {
             /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/          if(mobilav ==0){
           }            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)          }
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];        }
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));  
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
         }            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
       }          }
     }        }
   }        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
 free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);           as a weighted average of prlim.
     free_vector(weight,1,n);        */
   fclose(ficreseij);        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   fclose(ficresvij);          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
   fclose(ficrest);           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
   fclose(ficpar);        }    
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);        /* end probability of death */
    
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);          }
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
     exit(0);          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
   }        }
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);  
       } /* End theta */
   k=0;  
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  
       k=k+1;      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");  
            for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    
     }  
  }      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   fclose(ficresvpl);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/  
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
          for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
            for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
              for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        }
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);      }
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    
        /* pptj */
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");      /* end ppptj */
   fclose(fichtm);      /*  x centered again */
   fclose(ficgp);      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
   if(erreur >0){      if (popbased==1) {
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);        if(mobilav ==0){
     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }else{            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
    printf("End of Imach\n");        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
    fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
   printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);        }
   fclose(ficlog);      }
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */               
        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/         as a weighted average of prlim.
   /*------ End -----------*/      */
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
  end:          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
 #ifdef windows      }    
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/      /* end probability of death */
 #endif  
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
  strcat(plotcmd," ");        }
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);      } 
  system(plotcmd);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
 #ifdef windows      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
   while (z[0] != 'q') {      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     /* chdir(path); */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
     scanf("%s",z);        }
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
   }      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
 #endif      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
 }    } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter svg size 640, 480");
     /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.svg\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";replot;set out;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtm); 
   }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
   
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0, l;
     int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"PROB_"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"PROBCOV_"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileresu);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"PROBCOR_"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileresu);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4> this page is important in order to visualize confidence intervals and especially correlation between disability and recovery, or more generally, way in and way back.</li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n",optionfilehtmcov, optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated \
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           if(nagesqr==1)
             cov[3]= age*age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,k)];
             /*cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,Tvar[k])];*//* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Ellipsoids of confidence\n#\n");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\">\
   %s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\";replot;set out;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } */ /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++){ 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
            printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);fflush(stdout);
          }
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* aij, bij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Logit model, for example: logit(pij)=log(pij/pii)= aij+ bij age + V1 age + etc. as a function of age: <a href=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">%s_%d-1.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Pij or conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">%s_%d-2.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Iij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too,\
    incidence (rates) are the limit when h tends to zero of the ratio of the probability hPij \
   divided by h: hPij/h : <a href=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">%s_%d-3.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1); 
        /* Survival functions (period) in state j */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions in state %d. Or probability to survive in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        /* State specific survival functions (period) */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions from state %d in any different live states and total.\
    Or probability to survive in various states (1 to %d) being in state %d at different ages.\
    <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, nlstate, cpt, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) (or area under each survival functions): <a href=\"%s%d%d.svg\">%s%d%d.svg</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br> \
    - 95%% confidence intervals and Wald tests of the estimated parameters are in the log file.<br> \
   But because parameters are usually highly correlated (a higher incidence of disability \
   and a higher incidence of recovery can give very close observed transition) it might \
   be very useful to look not only at linear confidence intervals estimated from the \
   variances but at the covariance matrix. And instead of looking at the estimated coefficients \
   (parameters) of the logistic regression, it might be more meaningful to visualize the \
   covariance matrix of the one-step probabilities. \
   See page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' below. \n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Standard deviation of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.svg <br>\
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s_%d.svg<br>\
   <img src=\"%s_%d.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1);
      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
     int vpopbased;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     /* Contribution to likelihood */
     /* Plot the probability implied in the likelihood */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Contributions to the Likelihood, mle >=1. For mle=4 no interpolation, pure matrix products.\n#\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Likelihood (-2Log(L))\";");
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480"); */ /* Too big for svg */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png size 640, 480");
   /* good for mle=4 plot by number of matrix products.
      replot  "rrtest1/toto.txt" u 2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with point lc 1 */
   /* replot exp(p1+p2*x)/(1+exp(p1+p2*x)+exp(p3+p4*x)+exp(p5+p6*x)) t "p12(x)"  */
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$11):3 t \"All sample, all transitions\" with dots lc variable",subdirf(fileresilk));
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot  \"%s\" u 2:($3 <= 3 ? -$11 : 1/0):3 t \"First 3 individuals\" with line lc variable", subdirf(fileresilk));
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\"; replot; set out; # bug gnuplot",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'VPL_' files\n");
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"V_%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \n");
       } /* k1 */
     } /* cpt */
     /*2 eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files\n");
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1);
       for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
         if(vpopbased==0)
           fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter svg size 640, 480\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
         else
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot ");
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
           k=2*i;
           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ?$4 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1, vpopbased);
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
             if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }   
           if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i);
           else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i-1,i+1);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4-$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
             if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }   
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4+$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
             if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }   
           if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
           else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,\\\n");
         } /* state */
       } /* vpopbased */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;set out \"%s_%d.svg\"; replot; set out; \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1); /* Buggy gnuplot */
     } /* k1 */
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by initial state i */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j : 'lij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
   
     /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by final state j */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each inital state  */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j and all livestates from state i by final state j: 'lij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
           if(j==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
           fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l);
           /* for (i=2; i<= nlstate+ndeath ; i ++) */
           /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+i-1); */
           fprintf(ficgp,") t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,j);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
         fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):(",k1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
           if(j < nlstate)
             fprintf(ficgp,"$%d +",k+l);
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,"$%d) t\"l(%d,.)\" w l",k+l,cpt);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
   
     /* CV preval stable (period) for each covariate */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
   
     /* proba elementaires */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#MLE estimated parameters\n#############\n");
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       fprintf(ficgp,"# initial state %d\n",i);
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           fprintf(ficgp,"#   current state %d\n",k);
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f; ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
         }
       }
      }
     fprintf(ficgp,"##############\n#\n");
   
     /*goto avoid;*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#Graphics of probabilities or incidences\n#############\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=p1 +p2*age +p3*age*age+ p4*V1+ p5*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=p6 +p7*age +p8*age*age+ p9*V1+ p10*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12+p13+p14+p11=1=p11(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p11=1/(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12=exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)/\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#     (1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age))\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a14+b14*age+c14age*age+d14*V1+e14*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#\n");
      for(ng=1; ng<=3;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is logit, 2nd is probabilities, third is incidences per year*/
        fprintf(ficgp,"# ng=%d\n",ng);
        fprintf(ficgp,"#   jk=1 to 2^%d=%d\n",cptcoveff,m);
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"#    jk=%d\n",jk);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jk,ng);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480 ");
          if (ng==1){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Value of the logit of the model\"\n"); /* exp(a12+b12*x) could be nice */
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset log y");
          }else if (ng==2){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Probability\"\n");
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
          }else if (ng==3){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
          }else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title ");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                switch( ng) {
                case 1:
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                    fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                  break;
                case 2: /* ng=2 */
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                      fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                  break;
                case 3:
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                    fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                  break;
                }
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++) {
                  /* printf("Tage[%d]=%d, j=%d\n", ij, Tage[ij], j); */
                  if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
                    if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                      /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                      ij++;
                    }
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                }
                if(ng != 1){
                  fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                  for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){ 
                    if(nagesqr==0)
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                    else /* nagesqr =1 */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+nagesqr);
                    
                    ij=1;
                    for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++){
                      if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
                        if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
                          fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                          /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                          ij++;
                        }
                      }
                      else
                        fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                    }
                    fprintf(ficgp,")");
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                  if(ng ==2)
                    fprintf(ficgp," t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                  else /* ng= 3 */
                    fprintf(ficgp," t \"i%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                }else{ /* end ng <> 1 */
                  fprintf(ficgp," t \"logit(p%d%d)\" ", k2,k);
                }
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
          fprintf(ficgp,"\n set out\n");
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    /* avoid: */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   void prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"F_"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileresu);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   void populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"POP_"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileresu);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     int i,j, k, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.svg\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
   
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.svg\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter svg size 640, 480\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i=0, j=0, n=0;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[MAXLINE], strb[MAXLINE];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);fflush(ficlog);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       strcpy(line, linetmp);
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
         }
         else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     /* endread: */
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ == *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age+age*age
      * - nagesqr = 1 if age*age in the model, otherwise 0.
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8 excepting constant and age and age*age
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6 and age*age
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int  j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
     char *strpt;
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=1+age+%s. ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=1+age+%s. ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strpt=strstr(model,"age*age")) !=0){
         printf(" strpt=%s, model=%s\n",strpt, model);
         if(strpt != model){
         printf("Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model); fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
   
         nagesqr=1;
         if (strstr(model,"+age*age") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "+age*age");
         else if (strstr(model,"age*age+") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age+");
         else 
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age");
       }else
         nagesqr=0;
       if (strlen(modelsav) >1){
         j=nbocc(modelsav,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
         j1=nbocc(modelsav,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
         cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V1*age+V3 +V3*V4+age*age=> V1 + V3 =2  */
         cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model, not including
                      * cst, age and age*age 
                      * V1+V1*age+ V3 + V3*V4+age*age=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     * but the covariates which are products must be treated 
                     * separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
         cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
         cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
   
       
         /*   Design
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
          *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
          *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
          *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
          *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
          *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
          *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
          *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
          *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
          *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
          *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
          *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
          *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
          *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
          *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
          *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
          * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
          *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
          * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
          *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
          *How to reorganize?
          * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
          * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
          * Struct []
          */
   
         /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
         /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
         /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
         /*        k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
         /*        k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
         /*        k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
         /*        k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
         /*        k=5 Tvar[5] */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
         /*        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
         /*        } */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k])]]*cov[2]; */
         /*
          * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
         for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
         cptcovage=0;
         for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
           cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                            modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
           if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
           /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
           /*scanf("%d",i);*/
           if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
             cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
             if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
               /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2; V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1 */
               cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tvar[4]=3, Tage[1] = 4 or V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1, Tage[1]=2 */
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
             } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
               cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;
             } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
               /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
               cptcovn++;
               cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
               Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                      because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                      ncovcol + k1
                                      If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                      Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
               cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
               Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
               Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
               Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
               k2=k2+2;
               Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
               Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
               for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
                 /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                    covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
                 covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
               }
             } /* End age is not in the model */
           } /* End if model includes a product */
           else { /* no more sum */
             /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
             /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
             cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
             ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
             cptcovn++;
             Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
           }
           strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
           /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
             scanf("%d",i);*/
         } /* end of loop + on total covariates */
       } /* end if strlen(modelsave == 0) age*age might exist */
     } /* end if strlen(model == 0) */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     /*endread:*/
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr = *nberr + 1;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased (%d)\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased (%d)\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0){
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999){
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               }else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
             } /* agedc > 0 */
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
    /* endread:*/
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
   /*printf("Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   /*fprintf(ficlog, "Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   //#include "stdafx.h"
   //#include <stdio.h>
   //#include <tchar.h>
   //#include <windows.h>
   //#include <iostream>
   typedef BOOL(WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
   LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
   BOOL IsWow64()
   {
           BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
   
           //typedef BOOL (APIENTRY *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
           //  (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
           //LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
           HMODULE module = GetModuleHandle(_T("kernel32"));
           const char funcName[] = "IsWow64Process";
           fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
                   GetProcAddress(module, funcName);
   
           if (NULL != fnIsWow64Process)
           {
                   if (!fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(),
                           &bIsWow64))
                           //throw std::exception("Unknown error");
                           printf("Unknown error\n");
           }
           return bIsWow64 != FALSE;
   }
   #endif
   
   void syscompilerinfo(int logged)
    {
      /* #include "syscompilerinfo.h"*/
      /* command line Intel compiler 32bit windows, XP compatible:*/
      /* /GS /W3 /Gy
         /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D
         "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_USING_V110_SDK71_" /D "_UNICODE" /D
         "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope /Gd /Oi /MT /Fa"Release\" /EHsc /nologo
         /Fo"Release\" /Qprof-dir "Release\" /Fp"Release\IMaCh.pch"
      */ 
      /* 64 bits */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy
        /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG"
        /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope
        /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir
        "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" */
      /* Optimization are useless and O3 is slower than O2 */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O3 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" 
        /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo 
        /Zc:forScope /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Qparallel 
        /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" 
      */
      /* Link is */ /* /OUT:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.exe" /MANIFEST /NXCOMPAT
         /PDB:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.pdb" /DYNAMICBASE
         "kernel32.lib" "user32.lib" "gdi32.lib" "winspool.lib"
         "comdlg32.lib" "advapi32.lib" "shell32.lib" "ole32.lib"
         "oleaut32.lib" "uuid.lib" "odbc32.lib" "odbccp32.lib"
         /MACHINE:X86 /OPT:REF /SAFESEH /INCREMENTAL:NO
         /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE",5.01" /MANIFESTUAC:"level='asInvoker'
         uiAccess='false'"
         /ManifestFile:"Release\IMaCh.exe.intermediate.manifest" /OPT:ICF
         /NOLOGO /TLBID:1
      */
   #if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
           struct utsname sysInfo;  /* For Intel on Linux and OS/X */
   #endif
   #elif defined(__GNUC__) 
   #ifndef  __APPLE__
   #include <gnu/libc-version.h>  /* Only on gnu */
   #endif
      struct utsname sysInfo;
      int cross = CROSS;
      if (cross){
              printf("Cross-");
              if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, "Cross-");
      }
   #endif
   
   #include <stdint.h>
   
      printf("Compiled with:");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog,"Compiled with:");
   #if defined(__clang__)
      printf(" Clang/LLVM");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Clang/LLVM");       /* Clang/LLVM. ---------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
      printf(" Intel ICC/ICPC");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Intel ICC/ICPC");/* Intel ICC/ICPC. ------------------------------------------ */
   #endif
   #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
      printf(" GNU GCC/G++");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," GNU GCC/G++");/* GNU GCC/G++. --------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
      printf(" Hewlett-Packard C/aC++");if(logged)fprintf(fcilog," Hewlett-Packard C/aC++"); /* Hewlett-Packard C/aC++. ---------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)
      printf(" IBM XL C/C++"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," IBM XL C/C++");/* IBM XL C/C++. -------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      printf(" Microsoft Visual Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Microsoft Visual Studio");/* Microsoft Visual Studio. --------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__PGI)
      printf(" Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");/* Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP. ------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
      printf(" Oracle Solaris Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Oracle Solaris Studio\n");/* Oracle Solaris Studio. ----------------------------------- */
   #endif
      printf(" for "); if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, " for ");
      
   // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605842/how-to-identify-platform-compiler-from-preprocessor-macros
   #ifdef _WIN32 // note the underscore: without it, it's not msdn official!
       // Windows (x64 and x86)
      printf("Windows (x64 and x86) ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Windows (x64 and x86) ");
   #elif __unix__ // all unices, not all compilers
       // Unix
      printf("Unix ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Unix ");
   #elif __linux__
       // linux
      printf("linux ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"linux ");
   #elif __APPLE__
       // Mac OS, not sure if this is covered by __posix__ and/or __unix__ though..
      printf("Mac OS ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Mac OS ");
   #endif
   
   /*  __MINGW32__   */
   /*  __CYGWIN__   */
   /* __MINGW64__  */
   // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/b0084kay.aspx
   /* _MSC_VER  //the Visual C++ compiler is 17.00.51106.1, the _MSC_VER macro evaluates to 1700. Type cl /?  */
   /* _MSC_FULL_VER //the Visual C++ compiler is 15.00.20706.01, the _MSC_FULL_VER macro evaluates to 150020706 */
   /* _WIN64  // Defined for applications for Win64. */
   /* _M_X64 // Defined for compilations that target x64 processors. */
   /* _DEBUG // Defined when you compile with /LDd, /MDd, and /MTd. */
   
   #if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffff
      printf(" 32-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 32-bit");/* 32-bit */
   #elif UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffffffffffff
      printf(" 64-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 64-bit");/* 64-bit */
   #else
      printf(" wtf-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," wtf-bit");/* wtf */
   #endif
   
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
   # if defined(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
                               + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   # else
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100)
   # endif
      printf(" using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, " using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
   
      if (uname(&sysInfo) != -1) {
        printf("Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
            if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n ",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
      }
      else
         perror("uname() error");
      //#ifndef __INTEL_COMPILER 
   #if !defined (__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(__APPLE__)
      printf("GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version()); 
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version());
   #endif
   #endif
   
      //   void main()
      //   {
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      if (IsWow64()){
              printf("\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
      }
      else{
              printf("\nThe program is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe programm is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
      }
      //      printf("\nPress Enter to continue...");
      //      getchar();
      //   }
   
   #endif
      
   
    }
   
    int prevalence_limit(double *p, double **prlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl){
     /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     int i, j, k, i1 ;
     /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
     double age, agebase, agelim;
   
     strcpy(filerespl,"PL_");
     strcat(filerespl,fileresu);
     if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
     }
     printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     pstamp(ficrespl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence \n");
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
   
       i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
         //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /* to clean */
           //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
           fprintf(ficrespl,"#******");
           printf("#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           }
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
           /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           } /* Age */
           /* was end of cptcod */
       } /* cptcov */
           return 0;
   }
   
   int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage){
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   
     int stepsize;
     int agelim;
     int hstepm;
     int nhstepm;
     int h, i, i1, j, k;
   
     double agedeb;
     double ***p3mat;
   
       strcpy(filerespij,"PIJ_");  strcat(filerespij,fileresu);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
      /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
      /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
      /*   k=k+1;  */
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
         
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
           
           /*        nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
           
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
         }
         /*}*/
       }
           return 0;
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter=0,m,size=100, cptcod;
   
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int num_filled;
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb=0.;
   
     double ageminpar=AGEOVERFLOW,agemin=AGEOVERFLOW, agemaxpar=-AGEOVERFLOW, agemax=-AGEOVERFLOW;
   
     double fret;
     double dum=0.; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
   
     char line[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE];
   
     char model[MAXLINE], modeltemp[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int c,  h , cpt, c2;
     int jl=0;
     int i1, j1, jk, stepsize=0;
     int count=0;
   
     int *tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm=0, nhstepm=0;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage=0, fage=110., age, agelim=0., agebase=0.;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
   
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c";
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
   
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     rstart_time = time(NULL);  
     /*  (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);*/
     start_time = *localtime(&rstart_time);
     curr_time=start_time;
     /*tml = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec);*/
     /* strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tml)); */
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&start_time));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tm_sec = tp.tm_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tm_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
   #ifdef WIN32
     _getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #else
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #endif
     syscompilerinfo(0);
     printf("\nIMaCh version %s, %s\n%s",version, copyright, fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]==' ') /* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #else
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #endif
     printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Directory already exists (or can't create it) %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Main Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Version %s %s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname='%s'\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     syscompilerinfo(1);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileresu, optionfilefiname); /* Without r in front */
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
     strcat(fileresu,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /* Main ---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileresu);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
   
       /* First parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", \
                           title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled != 5) {
         printf("Should be 5 parameters\n");
       }
       numlinepar++;
       printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass);
     }
     /* Second parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"ftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", \
                           &ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate, &ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled != 8) {
         printf("Not 8\n");
       }
       printf("ftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n",ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);
     }
     ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
     /* Third parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"model=1+age%[^.\n]", model)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled == 0)
               model[0]='\0';
       else if (num_filled != 1){
         printf("ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
         model[0]='\0';
         goto end;
       }
       else{
         if (model[0]=='+'){
           for(i=1; i<=strlen(model);i++)
             modeltemp[i-1]=model[i];
           strcpy(model,modeltemp); 
         }
       }
       /* printf(" model=1+age%s modeltemp= %s, model=%s\n",model, modeltemp, model);fflush(stdout); */
     }
     /* fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=1+age+%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model); */
     /* numlinepar=numlinepar+3; /\* In general *\/ */
     /* printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model); */
     if(model[strlen(model)-1]=='.') /* Suppressing leading dot in the model */
       model[strlen(model)-1]='\0';
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     /* if(model[0]=='#'|| model[0]== '\0'){ */
     if(model[0]=='#'){
       printf("Error in 'model' line: model should start with 'model=1+age+' and end with '.' \n \
    'model=1+age+.' or 'model=1+age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.' or \n \
    'model=1+age+V1+V2.' or 'model=1+age+V1+V2+V1*V2.' etc. \n");          \
       if(mle != -1){
         printf("Fix the model line and run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n");
         exit(1);
       }
     }
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       if(line[1]=='q'){ /* This #q will quit imach (the answer is q) */
         z[0]=line[1];
       }
       /* printf("****line [1] = %c \n",line[1]); */
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7,age*age makes 3*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2; /* Constant and age */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) { /* Main Wizard */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) || (j1 != jj)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,jj);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,jj);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       /* Scans npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         count=fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d%1d",&i1,&j1,&jk);
         if(count != 3){
           printf("Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           exit(1);
         }else
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       /* End of read covariance matrix npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
     /*  Main data
      */
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
     ncodemaxwundef=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if - 1 O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
   /* Main decodemodel */
   
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel-nagesqr > 2 ) /* That is if covariate other than cst, age and age*age */
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
     /* Nbcode gives the value of the lth modality of jth covariate, in
        V2+V1*age, there are 3 covariates Tvar[2]=1 (V1).*/
     /* 1 to ncodemax[j] is the maximum value of this jth covariate */
   
     /*  codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);*/ /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtabm(100,10));*/
     /* codtab gives the value 1 or 2 of the hth combination of k covariates (1 or 2).*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              * For k=4 covariates, h goes from 1 to 2**k
              * codtabm(h,k)=  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
              *     h\k   1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     2
              *    10     2     1     1     2
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     2
              *    12     2     2     1     2
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     2    
              *    14     2     1     2     2
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     2
              *    16     2     2     2     2
              */
     /* /\* for(h=1; h <=100 ;h++){  *\/ */
     /*   /\* printf("h=%2d ", h); *\/ */
     /*    /\* for(k=1; k <=10; k++){ *\/ */
     /*      /\* printf("k=%d %d ",k,codtabm(h,k)); *\/ */
     /*    /\*   codtab[h][k]=codtabm(h,k); *\/ */
     /*    /\* } *\/ */
     /*    /\* printf("\n"); *\/ */
     /* } */
     /* for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /\* scans any effective covariate *\/ */
     /*   for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /\* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 *\/  */
     /*     for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /\* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*\/ */
     /*    for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /\* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 *\/  */
     /*      h++; */
     /*      if (h>m)  */
     /*        h=1; */
     /*      codtab[h][k]=j; */
     /*      /\* codtab[12][3]=1; *\/ */
     /*      /\*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*\/ */
     /*      /\* printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]); *\/ */
     /*    }  */
     /*     } */
     /*   } */
     /* }  */
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){  */
     /*    for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){ */
     /*      printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff); */
     /*    } */
     /*    printf("\n"); */
     /* } */
     /*   scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /* Initialisation of ----------- gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-MORT_");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
   
   
     /* Initialisation of --------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-MORT_");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #else
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #endif
             
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
     /* For mortality only */
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
       /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #else
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"POW-MORT_"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileresu);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #else
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
         fprintf(ficlog,"%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
       }
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == AGEOVERFLOW){
           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else
         printinggnuplotmort(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       printinghtmlmort(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 mortality only */
     /* Standard maximisation */
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* again, to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2, Real Maximisation */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       printf("Parameters and 95%% confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W .\n But be careful that parameters are highly correlated because incidence of disability is highly correlated to incidence of recovery.\n It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
       fprintf(ficlog, "Parameters, Wald tests and Wald-based confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W \n  It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
               fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
   
       /* Other stuffs, more or less useful */    
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficlog,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == -AGEOVERFLOW){
           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else
         printinggnuplot(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /* Other results (useful)*/
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
       /*#include "prevlim.h"*/  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       prevalence_limit(p, prlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl);
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
       /*#include "hpijx.h"*/
       hPijx(p, bage, fage);
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileresu, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
    
       /* ------ Other prevalence ratios------------ */
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"E_");
       strcat(filerese,fileresu);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"T_");
       strcat(filerest,fileresu);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"STDE_");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileresu);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"CVE_");
       strcat(filerescve,fileresu);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"V_");
       strcat(fileresv,fileresu);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
           /*
            */
           /* goto endfree; */
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
   
   
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* ZZ Segmentation fault */
             cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age popbased mobilav e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             /* printf("Which p?\n"); for(i=1;i<=npar;i++)printf("p[i=%d]=%lf,",i,p[i]);printf("\n"); */
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k); /*ZZ Is it the correct prevalim */
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav);
               /* printf(" age %4.0f ",age); */
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*ZZZ  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                   /* printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]); */
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
               /* printf(" age %4.0f \n",age); */
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         /*}*/
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"VPL_");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileresu);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    /* endfree:*/
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(ncodemaxwundef,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       /* free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10); */
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     /*(void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);*/
     rend_time = time(NULL);  
     end_time = *localtime(&rend_time);
     /* tml = *localtime(&end_time.tm_sec); */
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&end_time));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
   #ifdef WIN32
      if (_chdir(pathcd) != 0)
              printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
      if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
   #else
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
              printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n", path);
      if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0)
   #endif 
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifdef _WIN32
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s' Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef __unix
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: '%s', err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
       printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
     }
     printf(" Successful, please wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
   #ifdef __APPLE__
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #elif __linux
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "xdg-open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #else
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
   #endif
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
         system(pplotcmd);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: "); fflush(stdout);
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }

Removed from v.1.51  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.202


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