Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.10 and 1.210

version 1.10, 2001/05/09 14:25:42 version 1.210, 2015/11/18 17:41:20
Line 1 Line 1
      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.210  2015/11/18 17:41:20  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    Summary: Start working on projected prevalences
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews  
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    Revision 1.209  2015/11/17 22:12:03  brouard
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    Summary: Adding ftolpl parameter
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number    Author: N Brouard
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to  
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.    We had difficulties to get smoothed confidence intervals. It was due
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    to the period prevalence which wasn't computed accurately. The inner
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional    parameter ftolpl is now an outer parameter of the .imach parameter
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    file after estepm. If ftolpl is small 1.e-4 and estepm too,
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'    computation are long.
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and  
   age", you should modify the program where the markup    Revision 1.208  2015/11/17 14:31:57  brouard
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    Summary: temporary
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.  
     Revision 1.207  2015/10/27 17:36:57  brouard
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the    *** empty log message ***
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some  
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    Revision 1.206  2015/10/24 07:14:11  brouard
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    *** empty log message ***
   hPijx is the probability to be  
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age    Revision 1.205  2015/10/23 15:50:53  brouard
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of    Summary: 0.98r3 some clarification for graphs on likelihood contributions
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or  
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.    Revision 1.204  2015/10/01 16:20:26  brouard
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Summary: Some new graphs of contribution to likelihood
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.  
     Revision 1.203  2015/09/30 17:45:14  brouard
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Summary: looking at better estimation of the hessian
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.  
      Also a better criteria for convergence to the period prevalence And
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    therefore adding the number of years needed to converge. (The
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    prevalence in any alive state shold sum to one
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action  
   from the European Union.    Revision 1.202  2015/09/22 19:45:16  brouard
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Summary: Adding some overall graph on contribution to likelihood. Might change
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version  
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Revision 1.201  2015/09/15 17:34:58  brouard
   **********************************************************************/    Summary: 0.98r0
    
 #include <math.h>    - Some new graphs like suvival functions
 #include <stdio.h>    - Some bugs fixed like model=1+age+V2.
 #include <stdlib.h>  
 #include <unistd.h>    Revision 1.200  2015/09/09 16:53:55  brouard
     Summary: Big bug thanks to Flavia
 #define MAXLINE 256  
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    Even model=1+age+V2. did not work anymore
 /*#define DEBUG*/  
 #define windows    Revision 1.199  2015/09/07 14:09:23  brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Summary: 0.98q6 changing default small png format for graph to vectorized svg.
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */  
     Revision 1.198  2015/09/03 07:14:39  brouard
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    Summary: 0.98q5 Flavia
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */  
     Revision 1.197  2015/09/01 18:24:39  brouard
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    *** empty log message ***
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */  
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Revision 1.196  2015/08/18 23:17:52  brouard
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    Summary: 0.98q5
 #define MAXN 20000  
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    Revision 1.195  2015/08/18 16:28:39  brouard
 #define AGESUP 130    Summary: Adding a hack for testing purpose
 #define AGEBASE 40  
     After reading the title, ftol and model lines, if the comment line has
     a q, starting with #q, the answer at the end of the run is quit. It
 int nvar;    permits to run test files in batch with ctest. The former workaround was
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    $ echo q | imach foo.imach
 int npar=NPARMAX;  
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    Revision 1.194  2015/08/18 13:32:00  brouard
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    Summary:  Adding error when the covariance matrix doesn't contain the exact number of lines required by the model line.
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
     Revision 1.193  2015/08/04 07:17:42  brouard
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    Summary: 0.98q4
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */  
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    Revision 1.192  2015/07/16 16:49:02  brouard
 int mle, weightopt;    Summary: Fixing some outputs
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */  
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    Revision 1.191  2015/07/14 10:00:33  brouard
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    Summary: Some fixes
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */  
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    Revision 1.190  2015/05/05 08:51:13  brouard
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest;    Summary: Adding digits in output parameters (7 digits instead of 6)
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm;  
 FILE *ficreseij;    Fix 1+age+.
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];  
  FILE  *ficresvij;    Revision 1.189  2015/04/30 14:45:16  brouard
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    Summary: 0.98q2
  FILE  *ficresvpl;  
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.188  2015/04/30 08:27:53  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
 #define NR_END 1  
 #define FREE_ARG char*    Revision 1.187  2015/04/29 09:11:15  brouard
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    *** empty log message ***
   
 #define NRANSI    Revision 1.186  2015/04/23 12:01:52  brouard
 #define ITMAX 200    Summary: V1*age is working now, version 0.98q1
   
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    Some codes had been disabled in order to simplify and Vn*age was
     working in the optimization phase, ie, giving correct MLE parameters,
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    but, as usual, outputs were not correct and program core dumped.
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10  
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    Revision 1.185  2015/03/11 13:26:42  brouard
     Summary: Inclusion of compile and links command line for Intel Compiler
 #define GOLD 1.618034  
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    Revision 1.184  2015/03/11 11:52:39  brouard
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    Summary: Back from Windows 8. Intel Compiler
   
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Revision 1.183  2015/03/10 20:34:32  brouard
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Summary: 0.98q0, trying with directest, mnbrak fixed
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
      We use directest instead of original Powell test; probably no
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    incidence on the results, but better justifications;
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    We fixed Numerical Recipes mnbrak routine which was wrong and gave
     wrong results.
 static double sqrarg;  
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    Revision 1.182  2015/02/12 08:19:57  brouard
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Summary: Trying to keep directest which seems simpler and more general
     Author: Nicolas Brouard
 int imx;  
 int stepm;    Revision 1.181  2015/02/11 23:22:24  brouard
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    Summary: Comments on Powell added
   
 int m,nb;    Author:
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;  
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    Revision 1.180  2015/02/11 17:33:45  brouard
 double **pmmij;    Summary: Finishing move from main to function (hpijx and prevalence_limit)
   
 double *weight;    Revision 1.179  2015/01/04 09:57:06  brouard
 int **s; /* Status */    Summary: back to OS/X
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    Revision 1.178  2015/01/04 09:35:48  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */  
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    Revision 1.177  2015/01/03 18:40:56  brouard
     Summary: Still testing ilc32 on OSX
 /**************** split *************************/  
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name )    Revision 1.176  2015/01/03 16:45:04  brouard
 {    *** empty log message ***
    char *s;                             /* pointer */  
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    Revision 1.175  2015/01/03 16:33:42  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */  
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Revision 1.174  2015/01/03 16:15:49  brouard
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    Summary: Still in cross-compilation
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */  
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    Revision 1.173  2015/01/03 12:06:26  brouard
       extern char       *getwd( );    Summary: trying to detect cross-compilation
   
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    Revision 1.172  2014/12/27 12:07:47  brouard
 #else    Summary: Back from Visual Studio and Intel, options for compiling for Windows XP
       extern char       *getcwd( );  
     Revision 1.171  2014/12/23 13:26:59  brouard
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    Summary: Back from Visual C
 #endif  
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    Still problem with utsname.h on Windows
       }  
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    Revision 1.170  2014/12/23 11:17:12  brouard
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    Summary: Cleaning some \%% back to %%
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */  
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    The escape was mandatory for a specific compiler (which one?), but too many warnings.
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    Revision 1.169  2014/12/22 23:08:31  brouard
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    Summary: 0.98p
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */  
    }    Outputs some informations on compiler used, OS etc. Testing on different platforms.
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */  
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Revision 1.168  2014/12/22 15:17:42  brouard
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    Summary: update
 }  
     Revision 1.167  2014/12/22 13:50:56  brouard
     Summary: Testing uname and compiler version and if compiled 32 or 64
 /******************************************/  
     Testing on Linux 64
 void replace(char *s, char*t)  
 {    Revision 1.166  2014/12/22 11:40:47  brouard
   int i;    *** empty log message ***
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.165  2014/12/16 11:20:36  brouard
   lg=strlen(t);    Summary: After compiling on Visual C
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
     (s[i] = t[i]);    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  
   }    Revision 1.164  2014/12/16 10:52:11  brouard
 }    Summary: Merging with Visual C after suppressing some warnings for unused variables. Also fixing Saito's bug 0.98Xn
   
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 {  
   int i,j=0;    Revision 1.163  2014/12/16 10:30:11  brouard
   int lg=20;    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(s);    Revision 1.162  2014/09/25 11:43:39  brouard
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Summary: temporary backup 0.99!
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;  
   }    Revision 1.1  2014/09/16 11:06:58  brouard
   return j;    Summary: With some code (wrong) for nlopt
 }  
     Author:
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.161  2014/09/15 20:41:41  brouard
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    Summary: Problem with macro SQR on Intel compiler
   i=0;  
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Revision 1.160  2014/09/02 09:24:05  brouard
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    *** empty log message ***
   }  
     Revision 1.159  2014/09/01 10:34:10  brouard
   lg=strlen(t);    Summary: WIN32
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    Author: Brouard
     (u[j] = t[j]);  
   }    Revision 1.158  2014/08/27 17:11:51  brouard
      u[p]='\0';    *** empty log message ***
   
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    Revision 1.157  2014/08/27 16:26:55  brouard
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    Summary: Preparing windows Visual studio version
   }    Author: Brouard
 }  
     In order to compile on Visual studio, time.h is now correct and time_t
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    and tm struct should be used. difftime should be used but sometimes I
     just make the differences in raw time format (time(&now).
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    Trying to suppress #ifdef LINUX
 {    Add xdg-open for __linux in order to open default browser.
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");  
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    Revision 1.156  2014/08/25 20:10:10  brouard
   exit(1);    *** empty log message ***
 }  
 /*********************** vector *******************/    Revision 1.155  2014/08/25 18:32:34  brouard
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    Summary: New compile, minor changes
 {    Author: Brouard
   double *v;  
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
   return v-nl+NR_END;  
 }    Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
     Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
 /************************ free vector ******************/    Author: Brouard
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)  
 {    Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
 }  
     Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
 /************************ivector *******************************/    *** empty log message ***
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)  
 {    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
   int *v;    Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Author: brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
 }    Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
     Author: Nicolas Brouard
 /******************free ivector **************************/  
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
 {    Summary: Nothing new
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Author: Brouard
 }  
     Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    *** empty log message ***
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
   int **m;    Summary: Merge
      Author: Brouard
   /* allocate pointers to rows */  
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    Merge, before building revised version.
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
   m -= nrl;    Summary: Debugging with valgrind
      Author: Nicolas Brouard
    
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    improve the code.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
      Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
      the source code.
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */  
   return m;    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
 }    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
   
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
       int **m;  
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
     * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
 {    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  
   double **m;    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
     After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
   m -= nrl;    *** empty log message ***
   
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
     Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
   return m;    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
 }    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
     Some cleaning of code and comments added.
 /*************************free matrix ************************/  
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
 {    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
 }    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    just nforces
 {  
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
   double ***m;    Many tings
   
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Some dimensions resccaled
   m += NR_END;  
   m -= nrl;    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
     (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
     Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
     Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
      (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    computation.
   }    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
   return m;    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 }  
     Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 {    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    Version 0.98h
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
 }    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
     Forecasting file added.
 /***************** f1dim *************************/  
 extern int ncom;    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
    
 double f1dim(double x)    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 {    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
   int j;    name. <head> headers where missing.
   double f;  
   double *xt;    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
      English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
   xt=vector(1,ncom);    otherwise the weight is truncated).
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    1.
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    Version 0.98g
   return f;  
 }    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
     (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 /*****************brent *************************/    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 {    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
   int iter;    1.
   double a,b,d,etemp;    Version 0.98g
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  
   double ftemp;    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
   double e=0.0;  
      * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   x=w=v=bx;  
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     xm=0.5*(a+b);    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
 #ifdef DEBUG    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  
 #endif    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
       *xmin=x;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
       return fx;    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     }    (Module): Function pstamp added
     ftemp=fu;    (Module): Version 0.98d
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
       q=2.0*(q-r);    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    (Module): Function pstamp added
       q=fabs(q);    (Module): Version 0.98d
       etemp=e;  
       e=d;    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
       else {  
         d=p/q;    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
         u=x+d;    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
       }    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
     } else {    filename with strsep.
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
     }    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
     fu=(*f)(u);    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
     if (fu <= fx) {    allocation too.
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
         } else {  
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
             v=w;    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
             w=u;    can be a simple dot '.'.
             fv=fw;  
             fw=fu;    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
             v=u;  
             fv=fu;    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
           }    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
         }  
   }    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");    Gnuplot problem appeared...
   *xmin=x;    To be fixed
   return fx;  
 }    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
     Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  
     Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    Some cleaning and links added in html output
             double (*func)(double))  
 {    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    *** empty log message ***
   double fu;  
      Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
   if (*fb > *fa) {    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
       }    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  
   while (*fb > *fc) {    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
       fu=(*func)(u);    Fix on curr_time
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  
       fu=(*func)(u);    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
       if (fu < *fc) {    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
           }    *** empty log message ***
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  
       u=ulim;    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
       fu=(*func)(u);    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
     } else {    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
       fu=(*func)(u);    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
     }    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    from other sources like vital statistic data.
       }  
 }    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   
 /*************** linmin ************************/    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
     former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
 int ncom;  
 double *pcom,*xicom;    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
    
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))    Current limitations:
 {    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   double f1dim(double x);  
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
   int j;    suppressed.
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  
   double fx,fb,fa;    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
      * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
   ncom=n;    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   pcom=vector(1,n);  
   xicom=vector(1,n);    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
   nrfunc=func;    * imach.c (Repository):
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
     pcom[j]=p[j];    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  
   }    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
   ax=0.0;    Just cleaning
   xx=1.0;  
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 #ifdef DEBUG    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    (Module): Version 0.96b
 #endif  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
     xi[j] *= xmin;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
     p[j] += xi[j];    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   }  
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
 }    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
     helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
 /*************** powell ************************/    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
             double (*func)(double []))  
 {    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
               double (*func)(double []));    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   int i,ibig,j;    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  
   double fp,fptt;    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
   double *xits;    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
   pt=vector(1,n);    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   ptt=vector(1,n);    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   xit=vector(1,n);  
   xits=vector(1,n);    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
   *fret=(*func)(p);    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
     fp=(*fret);    Version 0.96
     ibig=0;  
     del=0.0;    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)    routine fileappend.
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  
     printf("\n");    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
       fptt=(*fret);    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
 #ifdef DEBUG    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
 #endif    interview.
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));    truncation)
         ibig=i;    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
       }  
 #ifdef DEBUG    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);    parcimony.
       }    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
       printf("\n");    *** empty log message ***
 #endif  
     }    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       int k[2],l;  */
       k[0]=1;  /*
       k[1]=-1;     Interpolated Markov Chain
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    Short summary of the programme:
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    
       printf("\n");    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
         }    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
       }    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
 #endif    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
     Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
     simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
       free_vector(xit,1,n);    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
       free_vector(xits,1,n);    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
       free_vector(pt,1,n);    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
       return;    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
     }    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    convergence.
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
       pt[j]=p[j];    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
     }    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
     if (fptt < fp) {    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  
       if (t < 0.0) {    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
         }    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
 #ifdef DEBUG    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    hPijx.
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
         printf("\n");    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
 #endif    
       }    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
     }             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   }    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
 }    from the European Union.
     It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
     can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  
 {    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */    
     **********************************************************************/
   int i, ii,j,k;  /*
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    main
   double **matprod2();    read parameterfile
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();    read datafile
   double **newm;    concatwav
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */    freqsummary
     if (mle >= 1)
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)      mlikeli
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    print results files
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    if mle==1 
     }       computes hessian
     read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
    cov[1]=1.;        begin-prev-date,...
      open gnuplot file
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    open html file
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
     newm=savm;     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
      cov[2]=agefin;      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
    
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
         /*printf("ij=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf\n",ij, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k]);*/         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
       }         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
      Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  
     forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);    health expectancies
     Variance-covariance of DFLE
     savm=oldm;    prevalence()
     oldm=newm;     movingaverage()
     maxmax=0.;    varevsij() 
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
       min=1.;    total life expectancies
       max=0.;    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {   end
         sumnew=0;  */
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  /* #define DEBUG */
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  /* #define DEBUGBRENT */
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  /* #define DEBUGLINMIN */
       }  /* #define DEBUGHESS */
       maxmin=max-min;  #define DEBUGHESSIJ
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  /* #define LINMINORIGINAL  /\* Don't use loop on scale in linmin (accepting nan)*\/ */
     }  #define POWELL /* Instead of NLOPT */
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){  #define POWELLF1F3 /* Skip test */
       return prlim;  /* #define POWELLORIGINAL /\* Don't use Directest to decide new direction but original Powell test *\/ */
     }  /* #define MNBRAKORIGINAL /\* Don't use mnbrak fix *\/ */
   }  
 }  #include <math.h>
   #include <stdio.h>
 /*************** transition probabilities **********/  #include <stdlib.h>
   #include <string.h>
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )  
 {  #ifdef _WIN32
   double s1, s2;  #include <io.h>
   /*double t34;*/  #include <windows.h>
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;  #include <tchar.h>
   #else
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  #include <unistd.h>
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){  #endif
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  #include <limits.h>
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  #include <sys/types.h>
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  
       }  #if defined(__GNUC__)
       ps[i][j]=s2;  #include <sys/utsname.h> /* Doesn't work on Windows */
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  #endif
     }  
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  #include <sys/stat.h>
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  #include <errno.h>
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  /* extern int errno; */
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  
       }  /* #ifdef LINUX */
       ps[i][j]=s2;  /* #include <time.h> */
     }  /* #include "timeval.h" */
   }  /* #else */
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
      s1=0;  /* #endif */
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  #include <time.h>
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  #ifdef GSL
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  #endif
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  #ifdef NLOPT
   } /* end i */  #include <nlopt.h>
   typedef struct {
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    double (* function)(double [] );
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  } myfunc_data ;
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  #endif
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  
     }  /* #include <libintl.h> */
   }  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
   
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
    }  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
     printf("\n ");  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
     }  
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
 /*  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);  
   goto end;*/  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
     return ps;  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
 }  
   #define NINTERVMAX 8
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
 {  #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
   /* Computes the matric product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  #define MAXN 20000
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  #define AGESUP 130
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  #define AGEBASE 40
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  #define AGEOVERFLOW 1.e20
   long i, j, k;  #define AGEGOMP 10 /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  #ifdef _WIN32
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
   #else
   return out;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
 }  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
   #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   #endif
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  
   /* $Id$ */
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  /* $State$ */
 {  #include "version.h"
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month  char version[]=__IMACH_VERSION__;
      duration (i.e. until  char copyright[]="October 2015,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121), Intel Software 2015";
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  char strstart[80];
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
      included manually here.  int nagesqr=0, nforce=0; /* nagesqr=1 if model is including age*age, number of forces */
   /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
      */  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
   int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
   int i, j, d, h, k;  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
   double **newm;  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
   int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  int npar=NPARMAX;
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
     }  int popbased=0;
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
       newm=savm;  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
       cov[1]=1.;  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
 for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
    for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
   int countcallfunc=0;  /* Count the number of calls to func */
   double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  double **matprod2(); /* test */
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
       savm=oldm;  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
       oldm=newm;  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
     }  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
          */  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
       }  FILE *ficresilk;
   } /* end h */  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   return po;  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
 }  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   FILE *ficreseij;
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/  FILE *ficresstdeij;
 double func( double *x)  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  FILE *ficrescveij;
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  FILE  *ficresvij;
   double **out;  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   long ipmx;  char title[MAXLINE];
   /*extern weight */  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  int  outcmd=0;
   */  
   cov[1]=1.;  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
   char fileresu[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* fileres without r in front */
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  
         newm=savm;  /* struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time; */
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  /* struct timezone tzp; */
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {  /* extern int gettimeofday(); */
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];  struct tm tml, *gmtime(), *localtime();
         }  
          extern time_t time();
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  struct tm start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
         savm=oldm;  time_t  rstart_time, rend_time, rcurr_time, rlast_time, rforecast_time; /* raw time */
         oldm=newm;  struct tm tm;
          
          char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
       } /* end mult */  
        char *endptr;
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);  long lval;
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  double dval;
       ipmx +=1;  
       sw += weight[i];  #define NR_END 1
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;  #define FREE_ARG char*
     } /* end of wave */  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   } /* end of individual */  
   #define NRANSI 
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  #define ITMAX 200 
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
   return -l;  
 }  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
   #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
   #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  
   #define GOLD 1.618034 
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
 {  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
   int i,j, iter;  
   double **xi,*delti;  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   double fret;  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   printf("Powell\n");  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/myutils_8h-source.html */
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  #define mytinydouble 1.0e-16
   /* #define DEQUAL(a,b) (fabs((a)-(b))<mytinydouble) */
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/mynrutils_8h-source.html */
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));  /* static double dsqrarg; */
   /* #define DSQR(a) (DEQUAL((dsqrarg=(a)),0.0) ? 0.0 : dsqrarg*dsqrarg) */
 }  static double sqrarg;
   #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
 {  
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;  int imx; 
   double **hess;  int stepm=1;
   int i, j,jk;  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   int *indx;  
   int estepm;
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;  int m,nb;
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;  long *num;
   int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *cens;
   int *ncodemax;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);                     covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
                      undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  int *ncodemaxwundef;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){                               covariate for which somebody answered including 
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);                               undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/  double **pmmij, ***probs;
   }  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
   double dateintmean=0;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  double *weight;
       if (j>i) {  int **s; /* Status */
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);  double *agedc;
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
       }                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*age; */
     }  double  idx; 
   }  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
   printf("\n");  int *Tage;
   int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");  /* int **codtab;*/ /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
    int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   x=vector(1,npar);  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];  /**************** split *************************/
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
   {
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
     x[j]=1;    */ 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    int   l1=0, l2=0;                             /* length counters */
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];  
     }    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
   }    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
     ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
     }      /* get current working directory */
     printf("\n");      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
   }  #ifdef WIN32
       if (_getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
   /* Recompute Inverse */  #else
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)          if (getcwd(dirc, FILENAME_MAX) == NULL) {
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  #endif
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
       }
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
       printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    } else {                              /* strip directory from path */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
     x[j]=1;      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
       y[i][j]=x[i];      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);      dirc[l1-l2] = '\0';                 /* add zero */
     }      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
     printf("\n");    }
   }    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
   */    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
     if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
   free_vector(x,1,npar);      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);    }
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
     if (ss >0){
       ss++;
 }      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
       l1= strlen( name);
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
 {      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
   int i;    }
   int l=1, lmax=20;  
   double k1,k2;    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  }
   double res;  
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  
   double fx;  /******************************************/
   int k=0,kmax=10;  
   double l1;  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
   {
   fx=func(x);    int i;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    int lg=0;
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    i=0;
     l1=pow(10,l);    lg=strlen(t);
     delts=delt;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){      (s[i] = t[i]);
       delt = delta*(l1*k);      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;    }
       k1=func(p2)-fx;  }
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  
       k2=func(p2)-fx;  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */    char *s;
          s=out;
 #ifdef DEBUG    while (*in != '\0'){
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
 #endif        in++;
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */      }
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){      *out++ = *in++;
         k=kmax;    }
       }    *out='\0';
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    return s;
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;  }
       }  
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  /* char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain) */
         delts=delt;  /* { */
       }  /*   /\* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' *\/ */
     }  /*   char *s, *t; */
   }  /*   t=in;s=out; */
   delti[theta]=delts;  /*   while ((*in != *chain) && (*in != '\0')){ */
   return res;  /*     *out++ = *in++; */
    /*   } */
 }  
   /*   /\* *in matches *chain *\/ */
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)  /*   while ((*in++ == *chain++) && (*in != '\0')){ */
 {  /*     printf("*in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
   int i;  /*   } */
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;  /*   in--; chain--; */
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;  /*   while ( (*in != '\0')){ */
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  /*     printf("Bef *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
   int k;  /*     *out++ = *in++; */
   /*     printf("Aft *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
   fx=func(x);  /*   } */
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {  /*   *out='\0'; */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  /*   out=s; */
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  /*   return out; */
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  /* } */
     k1=func(p2)-fx;  char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain)
    {
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    /* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' */
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    /* in="V1+V1*age+age*age+V2", chain="age*age" */
     k2=func(p2)-fx;  
      char *strloc;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    strcpy (out, in); 
     k3=func(p2)-fx;    strloc = strstr(out, chain); /* strloc points to out at age*age+V2 */
      printf("Bef strloc=%s chain=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, out);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    if(strloc != NULL){ 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;      /* will affect out */ /* strloc+strlenc(chain)=+V2 */ /* Will also work in Unicode */
     k4=func(p2)-fx;      memmove(strloc,strloc+strlen(chain), strlen(strloc+strlen(chain))+1);
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */      /* strcpy (strloc, strloc +strlen(chain));*/
 #ifdef DEBUG    }
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);    printf("Aft strloc=%s chain=%s in=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, in, out);
 #endif    return out;
   }  }
   return res;  
 }  
   char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/  {
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before FIRST occurence of char 'occ' 
 {       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
   int i,imax,j,k;       gives blocc="abcdef" and alocc="ghi2j".
   double big,dum,sum,temp;       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
   double *vv;    */
      char *s, *t;
   vv=vector(1,n);    t=in;s=in;
   *d=1.0;    while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {      *alocc++ = *in++;
     big=0.0;    }
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    if( *in == occ){
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;      *(alocc)='\0';
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");      s=++in;
     vv[i]=1.0/big;    }
   }   
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
       sum=a[i][j];      in=s;
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    }
       a[i][j]=sum;    while ( *in != '\0'){
     }      *blocc++ = *in++;
     big=0.0;    }
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {  
       sum=a[i][j];    *blocc='\0';
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)    return t;
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  }
       a[i][j]=sum;  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {  {
         big=dum;    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before LAST occurence of char 'occ' 
         imax=i;       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
       }       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
     }       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
     if (j != imax) {    */
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {    char *s, *t;
         dum=a[imax][k];    t=in;s=in;
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];    while (*in != '\0'){
         a[j][k]=dum;      while( *in == occ){
       }        *blocc++ = *in++;
       *d = -(*d);        s=in;
       vv[imax]=vv[j];      }
     }      *blocc++ = *in++;
     indx[j]=imax;    }
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
     if (j != n) {      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);    else
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
     }    in=s;
   }    while ( *in != '\0'){
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */      *alocc++ = *in++;
 ;    }
 }  
     *alocc='\0';
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])    return s;
 {  }
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;  
   double sum;  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
    {
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    int i,j=0;
     ip=indx[i];    int lg=20;
     sum=b[ip];    i=0;
     b[ip]=b[i];    lg=strlen(s);
     if (ii)    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
     else if (sum) ii=i;    }
     b[i]=sum;    return j;
   }  }
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {  
     sum=b[i];  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  /* { */
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
   }  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
 }  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
   /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
 /************ Frequencies ********************/  /*   i=0; */
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
 {  /* Some frequencies */  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
    /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;  /*   } */
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */  
   double *pp;  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
   double pos;  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
   FILE *ficresp;  /*   } */
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
   
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
   /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");  /*   } */
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);  /* } */
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);  #ifdef _WIN32
     exit(0);  char * strsep(char **pp, const char *delim)
   }  {
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    char *p, *q;
   j1=0;           
     if ((p = *pp) == NULL)
   j=cptcoveff;      return 0;
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    if ((q = strpbrk (p, delim)) != NULL)
     {
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){      *pp = q + 1;
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      *q = '\0';
        j1++;    }
        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);    else
          scanf("%d", i);*/      *pp = 0;
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      return p;
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    }
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)  #endif
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;  
          /********************** nrerror ********************/
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  
          bool=1;  void nrerror(char error_text[])
          if  (cptcovn>0) {  {
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
                bool=0;    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
          }  }
           if (bool==1) {  /*********************** vector *******************/
            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass-1; m++){  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
              if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  {
              if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;    double *v;
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
            }    return v-nl+NR_END;
          }  }
        }  
         if  (cptcovn>0) {  /************************ free vector ******************/
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);  {
        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
         }  }
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);  /************************ivector *******************************/
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
          {
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){    int *v;
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
       printf("Total");    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     else    return v-nl+NR_END;
       printf("Age %d", i);  }
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)  /******************free ivector **************************/
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
     }  {
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)  }
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];  
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)  /************************lvector *******************************/
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
       else  {
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    long *v;
     }    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
       for(m=1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    return v-nl+NR_END;
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  }
     }  
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)  /******************free lvector **************************/
       pos += pp[jk];  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  {
       if(pos>=1.e-5)    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  }
       else  
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
       if( i <= (int) agemax){  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
         if(pos>=1.e-5)       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);  { 
       else    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);    int **m; 
       }    
     }    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);    m += NR_END; 
     if(i <= (int) agemax)    m -= nrl; 
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");    
     printf("\n");    
     }    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
     }    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
  }    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
      m[nrl] += NR_END; 
   fclose(ficresp);    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);    
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
     
 }  /* End of Freq */    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
     return m; 
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/  } 
   
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
 {  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.        int **m;
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]  { 
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
      */    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
   } 
   int i, mi, m;  
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;  /******************* matrix *******************************/
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   {
 int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
      double sum=0.;    double **m;
 jmin=1e+5;  
  jmax=-1;    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
 jmean=0.;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){    m += NR_END;
     mi=0;    m -= nrl;
     m=firstpass;  
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       if(s[m][i]>=1)    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
         mw[++mi][i]=m;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
       if(m >=lastpass)    m[nrl] -= ncl;
         break;  
       else    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
         m++;    return m;
     }/* end while */    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */     */
          /* Only death is a correct wave */  }
       mw[mi][i]=m;  
     }  /*************************free matrix ************************/
   void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     wav[i]=mi;  {
     if(mi==0)    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   }  }
   
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
       if (stepm <=0)  {
         dh[mi][i]=1;    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
       else{    double ***m;
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {  
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */    m += NR_END;
           k=k+1;    m -= nrl;
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
           sum=sum+j;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
           if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d ",j,i);    m[nrl] += NR_END;
           }    m[nrl] -= ncl;
         }  
         else{    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));  
           k=k+1;    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
           sum=sum+j;    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
         }    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
         jk= j/stepm;      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
         jl= j -jk*stepm;    
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
         if(jl <= -ju)      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
           dh[mi][i]=jk;      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
         else        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;    }
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)    return m; 
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
       }             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
     }    */
   }  }
   jmean=sum/k;  
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
 }  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/  {
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
 {    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   int cptcode=0;  }
   cptcoveff=0;  
    /*************** function subdirf ***********/
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;  {
     /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       Ndum[ij]++;    return tmpout;
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/  }
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;  
     }  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
   char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {  {
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;    
     }    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     ij=1;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     strcat(tmpout,"/");
     strcat(tmpout,preop);
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {    return tmpout;
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {  }
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  
           ij++;  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
         }  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;  {
       }      
     }    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   }      strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     strcat(tmpout,"/");
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     strcat(tmpout,preop2);
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel; i++) {    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       ij=Tvar[i];    return tmpout;
       Ndum[ij]++;  }
     }  
   char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
  ij=1;  {
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncov)){    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
      ij++;    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
    }    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
  }    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
      sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
     cptcoveff=ij-1;    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
 }    return ascdiff;
   }
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/  
   /***************** f1dim *************************/
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)  extern int ncom; 
 {  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   /* Health expectancies */  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;   
   double age, agelim,hf;  double f1dim(double x) 
   double ***p3mat;  { 
      int j; 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");    double f;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");    double *xt; 
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)   
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
     free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */    return f; 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  } 
   
   agelim=AGESUP;  /*****************brent *************************/
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */  {
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);    /* Given a function f, and given a bracketing triplet of abscissas ax, bx, cx (such that bx is
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */     * between ax and cx, and f(bx) is less than both f(ax) and f(cx) ), this routine isolates
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;     * the minimum to a fractional precision of about tol using Brent’s method. The abscissa of
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */     * the minimum is returned as xmin, and the minimum function value is returned as brent , the
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);     * returned function value. 
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored    */
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */    int iter; 
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);      double a,b,d,etemp;
     double fu=0,fv,fw,fx;
     double ftemp=0.;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double e=0.0; 
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){   
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
         }    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
        x=w=v=bx; 
     hf=1;    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
       }      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");  #ifdef DEBUGBRENT
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   }      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
 }      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
   #endif
 /************ Variance ******************/      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)        *xmin=x; 
 {        return fx; 
   /* Variance of health expectancies */      } 
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/      ftemp=fu;
   double **newm;      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
   int k, cptcode;        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
    double *xp;        q=2.0*(q-r); 
   double **gp, **gm;        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;        q=fabs(q); 
   double ***p3mat;        etemp=e; 
   double age,agelim;        e=d; 
   int theta;        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
           d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");        else { 
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");          d=p/q; 
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          u=x+d; 
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        } 
       } else { 
   xp=vector(1,npar);        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);      } 
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
        fu=(*f)(u); 
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      if (fu <= fx) { 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
   agelim = AGESUP;        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      } else { 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;        if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          v=w; 
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);          w=u; 
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          fv=fw; 
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          fw=fu; 
         } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          v=u; 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          fv=fu; 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        } 
       }      } 
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      } 
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    *xmin=x; 
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    return fx; 
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)  } 
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];  
         }  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
       }  
      void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */              double (*func)(double)) 
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  { /* Given a function func , and given distinct initial points ax and bx , this routine searches in
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    the downhill direction (defined by the function as evaluated at the initial points) and returns
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  new points ax , bx , cx that bracket a minimum of the function. Also returned are the function
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  values at the three points, fa, fb , and fc such that fa > fb and fb < fc.
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){     */
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];    double fu; 
         }  
       }    double scale=10.;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)    int iterscale=0;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];    *fa=(*func)(*ax); /*  xta[j]=pcom[j]+(*ax)*xicom[j]; fa=f(xta[j])*/
         }    *fb=(*func)(*bx); /*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) */
     } /* End theta */  
   
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    /* while(*fb != *fb){ /\* *ax should be ok, reducing distance to *ax *\/ */
     /*   printf("Warning mnbrak *fb = %lf, *bx=%lf *ax=%lf *fa==%lf iter=%d\n",*fb, *bx, *ax, *fa, iterscale++); */
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)    /*   *bx = *ax - (*ax - *bx)/scale; */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    /*   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  /\*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) *\/ */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    /* } */
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];  
     if (*fb > *fa) { 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)      SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;    } 
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  #ifdef DEBUG
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);    printf("mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    fprintf(ficlog,"mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)  #endif
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];    while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining a,b,c with fa> fb > fc */
       }      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
     }      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
     h=1;      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); /* Minimum abscissa of a parabolic estimated from (a,fa), (b,fb) and (c,fc). */
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); /* Maximum abscissa where function should be evaluated */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { /* if u_p is between b and c */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){        fu=(*func)(u); 
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);  #ifdef DEBUG
       }        /* f(x)=A(x-u)**2+f(u) */
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        double A, fparabu; 
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);        printf("mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        /* And thus,it can be that fu > *fc even if fparabu < *fc */
   } /* End age */        /* mnbrak (*ax=7.666299858533, *fa=299039.693133272231), (*bx=8.595447774979, *fb=298976.598289369489),
            (*cx=10.098840694817, *fc=298946.631474258087),  (*u=9.852501168332, fu=298948.773013752128, fparabu=298945.434711494134) */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        /* In that case, there is no bracket in the output! Routine is wrong with many consequences.*/
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  #endif 
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  #ifdef MNBRAKORIGINAL
   #else
 }  /*       if (fu > *fc) { */
   /* #ifdef DEBUG */
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/  /*       printf("mnbrak4  fu > fc \n"); */
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)  /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak4 fu > fc\n"); */
 {  /* #endif */
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */  /*      /\* SHFT(u,*cx,*cx,u) /\\* ie a=c, c=u and u=c; in that case, next SHFT(a,b,c,u) will give a=b=b, b=c=u, c=u=c and *\\/  *\/ */
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/  /*      /\* SHFT(*fa,*fc,fu,*fc) /\\* (b, u, c) is a bracket while test fb > fc will be fu > fc  will exit *\\/ *\/ */
   double **newm;  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
   double **dnewm,**doldm;  /*      u = *cx; */
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;  /*      *cx = dum; */
   int k, cptcode;  /*      dum = fu; */
   double *xp;  /*      fu = *fc; */
   double *gp, *gm;  /*      *fc =dum; */
   double **gradg, **trgradg;  /*       } else { /\* end *\/ */
   double age,agelim;  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
   int theta;  /*       printf("mnbrak3  fu < fc \n"); */
      /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak3 fu < fc\n"); */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");  /* #endif */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  /*      u = *cx; */
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);  /*      *cx = dum; */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");  /*      dum = fu; */
   /*      fu = *fc; */
   xp=vector(1,npar);  /*      *fc =dum; */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  /*       } */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  #ifdef DEBUG
          printf("mnbrak34  fu < or >= fc \n");
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak34 fu < fc\n");
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  #endif
   agelim = AGESUP;        dum=u; /* Shifting c and u */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        u = *cx;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        *cx = dum;
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;        dum = fu;
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        fu = *fc;
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);        *fc =dum;
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);  #endif
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { /* u is after c but before ulim */
   #ifdef DEBUG
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim\n");
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim\n");
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  #endif
       }        fu=(*func)(u); 
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        if (fu < *fc) { 
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  #ifdef DEBUG
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];        printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim AND fu < fc\n");
            fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim AND fu <fc \n");
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */  #endif
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        } 
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { /* u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c) */
   #ifdef DEBUG
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        printf("mnbrak2  u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
     } /* End theta */  #endif
         u=ulim; 
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);        fu=(*func)(u); 
       } else { /* u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum) */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  #ifdef DEBUG
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        printf("mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
   #endif
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;        fu=(*func)(u); 
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      } /* end tests */
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */  #ifdef DEBUG
         printf("mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  #endif
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));    } /* end while; ie return (a, b, c, fa, fb, fc) such that a < b < c with f(a) > f(b) and fb < f(c) */
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");  } 
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);  
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);  /*************** linmin ************************/
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);  /* Given an n -dimensional point p[1..n] and an n -dimensional direction xi[1..n] , moves and
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);  resets p to where the function func(p) takes on a minimum along the direction xi from p ,
   } /* End age */  and replaces xi by the actual vector displacement that p was moved. Also returns as fret
   the value of func at the returned location p . This is actually all accomplished by calling the
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);  routines mnbrak and brent .*/
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  int ncom; 
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  double *pcom,*xicom;
   double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
 }   
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
   { 
     double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
 /***********************************************/                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
 /**************** Main Program *****************/    double f1dim(double x); 
 /***********************************************/    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
                 double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/    int j; 
 int main()    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
 {    double fx,fb,fa;
   
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;  #else
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;    double scale=10., axs, xxs; /* Scale added for infinity */
   #endif
   double fret;    
   double **xi,tmp,delta;    ncom=n; 
     pcom=vector(1,n); 
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */    xicom=vector(1,n); 
   double ***p3mat;    nrfunc=func; 
   int *indx;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
   char title[MAXLINE];      xicom[j]=xi[j]; /* Former scale xi[j] of currrent direction i */
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];    } 
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH];  
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];    xx=1.;
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];  #else
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;    axs=0.0;
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */    xxs=1.;
   int c,  h , cpt,l;    do{
   int ju,jl, mi;      xx= xxs;
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;  #endif
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;      ax=0.;
        mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  /* Outputs: xtx[j]=pcom[j]+(*xx)*xicom[j]; fx=f(xtx[j]) */
   int hstepm, nhstepm;      /* brackets with inputs ax=0 and xx=1, but points, pcom=p, and directions values, xicom=xi, are sent via f1dim(x) */
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;      /* xt[x,j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]  f(ax) = f(xt(a,j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 0 * xi(j)) and  f(xx) = f(xt(x, j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 1 * xi(j))   */
   double ftolpl=FTOL;      /* Outputs: fa=f(p(j)) and fx=f(p(j) + xxs * xi(j) ) and f(bx)= f(p(j)+ bx* xi(j)) */
   double **prlim;      /* Given input ax=axs and xx=xxs, xx might be too far from ax to get a finite f(xx) */
   double *severity;      /* Searches on line, outputs (ax, xx, bx) such that fx < min(fa and fb) */
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */      /* Find a bracket a,x,b in direction n=xi ie xicom, order may change. Scale is [0:xxs*xi[j]] et non plus  [0:xi[j]]*/
   double  *p;  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */  #else
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */      if (fx != fx){
   double *delti; /* Scale */          xxs=xxs/scale; /* Trying a smaller xx, closer to initial ax=0 */
   double ***eij, ***vareij;          printf("|");
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */          fprintf(ficlog,"|");
   double *epj, vepp;  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   char version[80]="Imach version 64b, May 2001, INED-EUROREVES ";          printf("\nLinmin NAN : input [axs=%lf:xxs=%lf], mnbrak outputs fx=%lf <(fb=%lf and fa=%lf) with xx=%lf in [ax=%lf:bx=%lf] \n",  axs, xxs, fx,fb, fa, xx, ax, bx);
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];  #endif
       }
   char z[1]="c", occ;    }while(fx != fx);
 #include <sys/time.h>  #endif
 #include <time.h>    
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   /* long total_usecs;    printf("\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
    #endif
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); /* Giving a bracketting triplet (ax, xx, bx), find a minimum, xmin, according to f1dim, *fret(xmin),*/
     /* fa = f(p[j] + ax * xi[j]), fx = f(p[j] + xx * xi[j]), fb = f(p[j] + bx * xi[j]) */
     /* fmin = f(p[j] + xmin * xi[j]) */
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64b");    /* P+lambda n in that direction (lambdamin), with TOL between abscisses */
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");    /* f1dim(xmin): for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+xmin*xicom[j]; */
   #ifdef DEBUG
 #ifdef windows    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   scanf("%s",pathtot);    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   getcwd(pathcd, size);  #endif
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/    printf("linmin end ");
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/    fprintf(ficlog,"linmin end ");
   #endif
 split(pathtot, path,optionfile);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   chdir(path);  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   replace(pathc,path);      xi[j] *= xmin; 
 #endif  #else
 #ifdef unix  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   scanf("%s",optionfile);      if(xxs <1.0)
 #endif        printf(" before xi[%d]=%12.8f", j,xi[j]);
   #endif
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/      xi[j] *= xmin*xxs; /* xi rescaled by xmin and number of loops: if xmin=-1.237 and xi=(1,0,...,0) xi=(-1.237,0,...,0) */
   #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   strcpy(fileres,"r");      if(xxs <1.0)
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);        printf(" after xi[%d]=%12.8f, xmin=%12.8f, ax=%12.8f, xx=%12.8f, bx=%12.8f, xxs=%12.8f", j,xi[j], xmin, ax, xx, bx,xxs );
   #endif
   /*---------arguments file --------*/  #endif
       p[j] += xi[j]; /* Parameters values are updated accordingly */
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {    } 
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     goto end;    printf("\n");
   }    printf("Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
   strcpy(filereso,"o");    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   strcat(filereso,fileres);      printf(" xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {      fprintf(ficlog," xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;      if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
   }        printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  #else
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  #endif
     puts(line);    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
     fputs(line,ficparo);    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
   }  } 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  
   
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);  /*************** powell ************************/
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);  /*
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);  Minimization of a function func of n variables. Input consists of an initial starting point
   p[1..n] ; an initial matrix xi[1..n][1..n] , whose columns contain the initial set of di-
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  rections (usually the n unit vectors); and ftol , the fractional tolerance in the function value
   cptcovn=0;  such that failure to decrease by more than this amount on one iteration signals doneness. On
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;  output, p is set to the best point found, xi is the then-current direction set, fret is the returned
   function value at p , and iter is the number of iterations taken. The routine linmin is used.
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;   */
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
                double (*func)(double [])) 
   /* Read guess parameters */  { 
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                double (*func)(double [])); 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    int i,ibig,j; 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
     puts(line);    double directest;
     fputs(line,ficparo);    double fp,fptt;
   }    double *xits;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    int niterf, itmp;
    
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    pt=vector(1,n); 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)    ptt=vector(1,n); 
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){    xit=vector(1,n); 
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);    xits=vector(1,n); 
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    *fret=(*func)(p); 
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);      fp=(*fret); /* From former iteration or initial value */
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);      ibig=0; 
       }      del=0.0; 
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");      rlast_time=rcurr_time;
       printf("\n");      /* (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
     }      curr_time = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
        printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time);fflush(stdout);
   npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret,rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time); fflush(ficlog);
   p=param[1][1];  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec); */
        for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      }
     puts(line);      printf("\n");
     fputs(line,ficparo);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   }      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      if(*iter <=3){
         tml = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tml));
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */        rforecast_time=rcurr_time; 
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for the last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);          rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);          forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
       }          itmp = strlen(strfor);
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
       printf("\n");          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     }          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
   }        }
   delti=delti3[1][1];      }
        for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { /* For each direction i */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; /* Directions stored from previous iteration with previous scales */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        fptt=(*fret); 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  #ifdef DEBUG
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
     puts(line);        fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
     fputs(line,ficparo);  #endif
   }        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout); /* print direction (parameter) i */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);                                      /* Outputs are fret(new point p) p is updated and xit rescaled */
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { /* We are keeping the max gain on each of the n directions */
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);          /* because that direction will be replaced unless the gain del is small */
     printf("%s",str);          /* in comparison with the 'probable' gain, mu^2, with the last average direction. */
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);          /* Unless the n directions are conjugate some gain in the determinant may be obtained */
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){          /* with the new direction. */
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);          ibig=i; 
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        } 
     }  #ifdef DEBUG
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
     printf("\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   }          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];        }
            for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   printf("\n");          printf(" p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
           fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
         }
     /*-------- data file ----------*/        printf("\n");
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;  #endif
     }      } /* end loop on each direction i */
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);      /* Convergence test will use last linmin estimation (fret) and compare former iteration (fp) */ 
          /* But p and xit have been updated at the end of linmin, *fret corresponds to new p, xit  */
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {      /* New value of last point Pn is not computed, P(n-1) */
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) { /* Did we reach enough precision? */
     }        /* We could compare with a chi^2. chisquare(0.95,ddl=1)=3.84 */
         /* By adding age*age in a model, the new -2LL should be lower and the difference follows a */
     n= lastobs;        /* a chisquare statistics with 1 degree. To be significant at the 95% level, it should have */
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);        /* decreased of more than 3.84  */
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        /* By adding age*age and V1*age the gain (-2LL) should be more than 5.99 (ddl=2) */
     num=ivector(1,n);        /* By using V1+V2+V3, the gain should be  7.82, compared with basic 1+age. */
     moisnais=vector(1,n);        /* By adding 10 parameters more the gain should be 18.31 */
     annais=vector(1,n);  
     moisdc=vector(1,n);        /* Starting the program with initial values given by a former maximization will simply change */
     andc=vector(1,n);        /* the scales of the directions and the directions, because the are reset to canonical directions */
     agedc=vector(1,n);        /* Thus the first calls to linmin will give new points and better maximizations until fp-(*fret) is */
     cod=ivector(1,n);        /* under the tolerance value. If the tolerance is very small 1.e-9, it could last long.  */
     weight=vector(1,n);  #ifdef DEBUG
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */        int k[2],l;
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);        k[0]=1;
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);        k[1]=-1;
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);            fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
           fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
     i=1;        }
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {        printf("\n");
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
                for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
           strcpy(line,stra);            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          }
         }          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
                  fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  #endif
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
         free_vector(xits,1,n); 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        return; 
         }      } /* enough precision */ 
         num[i]=atol(stra);      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { /* Computes the extrapolated point P_0 + 2 (P_n-P_0) */
         /*printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));*/        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
         xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
         i=i+1;        pt[j]=p[j]; 
       }      } 
     }      fptt=(*func)(ptt); /* f_3 */
   #ifdef POWELLF1F3
     /*scanf("%d",i);*/  #else
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */      if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
   #endif
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/        /* (x1 f1=fp), (x2 f2=*fret), (x3 f3=fptt), (xm fm) */
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);        /* From x1 (P0) distance of x2 is at h and x3 is 2h */
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);        /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere.  */
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);        /* Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3) */
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);        /* will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f"m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
   Tage=ivector(1,15);              /* Conditional for using this new direction is that mu^2 = (f1-2f2+f3)^2 /2 < del */
            /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
   if (strlen(model) >1){  #ifdef NRCORIGINAL
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)- del*SQR(fp-fptt); /* Original Numerical Recipes in C*/
     j=nbocc(model,'+');  #else
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del); /* Intel compiler doesn't work on one line; bug reported */
     cptcovn=j+1;        t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
     cptcovprod=j1;  #endif
            directest = fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt - 2.0 * del; /* If delta was big enough we change it for a new direction */
      #ifdef DEBUG
     strcpy(modelsav,model);        printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf  directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){        fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);        printf("t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
       goto end;               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
     }        fprintf(ficlog,"t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
                   (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){        printf("tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');        fprintf(ficlog, "tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);  #endif
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/  #ifdef POWELLORIGINAL
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/        if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  #else
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');        if (directest*t < 0.0) { /* Contradiction between both tests */
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {          printf("directest= %.12lf (if <0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt,del);
           cptcovprod--;          printf("f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');          fprintf(ficlog,"directest= %.12lf (if <0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt, del);
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);          fprintf(ficlog,"f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
           cptcovage++;        } 
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;        if (directest < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/  #endif
         }  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {          printf("Before linmin in direction P%d-P0\n",n);
           cptcovprod--;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');            printf(" Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);            fprintf(ficlog," Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
           cptcovage++;            if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;              printf("\n");
         }              fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         else {            }
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');          }
           Tvar[i]=ncov+k1;  #endif
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
           Tprod[k1]=i;  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);            printf("After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];            fprintf(ficlog,"After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];            if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)              printf("\n");
             covar[ncov+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];              fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           k1++;            }
           k2=k2+2;          }
         }  #endif
       }          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       else {            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace direction with biggest decrease by last direction n */
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/            xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and this nth direction by the by the average p_0 p_n */
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/          }
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');          printf("Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);          fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
       }  
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);    #ifdef DEBUG
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
         scanf("%d",i);*/          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
     }          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
 }            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
              fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
   /*printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);          }
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);          printf("\n");
   scanf("%d ",i);*/          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     fclose(fic);  #endif
         } /* end of t or directest negative */
     /*  if(mle==1){*/  #ifdef POWELLF1F3
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/  #else
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;      } /* end if (fptt < fp)  */
     }  #endif
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/    } /* loop iteration */ 
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);  } 
      
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);  
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij)
         if(s[m][i] >0){  {
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
             if(agedc[i]>0)       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)    /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];    /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
             else {    /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
               if (andc[i]!=9999){    /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);    /* Initial matrix pimij */
               agev[m][i]=-1;    /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
               }    /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
             }    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
           }    /*
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */     * and after some iteration: */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);    /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)    /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
               agev[m][i]=1;    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){    /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
               agemin=agev[m][i];    /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/    /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
             }    /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){  
               agemax=agev[m][i];    int i, ii,j,k;
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/    double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
             }    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/    double **newm;
           }    double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
           else { /* =9 */    int ncvloop=0;
             agev[m][i]=1;    
             s[m][i]=-1;    min=vector(1,nlstate);
           }    max=vector(1,nlstate);
         }    meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
         else /*= 0 Unknown */  
           agev[m][i]=1;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       }      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     }      }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    cov[1]=1.;
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {    
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");      /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
           goto end;    /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
         }    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
       }      ncvloop++;
     }      newm=savm;
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);      cov[2]=agefin;
       if(nagesqr==1)
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);        cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);        /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
     free_vector(annais,1,n);        cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);        /* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); */
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);      }
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);      /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
     free_vector(andc,1,n);      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]*cov[2]; */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
     wav=ivector(1,imx);        /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      
          /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
     /* Concatenates waves */      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
       /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
       /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);      
       ncodemax[1]=1;      savm=oldm;
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);      oldm=newm;
        
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
    h=0;        max[j]=0.;
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);        min[j]=1.;
        }
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){        sumnew=0;
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){        for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){        for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){ 
            h++;          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;          max[j]=FMAX(max[j],prlim[i][j]);
          }          min[j]=FMIN(min[j],prlim[i][j]);
        }        }
      }      }
    }  
       maxmax=0.;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
    /*for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){        meandiff[j]=(max[j]-min[j])/(max[j]+min[j])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[j]);
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);        /* printf(" age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, j, meandiff[j],(int)agefin, j, max[j], j, min[j],maxmax); */
      }      } /* j loop */
      printf("\n");      *ncvyear= (int)age- (int)agefin;
    }      /* printf("maxmax=%lf maxmin=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, maxmin, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
    scanf("%d",i);*/      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
            /* printf("maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%ld, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age        free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */        free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);        free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
         return prlim;
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      }
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    } /* age loop */
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    printf("Warning: the stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */  Earliest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
        /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]    free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */    free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */    free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
     
     if(mle==1){    return prlim; /* should not reach here */
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);  }
     }  
      /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
     /*--------- results files --------------*/  
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
      {
    jk=1;    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
    printf("# Parameters\n");       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
        if (k != i)       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
          {       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
              jk++;    */
            }    double s1, lnpijopii;
            printf("\n");    /*double t34;*/
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");    int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
          }  
      }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
    }        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
  if(mle==1){          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
  }          }
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
     printf("# Scales\n");  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        }
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         if (j!=i) {          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);          }
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
             jk++;        }
           }      }
           printf("\n");      
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
         }        s1=0;
       }        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
       }          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
              /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
     k=1;        }
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
     printf("# Covariance\n");          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;        }
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/        /* Computing other pijs */
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
       printf("%3d",i);          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
       }      } /* end i */
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");      
       printf("\n");      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
       k++;        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
     }          ps[ii][jj]=0;
              ps[ii][ii]=1;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);      }
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      
       puts(line);      
       fputs(line,ficparo);      /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
     }      /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
        /*   } */
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);      /*   printf("\n "); */
          /* } */
     if (fage <= 2) {      /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
       bage = agemin;      /*
       fage = agemax;        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
     }        goto end;*/
       return ps;
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");  }
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);  
   /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
      
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
 chdir(pathcd);  {
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
   }    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
 #ifdef windows       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
 #endif    int i, j, k;
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
        for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
  /* 1eme*/        out[i][k]=0.;
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
       }
 #ifdef windows    return out;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  }
 #endif  
 #ifdef unix  
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
 #endif  
   double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  {
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
 }       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");       for the memory).
 }       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);       included manually here. 
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");       */
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }      int i, j, d, h, k;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
 #ifdef unix    double **newm;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");    double agexact;
 #endif  
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
    }    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
   }      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   /*2 eme*/        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      }
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
        for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
       k=2*i;        newm=savm;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {        cov[1]=1.;
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        cov[2]=agexact;
 }          if(nagesqr==1)
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");          cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {          /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
 }            cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");          /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {          cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }    
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
     }        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   }        savm=oldm;
          oldm=newm;
   /*3eme*/      }
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);        }
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);    } /* end h */
       }  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    return po;
     }  }
   }  
    #ifdef NLOPT
   /* CV preval stat */    double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    double fret;
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {    double *xt;
       k=3;    int j;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);    myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)  /* xt = (p1-1); */
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);    xt=vector(1,n); 
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   xt[j]=p1[j-1]; /* xt[1]=p1[0] */
        
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    fret=(d2->function)(xt); /*  p xt[1]@8 is fine */
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);    /* fret=(*func)(xt); /\*  p xt[1]@8 is fine *\/ */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    printf("Function = %.12lf ",fret);
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) printf(" %d %.8lf", j, xt[j]); 
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);    printf("\n");
       }   free_vector(xt,1,n);
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);      return fret;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);  }
     }  #endif
   }  
   /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   /* proba elementaires */  double func( double *x)
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  {
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
       if (k != i) {    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    double **out;
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);*/    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s",alph[1]);*/    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);    int s1, s2;
           jk++;    double bbh, survp;
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");    long ipmx;
         }    double agexact;
       }    /*extern weight */
     }    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     }    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);    */
    i=1;  
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {    ++countcallfunc;
      k3=i;  
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {    cov[1]=1.;
        if (k != k2){  
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
 ij=1;  
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {    if(mle==1){
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
             ij++;           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
           }           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
           else           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);         */
         }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");            cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
                }
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){          /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
 ij=1;           has been calculated etc */
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             ij++;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           }              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           else            }
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
           }            newm=savm;
           fprintf(ficgp,")");            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         }            cov[2]=agexact;
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);            if(nagesqr==1)
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
         i=i+ncovmodel;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
        }              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
      }            }
    }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   }            savm=oldm;
                oldm=newm;
   fclose(ficgp);          } /* end mult */
            
 chdir(path);          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
               * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
               * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
               * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
     free_ivector(num,1,n);           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
     free_vector(weight,1,n);           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/           */
     fclose(ficparo);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     fclose(ficres);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     /*  }*/          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
              /* bias bh is positive if real duration
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
               */
           /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
            if( s2 > nlstate){ 
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
     puts(line);               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
     fputs(line,ficparo);          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
   }          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
            to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
           stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);goto end;          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
   }          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
           which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> <font size=\"6\">Imach, Version 0.64b </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">          lower mortality.
 Titre=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>            */
 Total number of observations=%d <br>          /* If, at the beginning of the maximization mostly, the
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>             cumulative probability or probability to be dead is
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">             constant (ie = 1) over time d, the difference is equal to
 <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n             0.  out[s1][3] = savm[s1][3]: probability, being at state
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n             s1 at precedent wave, to be dead a month before current
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>             wave is equal to probability, being at state s1 at
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>             precedent wave, to be dead at mont of the current
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>             wave. Then the observed probability (that this person died)
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>             is null according to current estimated parameter. In fact,
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>             it should be very low but not zero otherwise the log go to
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>             infinity.
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>          */
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br><br>",title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);  /* #ifdef INFINITYORIGINAL */
   /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");  /* #else */
   /*        if ((out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]) < mytinydouble)  */
  m=cptcoveff;  /*          lli=log(mytinydouble); */
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  /*        else */
   /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
  j1=0;  /* #endif */
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){              lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  
        j1++;          } else if  (s2==-2) {
        if (cptcovn > 0) {            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);            lli= log(survp);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");          }
        }          
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>          else if  (s2==-4) { 
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);                for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>            lli= log(survp); 
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);          } 
        }  
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {          else if  (s2==-5) { 
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);              lli= log(survp); 
      }          } 
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {          
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>          else{
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
      }            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and          } 
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
    }          ipmx +=1;
  }          sw += weight[i];
 fclose(fichtm);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           /* if (lli < log(mytinydouble)){ */
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/          /*   printf("Close to inf lli = %.10lf <  %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[%d][i]=%d s1=%d s2=%d\n", lli,log(mytinydouble), i, mi,mw[mi][i], s[mw[mi][i]][i], s1,s2); */
            /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Close to inf lli = %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[mw[mi][i]][i]=%d\n", lli, i, mi,s[mw[mi][i]][i]); */
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");          /* } */
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);        } /* end of wave */
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {      } /* end of individual */
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;    }  else if(mle==2){
   }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            }
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            newm=savm;
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            cov[2]=agexact;
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */            if(nagesqr==1)
   k=0;              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
   agebase=agemin;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   agelim=agemax;              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
   ftolpl=1.e-10;            }
   i1=cptcoveff;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            oldm=newm;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){          } /* end mult */
         k=k+1;        
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");          ipmx +=1;
                  sw += weight[i];
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);        } /* end of wave */
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );      } /* end of individual */
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         }        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   fclose(ficrespl);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
              }
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {            newm=savm;
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   }            cov[2]=agexact;
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);            if(nagesqr==1)
                cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
             }
   agelim=AGESUP;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */            savm=oldm;
              oldm=newm;
   k=0;          } /* end mult */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       k=k+1;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          ipmx +=1;
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");          sw += weight[i];
                  ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */        } /* end of wave */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      } /* end of individual */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");            }
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );            newm=savm;
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)            cov[2]=agexact;
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);            if(nagesqr==1)
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
           }            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");            }
         }          
     }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
   fclose(ficrespij);            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/        
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   strcpy(filerest,"t");          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   strcat(filerest,fileres);          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;          }else{
   }            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);          }
           ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
   strcpy(filerese,"e");          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   strcat(filerese,fileres);  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {        } /* end of wave */
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);      } /* end of individual */
   }    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   }              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);            }
           for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   k=0;            newm=savm;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){            cov[2]=agexact;
       k=k+1;            if(nagesqr==1)
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");            }
           
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);            savm=oldm;
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");        
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           ipmx +=1;
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          sw += weight[i];
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);            /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);        } /* end of wave */
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      } /* end of individual */
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    } /* End of if */
          for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");    return -l;
          }
       hf=1;  
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);  double funcone( double *x)
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){  {
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {    double **out;
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
           }    double llt;
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];    int s1, s2;
         }    double bbh, survp;
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)    double agexact;
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)    /*extern weight */
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
         }    */
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");    cov[1]=1.;
       }  
     }    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   }  
            for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
  fclose(ficreseij);      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
  fclose(ficresvij);      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   fclose(ficrest);        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   fclose(ficpar);          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   /*  scanf("%d ",i); */            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           }
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
           newm=savm;
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");          agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);          cov[2]=agexact;
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {          if(nagesqr==1)
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);            cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
     exit(0);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   }            cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);          }
   
  k=0;          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
      k=k+1;          /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
      for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          savm=oldm;
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          oldm=newm;
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");        } /* end mult */
              
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
    }        /* bias is positive if real duration
  }         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
          */
   fclose(ficresvpl);        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
           lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/        } else if  (s2==-2) {
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          lli= log(survp);
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);        }else if (mle==1){
            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
          } else if(mle==2){
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
            lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
            /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        } /* End of if */
         ipmx +=1;
   printf("End of Imach\n");        sw += weight[i];
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/        if(globpr){
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6.1f %6d %2d %2d %2d %2d %3d %11.6f %8.4f %8.3f\
   /*------ End -----------*/   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
                   num[i], agexact, i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],weight[i]*gipmx/gsw,
  end:                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
 #ifdef windows          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
  chdir(pathcd);            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
 #endif            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/          }
  system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
         }
 #ifdef windows      } /* end of wave */
   while (z[0] != 'q') {    } /* end of individual */
     chdir(pathcd);    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     scanf("%s",z);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {      gipmx=ipmx;
       chdir(path);      gsw=sw;
       system(optionfilehtm);    }
     }    return -l;
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);  }
   }  
 #endif  
 }  /*************** function likelione ***********/
   void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   {
     /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
        the selection of individuals/waves and
        to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
        Plotting could be done.
      */
     int k;
   
     if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
       strcpy(fileresilk,"ILK_"); 
       strcat(fileresilk,fileresu);
       if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
       }
       fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) count age s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight weight/gpw -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
       fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i age i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight %%weight 2wlli out sav ");
       /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
         fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
       fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
     }
   
     *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
     if(*globpri !=0){
       fclose(ficresilk);
       if (mle ==0)
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with initial parameters and mle = %d.",mle);
       else if(mle >=1)
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with optimized parameters mle = %d.",mle);
       fprintf(fichtm," You should at least run with mle >= 1 to get starting values corresponding to the optimized parameters in order to visualize the real contribution of each individual/wave: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
       
         
       for (k=1; k<= nlstate ; k++) {
         fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probability p%dj by origin %d and destination j <a href=\"%s-p%dj.png\">%s-p%dj.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s-p%dj.png\">",k,k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k);
       }
       fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- The function drawn is -2Log(L) in Log scale: by state of origin <a href=\"%s-ori.png\">%s-ori.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s-ori.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
       fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- and by state of destination <a href=\"%s-dest.png\">%s-dest.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s-dest.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
       fflush(fichtm);
     }
     return;
   }
   
   
   /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
   
   void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   {
     int i,j, iter=0;
     double **xi;
     double fret;
     double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
     /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
   
   #ifdef NLOPT
     int creturn;
     nlopt_opt opt;
     /* double lb[9] = { -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL }; /\* lower bounds *\/ */
     double *lb;
     double minf; /* the minimum objective value, upon return */
     double * p1; /* Shifted parameters from 0 instead of 1 */
     myfunc_data dinst, *d = &dinst;
   #endif
   
   
     xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
         xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
     strcpy(filerespow,"POW_"); 
     strcat(filerespow,fileres);
     if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
     }
     fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef POWELL
     powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
   #endif
   
   #ifdef NLOPT
   #ifdef NEWUOA
     opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_NEWUOA,npar);
   #else
     opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_BOBYQA,npar);
   #endif
     lb=vector(0,npar-1);
     for (i=0;i<npar;i++) lb[i]= -HUGE_VAL;
     nlopt_set_lower_bounds(opt, lb);
     nlopt_set_initial_step1(opt, 0.1);
     
     p1= (p+1); /*  p *(p+1)@8 and p *(p1)@8 are equal p1[0]=p[1] */
     d->function = func;
     printf(" Func %.12lf \n",myfunc(npar,p1,NULL,d));
     nlopt_set_min_objective(opt, myfunc, d);
     nlopt_set_xtol_rel(opt, ftol);
     if ((creturn=nlopt_optimize(opt, p1, &minf)) < 0) {
       printf("nlopt failed! %d\n",creturn); 
     }
     else {
       printf("found minimum after %d evaluations (NLOPT=%d)\n", countcallfunc ,NLOPT);
       printf("found minimum at f(%g,%g) = %0.10g\n", p[0], p[1], minf);
       iter=1; /* not equal */
     }
     nlopt_destroy(opt);
   #endif
     free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
     fclose(ficrespow);
     printf("\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
     fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
   
   }
   
   /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   void hesscov(double **matcov, double **hess, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
   {
     double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
     /* double **hess; */
     int i, j;
     int *indx;
   
     double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
     double hessij(double p[], double **hess, double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
     void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
     double gompertz(double p[]);
     /* hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar); */
   
     printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
       printf("%d-",i);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d-",i);fflush(ficlog);
      
        hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
       
       /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
           printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
     }
     
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
         if (j>i) { 
           printf(".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
           fprintf(ficlog,".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
           hess[i][j]=hessij(p,hess, delti,i,j,func,npar);
           
           hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
           /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
         }
       }
     }
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
     printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     
     a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     x=vector(1,npar);
     indx=ivector(1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       x[j]=1;
       lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         matcov[i][j]=x[i];
       }
     }
   
     printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
         printf("%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
       }
       printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }
   
     /* printf("\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
     /* fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
     /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  */
     /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  */
     /*     printf("%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
     /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
     /*   } */
     /*   printf("\n"); */
     /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
     /* } */
   
     /* Recompute Inverse */
     /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) */
     /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j]; */
     /* ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd); */
   
     /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n"); */
   
     /* for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { */
     /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0; */
     /*   x[j]=1; */
     /*   lubksb(a,npar,indx,x); */
     /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  */
     /*     y[i][j]=x[i]; */
     /*     printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
     /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
     /*   } */
     /*   printf("\n"); */
     /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
     /* } */
   
     /* Verifying the inverse matrix */
   #ifdef DEBUGHESS
     y=matprod2(y,hess,1,npar,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   
      printf("\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix, should be unity:#\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix. Should be unity:#\n");
   
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         printf("%.2f ",y[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%.2f ",y[i][j]);
       }
       printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }
   #endif
   
     free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_vector(x,1,npar);
     free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
     /* free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar); */
   
   
   }
   
   /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
   double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
   { /* Around values of x, computes the function func and returns the scales delti and hessian */
     int i;
     int l=1, lmax=20;
     double k1,k2, res, fx;
     double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
     double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
     int k=0,kmax=10;
     double l1;
   
     fx=func(x);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
     for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
       l1=pow(10,l);
       delts=delt;
       for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
         delt = delta*(l1*k);
         p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
         k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
         p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
         k2=func(p2)-fx;
         /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
         res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by 2 because L and not 2*L */
         
   #ifdef DEBUGHESSII
         printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
   #endif
         /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
         if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
           k=kmax;
         }
         else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
           k=kmax; l=lmax*10;
         }
         else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
           delts=delt;
         }
       } /* End loop k */
     }
     delti[theta]=delts;
     return res; 
     
   }
   
   double hessij( double x[], double **hess, double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
   {
     int i;
     int l=1, lmax=20;
     double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
     double p2[MAXPARM+1];
     int k, kmax=1;
     double v1, v2, cv12, lc1, lc2;
   
     int firstime=0;
     
     fx=func(x);
     for (k=1; k<=kmax; k=k+10) {
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
       k1=func(p2)-fx;
     
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
       k2=func(p2)-fx;
     
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
       k3=func(p2)-fx;
     
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
       k4=func(p2)-fx;
       res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]/k/delti[thetaj]/k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
       if(k1*k2*k3*k4 <0.){
         firstime=1;
         kmax=kmax+10;
       }
       if(kmax >=10 || firstime ==1){
         printf("Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
         printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       }
   #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ
       v1=hess[thetai][thetai];
       v2=hess[thetaj][thetaj];
       cv12=res;
       /* Computing eigen value of Hessian matrix */
       lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
       lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
       if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
         printf("Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
         fprintf(ficlog, "Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
         printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       }
   #endif
     }
     return res;
   }
   
       /* Not done yet: Was supposed to fix if not exactly at the maximum */
   /* double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar) */
   /* { */
   /*   int i; */
   /*   int l=1, lmax=20; */
   /*   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx; */
   /*   double p2[MAXPARM+1]; */
   /*   double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4; */
   /*   int k=0,kmax=10; */
   /*   double l1; */
     
   /*   fx=func(x); */
   /*   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /\* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum *\/ */
   /*     l1=pow(10,l); */
   /*     delts=delt; */
   /*     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){ */
   /*       delt = delti*(l1*k); */
   /*       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i]; */
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k1=func(p2)-fx; */
         
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k2=func(p2)-fx; */
         
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k3=func(p2)-fx; */
         
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k4=func(p2)-fx; */
   /*       res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /\* Because of L not 2*L *\/ */
   /* #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ */
   /*       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
   /*       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
   /* #endif */
   /*       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)){ */
   /*      k=kmax; */
   /*       } */
   /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif)){ /\* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. *\/ */
   /*      k=kmax; l=lmax*10; */
   /*       } */
   /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  */
   /*      delts=delt; */
   /*       } */
   /*     } /\* End loop k *\/ */
   /*   } */
   /*   delti[theta]=delts; */
   /*   return res;  */
   /* } */
   
   
   /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
   void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
   { 
     int i,imax,j,k; 
     double big,dum,sum,temp; 
     double *vv; 
    
     vv=vector(1,n); 
     *d=1.0; 
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       big=0.0; 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
         if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
       if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       vv[i]=1.0/big; 
     } 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
         a[i][j]=sum; 
       } 
       big=0.0; 
       for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
           sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
         a[i][j]=sum; 
         if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
           big=dum; 
           imax=i; 
         } 
       } 
       if (j != imax) { 
         for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
           dum=a[imax][k]; 
           a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
           a[j][k]=dum; 
         } 
         *d = -(*d); 
         vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
       } 
       indx[j]=imax; 
       if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
       if (j != n) { 
         dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
         for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
       } 
     } 
     free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   ;
   } 
   
   void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
   { 
     int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
     double sum; 
    
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       ip=indx[i]; 
       sum=b[ip]; 
       b[ip]=b[i]; 
       if (ii) 
         for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       else if (sum) ii=i; 
       b[i]=sum; 
     } 
     for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
       sum=b[i]; 
       for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
     } 
   } 
   
   void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
   {
     fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#IMaCh version %s, %s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,copyright, fullversion, strstart);
   }
   
   /************ Frequencies ********************/
   void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
   {  /* Some frequencies */
     
     int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
     int first;
     double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     double *pp, **prop;
     double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
     char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     
     pp=vector(1,nlstate);
     prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     strcpy(fileresp,"P_");
     strcat(fileresp,fileresu);
     if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       exit(0);
     }
     freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     j1=0;
     
     j=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
     first=1;
   
     /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){ */  /* Loop on covariates */
     /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */ /* Now it is 2 */
     /*    j1++; */
     for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
         /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
           scanf("%d", i);*/
         for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
           for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
             for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
               freq[i][jk][m]=0;
         
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
           for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
             prop[i][m]=0;
         
         dateintsum=0;
         k2cpt=0;
         for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
           bool=1;
           if (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
             for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
               if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]){
                   /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
                 bool=0;
                 /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, j1=%d\n", 
                   bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtabm(j1,z1),
                   j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)],j1);*/
                 /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtabm(7,3)=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
               } 
           } /* cptcovn > 0 */
    
           if (bool==1){
             for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
               k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
               /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                 if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                 if (m<lastpass) {
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                 }
                 
                 if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3)) && (anint[m][i]!=9999) && (mint[m][i]!=99)) {
                   dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
                   k2cpt++;
                   /* printf("i=%ld dateintmean = %lf dateintsum=%lf k2cpt=%lf k2=%lf\n",i, dateintsum/k2cpt, dateintsum,k2cpt, k2); */
                 }
                 /*}*/
             } /* end m */
           } /* end bool */
         } /* end i = 1 to imx */
          
         /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
         pstamp(ficresp);
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
           fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
         }
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
           fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
         
         for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
           if(i==iagemax+3){
             fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
           }else{
             if(first==1){
               first=0;
               printf("See log file for details...\n");
             }
             fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
           }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
           }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
               pos += freq[jk][m][i];
             if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
               if(first==1){
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
               }
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
             }else{
               if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             }
           }
   
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
           }       
           for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             pos += pp[jk];
             posprop += prop[jk][i];
           }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             if(pos>=1.e-5){
               if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
             }else{
               if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             }
             if( i <= iagemax){
               if(pos>=1.e-5){
                 fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
                 /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
                 /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
               }
               else
                 fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
             }
           }
           
           for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
             for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
               if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
               if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
                 fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
               }
           if(i <= iagemax)
             fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
           if(first==1)
             printf("Others in log...\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         } /* end loop i */
         /*}*/
     } /* end j1 */
     dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
    
     fclose(ficresp);
     free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
     free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
     /* End of Freq */
   }
   
   /************ Prevalence ********************/
   void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
   {  
     /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
        in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
        We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
    
     int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
   
     double **prop;
     double posprop; 
     double  y2; /* in fractional years */
     int iagemin, iagemax;
     int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
   
     iagemin= (int) agemin;
     iagemax= (int) agemax;
     /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
     prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
     /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     j1=0;
     
     /*j=cptcoveff;*/
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     
     first=1;
     for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
         j1++;*/
         
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
           for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
             prop[i][m]=0.0;
        
         for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
           bool=1;
           if  (cptcovn>0) {
             for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
               if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) 
                 bool=0;
           } 
           if (bool==1) { 
             for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
               y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
               if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                 if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                 if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
                   /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
                   prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                   prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
                 } 
               }
             } /* end selection of waves */
           }
         }
         for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
           for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
             posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
           } 
           
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
             if( i <=  iagemax){ 
               if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
                 probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
               } else{
                 if(first==1){
                   first=0;
                   printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
                 }
               }
             } 
           }/* end jk */ 
         }/* end i */ 
       /*} *//* end i1 */
     } /* end j1 */
     
     /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
     /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
     free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
   }  /* End of prevalence */
   
   /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   
   void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
   {
     /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
        Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
        mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
        dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
        */
   
     int i, mi, m;
     /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
        double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
     int first;
     int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
     double sum=0.;
     first=0;
     jmin=100000;
     jmax=-1;
     jmean=0.;
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       mi=0;
       m=firstpass;
       while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
         if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
           mw[++mi][i]=m;
         if(m >=lastpass)
           break;
         else
           m++;
       }/* end while */
       if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
         mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
         /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
            /* Only death is a correct wave */
         mw[mi][i]=m;
       }
   
       wav[i]=mi;
       if(mi==0){
         nbwarn++;
         if(first==0){
           printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
           first=1;
         }
         if(first==1){
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
         }
       } /* end mi==0 */
     } /* End individuals */
   
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
         if (stepm <=0)
           dh[mi][i]=1;
         else{
           if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
             if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
               j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
               if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
               else if(j<0){
                 nberr++;
                 printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
                 printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
               }
               k=k+1;
               if (j >= jmax){
                 jmax=j;
                 ijmax=i;
               }
               if (j <= jmin){
                 jmin=j;
                 ijmin=i;
               }
               sum=sum+j;
               /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
               /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
             }
           }
           else{
             j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
   /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   
             k=k+1;
             if (j >= jmax) {
               jmax=j;
               ijmax=i;
             }
             else if (j <= jmin){
               jmin=j;
               ijmin=i;
             }
             /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
             /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
             if(j<0){
               nberr++;
               printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
             }
             sum=sum+j;
           }
           jk= j/stepm;
           jl= j -jk*stepm;
           ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
           if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
             if(jl==0){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=0;
             }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
                     * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
           }else{
             if(jl <= -ju){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
                                    * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
                                    */
             }
             else{
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
             if(dh[mi][i]==0){
               dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
               bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
               /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
             }
           } /* end if mle */
         }
       } /* end wave */
     }
     jmean=sum/k;
     printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
    }
   
   /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
   {
     /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
      * Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
      * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
      * nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
     */
   
     int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
     int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   
   
     cptcoveff=0; 
    
     for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
   
     /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
     for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* From model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only */
       for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Loop on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
                                  modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
         ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
                                       * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
                                       * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
                                       * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
         /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
                                         modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
         if (ij > modmaxcovj)
           modmaxcovj=ij; 
         else if (ij < modmincovj) 
           modmincovj=ij; 
         if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
           printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
           exit(1);
         }else
         Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
         /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
         /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
         /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
            (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
            female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
       } /* end for loop on individuals i */
       printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
       fprintf(ficlog," Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
       cptcode=modmaxcovj;
       /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
      /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
       for (k=modmincovj;  k<=modmaxcovj; k++) { /* k=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value k of the modality of model-cov j */
         printf("Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
         fprintf(ficlog, "Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
         if( Ndum[k] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered modality k ie empty modality, we skip it and reorder */
           if( k != -1){
             ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
                                covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
                                undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
           }
           ncodemaxwundef[j]++; /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
                                covariate for which somebody answered including 
                                undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
         }
         /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
            historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
       } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
   
       /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
       /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 
          If Ndum[1]=0, Ndum[2]=0, Ndum[3]= 635, Ndum[4]=0, Ndum[5]=0, Ndum[6]=27, Ndum[7]=125;
          modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
          There are only 3 modalities non empty 3, 6, 7 (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
          which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 2=3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10;
          defining two dummy variables: variables V1_1 and V1_2.
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
          To be continued (not working yet).
       */
       ij=0; /* ij is similar to i but can jump over null modalities */
       for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 or from -1 or 0 to 1 currently*/
           if (Ndum[i] == 0) { /* If nobody responded to this modality k */
             break;
           }
           ij++;
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=i;  /* stores the original value of modality i in an array nbcode, ij modality from 1 to last non-nul modality.*/
           cptcode = ij; /* New max modality for covar j */
       } /* end of loop on modality i=-1 to 1 or more */
         
       /*   for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /\* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *\//\* Could be 1 to 4 *\//\* cptcode=modmaxcovj *\/ */
       /*  /\*recode from 0 *\/ */
       /*                               k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex  */
       /*                               then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
       /*                            But if some modality were not used, it is recoded from 0 to a newer modmaxcovj=cptcode *\/ */
       /*  } */
       /*  /\* cptcode = ij; *\/ /\* New max modality for covar j *\/ */
       /*  if (ij > ncodemax[j]) { */
       /*    printf( " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]);  */
       /*    fprintf(ficlog, " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]); */
       /*    break; */
       /*  } */
       /*   }  /\* end of loop on modality k *\/ */
     } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     
    for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
     
     for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2-nagesqr; i++) { /* -2, cste and age and eventually age*age */ 
      /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
      ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
      Ndum[ij]++; /* Might be supersed V1 + V1*age */
    } 
   
    ij=0;
    for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
      /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
      if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
        ij++;
        /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
        Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
      }else{
          /* Tvaraff[ij]=0; */
      }
    }
    /* ij--; */
    cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
   
   }
   
   
   /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   
   void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3mat;
     double eip;
   
     pstamp(ficreseij);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
   /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       
       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       
       /* Computing expectancies */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       
     }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     
   }
   
   void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
      to initial status i, ei. .
     */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp, *xm;
     double **gp, **gm;
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     int theta;
   
     double eip, vip;
   
     varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     xm=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     
     pstamp(ficresstdeij);
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
       fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
     pstamp(ficrescveij);
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
           for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
             cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
             if(cptj2 <= cptj)
               fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
           }
       }
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     /* If stepm=6 months */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     
     p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   
       /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
          decrease memory allocation */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
         hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }
           }
         }
        
         for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
           }
       }/* End theta */
       
       
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       
   
        for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
         for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
           varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
   
        printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
   
       /* Computing expectancies */
       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0.;
         vip=0.;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
           for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
             vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
       }
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
             for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
               cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
               if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                 fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
             }
         }
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
      
     }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
     free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
   
   /************ Variance ******************/
    void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of health expectancies */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     /* double **newm;*/
     /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav)*/
     
     int movingaverage();
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
     int k;
     double *xp;
     double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
     double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
     double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
     double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
     double ***p3mat;
     double age,agelim, hf;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int theta;
     char digit[4];
     char digitp[25];
   
     char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     if(popbased==1){
       if(mobilav!=0)
         strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-MOBILAV_");
       else strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-NOMOBIL_");
     }
     else 
       strcpy(digitp,"-STABLBASED_");
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"PRMORPREV-"); 
     sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
     /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileresu);
     if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     }
     printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     }  
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title \n");
   /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
   /*   } */
     varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     pstamp(ficresvij);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
     if(popbased==1)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     else
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
     gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelim. 
        Look at function hpijx to understand why because of memory size limitations, 
        we decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
   
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
   
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
     
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  /* Returns p3mat[i][j][h] for h=1 to nhstepm */
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* Next for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp, ij);
    
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
   
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
           }
   
         for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
           gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
         }
   
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
     
   
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
               vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
     
       /* pptj */
       matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
       /* end ppptj */
       /*  x centered again */
   
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
    
       if (popbased==1) {
         if(mobilav ==0){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }
       }
                
       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          as a weighted average of prlim.
       */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
       }    
       /* end probability of death */
   
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         }
       } 
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter svg size 640, 480");
     /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.svg\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";replot;set out;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtm); 
   }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
    void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit  for each state ij using current parameters x[] and estimates of neighbourhood give by delti*/
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
   
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mgm, **mgp;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       mgp=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       mgm=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         else
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
           mgp[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
         }
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         else
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
           mgm[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
         }
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
         /* gradg[theta][2]= -gradg[theta][1]; */ /* For testing if nlstate=2 */
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
       /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
       /*   printf("\nmgm mgp %d ",(int)age); */
       /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
       /*  printf(" %d ",j); */
       /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
       /*    printf(" %d %lf %lf",theta,mgm[theta][j],mgp[theta][j]); */
       /*  printf("\n "); */
       /*   } */
       /* } */
       /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
       /*   printf("\n gradg %d ",(int)age); */
       /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
       /*  printf("%d ",j); */
       /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
       /*    printf("%d %lf ",theta,gradg[theta][j]); */
       /*  printf("\n "); */
       /*   } */
       /* } */
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80  ||(int)age== 81){
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       }else{
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       }
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(mgm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(mgp,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0, l;
     int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"PROB_"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"PROBCOV_"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileresu);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"PROBCOR_"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileresu);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4> this page is important in order to visualize confidence intervals and especially correlation between disability and recovery, or more generally, way in and way back.</li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n",optionfilehtmcov, optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated \
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           if(nagesqr==1)
             cov[3]= age*age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,k)];
             /*cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,Tvar[k])];*//* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Ellipsoids of confidence\n#\n");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\">\
   %s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\";replot;set out;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } */ /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++){ 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
            printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);fflush(stdout);
          }
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* aij, bij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Logit model, for example: logit(pij)=log(pij/pii)= aij+ bij age + V1 age + etc. as a function of age: <a href=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">%s_%d-1.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Pij or conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">%s_%d-2.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Iij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too,\
    incidence (rates) are the limit when h tends to zero of the ratio of the probability hPij \
   divided by h: hPij/h : <a href=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">%s_%d-3.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1); 
        /* Survival functions (period) in state j */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions in state %d. Or probability to survive in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        /* State specific survival functions (period) */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions from state %d in each live state and total.\
    Or probability to survive in various states (1 to %d) being in state %d at different ages.\
    <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, nlstate, cpt, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) (or area under each survival functions): <a href=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">%s_%d%d.svg</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br> \
    - 95%% confidence intervals and Wald tests of the estimated parameters are in the log file if optimization has been done (mle != 0).<br> \
   But because parameters are usually highly correlated (a higher incidence of disability \
   and a higher incidence of recovery can give very close observed transition) it might \
   be very useful to look not only at linear confidence intervals estimated from the \
   variances but at the covariance matrix. And instead of looking at the estimated coefficients \
   (parameters) of the logistic regression, it might be more meaningful to visualize the \
   covariance matrix of the one-step probabilities. \
   See page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' below. \n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Standard deviation of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): <a href=\"%s_%d%d.svg\"> %s_%d-%d.svg <br>\
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences:  <a href=\"%s_%d.svg\">%s_%d.svg<br>\
   <img src=\"%s_%d.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1);
      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
     int vpopbased;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     /* Projected Prevalences */
   /* plot "NAGI0w_V1V2_monthlyb2b-proj/F_NAGI0w_V1V2_monthlyb2b-proj.txt" u 6:((($1 == 1) && ($2==0) && ($3==2) &&($4==0))? $7/(1-$13):1/0) t 'p11' w line */
   /* replot ""  u 6:((($1 == 1) && ($2==0) && ($3==2) &&($4==0))? $8/(1-$14):1/0) t 'p21' w line */
   /* replot ""  u 6:((($1 == 1) && ($2==0) && ($3==2) &&($4==0)&&($9!=0))? $9/(1-$15):1/0) t 'p.1' w line */
   
     /* Contribution to likelihood */
     /* Plot the probability implied in the likelihood */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Contributions to the Likelihood, mle >=1. For mle=4 no interpolation, pure matrix products.\n#\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Likelihood (-2Log(L))\";");
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480"); */ /* Too big for svg */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter pngcairo size 640, 480");
   /* nice for mle=4 plot by number of matrix products.
      replot  "rrtest1/toto.txt" u 2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with point lc 1 */
   /* replot exp(p1+p2*x)/(1+exp(p1+p2*x)+exp(p3+p4*x)+exp(p5+p6*x)) t "p12(x)"  */
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-dest.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$12):5 t \"All sample, transitions colored by destination\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-ori.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$12):4 t \"All sample, transitions colored by origin\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-p%dj.png\";set ylabel \"Probability for each individual/wave\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),i);
         fprintf(ficgp,"unset log;\n# plot weighted, mean weight should have point size of 0.5\n plot  \"%s\"",subdirf(fileresilk));
         fprintf(ficgp,"  u  2:($4 == %d && $5==%d ? $9 : 1/0):($11/4.):5 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable \\\n",i,1,i,1);
         for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n \"\" u  2:($4 == %d && $5==%d ? $9 : 1/0):($11/4.):5 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable ",i,j,i,j);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,";\nset out; unset ylabel;\n"); 
       }
       /* unset log; plot  "rrtest1_sorted_4/ILK_rrtest1_sorted_4.txt" u  2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with points lc variable */              
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$11):3 t \"All sample, all transitions\" with dots lc variable",subdirf(fileresilk)); */
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot  \"%s\" u 2:($3 <= 3 ? -$11 : 1/0):3 t \"First 3 individuals\" with line lc variable", subdirf(fileresilk)); */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;unset log\n");
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\"; replot; set out; # bug gnuplot",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'VPL_' files\n");
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"V_%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \n");
       } /* k1 */
     } /* cpt */
     /*2 eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files\n");
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1);
       for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
         if(vpopbased==0)
           fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter svg size 640, 480\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
         else
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot ");
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
           k=2*i;
           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ?$4 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1, vpopbased);
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
             if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }   
           if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i);
           else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i-1,i+1);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4-$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
             if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }   
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4+$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
             if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }   
           if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
           else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,\\\n");
         } /* state */
       } /* vpopbased */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;set out \"%s_%d.svg\"; replot; set out; \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1); /* Buggy gnuplot */
     } /* k1 */
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by initial state i */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j : 'lij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
   
     /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by final state j */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each inital state  */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j and all livestates from state i by final state j: 'lij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
           if(j==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
           fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l);
           /* for (i=2; i<= nlstate+ndeath ; i ++) */
           /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+i-1); */
           fprintf(ficgp,") t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,j);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
         fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):(",k1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
           if(j < nlstate)
             fprintf(ficgp,"$%d +",k+l);
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,"$%d) t\"l(%d,.)\" w l",k+l,cpt);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
   
     /* CV preval stable (period) for each covariate */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
   
     /* proba elementaires */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#MLE estimated parameters\n#############\n");
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       fprintf(ficgp,"# initial state %d\n",i);
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           fprintf(ficgp,"#   current state %d\n",k);
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f; ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
         }
       }
      }
     fprintf(ficgp,"##############\n#\n");
   
     /*goto avoid;*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#Graphics of probabilities or incidences\n#############\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=p1 +p2*age +p3*age*age+ p4*V1+ p5*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=p6 +p7*age +p8*age*age+ p9*V1+ p10*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12+p13+p14+p11=1=p11(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p11=1/(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12=exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)/\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#     (1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age))\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a14+b14*age+c14age*age+d14*V1+e14*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#\n");
      for(ng=1; ng<=3;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is logit, 2nd is probabilities, third is incidences per year*/
        fprintf(ficgp,"# ng=%d\n",ng);
        fprintf(ficgp,"#   jk=1 to 2^%d=%d\n",cptcoveff,m);
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"#    jk=%d\n",jk);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jk,ng);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480 ");
          if (ng==1){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Value of the logit of the model\"\n"); /* exp(a12+b12*x) could be nice */
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset log y");
          }else if (ng==2){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Probability\"\n");
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
          }else if (ng==3){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
          }else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title ");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                switch( ng) {
                case 1:
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                    fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                  break;
                case 2: /* ng=2 */
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                      fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                  break;
                case 3:
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                    fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                  break;
                }
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++) {
                  /* printf("Tage[%d]=%d, j=%d\n", ij, Tage[ij], j); */
                  if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
                    if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                      /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                      ij++;
                    }
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                }
                if(ng != 1){
                  fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                  for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){ 
                    if(nagesqr==0)
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                    else /* nagesqr =1 */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+nagesqr);
                    
                    ij=1;
                    for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++){
                      if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
                        if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
                          fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                          /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                          ij++;
                        }
                      }
                      else
                        fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                    }
                    fprintf(ficgp,")");
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                  if(ng ==2)
                    fprintf(ficgp," t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                  else /* ng= 3 */
                    fprintf(ficgp," t \"i%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                }else{ /* end ng <> 1 */
                  fprintf(ficgp," t \"logit(p%d%d)\" ", k2,k);
                }
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
          fprintf(ficgp,"\n set out\n");
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    /* avoid: */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   void prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"F_"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileresu);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   void populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"POP_"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileresu);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     int i,j, k, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.svg\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
   
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.svg\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter svg size 640, 480\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i=0, j=0, n=0;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[MAXLINE], strb[MAXLINE];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);fflush(ficlog);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       strcpy(line, linetmp);
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
         }
         else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     /* endread: */
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ == *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age+age*age
      * - nagesqr = 1 if age*age in the model, otherwise 0.
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8 excepting constant and age and age*age
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6 and age*age
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int  j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
     char *strpt;
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=1+age+%s. ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=1+age+%s. ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strpt=strstr(model,"age*age")) !=0){
         printf(" strpt=%s, model=%s\n",strpt, model);
         if(strpt != model){
         printf("Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model); fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
   
         nagesqr=1;
         if (strstr(model,"+age*age") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "+age*age");
         else if (strstr(model,"age*age+") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age+");
         else 
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age");
       }else
         nagesqr=0;
       if (strlen(modelsav) >1){
         j=nbocc(modelsav,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
         j1=nbocc(modelsav,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
         cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V1*age+V3 +V3*V4+age*age=> V1 + V3 =2  */
         cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model, not including
                      * cst, age and age*age 
                      * V1+V1*age+ V3 + V3*V4+age*age=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     * but the covariates which are products must be treated 
                     * separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
         cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
         cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
   
       
         /*   Design
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
          *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
          *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
          *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
          *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
          *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
          *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
          *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
          *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
          *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
          *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
          *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
          *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
          *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
          *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
          *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
          * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
          *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
          * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
          *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
          *How to reorganize?
          * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
          * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
          * Struct []
          */
   
         /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
         /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
         /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
         /*        k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
         /*        k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
         /*        k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
         /*        k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
         /*        k=5 Tvar[5] */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
         /*        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
         /*        } */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k])]]*cov[2]; */
         /*
          * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
         for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
         cptcovage=0;
         for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
           cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                            modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
           if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
           /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
           /*scanf("%d",i);*/
           if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
             cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
             if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
               /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2; V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1 */
               cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tvar[4]=3, Tage[1] = 4 or V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1, Tage[1]=2 */
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
             } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
               cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;
             } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
               /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
               cptcovn++;
               cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
               Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                      because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                      ncovcol + k1
                                      If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                      Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
               cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
               Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
               Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
               Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
               k2=k2+2;
               Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
               Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
               for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
                 /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                    covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
                 covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
               }
             } /* End age is not in the model */
           } /* End if model includes a product */
           else { /* no more sum */
             /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
             /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
             cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
             ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
             cptcovn++;
             Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
           }
           strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
           /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
             scanf("%d",i);*/
         } /* end of loop + on total covariates */
       } /* end if strlen(modelsave == 0) age*age might exist */
     } /* end if strlen(model == 0) */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     /*endread:*/
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr = *nberr + 1;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased (%d)\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased (%d)\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0){
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999){
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               }else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
             } /* agedc > 0 */
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
    /* endread:*/
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
   /*printf("Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   /*fprintf(ficlog, "Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   //#include "stdafx.h"
   //#include <stdio.h>
   //#include <tchar.h>
   //#include <windows.h>
   //#include <iostream>
   typedef BOOL(WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
   LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
   BOOL IsWow64()
   {
           BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
   
           //typedef BOOL (APIENTRY *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
           //  (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
           //LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
           HMODULE module = GetModuleHandle(_T("kernel32"));
           const char funcName[] = "IsWow64Process";
           fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
                   GetProcAddress(module, funcName);
   
           if (NULL != fnIsWow64Process)
           {
                   if (!fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(),
                           &bIsWow64))
                           //throw std::exception("Unknown error");
                           printf("Unknown error\n");
           }
           return bIsWow64 != FALSE;
   }
   #endif
   
   void syscompilerinfo(int logged)
    {
      /* #include "syscompilerinfo.h"*/
      /* command line Intel compiler 32bit windows, XP compatible:*/
      /* /GS /W3 /Gy
         /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D
         "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_USING_V110_SDK71_" /D "_UNICODE" /D
         "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope /Gd /Oi /MT /Fa"Release\" /EHsc /nologo
         /Fo"Release\" /Qprof-dir "Release\" /Fp"Release\IMaCh.pch"
      */ 
      /* 64 bits */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy
        /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG"
        /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope
        /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir
        "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" */
      /* Optimization are useless and O3 is slower than O2 */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O3 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" 
        /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo 
        /Zc:forScope /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Qparallel 
        /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" 
      */
      /* Link is */ /* /OUT:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.exe" /MANIFEST /NXCOMPAT
         /PDB:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.pdb" /DYNAMICBASE
         "kernel32.lib" "user32.lib" "gdi32.lib" "winspool.lib"
         "comdlg32.lib" "advapi32.lib" "shell32.lib" "ole32.lib"
         "oleaut32.lib" "uuid.lib" "odbc32.lib" "odbccp32.lib"
         /MACHINE:X86 /OPT:REF /SAFESEH /INCREMENTAL:NO
         /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE",5.01" /MANIFESTUAC:"level='asInvoker'
         uiAccess='false'"
         /ManifestFile:"Release\IMaCh.exe.intermediate.manifest" /OPT:ICF
         /NOLOGO /TLBID:1
      */
   #if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
           struct utsname sysInfo;  /* For Intel on Linux and OS/X */
   #endif
   #elif defined(__GNUC__) 
   #ifndef  __APPLE__
   #include <gnu/libc-version.h>  /* Only on gnu */
   #endif
      struct utsname sysInfo;
      int cross = CROSS;
      if (cross){
              printf("Cross-");
              if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, "Cross-");
      }
   #endif
   
   #include <stdint.h>
   
      printf("Compiled with:");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog,"Compiled with:");
   #if defined(__clang__)
      printf(" Clang/LLVM");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Clang/LLVM");       /* Clang/LLVM. ---------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
      printf(" Intel ICC/ICPC");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Intel ICC/ICPC");/* Intel ICC/ICPC. ------------------------------------------ */
   #endif
   #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
      printf(" GNU GCC/G++");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," GNU GCC/G++");/* GNU GCC/G++. --------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
      printf(" Hewlett-Packard C/aC++");if(logged)fprintf(fcilog," Hewlett-Packard C/aC++"); /* Hewlett-Packard C/aC++. ---------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)
      printf(" IBM XL C/C++"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," IBM XL C/C++");/* IBM XL C/C++. -------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      printf(" Microsoft Visual Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Microsoft Visual Studio");/* Microsoft Visual Studio. --------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__PGI)
      printf(" Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");/* Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP. ------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
      printf(" Oracle Solaris Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Oracle Solaris Studio\n");/* Oracle Solaris Studio. ----------------------------------- */
   #endif
      printf(" for "); if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, " for ");
      
   // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605842/how-to-identify-platform-compiler-from-preprocessor-macros
   #ifdef _WIN32 // note the underscore: without it, it's not msdn official!
       // Windows (x64 and x86)
      printf("Windows (x64 and x86) ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Windows (x64 and x86) ");
   #elif __unix__ // all unices, not all compilers
       // Unix
      printf("Unix ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Unix ");
   #elif __linux__
       // linux
      printf("linux ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"linux ");
   #elif __APPLE__
       // Mac OS, not sure if this is covered by __posix__ and/or __unix__ though..
      printf("Mac OS ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Mac OS ");
   #endif
   
   /*  __MINGW32__   */
   /*  __CYGWIN__   */
   /* __MINGW64__  */
   // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/b0084kay.aspx
   /* _MSC_VER  //the Visual C++ compiler is 17.00.51106.1, the _MSC_VER macro evaluates to 1700. Type cl /?  */
   /* _MSC_FULL_VER //the Visual C++ compiler is 15.00.20706.01, the _MSC_FULL_VER macro evaluates to 150020706 */
   /* _WIN64  // Defined for applications for Win64. */
   /* _M_X64 // Defined for compilations that target x64 processors. */
   /* _DEBUG // Defined when you compile with /LDd, /MDd, and /MTd. */
   
   #if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffff
      printf(" 32-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 32-bit");/* 32-bit */
   #elif UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffffffffffff
      printf(" 64-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 64-bit");/* 64-bit */
   #else
      printf(" wtf-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," wtf-bit");/* wtf */
   #endif
   
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
   # if defined(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
                               + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   # else
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100)
   # endif
      printf(" using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, " using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
   
      if (uname(&sysInfo) != -1) {
        printf("Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
            if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n ",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
      }
      else
         perror("uname() error");
      //#ifndef __INTEL_COMPILER 
   #if !defined (__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(__APPLE__)
      printf("GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version()); 
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version());
   #endif
   #endif
   
      //   void main()
      //   {
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      if (IsWow64()){
              printf("\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
      }
      else{
              printf("\nThe program is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe programm is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
      }
      //      printf("\nPress Enter to continue...");
      //      getchar();
      //   }
   
   #endif
      
   
    }
   
    int prevalence_limit(double *p, double **prlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp){
     /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     int i, j, k, i1 ;
     /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
     double age, agebase, agelim;
     double tot;
   
     strcpy(filerespl,"PL_");
     strcat(filerespl,fileresu);
     if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
     }
     printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     pstamp(ficrespl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
   
       i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
         //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /* to clean */
           //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
           fprintf(ficrespl,"#******");
           printf("#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           }
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
           /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
             tot=0.;
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
               tot +=  prlim[i][i];
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             }
             fprintf(ficrespl," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
           } /* Age */
           /* was end of cptcod */
       } /* cptcov */
           return 0;
   }
   
   int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage){
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   
     int stepsize;
     int agelim;
     int hstepm;
     int nhstepm;
     int h, i, i1, j, k;
   
     double agedeb;
     double ***p3mat;
   
       strcpy(filerespij,"PIJ_");  strcat(filerespij,fileresu);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
      /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
      /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
      /*   k=k+1;  */
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
         
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
           
           /*        nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
           
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
         }
         /*}*/
       }
           return 0;
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter=0,m,size=100, cptcod;
     int ncvyear=0; /* Number of years needed for the period prevalence to converge */
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int num_filled;
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb=0.;
   
     double ageminpar=AGEOVERFLOW,agemin=AGEOVERFLOW, agemaxpar=-AGEOVERFLOW, agemax=-AGEOVERFLOW;
   
     double fret;
     double dum=0.; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
   
     char line[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE];
   
     char model[MAXLINE], modeltemp[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int c,  h , cpt, c2;
     int jl=0;
     int i1, j1, jk, stepsize=0;
     int count=0;
   
     int *tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm=0, nhstepm=0;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage=0, fage=110., age, agelim=0., agebase=0.;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double **hess; /* Hessian matrix */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
   
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c";
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
   
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     rstart_time = time(NULL);  
     /*  (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);*/
     start_time = *localtime(&rstart_time);
     curr_time=start_time;
     /*tml = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec);*/
     /* strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tml)); */
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&start_time));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tm_sec = tp.tm_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tm_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
   #ifdef WIN32
     _getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #else
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #endif
     syscompilerinfo(0);
     printf("\nIMaCh version %s, %s\n%s",version, copyright, fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       if(!fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin)){
         printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
         goto end;
       }
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(i >= 1 && pathr[i-1]==' ') {/* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       }
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if( i==0 ){
         printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
         goto end;
       }
       for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #else
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #endif
     printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Directory already exists (or can't create it) %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Main Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Version %s %s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname='%s'\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     syscompilerinfo(1);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileresu, optionfilefiname); /* Without r in front */
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
     strcat(fileresu,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /* Main ---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileresu);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
   
       /* First parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", \
                           title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled != 5) {
         printf("Should be 5 parameters\n");
       }
       numlinepar++;
       printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass);
     }
     /* Second parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"ftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", \
                           &ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate, &ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled != 8) {
         printf("Not 8 parameters, for example:ftol=1.e-8 stepm=12 ncovcol=2 nlstate=2 ndeath=1 maxwav=3 mle=1 weight=1\n");
         printf("but line=%s\n",line);
       }
       printf("ftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n",ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);
     }
     /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
     /*ftolpl=6.e-4; *//* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
     /* Third parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"model=1+age%[^.\n]", model)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled == 0)
               model[0]='\0';
       else if (num_filled != 1){
         printf("ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
         model[0]='\0';
         goto end;
       }
       else{
         if (model[0]=='+'){
           for(i=1; i<=strlen(model);i++)
             modeltemp[i-1]=model[i];
           strcpy(model,modeltemp); 
         }
       }
       /* printf(" model=1+age%s modeltemp= %s, model=%s\n",model, modeltemp, model);fflush(stdout); */
       printf("model=1+age+%s\n",model);fflush(stdout);
     }
     /* fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=1+age+%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model); */
     /* numlinepar=numlinepar+3; /\* In general *\/ */
     /* printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model); */
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     /* if(model[0]=='#'|| model[0]== '\0'){ */
     if(model[0]=='#'){
       printf("Error in 'model' line: model should start with 'model=1+age+' and end with '.' \n \
    'model=1+age+.' or 'model=1+age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.' or \n \
    'model=1+age+V1+V2.' or 'model=1+age+V1+V2+V1*V2.' etc. \n");          \
       if(mle != -1){
         printf("Fix the model line and run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n");
         exit(1);
       }
     }
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       if(line[1]=='q'){ /* This #q will quit imach (the answer is q) */
         z[0]=line[1];
       }
       /* printf("****line [1] = %c \n",line[1]); */
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7,age*age makes 3*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2; /* Constant and age */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) { /* Main Wizard */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) || (j1 != jj)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,jj);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,jj);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       /* Scans npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         count=fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d%1d",&i1,&j1,&jk);
         if(count != 3){
           printf("Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           exit(1);
         }else
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       /* End of read covariance matrix npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
     /*  Main data
      */
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
     ncodemaxwundef=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if - 1 O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
   /* Main decodemodel */
   
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel-nagesqr > 2 ) /* That is if covariate other than cst, age and age*age */
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
     /* Nbcode gives the value of the lth modality of jth covariate, in
        V2+V1*age, there are 3 covariates Tvar[2]=1 (V1).*/
     /* 1 to ncodemax[j] is the maximum value of this jth covariate */
   
     /*  codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);*/ /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtabm(100,10));*/
     /* codtab gives the value 1 or 2 of the hth combination of k covariates (1 or 2).*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              * For k=4 covariates, h goes from 1 to 2**k
              * codtabm(h,k)=  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
              *     h\k   1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     2
              *    10     2     1     1     2
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     2
              *    12     2     2     1     2
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     2    
              *    14     2     1     2     2
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     2
              *    16     2     2     2     2
              */
     /* /\* for(h=1; h <=100 ;h++){  *\/ */
     /*   /\* printf("h=%2d ", h); *\/ */
     /*    /\* for(k=1; k <=10; k++){ *\/ */
     /*      /\* printf("k=%d %d ",k,codtabm(h,k)); *\/ */
     /*    /\*   codtab[h][k]=codtabm(h,k); *\/ */
     /*    /\* } *\/ */
     /*    /\* printf("\n"); *\/ */
     /* } */
     /* for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /\* scans any effective covariate *\/ */
     /*   for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /\* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 *\/  */
     /*     for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /\* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*\/ */
     /*    for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /\* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 *\/  */
     /*      h++; */
     /*      if (h>m)  */
     /*        h=1; */
     /*      codtab[h][k]=j; */
     /*      /\* codtab[12][3]=1; *\/ */
     /*      /\*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*\/ */
     /*      /\* printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]); *\/ */
     /*    }  */
     /*     } */
     /*   } */
     /* }  */
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){  */
     /*    for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){ */
     /*      printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff); */
     /*    } */
     /*    printf("\n"); */
     /* } */
     /*   scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /* Initialisation of ----------- gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-MORT_");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# IMaCh-%s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
   
   
     /* Initialisation of --------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-MORT_");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<head>\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\"/><meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"7\"><a href=http:/euroreves.ined.fr/imach>IMaCh for Interpolated Markov Chain</a> </font><br>\n<font size=\"3\">Sponsored by Copyright (C)  2002-2015 <a href=http://www.ined.fr>INED</a>-EUROREVES-Institut de longévité-Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences 日本学術振興会 (<a href=https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/>Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121</a>) - <a href=https://software.intel.com/en-us>Intel Software 2015</a></font><br>  \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   <font size=\"2\">IMaCh-%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #else
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #endif
             
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
     /* For mortality only */
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
       /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #else
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"POW-MORT_"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileresu);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #else
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, hess, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");  fprintf(ficlog,"\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
         fprintf(ficlog,"%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
       }
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == AGEOVERFLOW){
           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else
         printinggnuplotmort(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       printinghtmlmort(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 mortality only */
     /* Standard  */
     else{ /* For mle !=- 3, could be 0 or 1 or 4 etc. */
       globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
       /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2, Real Maximization */
         /* mlikeli uses func not funcone */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       if(mle==0) {/* No optimization, will print the likelihoods for the datafile */
         globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
         /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
         likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       }
       globpr=1; /* again, to print the individual contributions using computed gpimx and gsw */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle != 0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix only at a peak of the Likelihood, that is after optimization */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, hess, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
         printf("Parameters and 95%% confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W .\n But be careful that parameters are highly correlated because incidence of disability is highly correlated to incidence of recovery.\n It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
         fprintf(ficlog, "Parameters, Wald tests and Wald-based confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W \n  It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
         for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
             if (k != i) {
               printf("%d%d ",i,k);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
               for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                 printf("%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
                 jk++; 
               }
               printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             }
           }
         }
       } /* end of hesscov and Wald tests */
   
       /*  */
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle >= 1) /* To big for the screen */
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
         while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
   
       /* while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){ */
       /*   ungetc(c,ficpar); */
       /*   fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar); */
       /*   fputs(line,stdout); */
       /*   fputs(line,ficparo); */
       /* } */
       /* ungetc(c,ficpar); */
       
       estepm=0;
       if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm, &ftolpl)) !=EOF){
   
       if (num_filled != 6) {
         printf("Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n");
         printf("but line=%s\n",line);
         goto end;
       }
       printf("agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar, bage, fage, estepm, ftolpl);
     }
     /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
     /*ftolpl=6.e-4;*/ /* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
   
       /* fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm); */
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
   
       /* Other stuffs, more or less useful */    
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficlog,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == -AGEOVERFLOW){
           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else
         printinggnuplot(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /* Other results (useful)*/
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
       /*#include "prevlim.h"*/  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       prevalence_limit(p, prlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear);
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
       /*#include "hpijx.h"*/
       hPijx(p, bage, fage);
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileresu, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
    
       /* ------ Other prevalence ratios------------ */
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"E_");
       strcat(filerese,fileresu);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(ficlog);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
       printf("done evsij\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done evsij\n");fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"T_");
       strcat(filerest,fileresu);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(ficlog);
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"STDE_");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileresu);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("  Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"  Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"CVE_");
       strcat(filerescve,fileresu);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("    Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"    Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"V_");
       strcat(fileresv,fileresu);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("      Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"      Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
         
         fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
         fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
         
         fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
         
         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         printf(" cvevsij %d, ",k);
         fprintf(ficlog, " cvevsij %d, ",k);
         cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);
         printf(" end cvevsij \n ");
         fprintf(ficlog, " end cvevsij \n ");
         
         /*
          */
         /* goto endfree; */
         
         vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         pstamp(ficrest);
         
         
         for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* ZZ Segmentation fault */
           cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
           printf("varevsij %d \n",vpopbased);
           fprintf(ficlog, "varevsij %d \n",vpopbased);
           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
           fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
           if(vpopbased==1)
             fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
           else
             fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           fprintf(ficrest,"# Age popbased mobilav e.. (std) ");
           for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           /* printf("Which p?\n"); for(i=1;i<=npar;i++)printf("p[i=%d]=%lf,",i,p[i]);printf("\n"); */
           epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
           printf("Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k); /*ZZ Is it the correct prevalim */
             if (vpopbased==1) {
               if(mobilav ==0){
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
               }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
               }
             }
             
             fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav);
             /* fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav,Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */ /* to be done */
             /* printf(" age %4.0f ",age); */
             for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
               for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                 epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                 /*ZZZ  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 /* printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]); */
               }
               epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
             }
             /* printf(" age %4.0f \n",age); */
             
             for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                 vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
             }
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           }
         } /* End vpopbased */
         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         printf("done \n");fflush(stdout);
         fprintf(ficlog,"done\n");fflush(ficlog);
         
         /*}*/
       } /* End k */
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       printf("done Health expectancies\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done Health expectancies\n");fflush(ficlog);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"VPL_");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileresu);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog, "Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
       printf("done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    /* endfree:*/
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(ncodemaxwundef,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       /* free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10); */
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     /*(void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);*/
     rend_time = time(NULL);  
     end_time = *localtime(&rend_time);
     /* tml = *localtime(&end_time.tm_sec); */
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&end_time));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
   #ifdef WIN32
      if (_chdir(pathcd) != 0)
              printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
      if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
   #else
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
              printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n", path);
      if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0)
   #endif 
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifdef _WIN32
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s' Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef __unix
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: '%s', err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
       printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
     }
     printf(" Successful, please wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
   #ifdef __APPLE__
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #elif __linux
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "xdg-open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #else
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
   #endif
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
         system(pplotcmd);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: "); fflush(stdout);
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }

Removed from v.1.10  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.210


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