Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.52 and 1.259

version 1.52, 2002/07/19 18:49:30 version 1.259, 2017/04/04 13:01:16
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.259  2017/04/04 13:01:16  brouard
      Summary: Some errors to warnings only if date of death is unknown but status is death we could set to pi3
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Revision 1.258  2017/04/03 10:17:47  brouard
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    Summary: Version 0.99r12
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the  
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a    Some cleanings, conformed with updated documentation.
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change  
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are    Revision 1.257  2017/03/29 16:53:30  brouard
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a    Summary: Temp
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the  
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The    Revision 1.256  2017/03/27 05:50:23  brouard
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the    Summary: Temporary
   probability to be observed in state j at the second wave  
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore    Revision 1.255  2017/03/08 16:02:28  brouard
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    Summary: IMaCh version 0.99r10 bugs in gnuplot fixed
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more  
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    Revision 1.254  2017/03/08 07:13:00  brouard
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    Summary: Fixing data parameter line
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the  
   convergence.    Revision 1.253  2016/12/15 11:59:41  brouard
     Summary: 0.99 in progress
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple  
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    Revision 1.252  2016/09/15 21:15:37  brouard
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an    *** empty log message ***
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into  
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      Revision 1.251  2016/09/15 15:01:13  brouard
     Summary: not working
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h  
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be    Revision 1.250  2016/09/08 16:07:27  brouard
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    Summary: continue
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,  
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx    Revision 1.249  2016/09/07 17:14:18  brouard
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Summary: Starting values from frequencies
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply  
   hPijx.    Revision 1.248  2016/09/07 14:10:18  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also  
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    Revision 1.247  2016/09/02 11:11:21  brouard
      *** empty log message ***
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).  
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    Revision 1.246  2016/09/02 08:49:22  brouard
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    *** empty log message ***
   from the European Union.  
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Revision 1.245  2016/09/02 07:25:01  brouard
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    *** empty log message ***
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .  
   **********************************************************************/    Revision 1.244  2016/09/02 07:17:34  brouard
      *** empty log message ***
 #include <math.h>  
 #include <stdio.h>    Revision 1.243  2016/09/02 06:45:35  brouard
 #include <stdlib.h>    *** empty log message ***
 #include <unistd.h>  
     Revision 1.242  2016/08/30 15:01:20  brouard
 #define MAXLINE 256    Summary: Fixing a lots
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"  
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/    Revision 1.241  2016/08/29 17:17:25  brouard
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    Summary: gnuplot problem in Back projection to fix
 /*#define DEBUG*/  
 #define windows    Revision 1.240  2016/08/29 07:53:18  brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Summary: Better
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */  
     Revision 1.239  2016/08/26 15:51:03  brouard
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    Summary: Improvement in Powell output in order to copy and paste
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */  
     Author:
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Revision 1.238  2016/08/26 14:23:35  brouard
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Summary: Starting tests of 0.99
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  
 #define MAXN 20000    Revision 1.237  2016/08/26 09:20:19  brouard
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    Summary: to valgrind
 #define AGESUP 130  
 #define AGEBASE 40    Revision 1.236  2016/08/25 10:50:18  brouard
 #ifdef windows    *** empty log message ***
 #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'  
 #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'    Revision 1.235  2016/08/25 06:59:23  brouard
 #else    *** empty log message ***
 #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'  
 #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'    Revision 1.234  2016/08/23 16:51:20  brouard
 #endif    *** empty log message ***
   
 char version[80]="Imach version 0.8i, June 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";    Revision 1.233  2016/08/23 07:40:50  brouard
 int erreur; /* Error number */    Summary: not working
 int nvar;  
 int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    Revision 1.232  2016/08/22 14:20:21  brouard
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Summary: not working
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */  
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    Revision 1.231  2016/08/22 07:17:15  brouard
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    Summary: not working
 int popbased=0;  
     Revision 1.230  2016/08/22 06:55:53  brouard
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    Summary: Not working
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */  
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    Revision 1.229  2016/07/23 09:45:53  brouard
 int mle, weightopt;    Summary: Completing for func too
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */  
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    Revision 1.228  2016/07/22 17:45:30  brouard
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    Summary: Fixing some arrays, still debugging
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */  
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    Revision 1.226  2016/07/12 18:42:34  brouard
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;    Summary: temp
 FILE *ficlog;  
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;    Revision 1.225  2016/07/12 08:40:03  brouard
 FILE *ficresprobmorprev;    Summary: saving but not running
 FILE *fichtm; /* Html File */  
 FILE *ficreseij;    Revision 1.224  2016/07/01 13:16:01  brouard
 char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Summary: Fixes
 FILE  *ficresvij;  
 char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.223  2016/02/19 09:23:35  brouard
 FILE  *ficresvpl;    Summary: temporary
 char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 char title[MAXLINE];    Revision 1.222  2016/02/17 08:14:50  brouard
 char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];    Summary: Probably last 0.98 stable version 0.98r6
 char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];  
     Revision 1.221  2016/02/15 23:35:36  brouard
 char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];    Summary: minor bug
 char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */  
 char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.219  2016/02/15 00:48:12  brouard
 char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];    *** empty log message ***
 char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];  
     Revision 1.218  2016/02/12 11:29:23  brouard
 char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];    Summary: 0.99 Back projections
   
 #define NR_END 1    Revision 1.217  2015/12/23 17:18:31  brouard
 #define FREE_ARG char*    Summary: Experimental backcast
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  
     Revision 1.216  2015/12/18 17:32:11  brouard
 #define NRANSI    Summary: 0.98r4 Warning and status=-2
 #define ITMAX 200  
     Version 0.98r4 is now:
 #define TOL 2.0e-4     - displaying an error when status is -1, date of interview unknown and date of death known;
      - permitting a status -2 when the vital status is unknown at a known date of right truncation.
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    Older changes concerning s=-2, dating from 2005 have been supersed.
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10  
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    Revision 1.215  2015/12/16 08:52:24  brouard
     Summary: 0.98r4 working
 #define GOLD 1.618034  
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    Revision 1.214  2015/12/16 06:57:54  brouard
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    Summary: temporary not working
   
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Revision 1.213  2015/12/11 18:22:17  brouard
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Summary: 0.98r4
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
      Revision 1.212  2015/11/21 12:47:24  brouard
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    Summary: minor typo
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  
     Revision 1.211  2015/11/21 12:41:11  brouard
 static double sqrarg;    Summary: 0.98r3 with some graph of projected cross-sectional
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   
 int imx;    Revision 1.210  2015/11/18 17:41:20  brouard
 int stepm;    Summary: Start working on projected prevalences  Revision 1.209  2015/11/17 22:12:03  brouard
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    Summary: Adding ftolpl parameter
     Author: N Brouard
 int estepm;  
 /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/    We had difficulties to get smoothed confidence intervals. It was due
     to the period prevalence which wasn't computed accurately. The inner
 int m,nb;    parameter ftolpl is now an outer parameter of the .imach parameter
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    file after estepm. If ftolpl is small 1.e-4 and estepm too,
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    computation are long.
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;  
 double dateintmean=0;    Revision 1.208  2015/11/17 14:31:57  brouard
     Summary: temporary
 double *weight;  
 int **s; /* Status */    Revision 1.207  2015/10/27 17:36:57  brouard
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    *** empty log message ***
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;  
     Revision 1.206  2015/10/24 07:14:11  brouard
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    *** empty log message ***
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */  
     Revision 1.205  2015/10/23 15:50:53  brouard
 /**************** split *************************/    Summary: 0.98r3 some clarification for graphs on likelihood contributions
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )  
 {    Revision 1.204  2015/10/01 16:20:26  brouard
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    Summary: Some new graphs of contribution to likelihood
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */  
     Revision 1.203  2015/09/30 17:45:14  brouard
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Summary: looking at better estimation of the hessian
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
    s= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */    Also a better criteria for convergence to the period prevalence And
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    therefore adding the number of years needed to converge. (The
      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)    prevalence in any alive state shold sum to one
        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/  
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    Revision 1.202  2015/09/22 19:45:16  brouard
       extern char       *getwd( );    Summary: Adding some overall graph on contribution to likelihood. Might change
   
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    Revision 1.201  2015/09/15 17:34:58  brouard
 #else    Summary: 0.98r0
       extern char       *getcwd( );  
     - Some new graphs like suvival functions
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    - Some bugs fixed like model=1+age+V2.
 #endif  
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    Revision 1.200  2015/09/09 16:53:55  brouard
       }    Summary: Big bug thanks to Flavia
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */  
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    Even model=1+age+V2. did not work anymore
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */  
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    Revision 1.199  2015/09/07 14:09:23  brouard
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Summary: 0.98q6 changing default small png format for graph to vectorized svg.
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */  
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    Revision 1.198  2015/09/03 07:14:39  brouard
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    Summary: 0.98q5 Flavia
    }  
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    Revision 1.197  2015/09/01 18:24:39  brouard
 #ifdef windows    *** empty log message ***
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }  
 #else    Revision 1.196  2015/08/18 23:17:52  brouard
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Summary: 0.98q5
 #endif  
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */    Revision 1.195  2015/08/18 16:28:39  brouard
    s++;    Summary: Adding a hack for testing purpose
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */  
    l1= strlen( name);    After reading the title, ftol and model lines, if the comment line has
    l2= strlen( s)+1;    a q, starting with #q, the answer at the end of the run is quit. It
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);    permits to run test files in batch with ctest. The former workaround was
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;    $ echo q | imach foo.imach
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */  
 }    Revision 1.194  2015/08/18 13:32:00  brouard
     Summary:  Adding error when the covariance matrix doesn't contain the exact number of lines required by the model line.
   
 /******************************************/    Revision 1.193  2015/08/04 07:17:42  brouard
     Summary: 0.98q4
 void replace(char *s, char*t)  
 {    Revision 1.192  2015/07/16 16:49:02  brouard
   int i;    Summary: Fixing some outputs
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.191  2015/07/14 10:00:33  brouard
   lg=strlen(t);    Summary: Some fixes
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
     (s[i] = t[i]);    Revision 1.190  2015/05/05 08:51:13  brouard
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    Summary: Adding digits in output parameters (7 digits instead of 6)
   }  
 }    Fix 1+age+.
   
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    Revision 1.189  2015/04/30 14:45:16  brouard
 {    Summary: 0.98q2
   int i,j=0;  
   int lg=20;    Revision 1.188  2015/04/30 08:27:53  brouard
   i=0;    *** empty log message ***
   lg=strlen(s);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.187  2015/04/29 09:11:15  brouard
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    *** empty log message ***
   }  
   return j;    Revision 1.186  2015/04/23 12:01:52  brouard
 }    Summary: V1*age is working now, version 0.98q1
   
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    Some codes had been disabled in order to simplify and Vn*age was
 {    working in the optimization phase, ie, giving correct MLE parameters,
   /* cuts string t into u and v where u is ended by char occ excluding it    but, as usual, outputs were not correct and program core dumped.
      and v is after occ excluding it too : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",2)  
      gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */    Revision 1.185  2015/03/11 13:26:42  brouard
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    Summary: Inclusion of compile and links command line for Intel Compiler
   i=0;  
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Revision 1.184  2015/03/11 11:52:39  brouard
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    Summary: Back from Windows 8. Intel Compiler
   }  
     Revision 1.183  2015/03/10 20:34:32  brouard
   lg=strlen(t);    Summary: 0.98q0, trying with directest, mnbrak fixed
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {  
     (u[j] = t[j]);    We use directest instead of original Powell test; probably no
   }    incidence on the results, but better justifications;
      u[p]='\0';    We fixed Numerical Recipes mnbrak routine which was wrong and gave
     wrong results.
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {  
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    Revision 1.182  2015/02/12 08:19:57  brouard
   }    Summary: Trying to keep directest which seems simpler and more general
 }    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    Revision 1.181  2015/02/11 23:22:24  brouard
     Summary: Comments on Powell added
 void nrerror(char error_text[])  
 {    Author:
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");  
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    Revision 1.180  2015/02/11 17:33:45  brouard
   exit(1);    Summary: Finishing move from main to function (hpijx and prevalence_limit)
 }  
 /*********************** vector *******************/    Revision 1.179  2015/01/04 09:57:06  brouard
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    Summary: back to OS/X
 {  
   double *v;    Revision 1.178  2015/01/04 09:35:48  brouard
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    *** empty log message ***
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Revision 1.177  2015/01/03 18:40:56  brouard
 }    Summary: Still testing ilc32 on OSX
   
 /************************ free vector ******************/    Revision 1.176  2015/01/03 16:45:04  brouard
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    *** empty log message ***
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Revision 1.175  2015/01/03 16:33:42  brouard
 }    *** empty log message ***
   
 /************************ivector *******************************/    Revision 1.174  2015/01/03 16:15:49  brouard
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    Summary: Still in cross-compilation
 {  
   int *v;    Revision 1.173  2015/01/03 12:06:26  brouard
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Summary: trying to detect cross-compilation
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Revision 1.172  2014/12/27 12:07:47  brouard
 }    Summary: Back from Visual Studio and Intel, options for compiling for Windows XP
   
 /******************free ivector **************************/    Revision 1.171  2014/12/23 13:26:59  brouard
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Summary: Back from Visual C
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Still problem with utsname.h on Windows
 }  
     Revision 1.170  2014/12/23 11:17:12  brouard
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    Summary: Cleaning some \%% back to %%
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    The escape was mandatory for a specific compiler (which one?), but too many warnings.
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Revision 1.169  2014/12/22 23:08:31  brouard
   int **m;    Summary: 0.98p
    
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    Outputs some informations on compiler used, OS etc. Testing on different platforms.
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Revision 1.168  2014/12/22 15:17:42  brouard
   m += NR_END;    Summary: update
   m -= nrl;  
      Revision 1.167  2014/12/22 13:50:56  brouard
      Summary: Testing uname and compiler version and if compiled 32 or 64
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */  
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Testing on Linux 64
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Revision 1.166  2014/12/22 11:40:47  brouard
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    *** empty log message ***
    
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Revision 1.165  2014/12/16 11:20:36  brouard
      Summary: After compiling on Visual C
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */  
   return m;    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 }  
     Revision 1.164  2014/12/16 10:52:11  brouard
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    Summary: Merging with Visual C after suppressing some warnings for unused variables. Also fixing Saito's bug 0.98Xn
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  
       int **m;    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    Revision 1.163  2014/12/16 10:30:11  brouard
 {    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    Revision 1.162  2014/09/25 11:43:39  brouard
 }    Summary: temporary backup 0.99!
   
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    Revision 1.1  2014/09/16 11:06:58  brouard
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Summary: With some code (wrong) for nlopt
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Author:
   double **m;  
     Revision 1.161  2014/09/15 20:41:41  brouard
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Summary: Problem with macro SQR on Intel compiler
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;    Revision 1.160  2014/09/02 09:24:05  brouard
   m -= nrl;    *** empty log message ***
   
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.159  2014/09/01 10:34:10  brouard
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    Summary: WIN32
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Author: Brouard
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
     Revision 1.158  2014/08/27 17:11:51  brouard
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    *** empty log message ***
   return m;  
 }    Revision 1.157  2014/08/27 16:26:55  brouard
     Summary: Preparing windows Visual studio version
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    Author: Brouard
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
 {    In order to compile on Visual studio, time.h is now correct and time_t
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    and tm struct should be used. difftime should be used but sometimes I
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    just make the differences in raw time format (time(&now).
 }    Trying to suppress #ifdef LINUX
     Add xdg-open for __linux in order to open default browser.
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/  
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    Revision 1.156  2014/08/25 20:10:10  brouard
 {    *** empty log message ***
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  
   double ***m;    Revision 1.155  2014/08/25 18:32:34  brouard
     Summary: New compile, minor changes
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Author: Brouard
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;    Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
   m -= nrl;    Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
   
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Author: Brouard
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
     Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
   
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    *** empty log message ***
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    Author: brouard
    
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    Author: Nicolas Brouard
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  
   }    Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
   return m;    Summary: Nothing new
 }    Author: Brouard
   
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)  
 {    Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    *** empty log message ***
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
 }    Summary: Merge
     Author: Brouard
 /***************** f1dim *************************/  
 extern int ncom;    Merge, before building revised version.
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;  
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
      Summary: Debugging with valgrind
 double f1dim(double x)    Author: Nicolas Brouard
 {  
   int j;    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
   double f;    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
   double *xt;    improve the code.
      No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
   xt=vector(1,ncom);    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    the source code.
   return f;  
 }    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
     Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
 /*****************brent *************************/  
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 {    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
   int iter;  
   double a,b,d,etemp;    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
   double ftemp;  
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   double e=0.0;  
      Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  
   x=w=v=bx;    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  
     xm=0.5*(a+b);    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  
     fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
 #ifdef DEBUG    *** empty log message ***
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
 #endif    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  
       *xmin=x;    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
       return fx;    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
     }    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
     ftemp=fu;    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
       q=2.0*(q-r);  
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
       q=fabs(q);    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
       etemp=e;  
       e=d;    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    just nforces
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
       else {    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
         d=p/q;    Many tings
         u=x+d;  
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    Some dimensions resccaled
       }  
     } else {    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
     }    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
     fu=(*f)(u);  
     if (fu <= fx) {    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
         } else {    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
             v=w;    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
             w=u;    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
             fv=fw;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
             fw=fu;    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
             v=u;    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
             fv=fu;    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
           }    computation.
         }    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
   }    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  
   *xmin=x;    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
   return fx;    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 }    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
     loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/    Version 0.98h
   
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
             double (*func)(double))    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
 {    Forecasting file added.
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  
   double fu;    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
      Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  
   if (*fb > *fa) {    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)    name. <head> headers where missing.
       }  
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
   while (*fb > *fc) {    otherwise the weight is truncated).
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);    1.
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/    Version 0.98g
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
       fu=(*func)(u);    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {    otherwise the weight is truncated).
       fu=(*func)(u);    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
       if (fu < *fc) {    1.
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))    Version 0.98g
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  
           }    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
       u=ulim;  
       fu=(*func)(u);    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     } else {    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
       fu=(*func)(u);  
     }    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
       }    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 }  
     Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
 /*************** linmin ************************/    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
     computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
 int ncom;  
 double *pcom,*xicom;    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
      table of variances if popbased=1 .
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 {    (Module): Function pstamp added
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    (Module): Version 0.98d
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  
   double f1dim(double x);    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));    table of variances if popbased=1 .
   int j;    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;    (Module): Function pstamp added
   double fx,fb,fa;    (Module): Version 0.98d
    
   ncom=n;    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
   pcom=vector(1,n);    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
   xicom=vector(1,n);    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
   nrfunc=func;  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
     pcom[j]=p[j];    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  
   }    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
   ax=0.0;    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
   xx=1.0;    filename with strsep.
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
 #ifdef DEBUG    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
   fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    allocation too.
 #endif  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
     xi[j] *= xmin;    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
     p[j] += xi[j];  
   }    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
 }    can be a simple dot '.'.
   
 /*************** powell ************************/    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
             double (*func)(double []))  
 {    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
               double (*func)(double []));  
   int i,ibig,j;    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;    Gnuplot problem appeared...
   double fp,fptt;    To be fixed
   double *xits;  
   pt=vector(1,n);    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
   ptt=vector(1,n);    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   xit=vector(1,n);  
   xits=vector(1,n);    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
   *fret=(*func)(p);    Some cleaning and links added in html output
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
     fp=(*fret);    *** empty log message ***
     ibig=0;  
     del=0.0;    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
     fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12f",i, p[i]);    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
     printf("\n");    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
       fptt=(*fret);    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
       fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
 #endif  
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);    Fix on curr_time
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
         ibig=i;  
       }    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
 #ifdef DEBUG    *** empty log message ***
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
         fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
       }    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);    from other sources like vital statistic data.
         fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);  
       }    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
       printf("\n");  
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
 #endif    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
     }  
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
 #ifdef DEBUG    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
       int k[2],l;  
       k[0]=1;    Current limitations:
       k[1]=-1;    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
       fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
         fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
       }    suppressed.
       printf("\n");  
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
           fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);    * imach.c (Repository):
         }    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
         fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  
       }    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
 #endif    Just cleaning
   
     Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
       free_vector(xit,1,n);    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
       free_vector(xits,1,n);    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);    (Module): Version 0.96b
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  
       return;    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
     }    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
       pt[j]=p[j];    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
     }    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
     if (fptt < fp) {    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  
       if (t < 0.0) {    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];    of the covariance matrix to be input.
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  
         }    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 #ifdef DEBUG    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
         fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    of the covariance matrix to be input.
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++){  
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
           fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
         }  
         printf("\n");    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    Version 0.96
 #endif  
       }    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
     }    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
   }    routine fileappend.
 }  
     Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
     current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
 {    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */    interview.
     (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
   int i, ii,j,k;    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
   double **matprod2();    truncation)
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
   double **newm;  
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    parcimony.
     }    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
   
    cov[1]=1.;    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
      *** empty log message ***
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
     newm=savm;    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  
      cov[2]=agefin;  */
    /*
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {     Interpolated Markov Chain
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/    Short summary of the programme:
       }    
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies or State-specific
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    (if states aren't health statuses) Expectancies from
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: 
   
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/    -1- a first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/    are interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/    the case of a health survey which is our main interest)
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  
     -2- at least a second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which
     savm=oldm;    measure each change (if any) in individual health status.  Health
     oldm=newm;    expectancies are computed from the time spent in each health state
     maxmax=0.;    according to a model. More health states you consider, more time is
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){    necessary to reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved
       min=1.;    in the model.  The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model
       max=0.;    where pij is the probability to be observed in state j at the second
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {    wave conditional to be observed in state i at the first
         sumnew=0;    wave. Therefore the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex +
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];    etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);    have a more complex model than "constant and age", you should modify
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);    the program where the markup *Covariates have to be included here
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);    again* invites you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
       }    convergence.
       maxmin=max-min;  
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
     }    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
       return prlim;    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
     }    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   }  
 }    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
     conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
     states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
 {    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   double s1, s2;    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   /*double t34;*/    hPijx.
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;  
     Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence.
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){  
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  Back prevalence and projections:
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];   - back_prevalence_limit(double *p, double **bprlim, double ageminpar,
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/     double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, double
       }     dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass, int
       ps[i][j]=s2;     mobilavproj)
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  
     }      Computes the back prevalence limit for any combination of
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      covariate values k at any age between ageminpar and agemaxpar and
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){      returns it in **bprlim. In the loops,
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/     - **bprevalim(**bprlim, ***mobaverage, nlstate, *p, age, **oldm,
       }         **savm, **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
       ps[i][j]=s2;  
     }     - hBijx Back Probability to be in state i at age x-h being in j at x
   }     Computes for any combination of covariates k and any age between bage and fage 
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
                           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  
      s1=0;     - hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)       Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)       Returns p3mat[i][j][h] after calling
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];       p3mat[i][j][h]=matprod2(newm,
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)       bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm,
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];       dsavm,ij),\ 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */       oldm);
   } /* end i */  
   Important routines
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  - func (or funcone), computes logit (pij) distinguishing
       ps[ii][jj]=0;    o fixed variables (single or product dummies or quantitative);
       ps[ii][ii]=1;    o varying variables by:
     }     (1) wave (single, product dummies, quantitative), 
   }     (2) by age (can be month) age (done), age*age (done), age*Vn where Vn can be:
          % fixed dummy (treated) or quantitative (not done because time-consuming);
          % varying dummy (not done) or quantitative (not done);
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  - Tricode which tests the modality of dummy variables (in order to warn with wrong or empty modalities)
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    and returns the number of efficient covariates cptcoveff and modalities nbcode[Tvar[k]][1]= 0 and nbcode[Tvar[k]][2]= 1 usually.
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);  - printinghtml which outputs results like life expectancy in and from a state for a combination of modalities of dummy variables
    }    o There are 2*cptcoveff combinations of (0,1) for cptcoveff variables. Outputting only combinations with people, éliminating 1 1 if
     printf("\n ");      race White (0 0), Black vs White (1 0), Hispanic (0 1) and 1 1 being meaningless.
     }  
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  
 /*    
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
   goto end;*/             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
     return ps;    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
 }    from the European Union.
     It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
     can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  
 {    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */    
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized    **********************************************************************/
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  /*
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */    main
   long i, j, k;    read parameterfile
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)    read datafile
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)    concatwav
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)    freqsummary
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];    if (mle >= 1)
       mlikeli
   return out;    print results files
 }    if mle==1 
        computes hessian
     read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/        begin-prev-date,...
     open gnuplot file
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )    open html file
 {    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
      duration (i.e. until                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
      included manually here.         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
          1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
      */  
          1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
   int i, j, d, h, k;         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
   double **newm;     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
      Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    health expectancies
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    Variance-covariance of DFLE
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    prevalence()
     }     movingaverage()
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    varevsij() 
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){    total life expectancies
       newm=savm;    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */   end
       cov[1]=1.;  */
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  /* #define DEBUG */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  /* #define DEBUGBRENT */
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  /* #define DEBUGLINMIN */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  /* #define DEBUGHESS */
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  #define DEBUGHESSIJ
   /* #define LINMINORIGINAL  /\* Don't use loop on scale in linmin (accepting nan) *\/ */
   #define POWELL /* Instead of NLOPT */
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  #define POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST /* Skip test */
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  /* #define POWELLORIGINAL /\* Don't use Directest to decide new direction but original Powell test *\/ */
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  /* #define MNBRAKORIGINAL /\* Don't use mnbrak fix *\/ */
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  
       savm=oldm;  #include <math.h>
       oldm=newm;  #include <stdio.h>
     }  #include <stdlib.h>
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  #include <string.h>
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  #include <ctype.h>
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  #ifdef _WIN32
          */  #include <io.h>
       }  #include <windows.h>
   } /* end h */  #include <tchar.h>
   return po;  #else
 }  #include <unistd.h>
   #endif
   
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/  #include <limits.h>
 double func( double *x)  #include <sys/types.h>
 {  
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  #if defined(__GNUC__)
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  #include <sys/utsname.h> /* Doesn't work on Windows */
   double **out;  #endif
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */  #include <sys/stat.h>
   long ipmx;  #include <errno.h>
   /*extern weight */  /* extern int errno; */
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */  
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  /* #ifdef LINUX */
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  /* #include <time.h> */
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  /* #include "timeval.h" */
   */  /* #else */
   cov[1]=1.;  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
   /* #endif */
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  #include <time.h>
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];  
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  #ifdef GSL
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  #endif
         newm=savm;  
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {  #ifdef NLOPT
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];  #include <nlopt.h>
         }  typedef struct {
            double (* function)(double [] );
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  } myfunc_data ;
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  #endif
         savm=oldm;  
         oldm=newm;  /* #include <libintl.h> */
          /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
          
       } /* end mult */  #define MAXLINE 2048 /* Was 256 and 1024. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
        
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
       ipmx +=1;  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
       sw += weight[i];  
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
     } /* end of wave */  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
   } /* end of individual */  
   #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  #define NINTERVMAX 8
   return -l;  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
 }  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
   #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
   #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  /*#define decodtabm(h,k,cptcoveff)= (h <= (1<<cptcoveff)?(((h-1) >> (k-1)) & 1) +1 : -1)*/
   #define decodtabm(h,k,cptcoveff) (((h-1) >> (k-1)) & 1) +1 
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  #define MAXN 20000
 {  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
   int i,j, iter;  /* #define AGESUP 130 */
   double **xi,*delti;  #define AGESUP 150
   double fret;  #define AGEMARGE 25 /* Marge for agemin and agemax for(iage=agemin-AGEMARGE; iage <= agemax+3+AGEMARGE; iage++) */
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  #define AGEBASE 40
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  #define AGEOVERFLOW 1.e20
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  #define AGEGOMP 10 /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  #ifdef _WIN32
   printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
   #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  #else
   fprintf(ficlog,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
   #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
 }  #endif
   
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  /* $Id$ */
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  /* $State$ */
 {  #include "version.h"
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;  char version[]=__IMACH_VERSION__;
   double **hess;  char copyright[]="February 2016,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121), Intel Software 2015-2018";
   int i, j,jk;  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
   int *indx;  char strstart[80];
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  int nagesqr=0, nforce=0; /* nagesqr=1 if model is including age*age, number of forces */
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
   int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates in the model V2+V1 =2 */
   int cptcovsnq=0; /**< cptcovsnq number of simple covariates in the model but non quantitative V2+V1 =2 */
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  int ncovf=0; /* Total number of effective fixed covariates (dummy or quantitative) in the model */
     fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);  int ncovv=0; /* Total number of effective (wave) varying covariates (dummy or quantitative) in the model */
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);  int ncova=0; /* Total number of effective (wave and stepm) varying with age covariates (dummy of quantitative) in the model */
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/  int nsd=0; /**< Total number of single dummy variables (output) */
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/  int nsq=0; /**< Total number of single quantitative variables (output) */
   }  int ncoveff=0; /* Total number of effective fixed dummy covariates in the model */
    int nqfveff=0; /**< nqfveff Number of Quantitative Fixed Variables Effective */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  int ntveff=0; /**< ntveff number of effective time varying variables */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  int nqtveff=0; /**< ntqveff number of effective time varying quantitative variables */
       if (j>i) {  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);  int ncovcombmax=NCOVMAX; /* Maximum calculated number of covariate combination = pow(2, cptcoveff) */
         fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);  int npar=NPARMAX;
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];      int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
       }  int  nqv=0, ntv=0, nqtv=0;    /* Total number of quantitative variables, time variable (dummy), quantitative and time variable */ 
     }  int popbased=0;
   }  
   printf("\n");  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
   int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
                       to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
   x=vector(1,npar);  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];  int countcallfunc=0;  /* Count the number of calls to func */
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  int selected(int kvar); /* Is covariate kvar selected for printing results */
   
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  double **matprod2(); /* test */
     x[j]=1;  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  double   **ddnewms, **ddoldms, **ddsavms; /* for freeing later */
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];  
     }  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
   }  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficresphtm, *ficresphtmfr, *ficrespl, *ficresplb,*ficrespij, *ficrespijb, *ficrest,*ficresf, *ficresfb,*ficrespop;
   FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
     }  FILE *ficresilk;
     printf("\n");  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
   }  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   FILE *ficreseij;
   /* Recompute Inverse */  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  FILE *ficresstdeij;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  FILE *ficrescveij;
   char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");  FILE  *ficresvij;
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  FILE  *ficresvpl;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
     x[j]=1;  char title[MAXLINE];
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  char model[MAXLINE]; /**< The model line */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH],  fileresplb[FILENAMELENGTH];
       y[i][j]=x[i];  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
     }  int  outcmd=0;
     printf("\n");  
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespijb[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  char fileresu[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* fileres without r in front */
   */  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_vector(x,1,npar);  
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);  
   /* struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time; */
   /* struct timezone tzp; */
 }  /* extern int gettimeofday(); */
   struct tm tml, *gmtime(), *localtime();
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/  
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])  extern time_t time();
 {  
   int i;  struct tm start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
   int l=1, lmax=20;  time_t  rstart_time, rend_time, rcurr_time, rlast_time, rforecast_time; /* raw time */
   double k1,k2;  struct tm tm;
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  
   double res;  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  
   double fx;  char *endptr;
   int k=0,kmax=10;  long lval;
   double l1;  double dval;
   
   fx=func(x);  #define NR_END 1
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  #define FREE_ARG char*
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
     l1=pow(10,l);  
     delts=delt;  #define NRANSI 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){  #define ITMAX 200
       delt = delta*(l1*k);  #define ITPOWMAX 20 /* This is now multiplied by the number of parameters */ 
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;  
       k1=func(p2)-fx;  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  
       k2=func(p2)-fx;  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
        
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define GOLD 1.618034 
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
 #endif  
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
         k=kmax;  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
       }    
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
       }  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/myutils_8h-source.html */
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  #define mytinydouble 1.0e-16
         delts=delt;  /* #define DEQUAL(a,b) (fabs((a)-(b))<mytinydouble) */
       }  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/mynrutils_8h-source.html */
     }  /* static double dsqrarg; */
   }  /* #define DSQR(a) (DEQUAL((dsqrarg=(a)),0.0) ? 0.0 : dsqrarg*dsqrarg) */
   delti[theta]=delts;  static double sqrarg;
   return res;  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
    #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
 }  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)  int imx; 
 {  int stepm=1;
   int i;  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;  
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;  int estepm;
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   int k;  
   int m,nb;
   fx=func(x);  long *num;
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *cens;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  int *ncodemax;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;                     covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;                     undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
     k1=func(p2)-fx;  int *ncodemaxwundef;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
                                 covariate for which somebody answered including 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;                               undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
     k2=func(p2)-fx;  double **pmmij, ***probs; /* Global pointer */
    double ***mobaverage, ***mobaverages; /* New global variable */
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  double dateintmean=0;
     k3=func(p2)-fx;  
    double *weight;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  int **s; /* Status */
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  double *agedc;
     k4=func(p2)-fx;  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
 #ifdef DEBUG                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*age; */
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  double **coqvar; /* Fixed quantitative covariate iqv */
     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  double ***cotvar; /* Time varying covariate itv */
 #endif  double ***cotqvar; /* Time varying quantitative covariate itqv */
   }  double  idx; 
   return res;  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
 }  /*           V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
   /*k          1  2   3   4     5    6    7     8    9 */
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/  /*Tvar[k]=   5  4   3   6     5    2    7     1    1 */
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)  /* Tndvar[k]    1   2   3               4          5 */
 {  /*TDvar         4   3   6               7          1 */ /* For outputs only; combination of dummies fixed or varying */
   int i,imax,j,k;  /* Tns[k]    1  2   2              4               5 */ /* Number of single cova */
   double big,dum,sum,temp;  /* TvarsD[k]    1   2                              3 */ /* Number of single dummy cova */
   double *vv;  /* TvarsDind    2   3                              9 */ /* position K of single dummy cova */
    /* TvarsQ[k] 1                     2                 */ /* Number of single quantitative cova */
   vv=vector(1,n);  /* TvarsQind 1                     6                 */ /* position K of single quantitative cova */
   *d=1.0;  /* Tprod[i]=k           4               7            */
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  /* Tage[i]=k                  5               8      */
     big=0.0;  /* */
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  /* Type                    */
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;  /* V         1  2  3  4  5 */
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");  /*           F  F  V  V  V */
     vv[i]=1.0/big;  /*           D  Q  D  D  Q */
   }  /*                         */
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  int *TvarsD;
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {  int *TvarsDind;
       sum=a[i][j];  int *TvarsQ;
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  int *TvarsQind;
       a[i][j]=sum;  
     }  #define MAXRESULTLINES 10
     big=0.0;  int nresult=0;
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {  int parameterline=0; /* # of the parameter (type) line */
       sum=a[i][j];  int TKresult[MAXRESULTLINES];
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)  int Tresult[MAXRESULTLINES][NCOVMAX];/* For dummy variable , value (output) */
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  int Tinvresult[MAXRESULTLINES][NCOVMAX];/* For dummy variable , value (output) */
       a[i][j]=sum;  int Tvresult[MAXRESULTLINES][NCOVMAX]; /* For dummy variable , variable # (output) */
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {  double Tqresult[MAXRESULTLINES][NCOVMAX]; /* For quantitative variable , value (output) */
         big=dum;  double Tqinvresult[MAXRESULTLINES][NCOVMAX]; /* For quantitative variable , value (output) */
         imax=i;  int Tvqresult[MAXRESULTLINES][NCOVMAX]; /* For quantitative variable , variable # (output) */
       }  
     }  /* int *TDvar; /\**< TDvar[1]=4,  TDvarF[2]=3, TDvar[3]=6  in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 *\/ */
     if (j != imax) {  int *TvarF; /**< TvarF[1]=Tvar[6]=2,  TvarF[2]=Tvar[7]=7, TvarF[3]=Tvar[9]=1  in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {  int *TvarFind; /**< TvarFind[1]=6,  TvarFind[2]=7, Tvarind[3]=9  in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
         dum=a[imax][k];  int *TvarV; /**< TvarV[1]=Tvar[1]=5, TvarV[2]=Tvar[2]=4  in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];  int *TvarVind; /**< TvarVind[1]=1, TvarVind[2]=2  in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
         a[j][k]=dum;  int *TvarA; /**< TvarA[1]=Tvar[5]=5, TvarA[2]=Tvar[8]=1  in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
       }  int *TvarAind; /**< TvarindA[1]=5, TvarAind[2]=8  in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
       *d = -(*d);  int *TvarFD; /**< TvarFD[1]=V1 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
       vv[imax]=vv[j];  int *TvarFDind; /* TvarFDind[1]=9 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
     }  int *TvarFQ; /* TvarFQ[1]=V2 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple fixed quantitative variable */
     indx[j]=imax;  int *TvarFQind; /* TvarFQind[1]=6 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple fixed quantitative variable */
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;  int *TvarVD; /* TvarVD[1]=V5 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple fixed quantitative variable */
     if (j != n) {  int *TvarVDind; /* TvarVDind[1]=1 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple fixed quantitative variable */
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);  int *TvarVQ; /* TvarVQ[1]=V5 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple time varying quantitative variable */
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;  int *TvarVQind; /* TvarVQind[1]=1 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple time varying quantitative variable */
     }  
   }  int *Tvarsel; /**< Selected covariates for output */
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */  double *Tvalsel; /**< Selected modality value of covariate for output */
 ;  int *Typevar; /**< 0 for simple covariate (dummy, quantitative, fixed or varying), 1 for age product, 2 for  product */
 }  int *Fixed; /** Fixed[k] 0=fixed, 1 varying, 2 fixed with age product, 3 varying with age product */ 
   int *Dummy; /** Dummy[k] 0=dummy (0 1), 1 quantitative (single or product without age), 2 dummy with age product, 3 quant with age product */ 
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])  int *DummyV; /** Dummy[v] 0=dummy (0 1), 1 quantitative */
 {  int *FixedV; /** FixedV[v] 0 fixed, 1 varying */
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;  int *Tage;
   double sum;  int anyvaryingduminmodel=0; /**< Any varying dummy in Model=1 yes, 0 no, to avoid a loop on waves in freq */ 
    int *Tmodelind; /** Tmodelind[Tvaraff[3]]=9 for V1 position,Tvaraff[1]@9={4, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, model=V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1*/
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  int *TmodelInvind; /** Tmodelind[Tvaraff[3]]=9 for V1 position,Tvaraff[1]@9={4, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, model=V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1*/ 
     ip=indx[i];  int *TmodelInvQind; /** Tmodelqind[1]=1 for V5(quantitative varying) position,Tvaraff[1]@9={4, 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, model=V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1  */
     sum=b[ip];  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
     b[ip]=b[i];  /* int **codtab;*/ /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
     if (ii)  int **Tvard;
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  int *Tprod;/**< Gives the k position of the k1 product */
     else if (sum) ii=i;  /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3  */
     b[i]=sum;  int *Tposprod; /**< Gives the k1 product from the k position */
   }     /* if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2) */
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {     /* Tposprod[k]=k1 , Tposprod[3]=1, Tposprod[5(V3*V2)]=2 (2nd product without age) */
     sum=b[i];  int cptcovprod, *Tvaraff, *invalidvarcomb;
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];  
   }  #define FD 1; /* Fixed dummy covariate */
 }  #define FQ 2; /* Fixed quantitative covariate */
   #define FP 3; /* Fixed product covariate */
 /************ Frequencies ********************/  #define FPDD 7; /* Fixed product dummy*dummy covariate */
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)  #define FPDQ 8; /* Fixed product dummy*quantitative covariate */
 {  /* Some frequencies */  #define FPQQ 9; /* Fixed product quantitative*quantitative covariate */
    #define VD 10; /* Varying dummy covariate */
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;  #define VQ 11; /* Varying quantitative covariate */
   int first;  #define VP 12; /* Varying product covariate */
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */  #define VPDD 13; /* Varying product dummy*dummy covariate */
   double *pp;  #define VPDQ 14; /* Varying product dummy*quantitative covariate */
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;  #define VPQQ 15; /* Varying product quantitative*quantitative covariate */
   FILE *ficresp;  #define APFD 16; /* Age product * fixed dummy covariate */
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];  #define APFQ 17; /* Age product * fixed quantitative covariate */
    #define APVD 18; /* Age product * varying dummy covariate */
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  #define APVQ 19; /* Age product * varying quantitative covariate */
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");  #define FTYPE 1; /* Fixed covariate */
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);  #define VTYPE 2; /* Varying covariate (loop in wave) */
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {  #define ATYPE 2; /* Age product covariate (loop in dh within wave)*/
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);  struct kmodel{
     exit(0);          int maintype; /* main type */
   }          int subtype; /* subtype */
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);  };
   j1=0;  struct kmodel modell[NCOVMAX];
    
   j=cptcoveff;  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
   
   first=1;  /**************** split *************************/
   static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){  {
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
       j1++;       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);    */ 
         scanf("%d", i);*/    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      int   l1=0, l2=0;                             /* length counters */
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
          ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
       dateintsum=0;    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
       k2cpt=0;      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
         bool=1;        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {      /* get current working directory */
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])  #ifdef WIN32
               bool=0;      if (_getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
         }  #else
         if (bool==1) {          if (getcwd(dirc, FILENAME_MAX) == NULL) {
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){  #endif
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {      }
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
               if (m<lastpass) {    } else {                              /* strip directory from path */
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
               }      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
                    strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;      dirc[l1-l2] = '\0';                 /* add zero */
                 k2cpt++;      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
               }    }
             }    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
           }    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
         }    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
       }      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
              dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
     }
       if  (cptcovn>0) {    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");    if (ss >0){
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);      ss++;
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
       }      l1= strlen( name);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
          }
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  
         if(i==(int)agemax+3){    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
           fprintf(ficlog,"Total");  }
         }else{  
           if(first==1){  
             first=0;  /******************************************/
             printf("See log file for details...\n");  
           }  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
           fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);  {
         }    int i;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    int lg=0;
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)    i=0;
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    lg=strlen(t);
         }    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      (s[i] = t[i]);
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];    }
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){  }
             if(first==1){  
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
             }  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);    char *s;
           }else{    s=out;
             if(first==1)    while (*in != '\0'){
               printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        in++;
           }      }
         }      *out++ = *in++;
     }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    *out='\0';
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    return s;
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  }
         }  
   /* char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain) */
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)  /* { */
           pos += pp[jk];  /*   /\* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' *\/ */
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  /*   char *s, *t; */
           if(pos>=1.e-5){  /*   t=in;s=out; */
             if(first==1)  /*   while ((*in != *chain) && (*in != '\0')){ */
               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  /*     *out++ = *in++; */
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  /*   } */
           }else{  
             if(first==1)  /*   /\* *in matches *chain *\/ */
               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  /*   while ((*in++ == *chain++) && (*in != '\0')){ */
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  /*     printf("*in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
           }  /*   } */
           if( i <= (int) agemax){  /*   in--; chain--; */
             if(pos>=1.e-5){  /*   while ( (*in != '\0')){ */
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);  /*     printf("Bef *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;  /*     *out++ = *in++; */
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/  /*     printf("Aft *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
             }  /*   } */
             else  /*   *out='\0'; */
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);  /*   out=s; */
           }  /*   return out; */
         }  /* } */
          char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain)
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  {
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    /* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' */
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {    /* in="V1+V1*age+age*age+V2", chain="age*age" */
             if(first==1)  
               printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);    char *strloc;
               fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);  
             }    strcpy (out, in); 
         if(i <= (int) agemax)    strloc = strstr(out, chain); /* strloc points to out at age*age+V2 */
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");    printf("Bef strloc=%s chain=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, out);
         if(first==1)    if(strloc != NULL){ 
           printf("Others in log...\n");      /* will affect out */ /* strloc+strlenc(chain)=+V2 */ /* Will also work in Unicode */
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");      memmove(strloc,strloc+strlen(chain), strlen(strloc+strlen(chain))+1);
       }      /* strcpy (strloc, strloc +strlen(chain));*/
     }    }
   }    printf("Aft strloc=%s chain=%s in=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, in, out);
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;    return out;
    }
   fclose(ficresp);  
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
    {
   /* End of Freq */    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before FIRST occurence of char 'occ' 
 }       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
        gives blocc="abcdef" and alocc="ghi2j".
 /************ Prevalence ********************/       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)    */
 {  /* Some frequencies */    char *s, *t;
      t=in;s=in;
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */      *alocc++ = *in++;
   double *pp;    }
   double pos, k2;    if( *in == occ){
       *(alocc)='\0';
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);      s=++in;
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    }
     
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
   j1=0;      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
        in=s;
   j=cptcoveff;    }
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    while ( *in != '\0'){
        *blocc++ = *in++;
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){    }
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  
       j1++;    *blocc='\0';
          return t;
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    }
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)  {
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before LAST occurence of char 'occ' 
             and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
         bool=1;       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
         if  (cptcovn>0) {    */
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    char *s, *t;
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])    t=in;s=in;
               bool=0;    while (*in != '\0'){
         }      while( *in == occ){
         if (bool==1) {        *blocc++ = *in++;
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){        s=in;
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);      }
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {      *blocc++ = *in++;
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;    }
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
               if (m<lastpass) {      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
                 if (calagedate>0)    else
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
                 else    in=s;
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];    while ( *in != '\0'){
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];      *alocc++ = *in++;
               }    }
             }  
           }    *alocc='\0';
         }    return s;
       }  }
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)  {
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    int i,j=0;
         }    int lg=20;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    i=0;
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)    lg=strlen(s);
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
         }      if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
            }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    return j;
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)  }
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  
         }  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
          /* { */
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
          /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
           if( i <= (int) agemax){  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
             if(pos>=1.e-5){  /*   i=0; */
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
             }  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
           }  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
         }/* end jk */  /*   } */
       }/* end i */  
     } /* end i1 */  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
   } /* end k1 */  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
   /*   } */
    /*      u[p]='\0'; */
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
    /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
 }  /* End of Freq */  /*   } */
   /* } */
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/  
   #ifdef _WIN32
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)  char * strsep(char **pp, const char *delim)
 {  {
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.    char *p, *q;
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).           
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i    if ((p = *pp) == NULL)
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]      return 0;
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.    if ((q = strpbrk (p, delim)) != NULL)
      */    {
       *pp = q + 1;
   int i, mi, m;      *q = '\0';
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;    }
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/    else
   int first;      *pp = 0;
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;    return p;
   double sum=0.;  }
   first=0;  #endif
   jmin=1e+5;  
   jmax=-1;  /********************** nrerror ********************/
   jmean=0.;  
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  void nrerror(char error_text[])
     mi=0;  {
     m=firstpass;    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
       if(s[m][i]>=1)    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
         mw[++mi][i]=m;  }
       if(m >=lastpass)  /*********************** vector *******************/
         break;  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
       else  {
         m++;    double *v;
     }/* end while */    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */    return v-nl+NR_END;
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */  }
          /* Only death is a correct wave */  
       mw[mi][i]=m;  /************************ free vector ******************/
     }  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   {
     wav[i]=mi;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     if(mi==0){  }
       if(first==0){  
         printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);  /************************ivector *******************************/
         first=1;  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
       }  {
       if(first==1){    int *v;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
       }    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     } /* end mi==0 */    return v-nl+NR_END;
   }  }
   
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /******************free ivector **************************/
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
       if (stepm <=0)  {
         dh[mi][i]=1;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       else{  }
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {  
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {  /************************lvector *******************************/
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */  {
           k=k+1;    long *v;
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
           sum=sum+j;    return v-nl+NR_END;
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */  }
           }  
         }  /******************free lvector **************************/
         else{  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));  {
           k=k+1;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  }
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;  
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
           sum=sum+j;  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
         }       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
         jk= j/stepm;  { 
         jl= j -jk*stepm;    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;    int **m; 
         if(jl <= -ju)    
           dh[mi][i]=jk;    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
         else    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)    m += NR_END; 
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */    m -= nrl; 
       }    
     }    
   }    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
   jmean=sum/k;    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
   fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
  }    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
     
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)    
 {    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;    return m; 
   int cptcode=0;  } 
   cptcoveff=0;  
    /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;        int **m;
         long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  { 
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
       Ndum[ij]++;    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/  } 
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;  
     }  /******************* matrix *******************************/
   double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {  {
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
     }    double **m;
     ij=1;  
     m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {    m += NR_END;
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {    m -= nrl;
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {  
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
              if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
           ij++;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
         }    m[nrl] -= ncl;
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;  
       }      for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     }    return m;
   }      /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
   m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
      */
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {  }
    ij=Tvar[i];  
    Ndum[ij]++;  /*************************free matrix ************************/
  }  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   {
  ij=1;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){  }
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;  
      ij++;  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
    }  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
  }  {
      long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
  cptcoveff=ij-1;    double ***m;
 }  
     m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     m += NR_END;
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )    m -= nrl;
   
 {    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   /* Health expectancies */    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
   double age, agelim, hf;    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   double ***p3mat,***varhe;  
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   double *xp;  
   double **gp, **gm;    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
   int theta;    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
     m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   xp=vector(1,npar);      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);    
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
        m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    }
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    return m; 
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
     */
   if(estepm < stepm){  }
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);  
   }  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
   else  hstepm=estepm;    void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months  {
    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
    * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according  }
    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we  
    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise  {
    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim    return tmpout;
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.  }
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size  
      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it  {
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if    
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   */    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   agelim=AGESUP;    return tmpout;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  }
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */  
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/  {
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */    
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */    return tmpout;
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);    }
     
   /*************** function subdirfext ***********/
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */  char *subdirfext(char fileres[], char *preop, char *postop)
   {
     /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */    
     strcpy(tmpout,preop);
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){    strcat(tmpout,postop);
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    return tmpout;
       }  }
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    
    /*************** function subdirfext3 ***********/
       cptj=0;  char *subdirfext3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *postop)
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  {
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){    
           cptj=cptj+1;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;    strcat(tmpout,"/");
           }    strcat(tmpout,preop);
         }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       }    strcat(tmpout,postop);
          return tmpout;
        }
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)   
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    {
          long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
       cptj=0;    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
           cptj=cptj+1;    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
           }    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
         }    return ascdiff;
       }  }
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)  
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){  /***************** f1dim *************************/
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];  extern int ncom; 
         }  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
      }  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
       
 /* End theta */  double f1dim(double x) 
   { 
      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);    int j; 
     double f;
      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)    double *xt; 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)   
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
          f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
     free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)    return f; 
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)  } 
         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;  
   /*****************brent *************************/
      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);  {
      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){    /* Given a function f, and given a bracketing triplet of abscissas ax, bx, cx (such that bx is
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){     * between ax and cx, and f(bx) is less than both f(ax) and f(cx) ), this routine isolates
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);     * the minimum to a fractional precision of about tol using Brent’s method. The abscissa of
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);     * the minimum is returned as xmin, and the minimum function value is returned as brent , the
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)     * returned function value. 
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)    */
             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;    int iter; 
       }    double a,b,d,etemp;
     }    double fu=0,fv,fw,fx;
     /* Computing expectancies */    double ftemp=0.;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double e=0.0; 
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){   
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
              b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
 /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/    x=w=v=bx; 
     fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
         }    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
       xm=0.5*(a+b); 
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
     cptj=0;      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
         cptj++;  #ifdef DEBUGBRENT
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       }      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
      #endif
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);        *xmin=x; 
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);        return fx; 
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);      } 
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      ftemp=fu;
   }      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
   printf("\n");        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
         p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        q=2.0*(q-r); 
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);        q=fabs(q); 
   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);        etemp=e; 
 }        e=d; 
         if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
 /************ Variance ******************/                                  d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
 void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased)        else { 
 {                                  d=p/q; 
   /* Variance of health expectancies */                                  u=x+d; 
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/                                  if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
   /* double **newm;*/                                          d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        } 
   double **dnewmp,**doldmp;      } else { 
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   int k, cptcode;      } 
   double *xp;      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
   double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */      fu=(*f)(u); 
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */      if (fu <= fx) { 
   double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
   double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
   double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */        SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
   double ***p3mat;      } else { 
   double age,agelim, hf;        if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
   int theta;        if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
   char digit[4];                                  v=w; 
   char digitp[16];                                  w=u; 
                                   fv=fw; 
   char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];                                  fw=fu; 
         } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
   if(popbased==1)                                  v=u; 
     strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-");                                  fv=fu; 
   else        } 
     strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");      } 
     } 
   strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev");    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
   sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);    *xmin=x; 
   /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/    return fx; 
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */  } 
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not */  
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);              double (*func)(double)) 
   }  { /* Given a function func , and given distinct initial points ax and bx , this routine searches in
   printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);  the downhill direction (defined by the function as evaluated at the initial points) and returns
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);  new points ax , bx , cx that bracket a minimum of the function. Also returned are the function
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying during a year and weighted mean w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n");  values at the three points, fa, fb , and fc such that fa > fb and fb < fc.
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);     */
   for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);    double fu; 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);    double scale=10.;
   }      int iterscale=0;
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");  
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {    *fa=(*func)(*ax); /*  xta[j]=pcom[j]+(*ax)*xicom[j]; fa=f(xta[j])*/
     printf("Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);    *fb=(*func)(*bx); /*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);  
     exit(0);  
   }    /* while(*fb != *fb){ /\* *ax should be ok, reducing distance to *ax *\/ */
   else{    /*   printf("Warning mnbrak *fb = %lf, *bx=%lf *ax=%lf *fa==%lf iter=%d\n",*fb, *bx, *ax, *fa, iterscale++); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");    /*   *bx = *ax - (*ax - *bx)/scale; */
   }    /*   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  /\*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) *\/ */
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL) {    /* } */
     printf("Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);    if (*fb > *fa) { 
     exit(0);      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
   }      SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
   else{    } 
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
   }    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
   varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);  #ifdef DEBUG
     printf("mnbrak0 a=%lf *fa=%lf, b=%lf *fb=%lf, c=%lf *fc=%lf\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx, *fc);
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");    fprintf(ficlog,"mnbrak0 a=%lf *fa=%lf, b=%lf *fb=%lf, c=%lf *fc=%lf\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx, *fc);
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");  #endif
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining a,b,c with fa> fb > fc. If fc=inf it exits and if flat fb=fc it exits too.*/
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); /* What if fa=inf */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
         (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); /* Minimum abscissa of a parabolic estimated from (a,fa), (b,fb) and (c,fc). */
   xp=vector(1,npar);      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); /* Maximum abscissa where function should be evaluated */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { /* if u_p is between b and c */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        fu=(*func)(u); 
   dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);  #ifdef DEBUG
   doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);        /* f(x)=A(x-u)**2+f(u) */
         double A, fparabu; 
   gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);        A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
   gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);        fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
   gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);        printf("\nmnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f, q=%lf < %lf=r)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu,q,r);
   trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/        fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f, q=%lf < %lf=r)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu,q,r);
          /* And thus,it can be that fu > *fc even if fparabu < *fc */
   if(estepm < stepm){        /* mnbrak (*ax=7.666299858533, *fa=299039.693133272231), (*bx=8.595447774979, *fb=298976.598289369489),
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);          (*cx=10.098840694817, *fc=298946.631474258087),  (*u=9.852501168332, fu=298948.773013752128, fparabu=298945.434711494134) */
   }        /* In that case, there is no bracket in the output! Routine is wrong with many consequences.*/
   else  hstepm=estepm;    #endif 
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */  #ifdef MNBRAKORIGINAL
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.  #else
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim  /*       if (fu > *fc) { */
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size  /*       printf("mnbrak4  fu > fc \n"); */
      and note for a fixed period like k years */  /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak4 fu > fc\n"); */
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the  /* #endif */
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it  /*      /\* SHFT(u,*cx,*cx,u) /\\* ie a=c, c=u and u=c; in that case, next SHFT(a,b,c,u) will give a=b=b, b=c=u, c=u=c and *\\/  *\/ */
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if  /*      /\* SHFT(*fa,*fc,fu,*fc) /\\* (b, u, c) is a bracket while test fb > fc will be fu > fc  will exit *\\/ *\/ */
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.  /*      u = *cx; */
   */  /*      *cx = dum; */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */  /*      dum = fu; */
   agelim = AGESUP;  /*      fu = *fc; */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  /*      *fc =dum; */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */  /*       } else { /\* end *\/ */
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  /*       printf("mnbrak3  fu < fc \n"); */
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);  /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak3 fu < fc\n"); */
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  /* #endif */
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
   /*      u = *cx; */
   /*      *cx = dum; */
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){  /*      dum = fu; */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */  /*      fu = *fc; */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  /*      *fc =dum; */
       }  /*       } */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    #ifdef DEBUGMNBRAK
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);                   double A, fparabu; 
        A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
       if (popbased==1) {       fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       printf("\nmnbrak35 ax=%lf fa=%lf bx=%lf fb=%lf, u=%lf fp=%lf fu=%lf < or >= fc=%lf cx=%lf, q=%lf < %lf=r \n",*ax, *fa, *bx,*fb,u,fparabu,fu,*fc,*cx,q,r);
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];       fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak35 ax=%lf fa=%lf bx=%lf fb=%lf, u=%lf fp=%lf fu=%lf < or >= fc=%lf cx=%lf, q=%lf < %lf=r \n",*ax, *fa, *bx,*fb,u,fparabu,fu,*fc,*cx,q,r);
       }  #endif
          dum=u; /* Shifting c and u */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){        u = *cx;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        *cx = dum;
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)        dum = fu;
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];        fu = *fc;
         }        *fc =dum;
       }  #endif
       /* This for computing forces of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { /* u is after c but before ulim */
       for(j=nlstate+1,gpp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  #ifdef DEBUG
         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)        printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim\n",u,*cx);
           gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];        fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim\n",u,*cx);
       }      #endif
       /* end force of mortality */        fu=(*func)(u); 
         if (fu < *fc) { 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */  #ifdef DEBUG
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);                                  printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim=%lf AND fu=%lf < %lf=fc\n",u,*cx,ulim,fu, *fc);
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);                              fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf after c=%lf but before ulim=%lf AND fu=%lf < %lf=fc\n",u,*cx,ulim,fu, *fc);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  #endif
                              SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
       if (popbased==1) {                                  SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  #ifdef DEBUG
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];                                          printf("\nmnbrak2 shift GOLD c=%lf",*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx));
       }  #endif
         } 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { /* u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c) */
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  #ifdef DEBUG
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)        printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf outside ulim=%lf (verifying that ulim is beyond c=%lf)\n",u,ulim,*cx);
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];        fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf outside ulim=%lf (verifying that ulim is beyond c=%lf)\n",u,ulim,*cx);
         }  #endif
       }        u=ulim; 
       /* This for computing force of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */        fu=(*func)(u); 
       for(j=nlstate+1,gmp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      } else { /* u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum) */
         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)  #ifdef DEBUG
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];        printf("\nmnbrak2  u=%lf could be left to b=%lf (if r=%lf > q=%lf parabola has a maximum)\n",u,*bx,r,q);
       }            fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2  u=%lf could be left to b=%lf (if r=%lf > q=%lf parabola has a maximum)\n",u,*bx,r,q);
       /* end force of mortality */  #endif
         u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */        fu=(*func)(u); 
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  #ifdef DEBUG
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];        printf("\nmnbrak2 new u=%lf fu=%lf shifted gold left from c=%lf and b=%lf \n",u,fu,*cx,*bx);
         }        fprintf(ficlog,"\nmnbrak2 new u=%lf fu=%lf shifted gold left from c=%lf and b=%lf \n",u,fu,*cx,*bx);
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */  #endif
         gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];      } /* end tests */
       }      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
     } /* End theta */  #ifdef DEBUG
         printf("\nmnbrak2 shift (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */        fprintf(ficlog, "\nmnbrak2 shift (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc);
   #endif
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */    } /* end while; ie return (a, b, c, fa, fb, fc) such that a < b < c with f(a) > f(b) and fb < f(c) */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  } 
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];  /*************** linmin ************************/
   /* Given an n -dimensional point p[1..n] and an n -dimensional direction xi[1..n] , moves and
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */  resets p to where the function func(p) takes on a minimum along the direction xi from p ,
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  and replaces xi by the actual vector displacement that p was moved. Also returns as fret
         trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];  the value of func at the returned location p . This is actually all accomplished by calling the
   routines mnbrak and brent .*/
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */  int ncom; 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  double *pcom,*xicom;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;   
   #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){  #else
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []), int *flat) 
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);  #endif
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  { 
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
       }    double f1dim(double x); 
     }    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
                 double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
     /* pptj */    int j; 
     matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
     matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);    double fx,fb,fa;
     for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)  
       for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
         varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];  #else
     /* end ppptj */    double scale=10., axs, xxs; /* Scale added for infinity */
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    #endif
     prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    
      ncom=n; 
     if (popbased==1) {    pcom=vector(1,n); 
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    xicom=vector(1,n); 
         prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];    nrfunc=func; 
     }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
          pcom[j]=p[j]; 
     /* This for computing force of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */      xicom[j]=xi[j]; /* Former scale xi[j] of currrent direction i */
     for(j=nlstate+1,gmp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    } 
       for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)  
         gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
     }        xx=1.;
     /* end force of mortality */  #else
     axs=0.0;
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);    xxs=1.;
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    do{
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));      xx= xxs;
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){  #endif
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);      ax=0.;
       }      mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  /* Outputs: xtx[j]=pcom[j]+(*xx)*xicom[j]; fx=f(xtx[j]) */
     }      /* brackets with inputs ax=0 and xx=1, but points, pcom=p, and directions values, xicom=xi, are sent via f1dim(x) */
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");      /* xt[x,j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]  f(ax) = f(xt(a,j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 0 * xi(j)) and  f(xx) = f(xt(x, j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 1 * xi(j))   */
       /* Outputs: fa=f(p(j)) and fx=f(p(j) + xxs * xi(j) ) and f(bx)= f(p(j)+ bx* xi(j)) */
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );      /* Given input ax=axs and xx=xxs, xx might be too far from ax to get a finite f(xx) */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      /* Searches on line, outputs (ax, xx, bx) such that fx < min(fa and fb) */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){      /* Find a bracket a,x,b in direction n=xi ie xicom, order may change. Scale is [0:xxs*xi[j]] et non plus  [0:xi[j]]*/
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
       }  #else
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");      if (fx != fx){
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);                          xxs=xxs/scale; /* Trying a smaller xx, closer to initial ax=0 */
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);                          printf("|");
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);                          fprintf(ficlog,"|");
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                          printf("\nLinmin NAN : input [axs=%lf:xxs=%lf], mnbrak outputs fx=%lf <(fb=%lf and fa=%lf) with xx=%lf in [ax=%lf:bx=%lf] \n",  axs, xxs, fx,fb, fa, xx, ax, bx);
   } /* End age */  #endif
   free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);      }
   free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);    }while(fx != fx && xxs > 1.e-5);
   free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);  #endif
   free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/    
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */    printf("\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");    fprintf(ficlog,"\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);  #endif
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);  #else
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",fileresprobmorprev,fileresprobmorprev);          if(fb == fx){ /* Flat function in the direction */
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,digitp,digit);                  xmin=xx;
   /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);      *flat=1;
 */          }else{
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,digit);      *flat=0;
   #endif
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);                  /*Flat mnbrak2 shift (*ax=0.000000000000, *fa=51626.272983130431), (*bx=-1.618034000000, *fb=51590.149499362531), (*cx=-4.236068025156, *fc=51590.149499362531) */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); /* Giving a bracketting triplet (ax, xx, bx), find a minimum, xmin, according to f1dim, *fret(xmin),*/
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    /* fa = f(p[j] + ax * xi[j]), fx = f(p[j] + xx * xi[j]), fb = f(p[j] + bx * xi[j]) */
   free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);    /* fmin = f(p[j] + xmin * xi[j]) */
   free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);    /* P+lambda n in that direction (lambdamin), with TOL between abscisses */
   free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);    /* f1dim(xmin): for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+xmin*xicom[j]; */
   fclose(ficresprobmorprev);  #ifdef DEBUG
   fclose(ficgp);    printf("retour brent from bracket (a=%lf fa=%lf, xx=%lf fx=%lf, b=%lf fb=%lf): fret=%lf xmin=%lf\n",ax,fa,xx,fx,bx,fb,*fret,xmin);
   fclose(fichtm);    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent from bracket (a=%lf fa=%lf, xx=%lf fx=%lf, b=%lf fb=%lf): fret=%lf xmin=%lf\n",ax,fa,xx,fx,bx,fb,*fret,xmin);
   #endif
 }  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   #else
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/                          }
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)  #endif
 {  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */    printf("linmin end ");
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/    fprintf(ficlog,"linmin end ");
   double **newm;  #endif
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   int k, cptcode;      xi[j] *= xmin; 
   double *xp;  #else
   double *gp, *gm;  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   double **gradg, **trgradg;      if(xxs <1.0)
   double age,agelim;        printf(" before xi[%d]=%12.8f", j,xi[j]);
   int theta;  #endif
          xi[j] *= xmin*xxs; /* xi rescaled by xmin and number of loops: if xmin=-1.237 and xi=(1,0,...,0) xi=(-1.237,0,...,0) */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalence's limit\n");  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");      if(xxs <1.0)
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        printf(" after xi[%d]=%12.8f, xmin=%12.8f, ax=%12.8f, xx=%12.8f, bx=%12.8f, xxs=%12.8f", j,xi[j], xmin, ax, xx, bx,xxs );
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);  #endif
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");  #endif
       p[j] += xi[j]; /* Parameters values are updated accordingly */
   xp=vector(1,npar);    } 
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    printf("\n");
      printf("Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    fprintf(ficlog,"Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   agelim = AGESUP;      printf(" xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      fprintf(ficlog," xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;        printf("\n");
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);      }
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);    }
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);  #else
   #endif
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  } 
       }  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  /*************** powell ************************/
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];  /*
      Minimization of a function func of n variables. Input consists of an initial starting point
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */  p[1..n] ; an initial matrix xi[1..n][1..n] , whose columns contain the initial set of di-
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  rections (usually the n unit vectors); and ftol , the fractional tolerance in the function value
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  such that failure to decrease by more than this amount on one iteration signals doneness. On
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  output, p is set to the best point found, xi is the then-current direction set, fret is the returned
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];  function value at p , and iter is the number of iterations taken. The routine linmin is used.
    */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  #else
     } /* End theta */          int *flatdir; /* Function is vanishing in that direction */
           int flat=0, flatd=0; /* Function is vanishing in that direction */
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  #endif
   void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)              double (*func)(double [])) 
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  { 
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)                double (*func)(double [])); 
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;  #else 
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);               double (*func)(double []),int *flat); 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  #endif
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */   int i,ibig,j,jk,k; 
     double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );    double directest;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double fp,fptt;
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));    double *xits;
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");    int niterf, itmp;
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);  #else
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);  
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);    flatdir=ivector(1,n); 
   } /* End age */    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) flatdir[j]=0; 
   #endif
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);  
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    pt=vector(1,n); 
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    ptt=vector(1,n); 
     xit=vector(1,n); 
 }    xits=vector(1,n); 
     *fret=(*func)(p); 
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
 void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)    rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
 {    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
   int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;      fp=(*fret); /* From former iteration or initial value */
   int k2, l2, j1,  z1;      ibig=0; 
   int k=0,l, cptcode;      del=0.0; 
   int first=1, first1;      rlast_time=rcurr_time;
   double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;      /* (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   double **dnewm,**doldm;      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
   double *xp;      curr_time = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
   double *gp, *gm;      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time);fflush(stdout);
   double **gradg, **trgradg;      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret,rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time); fflush(ficlog);
   double **mu;  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec); */
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
   double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
   int theta;      }
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
   char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];      printf("\n#model=  1      +     age ");
   char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];      fprintf(ficlog,"\n#model=  1      +     age ");
       if(nagesqr==1){
   double ***varpij;          printf("  + age*age  ");
           fprintf(ficlog,"  + age*age  ");
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");      }
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);      for(j=1;j <=ncovmodel-2;j++){
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {        if(Typevar[j]==0) {
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);          printf("  +      V%d  ",Tvar[j]);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);          fprintf(ficlog,"  +      V%d  ",Tvar[j]);
   }        }else if(Typevar[j]==1) {
   strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov");          printf("  +    V%d*age ",Tvar[j]);
   strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);          fprintf(ficlog,"  +    V%d*age ",Tvar[j]);
   if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {        }else if(Typevar[j]==2) {
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);          printf("  +    V%d*V%d ",Tvard[Tposprod[j]][1],Tvard[Tposprod[j]][2]);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);          fprintf(ficlog,"  +    V%d*V%d ",Tvard[Tposprod[j]][1],Tvard[Tposprod[j]][2]);
   }        }
   strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor");      }
   strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);      printf("\n");
   if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {  /*     printf("12   47.0114589    0.0154322   33.2424412    0.3279905    2.3731903  */
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);  /* 13  -21.5392400    0.1118147    1.2680506    1.2973408   -1.0663662  */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   }      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);        for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);          if (k != i) {
   printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);            printf("%d%d ",i,k);
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);            fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
   printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
   fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);              printf("%12.7f ",p[jk]);
                fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
   fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");              jk++; 
   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");            }
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");            printf("\n");
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");            fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");          }
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");        }
       }
       if(*iter <=3 && *iter >1){
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        tml = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tml));
       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);        rforecast_time=rcurr_time; 
       fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
       fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
     }            strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for the last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
   xp=vector(1,npar);          rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);          forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
   mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);          itmp = strlen(strfor);
   varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
   first=1;            strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     printf("Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);        }
     exit(0);      }
   }      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { /* For each direction i */
   else{        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; /* Directions stored from previous iteration with previous scales */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");        fptt=(*fret); 
   }  #ifdef DEBUG
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL) {        printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
     printf("Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);        fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);  #endif
     exit(0);        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout); /* print direction (parameter) i */
   }        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   else{  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");  #else
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func,&flat); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing matrix of variance-covariance of step probabilities</h4></li>\n");                          flatdir[i]=flat; /* Function is vanishing in that direction i */
     fprintf(fichtm,"\nWe have drawn ellipsoids of confidence around the p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf> to understand the covariance between two incidences. They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");  #endif
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> We have drawn x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 where x is the column vector (pij,pkl). It means that if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2X2) matrix would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 standard deviations wide on each axis. <br> When both incidences are correlated we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix and made the appropriate rotation.<br> \n");                          /* Outputs are fret(new point p) p is updated and xit rescaled */
         if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { /* We are keeping the max gain on each of the n directions */
   }                                  /* because that direction will be replaced unless the gain del is small */
                                   /* in comparison with the 'probable' gain, mu^2, with the last average direction. */
                                    /* Unless the n directions are conjugate some gain in the determinant may be obtained */
   cov[1]=1;                                  /* with the new direction. */
   tj=cptcoveff;                                  del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
   if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}                                  ibig=i; 
   j1=0;        } 
   for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){  #ifdef DEBUG
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
       j1++;        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
              for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       if  (cptcovn>0) {                                  xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
         fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");                                  printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);                                  fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
         fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");        }
         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable ");        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);                                  printf(" p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#");                                  fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
                }
         fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable ");        printf("\n");
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, "# V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#");  #endif
              } /* end loop on each direction i */
              /* Convergence test will use last linmin estimation (fret) and compare former iteration (fp) */ 
         fprintf(fichtm, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable ");      /* But p and xit have been updated at the end of linmin, *fret corresponds to new p, xit  */
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);      /* New value of last point Pn is not computed, P(n-1) */
         fprintf(fichtm, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
                                          if(flatdir[j] >0){
         fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");                                              printf(" p(%d)=%lf flat=%d ",j,p[j],flatdir[j]);
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);                                          fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%lf flat=%d ",j,p[j],flatdir[j]);
         fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#");                                      }
       }                                  /* printf("\n"); */
                                        /* fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){                          }
         cov[2]=age;      /* if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) { /\* Did we reach enough precision? *\/ */
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol) { /* Did we reach enough precision? */
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];        /* We could compare with a chi^2. chisquare(0.95,ddl=1)=3.84 */
         }        /* By adding age*age in a model, the new -2LL should be lower and the difference follows a */
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];        /* a chisquare statistics with 1 degree. To be significant at the 95% level, it should have */
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)        /* decreased of more than 3.84  */
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];        /* By adding age*age and V1*age the gain (-2LL) should be more than 5.99 (ddl=2) */
                /* By using V1+V2+V3, the gain should be  7.82, compared with basic 1+age. */
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));        /* By adding 10 parameters more the gain should be 18.31 */
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);                          
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));        /* Starting the program with initial values given by a former maximization will simply change */
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));        /* the scales of the directions and the directions, because the are reset to canonical directions */
            /* Thus the first calls to linmin will give new points and better maximizations until fp-(*fret) is */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        /* under the tolerance value. If the tolerance is very small 1.e-9, it could last long.  */
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)  #ifdef DEBUG
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        int k[2],l;
                  k[0]=1;
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);        k[1]=-1;
                  printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
           k=0;        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
               k=k+1;          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];        }
             }        printf("\n");
           }        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
                  for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
                printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
           k=0;          }
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
               k=k+1;        }
               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];  #endif
             }  
           }  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
        #else
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)        free_ivector(flatdir,1,n); 
             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];    #endif
         }        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
         free_vector(xits,1,n); 
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        return; 
              } /* enough precision */ 
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      if (*iter == ITMAX*n) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { /* Computes the extrapolated point P_0 + 2 (P_n-P_0) */
                ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
                pt[j]=p[j]; 
         k=0;      } 
         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){      fptt=(*func)(ptt); /* f_3 */
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){  #ifdef NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  /* No change in drections until some iterations are done */
             k=k+1;                  if (*iter <=4) {
             mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];  #else
           }  #endif
         }  #ifdef POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST    /* skips test F3 <F1 */
         for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)  #else
           for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)      if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
             varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];  #endif
         /* (x1 f1=fp), (x2 f2=*fret), (x3 f3=fptt), (xm fm) */
         /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);        /* From x1 (P0) distance of x2 is at h and x3 is 2h */
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){        /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere.  */
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));        /* Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3) */
        fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));        /* will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f"m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
      }*/        /* Conditional for using this new direction is that mu^2 = (f1-2f2+f3)^2 /2 < del or directest <0 */
         /* also  lamda^2=(f1-f2)^2/mu² is a parasite solution of powell */
         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);        /* For powell, inclusion of this average direction is only if t(del)<0 or del inbetween mu^2 and lambda^2 */
         fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);        /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
         fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);        /*  Even if f3 <f1, directest can be negative and t >0 */
         /* mu² and del² are equal when f3=f1 */
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)                          /* f3 < f1 : mu² < del <= lambda^2 both test are equivalent */
           fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));                          /* f3 < f1 : mu² < lambda^2 < del then directtest is negative and powell t is positive */
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){                          /* f3 > f1 : lambda² < mu^2 < del then t is negative and directest >0  */
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);                          /* f3 > f1 : lambda² < del < mu^2 then t is positive and directest >0  */
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);  #ifdef NRCORIGINAL
         }        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)- del*SQR(fp-fptt); /* Original Numerical Recipes in C*/
         i=0;  #else
         for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del); /* Intel compiler doesn't work on one line; bug reported */
           for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){        t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
             i=i++;  #endif
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);        directest = fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt - 2.0 * del; /* If delta was big enough we change it for a new direction */
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);  #ifdef DEBUG
             for (j=1; j<=i;j++){        printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf  directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
               fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);        fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));        printf("t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
             }               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
           }        fprintf(ficlog,"t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
         }/* end of loop for state */               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
       } /* end of loop for age */        printf("tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
         fprintf(ficlog, "tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
       /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */  #endif
       /*  #ifdef POWELLORIGINAL
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");        if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");  #else
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");        if (directest*t < 0.0) { /* Contradiction between both tests */
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);                                  printf("directest= %.12lf (if <0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt,del);
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);          printf("f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);          fprintf(ficlog,"directest= %.12lf (if directest<0 or t<0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt, del);
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);          fprintf(ficlog,"f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
       */        } 
         if (directest < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
       /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/  #endif
       first1=1;  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
       for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){          printf("Before linmin in direction P%d-P0\n",n);
         for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           if(l2==k2) continue;            printf(" Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
           j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;            fprintf(ficlog," Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
           for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){            if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
             for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){              printf("\n");
               if(l1==k1) continue;              fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;            }
               if(i<=j) continue;          }
               for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){  #endif
                 if ((int)age %5==0){  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
                   v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
                   v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;  #else
                   cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func,&flat); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
                   mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;          flatdir[i]=flat; /* Function is vanishing in that direction i */
                   mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;  #endif
                   c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);          
                   /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
                   lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
                   lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;            printf("After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
                   /* Eigen vectors */            fprintf(ficlog,"After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
                   v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));            if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
                   /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */              printf("\n");
                   v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;              fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
                   v12=-v21;            }
                   v22=v11;          }
                   tnalp=v21/v11;  #endif
                   if(first1==1){          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
                     first1=0;            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace direction with biggest decrease by last direction n */
                     printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);            xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and this nth direction by the by the average p_0 p_n */
                   }          }
                   fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
                   /*printf(fignu*/  #else
                   /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */          for (j=1, flatd=0;j<=n;j++) {
                   /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */            if(flatdir[j]>0)
                   if(first==1){              flatd++;
                     first=0;          }
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");          if(flatd >0){
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);            printf("%d flat directions: ",flatd);
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");            fprintf(ficlog,"%d flat directions :",flatd);
                     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);            for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
                     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);              if(flatdir[j]>0){
                     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);                printf("%d ",j);
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);                fprintf(ficlog,"%d ",j);
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);              }
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);            }
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\            printf("\n");
                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\            fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));          }
                   }else{  #endif
                     first=0;          printf("Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
                     fprintf(fichtm," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);          fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);          
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);  #ifdef DEBUG
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
                   }/* if first */            printf(" %lf",xit[j]);
                 } /* age mod 5 */            fprintf(ficlog," %lf",xit[j]);
               } /* end loop age */          }
               fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);          printf("\n");
               first=1;          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             } /*l12 */  #endif
           } /* k12 */        } /* end of t or directest negative */
         } /*l1 */  #ifdef POWELLNOF3INFF1TEST
       }/* k1 */  #else
     } /* loop covariates */        } /* end if (fptt < fp)  */
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);  #endif
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  #ifdef NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  /* No change in drections until some iterations are done */
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      } /*NODIRECTIONCHANGEDUNTILNITER  No change in drections until some iterations are done */
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);  #else
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);  #endif
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);                  } /* loop iteration */ 
   }  } 
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    
   fclose(ficresprob);  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
   fclose(ficresprobcov);    
   fclose(ficresprobcor);    double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij, int nres)
   fclose(ficgp);    {
   fclose(fichtm);      /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x and for covariate combination ij 
 }         (and selected quantitative values in nres)
          by left multiplying the unit
          matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/    /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \    /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
                   int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\    /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
                   int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\    /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
                   int popforecast, int estepm ,\    /* Initial matrix pimij */
                   double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \    /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
                   double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){    /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/    /*
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL)    {     * and after some iteration: */
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);    /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);    /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
   }    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
     /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
    fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files (first order: no variance)</h4>\n    /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
  - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n    /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
  - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n    /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
  - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n      
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months):    int i, ii,j,k;
    <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n</li>", \    double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
   jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,fileres,fileres,stepm,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
     double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij(); /* **pmmij is a global variable feeded with oldms etc */
 fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");    double **newm;
     double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
  m=cptcoveff;    int ncvloop=0;
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    
     min=vector(1,nlstate);
  jj1=0;    max=vector(1,nlstate);
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){    meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  
      jj1++;          /* Starting with matrix unity */
      if (cptcovn > 0) {    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
        fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);      }
        fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");    
      }    cov[1]=1.;
      /* Pij */    
      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months before: pe%s%d1.png<br>    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
 <img src=\"pe%s%d1.png\">",stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);        /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
      /* Quasi-incidences */    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: pe%s%d2.png<br>      ncvloop++;
 <img src=\"pe%s%d2.png\">",stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);      newm=savm;
        /* Stable prevalence in each health state */      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){      cov[2]=agefin;
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br>      if(nagesqr==1)
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);        cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
        }      for (k=1; k<=nsd;k++) { /* For single dummy covariates only */
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {                          /* Here comes the value of the covariate 'ij' after renumbering k with single dummy covariates */
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.png <br>        cov[2+nagesqr+TvarsDind[k]]=nbcode[TvarsD[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);        /* printf("prevalim Dummy combi=%d k=%d TvarsD[%d]=V%d TvarsDind[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, TvarsD[k],k,TvarsDind[k],nbcode[TvarsD[k]][codtabm(ij,k)],cov[2+nagesqr+TvarsDind[k]], ij, k, codtabm(ij,k)); */
      }      }
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and      for (k=1; k<=nsq;k++) { /* For single varying covariates only */
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.png<br>                          /* Here comes the value of quantitative after renumbering k with single quantitative covariates */
 <img src=\"e%s%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);        cov[2+nagesqr+TvarsQind[k]]=Tqresult[nres][k]; 
    } /* end i1 */        /* printf("prevalim Quantitative k=%d  TvarsQind[%d]=%d, TvarsQ[%d]=V%d,Tqresult[%d][%d]=%f\n",k,k,TvarsQind[k],k,TvarsQ[k],nres,k,Tqresult[nres][k]); */
  }/* End k1 */      }
  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++){  /* For product with age */
         if(Dummy[Tvar[Tage[k]]]){
           cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><li><h4> Result files (second order: variances)</h4>\n        } else{
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n          cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=Tqresult[nres][k]; 
  - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n        }
  - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"probcov%s\">probcov%s</a> <br>\n        /* printf("prevalim Age combi=%d k=%d  Tage[%d]=V%d Tqresult[%d][%d]=%f\n",ij,k,k,Tage[k],nres,k,Tqresult[nres][k]); */
  - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"probcor%s\">probcor%s</a> <br>\n      }
  - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++){ /* For product without age */
  - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n        /* printf("prevalim Prod ij=%d k=%d  Tprod[%d]=%d Tvard[%d][1]=V%d, Tvard[%d][2]=V%d\n",ij,k,k,Tprod[k], k,Tvard[k][1], k,Tvard[k][2]); */
  - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        if(Dummy[Tvard[k][1]==0]){
           if(Dummy[Tvard[k][2]==0]){
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n            cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n          }else{
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n            cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * Tqresult[nres][k];
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);          }
  else        }else{
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);          if(Dummy[Tvard[k][2]==0]){
 fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");            cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)] * Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[k][1]];
           }else{
  m=cptcoveff;            cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[k][1]]*  Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[k][2]];
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}          }
         }
  jj1=0;      }
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
      jj1++;      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
      if (cptcovn > 0) {      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)                  /* age and covariate values of ij are in 'cov' */
          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
        fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");      
      }      savm=oldm;
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {      oldm=newm;
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident  
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.png <br>      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);          max[j]=0.;
      }        min[j]=1.;
    } /* end i1 */      }
  }/* End k1 */      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");        sumnew=0;
 fclose(fichtm);        for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
 }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){ 
           prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/          max[j]=FMAX(max[j],prlim[i][j]);
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){          min[j]=FMIN(min[j],prlim[i][j]);
         }
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;      }
   int ng;  
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {      maxmax=0.;
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);        meandiff[j]=(max[j]-min[j])/(max[j]+min[j])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
   }        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[j]);
         /* printf(" age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, j, meandiff[j],(int)agefin, j, max[j], j, min[j],maxmax); */
 #ifdef windows      } /* j loop */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);      *ncvyear= (int)age- (int)agefin;
 #endif      /* printf("maxmax=%lf maxmin=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, maxmin, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
          /* printf("maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%ld, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
  /* 1eme*/        free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {        free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
         return prlim;
 #ifdef windows      }
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    } /* age loop */
      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
 #endif    printf("Warning: the stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
 #ifdef unix  Earliest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres);    free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
 #endif    free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
     free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    return prlim; /* should not reach here */
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  }
 }  
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {   /**** Back Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");   /* double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij) */
 }   /* double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij) */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij, int nres)
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  {
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x and covariate ij by left multiplying the unit
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
 }      /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));    /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
 #ifdef unix    /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n");    /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
 #endif    /* Initial matrix pimij */
    }    /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
   }    /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
   /*2 eme*/    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
     /*
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {     * and after some iteration: */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);    /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);    /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
        /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {    /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
       k=2*i;    /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    int i, ii,j,k;
 }      int first=0;
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");    double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **bmij();
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    double **newm;
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    double         **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm;  /* for use */
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    double         **oldm, **savm;  /* for use */
 }    
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    int ncvloop=0;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    min=vector(1,nlstate);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    max=vector(1,nlstate);
 }      meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");  
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");          dnewm=ddnewms; doldm=ddoldms; dsavm=ddsavms;
     }          oldm=oldms; savm=savms;
   }  
            /* Starting with matrix unity */
   /*3eme*/          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
                   for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {      }
       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);    
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    cov[1]=1.;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);    
       /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");    /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);    /* for(agefin=age+stepm/YEARM; agefin<=age+delaymax; agefin=agefin+stepm/YEARM){ /\* A changer en age *\/ */
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);    for(agefin=age; agefin<AGESUP; agefin=agefin+stepm/YEARM){ /* A changer en age */
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");      ncvloop++;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);      newm=savm; /* oldm should be kept from previous iteration or unity at start */
                   /* newm points to the allocated table savm passed by the function it can be written, savm could be reallocated */
 */      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      cov[2]=agefin;
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);      if(nagesqr==1)
         cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
       }      for (k=1; k<=nsd;k++) { /* For single dummy covariates only */
     }                          /* Here comes the value of the covariate 'ij' after renumbering k with single dummy covariates */
   }        cov[2+nagesqr+TvarsDind[k]]=nbcode[TvarsD[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
          /* printf("bprevalim Dummy combi=%d k=%d TvarsD[%d]=V%d TvarsDind[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, TvarsD[k],k,TvarsDind[k],nbcode[TvarsD[k]][codtabm(ij,k)],cov[2+nagesqr+TvarsDind[k]], ij, k, codtabm(ij,k)); */
   /* CV preval stat */      }
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {      /*   /\* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; *\/ */
       k=3;      /*   cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]; */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"p%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      /*   /\* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); *\/ */
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);      /* } */
       for (k=1; k<=nsq;k++) { /* For single varying covariates only */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)                          /* Here comes the value of quantitative after renumbering k with single quantitative covariates */
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);        cov[2+nagesqr+TvarsQind[k]]=Tqresult[nres][k]; 
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);        /* printf("prevalim Quantitative k=%d  TvarsQind[%d]=%d, TvarsQ[%d]=V%d,Tqresult[%d][%d]=%f\n",k,k,TvarsQind[k],k,TvarsQ[k],nres,k,Tqresult[nres][k]); */
            }
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2]; */
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /\* Useless *\/ */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      /*   /\* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; *\/ */
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      /*   cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)]; */
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++){  /* For product with age */
       }        if(Dummy[Tvar[Tage[k]]]){
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);            cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
     }        } else{
   }            cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=Tqresult[nres][k]; 
          }
   /* proba elementaires */        /* printf("prevalim Age combi=%d k=%d  Tage[%d]=V%d Tqresult[%d][%d]=%f\n",ij,k,k,Tage[k],nres,k,Tqresult[nres][k]); */
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      }
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++){ /* For product without age */
       if (k != i) {        /* printf("prevalim Prod ij=%d k=%d  Tprod[%d]=%d Tvard[%d][1]=V%d, Tvard[%d][2]=V%d\n",ij,k,k,Tprod[k], k,Tvard[k][1], k,Tvard[k][2]); */
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        if(Dummy[Tvard[k][1]==0]){
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);          if(Dummy[Tvard[k][2]==0]){
           jk++;            cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");          }else{
         }            cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * Tqresult[nres][k];
       }          }
     }        }else{
    }          if(Dummy[Tvard[k][2]==0]){
             cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)] * Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[k][1]];
    for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/          }else{
      for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {            cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[k][1]]*  Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[k][2]];
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk,ng);          }
        if (ng==2)        }
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");      }
        else      
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
        i=1;      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
        for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
          k3=i;      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
          for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {                  /* ij should be linked to the correct index of cov */
            if (k != k2){                  /* age and covariate values ij are in 'cov', but we need to pass
              if(ng==2)                   * ij for the observed prevalence at age and status and covariate
                fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);                   * number:  prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij]
              else                   */
                fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);      /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, ageminpar, agemaxpar, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij)); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
              ij=1;      /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij)); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
              for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {      out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent,ij)); /* Bug Valgrind */
                if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {      savm=oldm;
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);      oldm=newm;
                  ij++;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
                }        max[j]=0.;
                else        min[j]=1.;
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);      }
              }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){ 
              fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
                        /* bprlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew); */
              for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){            bprlim[i][j]= newm[i][j];
                fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);          max[i]=FMAX(max[i],bprlim[i][j]); /* Max in line */
                ij=1;          min[i]=FMIN(min[i],bprlim[i][j]);
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        }
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {      }
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);                  
                    ij++;      maxmax=0.;
                  }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
                  else        meandiff[i]=(max[i]-min[i])/(max[i]+min[i])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[i]);
                }        /* printf("Back age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, i, meandiff[i],(int)agefin, i, max[i], i, min[i],maxmax); */
                fprintf(ficgp,")");      } /* j loop */
              }      *ncvyear= -( (int)age- (int)agefin);
              fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);      /* printf("Back maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear);*/
              if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
              i=i+ncovmodel;        /* printf("OK Back maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
            }        free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
          } /* end k */        free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
        } /* end k2 */        free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
      } /* end jk */        return bprlim;
    } /* end ng */      }
    fclose(ficgp);    } /* age loop */
 }  /* end gnuplot */      /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
     if(first){
       first=1;
 /*************** Moving average **************/      printf("Warning: the back stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. Others in log file only...\n\
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){  Oldest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
     }
   int i, cpt, cptcod;    fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: the back stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)  Oldest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)    free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;    free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
        free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){    
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    return bprlim; /* should not reach here */
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){  }
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){  
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
           }  
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
         }  {
       }    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
     }       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
           model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
 }       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
        and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
        ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
 /************** Forecasting ******************/       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
         Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
   int *popage;       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;    */
   double ***p3mat;    double s1, lnpijopii;
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];    /*double t34;*/
     int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
  agelim=AGESUP;  
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;    for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
       for(j=1; j<i;j++){
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);        for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");          /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);        }
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {        ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);        /*        printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);      }
   }      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);        for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);          /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
           lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;          /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
         }
   if (mobilav==1) {        ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      }
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);    }
   }    
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;      s1=0;
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;      for(j=1; j<i; j++){
          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   agelim=AGESUP;        /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
        }
   hstepm=1;      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;        s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);        /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   anprojmean=yp;      }
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);      /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
   mprojmean=yp;      ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);      /* Computing other pijs */
   jprojmean=yp;      for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;        ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);      /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
      } /* end i */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){    
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
       k=k+1;      for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");        ps[ii][jj]=0;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {        ps[ii][ii]=1;
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      }
       }    }
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");    
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");    
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);    /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
          /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
          /*    printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {    /*   } */
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");    /*   printf("\n "); */
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);      /* } */
     /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    /*
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);      for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;                  goto end;*/
              return ps;
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  }
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);    /*************** backward transition probabilities ***************/ 
          
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){   /* double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ***dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {  /* double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, double ***dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);   double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, int ij )
             }  {
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    /* Computes the backward probability at age agefin and covariate ij
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;     * and returns in **ps as well as **bmij.
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                   */
                 if (mobilav==1)    int i, ii, j,k;
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 else {    double **out, **pmij();
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];    double sumnew=0.;
                 }    double agefin;
                    
               }    double **dnewm, **dsavm, **doldm;
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){    double **bbmij;
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);    
                            doldm=ddoldms; /* global pointers */
               }    dnewm=ddnewms;
             }    dsavm=ddsavms;
           }    
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    agefin=cov[2];
         }    /* bmij *//* age is cov[2], ij is included in cov, but we need for
       }       the observed prevalence (with this covariate ij) */
     }    dsavm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
   }    /* We do have the matrix Px in savm  and we need pij */
            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      sumnew=0.; /* w1 p11 + w2 p21 only on live states */
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate;ii++){
   fclose(ficresf);        sumnew+=dsavm[ii][j]*prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij];
 }      } /* sumnew is (N11+N21)/N..= N.1/N.. = sum on i of w_i pij */
 /************** Forecasting ******************/      for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++){
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){        if(sumnew >= 1.e-10){
            /* if(agefin >= agemaxpar && agefin <= agemaxpar+stepm/YEARM){ */
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;          /*      doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0); */
   int *popage;          /* }else if(agefin >= agemaxpar+stepm/YEARM){ */
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;          /*      doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0); */
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;          /* }else */
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;          doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0);
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];        }else{
           ;
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          /* printf("ii=%d, i=%d, doldm=%lf dsavm=%lf, probs=%lf, sumnew=%lf,agefin=%d\n",ii,j,doldm[ii][j],dsavm[ii][j],prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij],sumnew, (int)agefin); */
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        }
   agelim=AGESUP;      } /*End ii */
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;    } /* End j, At the end doldm is diag[1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
      /* left Product of this diag matrix by dsavm=Px (newm=dsavm*doldm) */
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    bbmij=matprod2(dnewm, dsavm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, doldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
      /* dsavm=doldm; /\* dsavm is now diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] but can be overwritten*\/ */
      /* doldm=dnewm; /\* doldm is now Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] *\/ */
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");    /* dnewm=dsavm; /\* doldm is now Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] *\/ */
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);    /* left Product of this matrix by diag matrix of prevalences (savm) */
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {    for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);      for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++){
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);        dsavm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij] : 0.0);
   }      }
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);    } /* End j, At the end oldm is diag[1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);    ps=matprod2(doldm, dsavm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, dnewm); /* Bug Valgrind */
     /* newm or out is now diag[w_i] * Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;    /* end bmij */
     return ps; 
   if (mobilav==1) {  }
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);  
   }  double **bpmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
   {
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
         model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
   agelim=AGESUP;       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
         and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
   hstepm=1;       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
         j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
   if (popforecast==1) {       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
     }    */
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);    double s1, lnpijopii;
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);    /*double t34;*/
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);    int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
      
     i=1;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;      for(j=1; j<i;j++){
            for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     imx=i;          /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];          lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   }          /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
         }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){        ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){        /*        printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
       k=k+1;      }
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {        for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
       }          lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");          /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");        }
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);        ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");      }
          }
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {    
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
              s1=0;
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){      for(j=1; j<i; j++){
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);        s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;        /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
                }
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
              }
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {      ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);      /* Computing other pijs */
             }      for(j=1; j<i; j++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {        ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                      ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
                 if (mobilav==1)      /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    } /* end i */
                 else {    
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];    for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
                 }      for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
               }        ps[ii][jj]=0;
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){        ps[ii][ii]=1;
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;      }
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);    }
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/    /* Added for backcast */ /* Transposed matrix too */
               }    for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
             }      s1=0.;
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){      for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
               kk1=0.;        s1+=ps[ii][jj];
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){      }
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];      for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate; ii++){
                 }        ps[ii][jj]=ps[ii][jj]/s1;
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];      }
             }    }
     /* Transposition */
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);      for(ii=jj; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
           }        s1=ps[ii][jj];
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        ps[ii][jj]=ps[jj][ii];
         }        ps[jj][ii]=s1;
       }      }
      }
   /******/    /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
     /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {    /*    printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);      /*   } */
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    /*   printf("\n "); */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    /* } */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
              /*
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      goto end;*/
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      return ps;
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  }
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {  
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);  
             }  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                {
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];        /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
               }       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
             }       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
           }       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    int i, j, k;
         }    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
       }      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
    }        out[i][k]=0.;
   }        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
            out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      }
     return out;
   if (popforecast==1) {  }
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);  
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);  
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
   }  
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int nres )
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  {
   fclose(ficrespop);    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' and combination of covariate values corresponding to ij over 
 }       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
        age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
 /***********************************************/       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
 /**************** Main Program *****************/       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
 /***********************************************/       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
        for the memory).
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
 {       included manually here. 
   
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;       */
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;  
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;    int i, j, d, h, k;
     double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   double fret;    double **newm;
   double **xi,tmp,delta;    double agexact;
     double agebegin, ageend;
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */  
   double ***p3mat;    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
   int *indx;    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[80];        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */      }
   int c,  h , cpt,l;    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   int ju,jl, mi;    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;        newm=savm;
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   int hstepm, nhstepm;        cov[1]=1.;
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;        agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /* age just before transition */
         cov[2]=agexact;
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;        if(nagesqr==1)
   double ftolpl=FTOL;          cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
   double **prlim;        for (k=1; k<=nsd;k++) { /* For single dummy covariates only */
   double *severity;                          /* Here comes the value of the covariate 'ij' after renumbering k with single dummy covariates */
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */          cov[2+nagesqr+TvarsDind[k]]=nbcode[TvarsD[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
   double  *p;          /* printf("hpxij Dummy combi=%d k=%d TvarsD[%d]=V%d TvarsDind[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, TvarsD[k],k,TvarsDind[k],nbcode[TvarsD[k]][codtabm(ij,k)],cov[2+nagesqr+TvarsDind[k]], ij, k, codtabm(ij,k)); */
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */        }
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */        for (k=1; k<=nsq;k++) { /* For single varying covariates only */
   double *delti; /* Scale */          /* Here comes the value of quantitative after renumbering k with single quantitative covariates */
   double ***eij, ***vareij;          cov[2+nagesqr+TvarsQind[k]]=Tqresult[nres][k]; 
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */          /* printf("hPxij Quantitative k=%d  TvarsQind[%d]=%d, TvarsQ[%d]=V%d,Tqresult[%d][%d]=%f\n",k,k,TvarsQind[k],k,TvarsQ[k],nres,k,Tqresult[nres][k]); */
   double *epj, vepp;        }
   double kk1, kk2;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++){
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;          if(Dummy[Tvar[Tage[k]]]){
              cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
           } else{
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];            cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=Tqresult[nres][k]; 
           }
           /* printf("hPxij Age combi=%d k=%d  Tage[%d]=V%d Tqresult[%d][%d]=%f\n",ij,k,k,Tage[k],nres,k,Tqresult[nres][k]); */
   char z[1]="c", occ;        }
 #include <sys/time.h>        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++){ /*  */
 #include <time.h>          /* printf("hPxij Prod ij=%d k=%d  Tprod[%d]=%d Tvard[%d][1]=V%d, Tvard[%d][2]=V%d\n",ij,k,k,Tprod[k], k,Tvard[k][1], k,Tvard[k][2]); */
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];          cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
          }
   /* long total_usecs;        /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++)  */
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;        /*        cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]; */
          /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /\* Should start at cptcovn+1 *\/ */
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */        /*        cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2]; */
   getcwd(pathcd, size);        /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /\* Useless because included in cptcovn *\/ */
         /*        cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)]; */
   printf("\n%s",version);        
   if(argc <=1){        
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
     scanf("%s",pathtot);        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
   }                          /* right multiplication of oldm by the current matrix */
   else{        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   }        /* if((int)age == 70){ */
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/        /*        printf(" Forward hpxij age=%d agexact=%f d=%d nhstepm=%d hstepm=%d\n", (int) age, agexact, d, nhstepm, hstepm); */
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);        /*        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++) { */
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/        /*          printf("%d pmmij ",i); */
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/        /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
         /*            printf("%f ",pmmij[i][j]); */
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);        /*          } */
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);        /*          printf(" oldm "); */
   chdir(path);        /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   replace(pathc,path);        /*            printf("%f ",oldm[i][j]); */
         /*          } */
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/        /*          printf("\n"); */
         /*        } */
   /* Log file */        /* } */
   strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);        savm=oldm;
   strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */        oldm=newm;
   if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {      }
     printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
     goto end;        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
   }                                  po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);                                  /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s",version);        }
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: ");      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
   fprintf(ficlog,"pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);    } /* end h */
   fflush(ficlog);          /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
     return po;
   /* */  }
   strcpy(fileres,"r");  
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);  /************* Higher Back Matrix Product ***************/
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */  /* double ***hbxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
   double ***hbxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, int stepm, int ij )
   /*---------arguments file --------*/  {
     /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);       nhstepm*hstepm matrices.
     goto end;       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step
   }       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big
        for the memory).
   strcpy(filereso,"o");       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be
   strcat(filereso,fileres);       included manually here.
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);    */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);  
     goto end;    int i, j, d, h, k;
   }    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double **newm;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    double agexact;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    double agebegin, ageend;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    double **oldm, **savm;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);    oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
     fputs(line,ficparo);    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
   }    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);      }
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        newm=savm;
     puts(line);        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
     fputs(line,ficparo);        cov[1]=1.;
   }        agexact=age-((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /* age just before transition */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        /* agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /\* age just before transition *\/ */
          cov[2]=agexact;
            if(nagesqr==1)
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);          cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
   cptcovn=0;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++)
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;          cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
         /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */          /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
            cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
   /* Read guess parameters */        /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                          
     puts(line);                          
     fputs(line,ficparo);        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
   }        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        /* Careful transposed matrix */
          /* age is in cov[2] */
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        /* out=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij),\ */
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)        /*                                                 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); */
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){        out=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent,ij),\
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);                     1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);        /* if((int)age == 70){ */
       if(mle==1)        /*        printf(" Backward hbxij age=%d agexact=%f d=%d nhstepm=%d hstepm=%d\n", (int) age, agexact, d, nhstepm, hstepm); */
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);        /*        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++) { */
       fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);        /*          printf("%d pmmij ",i); */
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){        /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);        /*            printf("%f ",pmmij[i][j]); */
         if(mle==1){        /*          } */
           printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);        /*          printf(" oldm "); */
           fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);        /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
         }        /*            printf("%f ",oldm[i][j]); */
         else        /*          } */
           fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);        /*          printf("\n"); */
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);        /*        } */
       }        /* } */
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        savm=oldm;
       if(mle==1)        oldm=newm;
         printf("\n");      }
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
     }          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
            /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;        }
       /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
   p=param[1][1];    } /* end h */
      /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    return po;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);  #ifdef NLOPT
     fputs(line,ficparo);    double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
   }    double fret;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    double *xt;
     int j;
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */  /* xt = (p1-1); */
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    xt=vector(1,n); 
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){    for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   xt[j]=p1[j-1]; /* xt[1]=p1[0] */
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);  
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    fret=(d2->function)(xt); /*  p xt[1]@8 is fine */
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    /* fret=(*func)(xt); /\*  p xt[1]@8 is fine *\/ */
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    printf("Function = %.12lf ",fret);
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) printf(" %d %.8lf", j, xt[j]); 
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);    printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);   free_vector(xt,1,n);
       }    return fret;
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  }
       printf("\n");  #endif
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");  
     }  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   }  double func( double *x)
   delti=delti3[1][1];  {
      int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    int ioffset=0;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    double **out;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     puts(line);    int s1, s2;
     fputs(line,ficparo);    int iv=0, iqv=0, itv=0, iqtv=0 ; /* Index of varying covariate, fixed quantitative cov, time varying covariate, quantitative time varying covariate */
   }    double bbh, survp;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    long ipmx;
      double agexact;
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    /*extern weight */
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     if(mle==1)    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
       printf("%s",str);      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);    */
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);  
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){    ++countcallfunc;
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);  
       if(mle==1){    cov[1]=1.;
         printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);  
         fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
       }    ioffset=0;
       else    if(mle==1){
         fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
     }           depending if the covariates are fixed or varying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
     if(mle==1)           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
       printf("\n");        */
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");        ioffset=2+nagesqr ;
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");     /* Fixed */
   }        for (k=1; k<=ncovf;k++){ /* Simple and product fixed covariates without age* products */
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)          cov[ioffset+TvarFind[k]]=covar[Tvar[TvarFind[k]]][i];/* V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1, only V1 is fixed (k=6)*/
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)        }
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
               is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
   if(mle==1)           has been calculated etc */
     printf("\n");        /* For an individual i, wav[i] gives the number of effective waves */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");        /* We compute the contribution to Likelihood of each effective transition
            mw[mi][i] is real wave of the mi th effectve wave */
         /* Then statuses are computed at each begin and end of an effective wave s1=s[ mw[mi][i] ][i];
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */           And the iv th varying covariate is the cotvar[mw[mi+1][i]][iv][i]
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/           But if the variable is not in the model TTvar[iv] is the real variable effective in the model:
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */           meaning that decodemodel should be used cotvar[mw[mi+1][i]][TTvar[iv]][i]
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */        */
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;          for(k=1; k <= ncovv ; k++){ /* Varying  covariates (single and product but no age )*/
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;            /* cov[ioffset+TvarVind[k]]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][Tvar[TvarVind[k]]][i]; */
     }            cov[ioffset+TvarVind[k]]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][Tvar[TvarVind[k]]-ncovcol-nqv][i];
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);          }
              for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     /*-------- data file ----------*/            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;            }
     }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
     n= lastobs;            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);            cov[2]=agexact;
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);            if(nagesqr==1)
     num=ivector(1,n);              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;  /* Should be changed here */
     moisnais=vector(1,n);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     annais=vector(1,n);            if(!FixedV[Tvar[Tage[kk]]])
     moisdc=vector(1,n);              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
     andc=vector(1,n);            else
     agedc=vector(1,n);              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][Tvar[Tage[kk]]-ncovcol-nqv][i]*agexact;
     cod=ivector(1,n);            }
     weight=vector(1,n);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);            savm=oldm;
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);            oldm=newm;
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);          } /* end mult */
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);              
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
            * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
     i=1;           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
                   * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);                                   * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
           strcpy(line,stra);                                   * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);                                   * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);                                   * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
         }                                   */
                  s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           /* bias bh is positive if real duration
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);           */
           /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
         }               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
         num[i]=atol(stra);               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
                       minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/               as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
                health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
         i=i+1;               and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
       }               to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
     }               (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);               introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
        scanf("%d",i);*/               the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */               contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
                stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){               and month of death but the probability to survive from last
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;               interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;               probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;               Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
     }*/               mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){               which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;               lower mortality.
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/            */
              /* If, at the beginning of the maximization mostly, the
                 cumulative probability or probability to be dead is
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/               constant (ie = 1) over time d, the difference is equal to
   Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */               0.  out[s1][3] = savm[s1][3]: probability, being at state
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);               s1 at precedent wave, to be dead a month before current
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);               wave is equal to probability, being at state s1 at
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);               precedent wave, to be dead at mont of the current
   Tage=ivector(1,15);                     wave. Then the observed probability (that this person died)
                   is null according to current estimated parameter. In fact,
   if (strlen(model) >1){               it should be very low but not zero otherwise the log go to
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;               infinity.
     j=nbocc(model,'+');            */
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');  /* #ifdef INFINITYORIGINAL */
     cptcovn=j+1;  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
     cptcovprod=j1;  /* #else */
      /*        if ((out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]) < mytinydouble)  */
     strcpy(modelsav,model);  /*          lli=log(mytinydouble); */
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){  /*        else */
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
       fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);  /* #endif */
       goto end;            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
     }            
              } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyze it */            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/            lli= log(survp);
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/          }
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */          else if  (s2==-4) { 
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
           cptcovprod--;            lli= log(survp); 
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');          } 
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/          else if  (s2==-5) { 
           cptcovage++;            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/            lli= log(survp); 
         }          } 
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */          else{
           cptcovprod--;            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);          } 
           cptcovage++;          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
         }          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
         else {  /* Age is not in the model */          ipmx +=1;
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/          sw += weight[i];
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */          /* if (lli < log(mytinydouble)){ */
           Tprod[k1]=i;          /*   printf("Close to inf lli = %.10lf <  %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[%d][i]=%d s1=%d s2=%d\n", lli,log(mytinydouble), i, mi,mw[mi][i], s[mw[mi][i]][i], s1,s2); */
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/          /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Close to inf lli = %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[mw[mi][i]][i]=%d\n", lli, i, mi,s[mw[mi][i]][i]); */
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */          /* } */
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];        } /* end of wave */
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];      } /* end of individual */
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)    }  else if(mle==2){
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
           k1++;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
           k2=k2+2;        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       else { /* no more sum */              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/            }
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);            newm=savm;
       }            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);              cov[2]=agexact;
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);            if(nagesqr==1)
         scanf("%d",i);*/              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
     } /* end of loop + */            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   } /* end model */              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
              }
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);            savm=oldm;
   scanf("%d ",i);*/            oldm=newm;
     fclose(fic);          } /* end mult */
         
     /*  if(mle==1){*/          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/          ipmx +=1;
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);          sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {        } /* end of wave */
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {      } /* end of individual */
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
          anint[m][i]=9999;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
          s[m][i]=-1;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
        }        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     }              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {            }
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){            newm=savm;
         if(s[m][i] >0){            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {            cov[2]=agexact;
             if(agedc[i]>0)            if(nagesqr==1)
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
            else {            }
               if (andc[i]!=9999){            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
               fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);            savm=oldm;
               agev[m][i]=-1;            oldm=newm;
               }          } /* end mult */
             }        
           }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
               agev[m][i]=1;          ipmx +=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){          sw += weight[i];
               agemin=agev[m][i];          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/        } /* end of wave */
             }      } /* end of individual */
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
               agemax=agev[m][i];      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
             }        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           }              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           else { /* =9 */              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             agev[m][i]=1;            }
             s[m][i]=-1;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
           }            newm=savm;
         }            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         else /*= 0 Unknown */            cov[2]=agexact;
           agev[m][i]=1;            if(nagesqr==1)
       }              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
                for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     }              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {            }
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){          
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);                           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);              savm=oldm;
           goto end;            oldm=newm;
         }          } /* end mult */
       }        
     }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
  fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
           } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);              survp += out[s1][j];
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);            lli= log(survp);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);          }else{
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/          }
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);          ipmx +=1;
     free_vector(andc,1,n);          sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
      /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     wav=ivector(1,imx);        } /* end of wave */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      } /* end of individual */
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
          for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     /* Concatenates waves */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       ncodemax[1]=1;            }
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
                  newm=savm;
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
    h=0;            cov[2]=agexact;
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);            if(nagesqr==1)
                cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){            }
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){          
            h++;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/            savm=oldm;
          }            oldm=newm;
        }          } /* end mult */
      }        
    }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){          ipmx +=1;
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){          sw += weight[i];
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       }          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
       printf("\n");        } /* end of wave */
       }      } /* end of individual */
       scanf("%d",i);*/    } /* End of if */
        for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     return -l;
      }
      
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  double funcone( double *x)
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  {
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    /* Same as func but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
          int ioffset=0;
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */    double **out;
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     double llt;
     if(mle==1){    int s1, s2;
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);    int iv=0, iqv=0, itv=0, iqtv=0 ; /* Index of varying covariate, fixed quantitative cov, time varying covariate, quantitative time varying covariate */
     }  
        double bbh, survp;
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    double agexact;
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);    double agebegin, ageend;
      /*extern weight */
     /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
    jk=1;    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");    */
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    cov[1]=1.;
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){  
        if (k != i)    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
          {    ioffset=0;
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
            fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);      /* ioffset=2+nagesqr+cptcovage; */
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);      ioffset=2+nagesqr;
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){      /* Fixed */
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i]; */
              fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);      /* for (k=1; k<=ncoveff;k++){ /\* Simple and product fixed Dummy covariates without age* products *\/ */
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);      for (k=1; k<=ncovf;k++){ /* Simple and product fixed covariates without age* products */
              jk++;        cov[ioffset+TvarFind[k]]=covar[Tvar[TvarFind[k]]][i];/* V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1, only V1 is fixed (k=6)*/
            }  /*    cov[ioffset+TvarFind[1]]=covar[Tvar[TvarFind[1]]][i];  */
            printf("\n");  /*    cov[2+6]=covar[Tvar[6]][i];  */
            fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  /*    cov[2+6]=covar[2][i]; V2  */
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");  /*    cov[TvarFind[2]]=covar[Tvar[TvarFind[2]]][i];  */
          }  /*    cov[2+7]=covar[Tvar[7]][i];  */
      }  /*    cov[2+7]=covar[7][i]; V7=V1*V2  */
    }  /*    cov[TvarFind[3]]=covar[Tvar[TvarFind[3]]][i];  */
    if(mle==1){  /*    cov[2+9]=covar[Tvar[9]][i];  */
      /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */  /*    cov[2+9]=covar[1][i]; V1  */
      ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */      }
      hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);      /* for (k=1; k<=nqfveff;k++){ /\* Simple and product fixed Quantitative covariates without age* products *\/ */
    }      /*   cov[++ioffset]=coqvar[TvarFQ[k]][i];/\* V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1, only V2 and V1*V2 is fixed (k=6 and 7?)*\/ */
    fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");      /* } */
    printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");      /* for(iqv=1; iqv <= nqfveff; iqv++){ /\* Quantitative fixed covariates *\/ */
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");      /*   cov[++ioffset]=coqvar[Tvar[iqv]][i]; /\* Only V2 k=6 and V1*V2 7 *\/ */
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      /* } */
      for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){      
        if (j!=i) {  
          fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  /* Varying with waves */
          printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      /* Wave varying (but not age varying) */
          fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);        for(k=1; k <= ncovv ; k++){ /* Varying  covariates (single and product but no age )*/
          for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){          /* cov[ioffset+TvarVind[k]]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][Tvar[TvarVind[k]]][i]; */
            printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);          cov[ioffset+TvarVind[k]]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][Tvar[TvarVind[k]]-ncovcol-nqv][i];
            fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);        }
            fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);        /* for(itv=1; itv <= ntveff; itv++){ /\* Varying dummy covariates (single??)*\/ */
            jk++;        /* iv= Tvar[Tmodelind[ioffset-2-nagesqr-cptcovage+itv]]-ncovcol-nqv; /\* Counting the # varying covariate from 1 to ntveff *\/ */
          }        /* cov[ioffset+iv]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][iv][i]; */
          printf("\n");        /* k=ioffset-2-nagesqr-cptcovage+itv; /\* position in simple model *\/ */
          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");        /* cov[ioffset+itv]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][TmodelInvind[itv]][i]; */
          fprintf(ficres,"\n");        /* printf(" i=%d,mi=%d,itv=%d,TmodelInvind[itv]=%d,cotvar[mw[mi][i]][TmodelInvind[itv]][i]=%f\n", i, mi, itv, TmodelInvind[itv],cotvar[mw[mi][i]][TmodelInvind[itv]][i]); */
        }        /* for(iqtv=1; iqtv <= nqtveff; iqtv++){ /\* Varying quantitatives covariates *\/ */
      }        /*        iv=TmodelInvQind[iqtv]; /\* Counting the # varying covariate from 1 to ntveff *\/ */
    }        /*        /\* printf(" i=%d,mi=%d,iqtv=%d,TmodelInvQind[iqtv]=%d,cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][TmodelInvQind[iqtv]][i]=%f\n", i, mi, iqtv, TmodelInvQind[iqtv],cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][TmodelInvQind[iqtv]][i]); *\/ */
            /*        cov[ioffset+ntveff+iqtv]=cotqvar[mw[mi][i]][TmodelInvQind[iqtv]][i]; */
    k=1;        /* } */
    fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
    if(mle==1)          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
      printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
    for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){          }
      /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;        
          i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;        agebegin=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]; /* Age at beginning of effective wave */
          fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);        ageend=agev[mw[mi][i]][i] + (dh[mi][i])*stepm/YEARM; /* Age at end of effective wave and at the end of transition */
          printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  /* Delay between two effective waves */
      fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);        /* for(d=0; d<=0; d++){  /\* Delay between two effective waves Only one matrix to speed up*\/ */
      if(mle==1)          /*dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        printf("%3d",i);            and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.*/
      fprintf(ficlog,"%3d",i);          newm=savm;
      for(j=1; j<=i;j++){          agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  /* Here d is needed */
        fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);          cov[2]=agexact;
        if(mle==1)          if(nagesqr==1)
          printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);            cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
        fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
      }            if(!FixedV[Tvar[Tage[kk]]])
      fprintf(ficres,"\n");              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
      if(mle==1)            else
        printf("\n");              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=cotvar[mw[mi][i]][Tvar[Tage[kk]]-ncovcol-nqv][i]*agexact;
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");          }
      k++;          /* printf("i=%d,mi=%d,d=%d,mw[mi][i]=%d\n",i, mi,d,mw[mi][i]); */
    }          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
              out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
      ungetc(c,ficpar);          /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
      puts(line);          savm=oldm;
      fputs(line,ficparo);          oldm=newm;
    }        } /* end mult */
    ungetc(c,ficpar);        
    estepm=0;        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
    fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
    if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;        /* if(s2==-1){ */
    if (fage <= 2) {        /*        printf(" s1=%d, s2=%d i=%d \n", s1, s2, i); */
      bage = ageminpar;        /*        /\* exit(1); *\/ */
      fage = agemaxpar;        /* } */
    }        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
            /* bias is positive if real duration
    fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
    fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);         */
    fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
              lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
      ungetc(c,ficpar);          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
      puts(line);          lli= log(survp);
      fputs(line,ficparo);        }else if (mle==1){
    }          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
    ungetc(c,ficpar);        } else if(mle==2){
            lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
    fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
    fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
    fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
              lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
      ungetc(c,ficpar);          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
      puts(line);        } /* End of if */
      fputs(line,ficparo);        ipmx +=1;
    }        sw += weight[i];
    ungetc(c,ficpar);        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
         if(globpr){
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;          fprintf(ficresilk,"%09ld %6.1f %6.1f %6d %2d %2d %2d %2d %3d %15.6f %8.4f %8.3f\
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
                   num[i], agebegin, ageend, i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],weight[i]*gipmx/gsw,
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);            for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);              llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
              fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        }
     puts(line);          } /* end of wave */
     fputs(line,ficparo);  } /* end of individual */
   }  for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);  if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);          gipmx=ipmx;
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);          gsw=sw;
   }
   return -l;
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);  /*************** function likelione ***********/
     fputs(line,ficparo);  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   }  {
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
        the selection of individuals/waves and
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);       Plotting could be done.
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);     */
     int k;
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);  
     if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/      strcpy(fileresilk,"ILK_"); 
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);      strcat(fileresilk,fileresu);
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
   }      }
   fclose(ficgp);      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) count ageb ageend s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight weight/gpw -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
  printinggnuplot(fileres, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i ageb agend i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight %%weight 2wlli out sav ");
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {    }
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);  
   }    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
     if(*globpri !=0){
   fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n      fclose(ficresilk);
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n      if (mle ==0)
 \n        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with initial parameters and mle = %d.",mle);
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n      else if(mle >=1)
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with optimized parameters mle = %d.",mle);
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">      fprintf(fichtm," You should at least run with mle >= 1 to get starting values corresponding to the optimized parameters in order to visualize the real contribution of each individual/wave: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
  <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n      
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n        
  - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n      for (k=1; k<= nlstate ; k++) {
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a></ul>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot);        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probability p<sub>%dj</sub> by origin %d and destination j. Dot's sizes are related to corresponding weight: <a href=\"%s-p%dj.png\">%s-p%dj.png</a><br> \
   fclose(fichtm);  <img src=\"%s-p%dj.png\">",k,k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k);
       }
  printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- The function drawn is -2Log(L) in Log scale: by state of origin <a href=\"%s-ori.png\">%s-ori.png</a><br> \
    <img src=\"%s-ori.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- and by state of destination <a href=\"%s-dest.png\">%s-dest.png</a><br> \
  chdir(path);  <img src=\"%s-dest.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
        fflush(fichtm);
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);    }
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    return;
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    }
  free_ivector(num,1,n);  
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);  
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
  fclose(ficparo);  
  fclose(ficres);  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   {
     int i,j, iter=0;
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/    double **xi;
      double fret;
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;  #ifdef NLOPT
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;    int creturn;
   }    nlopt_opt opt;
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);    /* double lb[9] = { -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL }; /\* lower bounds *\/ */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);    double *lb;
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");    double minf; /* the minimum objective value, upon return */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");    double * p1; /* Shifted parameters from 0 instead of 1 */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);    myfunc_data dinst, *d = &dinst;
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");  #endif
    
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   k=0;    strcpy(filerespow,"POW_"); 
   agebase=ageminpar;    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
   agelim=agemaxpar;    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
   ftolpl=1.e-10;      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
   i1=cptcoveff;      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}    }
     fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         k=k+1;        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");  #ifdef POWELL
         printf("\n#******");    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");  #endif
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {  
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  #ifdef NLOPT
           printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  #ifdef NEWUOA
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_NEWUOA,npar);
         }  #else
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");    opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_BOBYQA,npar);
         printf("******\n");  #endif
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");    lb=vector(0,npar-1);
            for (i=0;i<npar;i++) lb[i]= -HUGE_VAL;
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){    nlopt_set_lower_bounds(opt, lb);
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);    nlopt_set_initial_step1(opt, 0.1);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );    
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    p1= (p+1); /*  p *(p+1)@8 and p *(p1)@8 are equal p1[0]=p[1] */
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);    d->function = func;
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");    printf(" Func %.12lf \n",myfunc(npar,p1,NULL,d));
         }    nlopt_set_min_objective(opt, myfunc, d);
       }    nlopt_set_xtol_rel(opt, ftol);
     }    if ((creturn=nlopt_optimize(opt, p1, &minf)) < 0) {
   fclose(ficrespl);      printf("nlopt failed! %d\n",creturn); 
     }
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/    else {
        printf("found minimum after %d evaluations (NLOPT=%d)\n", countcallfunc ,NLOPT);
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);      printf("found minimum at f(%g,%g) = %0.10g\n", p[0], p[1], minf);
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {      iter=1; /* not equal */
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;    }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;    nlopt_destroy(opt);
   }  #endif
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);    fclose(ficrespow);
      printf("\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
   
   agelim=AGESUP;  }
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */  
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   void hesscov(double **matcov, double **hess, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
   /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/  {
     double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
   k=0;    /* double **hess; */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    int i, j;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    int *indx;
       k=k+1;  
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    double hessij(double p[], double **hess, double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
            double gompertz(double p[]);
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */    /* hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar); */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */  
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
           /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
       printf("%d-",i);fflush(stdout);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d-",i);fflush(ficlog);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;     
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);         hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    }
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %f %f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        if (j>i) { 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)          printf(".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);          fprintf(ficlog,".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,hess, delti,i,j,func,npar);
              }          
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
         }        }
     }      }
   }    }
     printf("\n");
   varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
   fclose(ficrespij);    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);    x=vector(1,npar);
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);    indx=ivector(1,npar);
   }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   else{      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     erreur=108;    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
   }      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
        x[j]=1;
       lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         matcov[i][j]=x[i];
   strcpy(filerest,"t");      }
   strcat(filerest,fileres);    }
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
   }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);        printf("%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
       }
   strcpy(filerese,"e");      printf("\n");
   strcat(filerese,fileres);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    }
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    /* printf("\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
   }    /* fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  */
     /*     printf("%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
   strcpy(fileresv,"v");    /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);    /*   } */
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    /*   printf("\n"); */
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    /* } */
   }  
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    /* Recompute Inverse */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) */
   calagedate=-1;    /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j]; */
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    /* ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd); */
   
   k=0;    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n"); */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){  
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    /* for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { */
       k=k+1;    /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0; */
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");    /*   x[j]=1; */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    /*   lubksb(a,npar,indx,x); */
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  */
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");    /*     y[i][j]=x[i]; */
     /*     printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");    /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    /*   } */
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    /*   printf("\n"); */
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");    /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
     /* } */
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    /* Verifying the inverse matrix */
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");    y=matprod2(y,hess,1,npar,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);     printf("\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix, should be unity:#\n");
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;     fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix. Should be unity:#\n");
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);    
      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        printf("%.2f ",y[i][j]);
       varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.2f ",y[i][j]);
       if(popbased==1){      }
         varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased);      printf("\n");
        }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }
    #endif
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");  
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_vector(x,1,npar);
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){    /* free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar); */
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);  
         if (popbased==1) {  
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  }
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];  
         }  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
          double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);  { /* Around values of x, computes the function func and returns the scales delti and hessian */
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){    int i;
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {    int l=1, lmax=20;
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];    double k1,k2, res, fx;
             /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
           }    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];    int k=0,kmax=10;
         }    double l1;
   
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)    fx=func(x);
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));      l1=pow(10,l);
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){      delts=delt;
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
         }        delt = delta*(l1*k);
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
       }        k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
     }        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
   }        k2=func(p2)-fx;
 free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by 2 because L and not 2*L */
     free_vector(weight,1,n);        
   fclose(ficreseij);  #ifdef DEBUGHESSII
   fclose(ficresvij);        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
   fclose(ficrest);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
   fclose(ficpar);  #endif
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
          if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/            k=kmax;
         }
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);          k=kmax; l=lmax*10;
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {        }
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
     exit(0);          delts=delt;
   }        }
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);      } /* End loop k */
     }
   k=0;    delti[theta]=delts;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    return res; 
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    
       k=k+1;  }
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  double hessij( double x[], double **hess, double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  {
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");    int i;
          int l=1, lmax=20;
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    int k, kmax=1;
     }    double v1, v2, cv12, lc1, lc2;
  }  
     int firstime=0;
   fclose(ficresvpl);    
     fx=func(x);
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/    for (k=1; k<=kmax; k=k+10) {
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
        p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);      k1=func(p2)-fx;
      
        p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);      k2=func(p2)-fx;
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
        p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);      k3=func(p2)-fx;
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);    
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
       k4=func(p2)-fx;
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]/k/delti[thetaj]/k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
   fclose(fichtm);      if(k1*k2*k3*k4 <0.){
   fclose(ficgp);        firstime=1;
          kmax=kmax+10;
       }
   if(erreur >0){      if(kmax >=10 || firstime ==1){
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);        printf("Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; you could increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; you could increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
   }else{        printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
    printf("End of Imach\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
    fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");      }
   }  #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ
   printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);      v1=hess[thetai][thetai];
   fclose(ficlog);      v2=hess[thetaj][thetaj];
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */      cv12=res;
        /* Computing eigen value of Hessian matrix */
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/      lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/      lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
   /*------ End -----------*/      if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
         printf("Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
         fprintf(ficlog, "Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
  end:        printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
 #ifdef windows        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/      }
 #endif  #endif
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    }
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    return res;
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/  }
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/  
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);      /* Not done yet: Was supposed to fix if not exactly at the maximum */
  strcat(plotcmd," ");  /* double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar) */
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);  /* { */
  system(plotcmd);  /*   int i; */
   /*   int l=1, lmax=20; */
 #ifdef windows  /*   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx; */
   while (z[0] != 'q') {  /*   double p2[MAXPARM+1]; */
     /* chdir(path); */  /*   double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4; */
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");  /*   int k=0,kmax=10; */
     scanf("%s",z);  /*   double l1; */
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");    
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);  /*   fx=func(x); */
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);  /*   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /\* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum *\/ */
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);  /*     l1=pow(10,l); */
   }  /*     delts=delt; */
 #endif  /*     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){ */
 }  /*       delt = delti*(l1*k); */
   /*       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i]; */
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k1=func(p2)-fx; */
         
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k2=func(p2)-fx; */
         
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k3=func(p2)-fx; */
         
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k4=func(p2)-fx; */
   /*       res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /\* Because of L not 2*L *\/ */
   /* #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ */
   /*       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
   /*       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
   /* #endif */
   /*       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)){ */
   /*      k=kmax; */
   /*       } */
   /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif)){ /\* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. *\/ */
   /*      k=kmax; l=lmax*10; */
   /*       } */
   /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  */
   /*      delts=delt; */
   /*       } */
   /*     } /\* End loop k *\/ */
   /*   } */
   /*   delti[theta]=delts; */
   /*   return res;  */
   /* } */
   
   
   /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
   void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
   { 
     int i,imax,j,k; 
     double big,dum,sum,temp; 
     double *vv; 
    
     vv=vector(1,n); 
     *d=1.0; 
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       big=0.0; 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
         if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
       if (big == 0.0){
         printf(" Singular Hessian matrix at row %d:\n",i);
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           printf(" a[%d][%d]=%f,",i,j,a[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficlog," a[%d][%d]=%f,",i,j,a[i][j]);
         }
         fflush(ficlog);
         fclose(ficlog);
         nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       }
       vv[i]=1.0/big; 
     } 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
         a[i][j]=sum; 
       } 
       big=0.0; 
       for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
           sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
         a[i][j]=sum; 
         if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
           big=dum; 
           imax=i; 
         } 
       } 
       if (j != imax) { 
         for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
           dum=a[imax][k]; 
           a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
           a[j][k]=dum; 
         } 
         *d = -(*d); 
         vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
       } 
       indx[j]=imax; 
       if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
       if (j != n) { 
         dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
         for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
       } 
     } 
     free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   ;
   } 
   
   void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
   { 
     int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
     double sum; 
    
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       ip=indx[i]; 
       sum=b[ip]; 
       b[ip]=b[i]; 
       if (ii) 
         for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       else if (sum) ii=i; 
       b[i]=sum; 
     } 
     for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
       sum=b[i]; 
       for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
     } 
   } 
   
   void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
   {
     fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#IMaCh version %s, %s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,copyright, fullversion, strstart);
   }
   
   int linreg(int ifi, int ila, int *no, const double x[], const double y[], double* a, double* b, double* r, double* sa, double * sb) {
   
     /* y=a+bx regression */
     double   sumx = 0.0;                        /* sum of x                      */
     double   sumx2 = 0.0;                       /* sum of x**2                   */
     double   sumxy = 0.0;                       /* sum of x * y                  */
     double   sumy = 0.0;                        /* sum of y                      */
     double   sumy2 = 0.0;                       /* sum of y**2                   */
     double   sume2; /* sum of square or residuals */
     double yhat;
     
     double denom=0;
     int i;
     int ne=*no;
     
     for ( i=ifi, ne=0;i<=ila;i++) {
       if(!isfinite(x[i]) || !isfinite(y[i])){
         /* printf(" x[%d]=%f, y[%d]=%f\n",i,x[i],i,y[i]); */
         continue;
       }
       ne=ne+1;
       sumx  += x[i];       
       sumx2 += x[i]*x[i];  
       sumxy += x[i] * y[i];
       sumy  += y[i];      
       sumy2 += y[i]*y[i]; 
       denom = (ne * sumx2 - sumx*sumx);
       /* printf("ne=%d, i=%d,x[%d]=%f, y[%d]=%f sumx=%f, sumx2=%f, sumxy=%f, sumy=%f, sumy2=%f, denom=%f\n",ne,i,i,x[i],i,y[i], sumx, sumx2,sumxy, sumy, sumy2,denom); */
     } 
     
     denom = (ne * sumx2 - sumx*sumx);
     if (denom == 0) {
       // vertical, slope m is infinity
       *b = INFINITY;
       *a = 0;
       if (r) *r = 0;
       return 1;
     }
     
     *b = (ne * sumxy  -  sumx * sumy) / denom;
     *a = (sumy * sumx2  -  sumx * sumxy) / denom;
     if (r!=NULL) {
       *r = (sumxy - sumx * sumy / ne) /          /* compute correlation coeff     */
         sqrt((sumx2 - sumx*sumx/ne) *
              (sumy2 - sumy*sumy/ne));
     }
     *no=ne;
     for ( i=ifi, ne=0;i<=ila;i++) {
       if(!isfinite(x[i]) || !isfinite(y[i])){
         /* printf(" x[%d]=%f, y[%d]=%f\n",i,x[i],i,y[i]); */
         continue;
       }
       ne=ne+1;
       yhat = y[i] - *a -*b* x[i];
       sume2  += yhat * yhat ;       
       
       denom = (ne * sumx2 - sumx*sumx);
       /* printf("ne=%d, i=%d,x[%d]=%f, y[%d]=%f sumx=%f, sumx2=%f, sumxy=%f, sumy=%f, sumy2=%f, denom=%f\n",ne,i,i,x[i],i,y[i], sumx, sumx2,sumxy, sumy, sumy2,denom); */
     } 
     *sb = sqrt(sume2/(ne-2)/(sumx2 - sumx * sumx /ne));
     *sa= *sb * sqrt(sumx2/ne);
     
     return 0; 
   }
   
   /************ Frequencies ********************/
   void  freqsummary(char fileres[], double p[], double pstart[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, \
                     int *Tvaraff, int *invalidvarcomb, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[], \
                     int firstpass,  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[])
   {  /* Some frequencies as well as proposing some starting values */
     
     int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j, nj, nl, k, iv, jj=0;
     int iind=0, iage=0;
     int mi; /* Effective wave */
     int first;
     double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     double *x, *y, a,b,r, sa, sb; /* for regression, y=b+m*x and r is the correlation coefficient */
     int no;
     double *meanq;
     double **meanqt;
     double *pp, **prop, *posprop, *pospropt;
     double pos=0., posproptt=0., pospropta=0., k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
     char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresphtm[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresphtmfr[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double agebegin, ageend;
       
     pp=vector(1,nlstate);
     prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+4+AGEMARGE); 
     posprop=vector(1,nlstate); /* Counting the number of transition starting from a live state per age */ 
     pospropt=vector(1,nlstate); /* Counting the number of transition starting from a live state */ 
     /* prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); */
     meanq=vector(1,nqfveff); /* Number of Quantitative Fixed Variables Effective */
     meanqt=matrix(1,lastpass,1,nqtveff);
     strcpy(fileresp,"P_");
     strcat(fileresp,fileresu);
     /*strcat(fileresphtm,fileresu);*/
     if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       exit(0);
     }
     
     strcpy(fileresphtm,subdirfext(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"));
     if((ficresphtm=fopen(fileresphtm,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with prevalence HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtm,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtm,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       exit(70); 
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficresphtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh PHTM_ %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n                                    \
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
               fileresphtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
     fprintf(ficresphtm,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Frequencies and prevalence by age at begin of transition and dummy covariate value at beginning of transition</h4>\n",fileresphtm, fileresphtm);
     
     strcpy(fileresphtmfr,subdirfext(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"));
     if((ficresphtmfr=fopen(fileresphtmfr,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with frequency table HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtmfr,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with frequency table HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtmfr,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       exit(70); 
     } else{
       fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh PHTM_Frequency table %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n                                    \
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
               fileresphtmfr,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
     fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Frequencies of all effective transitions of the model, by age at begin of transition, and covariate value at the begin of transition (if the covariate is a varying covariate) </h4>Unknown status is -1<br/>\n",fileresphtmfr, fileresphtmfr);
     
     y= vector(iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+4+AGEMARGE);
     x= vector(iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+4+AGEMARGE);
     freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+4+AGEMARGE);
     j1=0;
     
     /* j=ncoveff;  /\* Only fixed dummy covariates *\/ */
     j=cptcoveff;  /* Only dummy covariates of the model */
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     
     
     /* Detects if a combination j1 is empty: for a multinomial variable like 3 education levels:
        reference=low_education V1=0,V2=0
        med_educ                V1=1 V2=0, 
        high_educ               V1=0 V2=1
        Then V1=1 and V2=1 is a noisy combination that we want to exclude for the list 2**cptcoveff 
     */
     dateintsum=0;
     k2cpt=0;
   
     if(cptcoveff == 0 )
       nl=1;  /* Constant model only */
     else
       nl=2;
     for (nj = 1; nj <= nl; nj++){   /* nj= 1 constant model, nl number of loops. */
       if(nj==1)
         j=0;  /* First pass for the constant */
       else
         j=cptcoveff; /* Other passes for the covariate values */
       first=1;
       for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,j); j1++){ /* Loop on covariates combination in order of model, excluding quantitatives, V4=0, V3=0 for example, fixed or varying covariates */
         posproptt=0.;
         /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
           scanf("%d", i);*/
         for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
           for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
             for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
               freq[i][jk][m]=0;
         
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  {
           for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
             prop[i][m]=0;
           posprop[i]=0;
           pospropt[i]=0;
         }
         /* for (z1=1; z1<= nqfveff; z1++) {   */
         /*   meanq[z1]+=0.; */
         /*   for(m=1;m<=lastpass;m++){ */
         /*        meanqt[m][z1]=0.; */
         /*   } */
         /* } */
         
         /* dateintsum=0; */
         /* k2cpt=0; */
         
         /* For that combination of covariate j1, we count and print the frequencies in one pass */
         for (iind=1; iind<=imx; iind++) { /* For each individual iind */
           bool=1;
           if(j !=0){
             if(anyvaryingduminmodel==0){ /* If All fixed covariates */
               if (cptcoveff >0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
                 /* for (z1=1; z1<= nqfveff; z1++) {   */
                 /*   meanq[z1]+=coqvar[Tvar[z1]][iind];  /\* Computes mean of quantitative with selected filter *\/ */
                 /* } */
                 for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) { /* loops on covariates in the model */
                   /* if(Tvaraff[z1] ==-20){ */
                   /*       /\* sumnew+=cotvar[mw[mi][iind]][z1][iind]; *\/ */
                   /* }else  if(Tvaraff[z1] ==-10){ */
                   /*       /\* sumnew+=coqvar[z1][iind]; *\/ */
                   /* }else  */
                   if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][iind]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]){ /* for combination j1 of covariates */
                     /* Tests if this individual iind responded to combination j1 (V4=1 V3=0) */
                     bool=0; /* bool should be equal to 1 to be selected, one covariate value failed */
                     /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, j1=%d\n", 
                        bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtabm(j1,z1),
                        j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)],j1);*/
                     /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtabm(7,3)=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
                   } /* Onlyf fixed */
                 } /* end z1 */
               } /* cptcovn > 0 */
             } /* end any */
           }/* end j==0 */
           if (bool==1){ /* We selected an individual iind satisfying combination j1 or all fixed */
             /* for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){ */
             for(mi=1; mi<wav[iind];mi++){ /* For that wave */
               m=mw[mi][iind];
               if(j!=0){
                 if(anyvaryingduminmodel==1){ /* Some are varying covariates */
                   for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) {
                     if( Fixed[Tmodelind[z1]]==1){
                       iv= Tvar[Tmodelind[z1]]-ncovcol-nqv;
                       if (cotvar[m][iv][iind]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) /* iv=1 to ntv, right modality. If covariate's 
                                                                                         value is -1, we don't select. It differs from the 
                                                                                         constant and age model which counts them. */
                         bool=0; /* not selected */
                     }else if( Fixed[Tmodelind[z1]]== 0) { /* fixed */
                       if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][iind]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) {
                         bool=0;
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 }/* Some are varying covariates, we tried to speed up if all fixed covariates in the model, avoiding waves loop  */
               } /* end j==0 */
               /* bool =0 we keep that guy which corresponds to the combination of dummy values */
               if(bool==1){
                 /* dh[m][iind] or dh[mw[mi][iind]][iind] is the delay between two effective (mi) waves m=mw[mi][iind]
                    and mw[mi+1][iind]. dh depends on stepm. */
                 agebegin=agev[m][iind]; /* Age at beginning of wave before transition*/
                 ageend=agev[m][iind]+(dh[m][iind])*stepm/YEARM; /* Age at end of wave and transition */
                 if(m >=firstpass && m <=lastpass){
                   k2=anint[m][iind]+(mint[m][iind]/12.);
                   /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
                   if(agev[m][iind]==0) agev[m][iind]=iagemax+1;  /* All ages equal to 0 are in iagemax+1 */
                   if(agev[m][iind]==1) agev[m][iind]=iagemax+2;  /* All ages equal to 1 are in iagemax+2 */
                   if (s[m][iind]>0 && s[m][iind]<=nlstate)  /* If status at wave m is known and a live state */
                     prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind];  /* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
                   if (m<lastpass) {
                     /* if(s[m][iind]==4 && s[m+1][iind]==4) */
                     /*   printf(" num=%ld m=%d, iind=%d s1=%d s2=%d agev at m=%d\n", num[iind], m, iind,s[m][iind],s[m+1][iind], (int)agev[m][iind]); */
                     if(s[m][iind]==-1)
                       printf(" num=%ld m=%d, iind=%d s1=%d s2=%d agev at m=%d agebegin=%.2f ageend=%.2f, agemed=%d\n", num[iind], m, iind,s[m][iind],s[m+1][iind], (int)agev[m][iind],agebegin, ageend, (int)((agebegin+ageend)/2.));
                     freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind]; /* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
                     /* if((int)agev[m][iind] == 55) */
                     /*   printf("j=%d, j1=%d Age %d, iind=%d, num=%09ld m=%d\n",j,j1,(int)agev[m][iind],iind, num[iind],m); */
                     /* freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][(int)((agebegin+ageend)/2.)] += weight[iind]; */
                     freq[s[m][iind]][s[m+1][iind]][iagemax+3] += weight[iind]; /* Total is in iagemax+3 *//* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
                   }
                 } /* end if between passes */  
                 if ((agev[m][iind]>1) && (agev[m][iind]< (iagemax+3)) && (anint[m][iind]!=9999) && (mint[m][iind]!=99) && (j==0)) {
                   dateintsum=dateintsum+k2; /* on all covariates ?*/
                   k2cpt++;
                   /* printf("iind=%ld dateintmean = %lf dateintsum=%lf k2cpt=%lf k2=%lf\n",iind, dateintsum/k2cpt, dateintsum,k2cpt, k2); */
                 }
               }else{
                 bool=1;
               }/* end bool 2 */
             } /* end m */
           } /* end bool */
         } /* end iind = 1 to imx */
         /* prop[s][age] is feeded for any initial and valid live state as well as
            freq[s1][s2][age] at single age of beginning the transition, for a combination j1 */
         
         
         /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
         pstamp(ficresp);
         if  (cptcoveff>0 && j!=0){
           printf( "\n#********** Variable "); 
           fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           fprintf(ficresphtm, "\n<br/><br/><h3>********** Variable "); 
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "\n<br/><br/><h3>********** Variable "); 
           fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++){
             if(!FixedV[Tvaraff[z1]]){
               printf( "V%d(fixed)=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
               fprintf(ficresp, "V%d(fixed)=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
               fprintf(ficresphtm, "V%d(fixed)=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
               fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "V%d(fixed)=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
               fprintf(ficlog, "V%d(fixed)=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
             }else{
               printf( "V%d(varying)=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
               fprintf(ficresp, "V%d(varying)=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
               fprintf(ficresphtm, "V%d(varying)=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
               fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "V%d(varying)=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
               fprintf(ficlog, "V%d(varying)=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
             }
           }
           printf( "**********\n#");
           fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
           fprintf(ficresphtm, "**********</h3>\n");
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "**********</h3>\n");
           fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n");
         }
         fprintf(ficresphtm,"<table style=\"text-align:center; border: 1px solid\">");
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
           fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d)  N(%d)  N  ",i,i);
           fprintf(ficresphtm, "<th>Age</th><th>Prev(%d)</th><th>N(%d)</th><th>N</th>",i,i);
         }
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
         fprintf(ficresphtm, "\n");
         
         /* Header of frequency table by age */
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<table style=\"text-align:center; border: 1px solid\">");
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<th>Age</th> ");
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
             if(jk!=0 && m!=0)
               fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<th>%d%d</th> ",jk,m);
           }
         }
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "\n");
       
         /* For each age */
         for(iage=iagemin; iage <= iagemax+3; iage++){
           fprintf(ficresphtm,"<tr>");
           if(iage==iagemax+1){
             fprintf(ficlog,"1");
             fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>0</th> ");
           }else if(iage==iagemax+2){
             fprintf(ficlog,"0");
             fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>Unknown</th> ");
           }else if(iage==iagemax+3){
             fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
             fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>Total</th> ");
           }else{
             if(first==1){
               first=0;
               printf("See log file for details...\n");
             }
             fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>%d</th> ",iage);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", iage);
           }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][iage]; 
           }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
               pos += freq[jk][m][iage];
             if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
               if(first==1){
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
               }
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
             }else{
               if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             }
           }
         
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){ 
             /* posprop[jk]=0; */
             for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)/* Summing on all ages */
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][iage];
           }       /* pp[jk] is the total number of transitions starting from state jk and any ending status until this age */
         
           for(jk=1,pos=0, pospropta=0.; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             pos += pp[jk]; /* pos is the total number of transitions until this age */
             posprop[jk] += prop[jk][iage]; /* prop is the number of transitions from a live state
                                               from jk at age iage prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind] */
             pospropta += prop[jk][iage]; /* prop is the number of transitions from a live state
                                             from jk at age iage prop[s[m][iind]][(int)agev[m][iind]] += weight[iind] */
           }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             if(pos>=1.e-5){
               if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
             }else{
               if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             }
             if( iage <= iagemax){
               if(pos>=1.e-5){
                 fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",iage,prop[jk][iage]/pospropta, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
                 fprintf(ficresphtm,"<th>%d</th><td>%.5f</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",iage,prop[jk][iage]/pospropta, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
                 /*probs[iage][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
                 /*printf("\niage=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",iage,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[iage][jk][j1]);*/
               }
               else{
                 fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",iage,prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
                 fprintf(ficresphtm,"<th>%d</th><td>NaNq</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",iage, prop[jk][iage],pospropta);
               }
             }
             pospropt[jk] +=posprop[jk];
           } /* end loop jk */
           /* pospropt=0.; */
           for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
             for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
               if(freq[jk][m][iage] !=0 ) { /* minimizing output */
                 if(first==1){
                   printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iage]);
                 }
                 /* printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iage]); */
                 fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iage]);
               }
               if(jk!=0 && m!=0)
                 fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<td>%.0f</td> ",freq[jk][m][iage]);
             }
           } /* end loop jk */
           posproptt=0.; 
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate; jk++){
             posproptt += pospropt[jk];
           }
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</tr>\n ");
           if(iage <= iagemax){
             fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
             fprintf(ficresphtm,"</tr>\n");
           }
           if(first==1)
             printf("Others in log...\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         } /* end loop age iage */
         fprintf(ficresphtm,"<tr><th>Tot</th>");
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
           if(posproptt < 1.e-5){
             fprintf(ficresphtm,"<td>Nanq</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",pospropt[jk],posproptt); 
           }else{
             fprintf(ficresphtm,"<td>%.5f</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",pospropt[jk]/posproptt,pospropt[jk],posproptt);  
           }
         }
         fprintf(ficresphtm,"</tr>\n");
         fprintf(ficresphtm,"</table>\n");
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</table>\n");
         if(posproptt < 1.e-5){
           fprintf(ficresphtm,"\n <p><b> This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced</b></p>",j1);
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"\n <p><b> This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced</b></p>",j1);
           fprintf(ficres,"\n  This combination (%d) is not valid and no result will be produced\n\n",j1);
           invalidvarcomb[j1]=1;
         }else{
           fprintf(ficresphtm,"\n <p> This combination (%d) is valid and result will be produced.</p>",j1);
           invalidvarcomb[j1]=0;
         }
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</table>\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         if(j!=0){
           printf("#Freqsummary: Starting values for combination j1=%d:\n", j1);
           for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
             for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
               if (k != i) {
                 for(jj=1; jj <=ncovmodel; jj++){ /* For counting jk */
                   if(jj==1){  /* Constant case (in fact cste + age) */
                     if(j1==1){ /* All dummy covariates to zero */
                       freq[i][k][iagemax+4]=freq[i][k][iagemax+3]; /* Stores case 0 0 0 */
                       freq[i][i][iagemax+4]=freq[i][i][iagemax+3]; /* Stores case 0 0 0 */
                       printf("%d%d ",i,k);
                       fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
                       printf("%12.7f ln(%.0f/%.0f)= %f, OR=%f sd=%f \n",p[jk],freq[i][k][iagemax+3],freq[i][i][iagemax+3], log(freq[i][k][iagemax+3]/freq[i][i][iagemax+3]),freq[i][k][iagemax+3]/freq[i][i][iagemax+3], sqrt(1/freq[i][k][iagemax+3]+1/freq[i][i][iagemax+3]));
                       fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f ln(%.0f/%.0f)= %12.7f \n",p[jk],freq[i][k][iagemax+3],freq[i][i][iagemax+3], log(freq[i][k][iagemax+3]/freq[i][i][iagemax+3]));
                       pstart[jk]= log(freq[i][k][iagemax+3]/freq[i][i][iagemax+3]);
                     }
                   }else if((j1==1) && (jj==2 || nagesqr==1)){ /* age or age*age parameter without covariate V4*age (to be done later) */
                     for(iage=iagemin; iage <= iagemax+3; iage++){
                       x[iage]= (double)iage;
                       y[iage]= log(freq[i][k][iage]/freq[i][i][iage]);
                       /* printf("i=%d, k=%d, jk=%d, j1=%d, jj=%d, y[%d]=%f\n",i,k,jk,j1,jj, iage, y[iage]); */
                     }
                     linreg(iagemin,iagemax,&no,x,y,&a,&b,&r, &sa, &sb ); /* y= a+b*x with standard errors */
                     pstart[jk]=b;
                     pstart[jk-1]=a;
                   }else if( j1!=1 && (j1==2 || (log(j1-1.)/log(2.)-(int)(log(j1-1.)/log(2.))) <0.010) && ( TvarsDind[(int)(log(j1-1.)/log(2.))+1]+2+nagesqr == jj)  && Dummy[jj-2-nagesqr]==0){ /* We want only if the position, jj, in model corresponds to unique covariate equal to 1 in j1 combination */ 
                     printf("j1=%d, jj=%d, (int)(log(j1-1.)/log(2.))+1=%d, TvarsDind[(int)(log(j1-1.)/log(2.))+1]=%d\n",j1, jj,(int)(log(j1-1.)/log(2.))+1,TvarsDind[(int)(log(j1-1.)/log(2.))+1]);
                     printf("j1=%d, jj=%d, (log(j1-1.)/log(2.))+1=%f, TvarsDind[(int)(log(j1-1.)/log(2.))+1]=%d\n",j1, jj,(log(j1-1.)/log(2.))+1,TvarsDind[(int)(log(j1-1.)/log(2.))+1]);
                     pstart[jk]= log((freq[i][k][iagemax+3]/freq[i][i][iagemax+3])/(freq[i][k][iagemax+4]/freq[i][i][iagemax+4]));
                     printf("%d%d ",i,k);
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
                     printf("jk=%d,i=%d,k=%d,p[%d]=%12.7f ln((%.0f/%.0f)/(%.0f/%.0f))= %f, OR=%f sd=%f \n",jk,i,k,jk,p[jk],freq[i][k][iagemax+3],freq[i][i][iagemax+3],freq[i][k][iagemax+4],freq[i][i][iagemax+4], log((freq[i][k][iagemax+3]/freq[i][i][iagemax+3])/(freq[i][k][iagemax+4]/freq[i][i][iagemax+4])),(freq[i][k][iagemax+3]/freq[i][i][iagemax+3])/(freq[i][k][iagemax+4]/freq[i][i][iagemax+4]), sqrt(1/freq[i][k][iagemax+3]+1/freq[i][i][iagemax+3]+1/freq[i][k][iagemax+4]+1/freq[i][i][iagemax+4]));
                   }else{ /* Other cases, like quantitative fixed or varying covariates */
                     ;
                   }
                   /* printf("%12.7f )", param[i][jj][k]); */
                   /* fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f )", param[i][jj][k]); */
                   jk++; 
                 } /* end jj */
               } /* end k!= i */
             } /* end k */
           } /* end i, jk */
         } /* end j !=0 */
       } /* end selected combination of covariate j1 */
       if(j==0){ /* We can estimate starting values from the occurences in each case */
         printf("#Freqsummary: Starting values for the constants:\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
             if (k != i) {
               printf("%d%d ",i,k);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
               for(jj=1; jj <=ncovmodel; jj++){
                 pstart[jk]=p[jk]; /* Setting pstart to p values by default */
                 if(jj==1){ /* Age has to be done */
                   pstart[jk]= log(freq[i][k][iagemax+3]/freq[i][i][iagemax+3]);
                   printf("%12.7f ln(%.0f/%.0f)= %12.7f ",p[jk],freq[i][k][iagemax+3],freq[i][i][iagemax+3], log(freq[i][k][iagemax+3]/freq[i][i][iagemax+3]));
                   fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f ln(%.0f/%.0f)= %12.7f ",p[jk],freq[i][k][iagemax+3],freq[i][i][iagemax+3], log(freq[i][k][iagemax+3]/freq[i][i][iagemax+3]));
                 }
                 /* printf("%12.7f )", param[i][jj][k]); */
                 /* fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f )", param[i][jj][k]); */
                 jk++; 
               }
               printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             }
           }
         }
         printf("#Freqsummary\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
             /* param[i]|j][k]= freq[jk][m][iagemax+3] */
             printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iagemax+3]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iagemax+3]);
             /* if(freq[jk][m][iage] !=0 ) { /\* minimizing output *\/ */
             /*   printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iagemax+3]); */
             /*   fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][iagemax+3]); */
             /* } */
           }
         } /* end loop jk */
         
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       } /* end j=0 */
     } /* end j */
   
     if(mle == -2){  /* We want to use these values as starting values */
       for(i=1, jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j!=i){
             /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               /*    printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
               /*    fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
               p[jk]=pstart[jk];
               printf(" %f ",pstart[jk]);
               fprintf(ficparo," %f ",pstart[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
     } /* end mle=-2 */
     dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
     
     fclose(ficresp);
     fclose(ficresphtm);
     fclose(ficresphtmfr);
     free_vector(meanq,1,nqfveff);
     free_matrix(meanqt,1,lastpass,1,nqtveff);
     free_vector(x, iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+4+AGEMARGE);
     free_vector(y, iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+4+AGEMARGE);
     free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+4+AGEMARGE);
     free_vector(pospropt,1,nlstate);
     free_vector(posprop,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+4+AGEMARGE);
     free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
     /* End of freqsummary */
   }
   
   /************ Prevalence ********************/
   void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
   {  
     /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
        in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
        We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
    
     int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j, iv;
     int mi; /* Effective wave */
     int iage;
     double agebegin, ageend;
   
     double **prop;
     double posprop; 
     double  y2; /* in fractional years */
     int iagemin, iagemax;
     int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
   
     iagemin= (int) agemin;
     iagemax= (int) agemax;
     /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
     prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+4+AGEMARGE); 
     /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     j1=0;
     
     /*j=cptcoveff;*/
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     
     first=1;
     for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){ /* For each combination of covariate */
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
         for(iage=iagemin-AGEMARGE; iage <= iagemax+4+AGEMARGE; iage++)
           prop[i][iage]=0.0;
       printf("Prevalence combination of varying and fixed dummies %d\n",j1);
       /* fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j1],nbcode[Tvaraff[j1]][codtabm(k,j1)]); */
       fprintf(ficlog,"Prevalence combination of varying and fixed dummies %d\n",j1);
       
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
         bool=1;
         /* for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/\* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*\/ */
         for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){ /* For this wave too look where individual can be counted V4=0 V3=0 */
           m=mw[mi][i];
           /* Tmodelind[z1]=k is the position of the varying covariate in the model, but which # within 1 to ntv? */
           /* Tvar[Tmodelind[z1]] is the n of Vn; n-ncovcol-nqv is the first time varying covariate or iv */
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++){
             if( Fixed[Tmodelind[z1]]==1){
               iv= Tvar[Tmodelind[z1]]-ncovcol-nqv;
               if (cotvar[m][iv][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) /* iv=1 to ntv, right modality */
                 bool=0;
             }else if( Fixed[Tmodelind[z1]]== 0)  /* fixed */
               if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) {
                 bool=0;
               }
           }
           if(bool==1){ /* Otherwise we skip that wave/person */
             agebegin=agev[m][i]; /* Age at beginning of wave before transition*/
             /* ageend=agev[m][i]+(dh[m][i])*stepm/YEARM; /\* Age at end of wave and transition *\/ */
             if(m >=firstpass && m <=lastpass){
               y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
               if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                 if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                 if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin-AGEMARGE || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+4+AGEMARGE){
                   printf("Error on individual # %d agev[m][i]=%f <%d-%d or > %d+3+%d  m=%d; either change agemin or agemax or fix data\n",i, agev[m][i],iagemin,AGEMARGE, iagemax,AGEMARGE,m); 
                   exit(1);
                 }
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
                   /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
                   prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];/* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
                   prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
                 } /* end valid statuses */ 
               } /* end selection of dates */
             } /* end selection of waves */
           } /* end bool */
         } /* end wave */
       } /* end individual */
       for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
         for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
           posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
         } 
         
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){       
           if( i <=  iagemax){ 
             if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
               probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
             } else{
               if(first==1){
                 first=0;
                 printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others in log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
               }
             }
           } 
         }/* end jk */ 
       }/* end i */ 
        /*} *//* end i1 */
     } /* end j1 */
     
     /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
     /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
     free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+4+AGEMARGE);
   }  /* End of prevalence */
   
   /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   
   void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
   {
     /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
        Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
        mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
        dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
     */
   
     int i=0, mi=0, m=0, mli=0;
     /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
        double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
     int first=0, firstwo=0, firsthree=0, firstfour=0, firstfiv=0;
     int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
     double sum=0.;
     first=0;
     firstwo=0;
     firsthree=0;
     firstfour=0;
     jmin=100000;
     jmax=-1;
     jmean=0.;
   
   /* Treating live states */
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /* For simple cases and if state is death */
       mi=0;  /* First valid wave */
       mli=0; /* Last valid wave */
       m=firstpass;
       while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){  /* a live state */
         if(m >firstpass && s[m][i]==s[m-1][i] && mint[m][i]==mint[m-1][i] && anint[m][i]==anint[m-1][i]){/* Two succesive identical information on wave m */
           mli=m-1;/* mw[++mi][i]=m-1; */
         }else if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){ /* Since 0.98r4 if status=-2 vital status is really unknown, wave should be skipped */
           mw[++mi][i]=m;
           mli=m;
         } /* else might be a useless wave  -1 and mi is not incremented and mw[mi] not updated */
         if(m < lastpass){ /* m < lastpass, standard case */
           m++; /* mi gives the "effective" current wave, m the current wave, go to next wave by incrementing m */
         }
         else{ /* m >= lastpass, eventual special issue with warning */
   #ifdef UNKNOWNSTATUSNOTCONTRIBUTING
           break;
   #else
           if(s[m][i]==-1 && (int) andc[i] == 9999 && (int)anint[m][i] != 9999){
             if(firsthree == 0){
               printf("Information! Unknown status for individual %ld line=%d occurred at last wave %d at known date %d/%d. Please, check if your unknown date of death %d/%d means a live state %d at wave %d. This case(%d)/wave(%d) contributes to the likelihood as pi. .\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], s[m][i], m, i, m);
               firsthree=1;
             }
             fprintf(ficlog,"Information! Unknown status for individual %ld line=%d occurred at last wave %d at known date %d/%d. Please, check if your unknown date of death %d/%d means a live state %d at wave %d. This case(%d)/wave(%d) contributes to the likelihood as pi. .\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], s[m][i], m, i, m);
             mw[++mi][i]=m;
             mli=m;
           }
           if(s[m][i]==-2){ /* Vital status is really unknown */
             nbwarn++;
             if((int)anint[m][i] == 9999){  /*  Has the vital status really been verified? */
               printf("Warning! Vital status for individual %ld (line=%d) at last wave %d interviewed at date %d/%d is unknown %d. Please, check if the vital status and the date of death %d/%d are really unknown. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], i, m);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Vital status for individual %ld (line=%d) at last wave %d interviewed at date %d/%d is unknown %d. Please, check if the vital status and the date of death %d/%d are really unknown. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], i, m);
             }
             break;
           }
           break;
   #endif
         }/* End m >= lastpass */
       }/* end while */
   
       /* mi is the last effective wave, m is lastpass, mw[j][i] gives the # of j-th effective wave for individual i */
       /* After last pass */
   /* Treating death states */
       if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  /* In a death state */
         /* if( mint[m][i]==mdc[m][i] && anint[m][i]==andc[m][i]){ /\* same date of death and date of interview *\/ */
         /* } */
         mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
         /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
         /* Only death is a correct wave */
         mw[mi][i]=m;
       } /* else not in a death state */
   #ifndef DISPATCHINGKNOWNDEATHAFTERLASTWAVE
       else if ((int) andc[i] != 9999) {  /* Date of death is known */
         if ((int)anint[m][i]!= 9999) { /* date of last interview is known */
           if((andc[i]+moisdc[i]/12.) <=(anint[m][i]+mint[m][i]/12.)){ /* death occured before last wave and status should have been death instead of -1 */
             nbwarn++;
             if(firstfiv==0){
               printf("Warning! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d before last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d and should have been coded as death instead of '%d'. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is contributing to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], i,m );
               firstfiv=1;
             }else{
               fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d before last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d and should have been coded as death instead of '%d'. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is contributing to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], i,m );
             }
           }else{ /* Death occured afer last wave potential bias */
             nberr++;
             if(firstwo==0){
               printf("Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d after last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood. Please add a new fictive wave at the date of last vital status scan, with a dead status or alive but unknown state status (-1). See documentation\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
               firstwo=1;
             }
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d occurred at %d/%d after last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood. Please add a new fictive wave at the date of last vital status scan, with a dead status or alive but unknown state status (-1). See documentation\n\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
           }
         }else{ /* if date of interview is unknown */
           /* death is known but not confirmed by death status at any wave */
           if(firstfour==0){
             printf("Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d but not confirmed by any death status for any wave, including last wave %d at unknown date %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
             firstfour=1;
           }
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d but not confirmed by any death status for any wave, including last wave %d at unknown date %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
         }
       } /* end if date of death is known */
   #endif
       wav[i]=mi; /* mi should be the last effective wave (or mli) */
       /* wav[i]=mw[mi][i]; */
       if(mi==0){
         nbwarn++;
         if(first==0){
           printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
           first=1;
         }
         if(first==1){
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
         }
       } /* end mi==0 */
     } /* End individuals */
     /* wav and mw are no more changed */
           
     
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
         if (stepm <=0)
           dh[mi][i]=1;
         else{
           if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
             if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
               j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
               if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
               else if(j<0){
                 nberr++;
                 printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
                 printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
               }
               k=k+1;
               if (j >= jmax){
                 jmax=j;
                 ijmax=i;
               }
               if (j <= jmin){
                 jmin=j;
                 ijmin=i;
               }
               sum=sum+j;
               /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
               /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
             }
           }
           else{
             j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
   /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
                                           
             k=k+1;
             if (j >= jmax) {
               jmax=j;
               ijmax=i;
             }
             else if (j <= jmin){
               jmin=j;
               ijmin=i;
             }
             /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
             /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
             if(j<0){
               nberr++;
               printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
             }
             sum=sum+j;
           }
           jk= j/stepm;
           jl= j -jk*stepm;
           ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
           if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
             if(jl==0){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=0;
             }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
                     * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
           }else{
             if(jl <= -ju){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
                                    * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
                                    */
             }
             else{
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
             if(dh[mi][i]==0){
               dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
               bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
               /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
             }
           } /* end if mle */
         }
       } /* end wave */
     }
     jmean=sum/k;
     printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
   }
   
   /*********** Tricode ****************************/
    void tricode(int *cptcov, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
    {
      /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
      /*     Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
       * Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
       * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 4 (V4) even it is a time varying or quantitative variable
       * nbcode[Tvar[5]][1]= nbcode[4][1]=0, nbcode[4][2]=1 (usually);
       */
   
      int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
      int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
      int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
      int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   
   
      /* cptcoveff=0;  */
      /* *cptcov=0; */
    
      for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
   
      /* Loop on covariates without age and products and no quantitative variable */
      /* for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /\* From model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only *\/ */
      for (k=1; k<=cptcovt; k++) { /* From model V1 + V2*age + V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only */
        for (j=-1; (j < maxncov); j++) Ndum[j]=0;
        if(Dummy[k]==0 && Typevar[k] !=1){ /* Dummy covariate and not age product */ 
          switch(Fixed[k]) {
          case 0: /* Testing on fixed dummy covariate, simple or product of fixed */
            for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Loop on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the  modality of this covariate Vj*/
              ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[k]][i]);
              /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
               * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
               * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
               * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
              /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
                 modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
              if (ij > modmaxcovj)
                modmaxcovj=ij; 
              else if (ij < modmincovj) 
                modmincovj=ij; 
              if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
                printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
                exit(1);
              }else
                Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
              /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
              /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
              /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
                 (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
                 female ies 1, then modmaxcovj=1.
              */
            } /* end for loop on individuals i */
            printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th (fixed) covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", k, Tvar[k], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
            fprintf(ficlog," Minimal and maximal values of %d th (fixed) covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", k, Tvar[k], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
            cptcode=modmaxcovj;
            /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
            /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
            for (j=modmincovj;  j<=modmaxcovj; j++) { /* j=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value j of the modality of model-cov k */
              printf("Frequencies of (fixed) covariate %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", k, Tvar[k], j, Ndum[j]);
              fprintf(ficlog, "Frequencies of (fixed) covariate %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", k, Tvar[k], j, Ndum[j]);
              if( Ndum[j] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered modality j ie empty modality, we skip it and reorder */
                if( j != -1){
                  ncodemax[k]++;  /* ncodemax[k]= Number of modalities of the k th
                                     covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
                                     undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
                }
                ncodemaxwundef[k]++; /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the k th
                                        covariate for which somebody answered including 
                                        undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
              }    /* In fact  ncodemax[k]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
                    * historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
            } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
                           
            /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
            /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. */
            /* If Ndum[1]=0, Ndum[2]=0, Ndum[3]= 635, Ndum[4]=0, Ndum[5]=0, Ndum[6]=27, Ndum[7]=125; */
            /* modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7; */
            /* There are only 3 modalities non empty 3, 6, 7 (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3; */
            /* which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 2=3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10; */
            /*              defining two dummy variables: variables V1_1 and V1_2.*/
            /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k; */
            /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0; */
            /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1; */
            /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2; */
            /* To be continued (not working yet). */
            ij=0; /* ij is similar to i but can jump over null modalities */
            for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 or from -1 or 0 to 1 currently*/
              if (Ndum[i] == 0) { /* If nobody responded to this modality k */
                break;
              }
              ij++;
              nbcode[Tvar[k]][ij]=i;  /* stores the original value of modality i in an array nbcode, ij modality from 1 to last non-nul modality. nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1*/
              cptcode = ij; /* New max modality for covar j */
            } /* end of loop on modality i=-1 to 1 or more */
            break;
          case 1: /* Testing on varying covariate, could be simple and
                   * should look at waves or product of fixed *
                   * varying. No time to test -1, assuming 0 and 1 only */
            ij=0;
            for(i=0; i<=1;i++){
              nbcode[Tvar[k]][++ij]=i;
            }
            break;
          default:
            break;
          } /* end switch */
        } /* end dummy test */
       
        /*   for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /\* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *\//\* Could be 1 to 4 *\//\* cptcode=modmaxcovj *\/ */
        /*         /\*recode from 0 *\/ */
        /*                                      k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex  */
        /*                                      then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
        /*                                   But if some modality were not used, it is recoded from 0 to a newer modmaxcovj=cptcode *\/ */
        /*         } */
        /*         /\* cptcode = ij; *\/ /\* New max modality for covar j *\/ */
        /*         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) { */
        /*           printf( " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]);  */
        /*           fprintf(ficlog, " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]); */
        /*           break; */
        /*         } */
        /*   }  /\* end of loop on modality k *\/ */
      } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     
      for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
      /* Look at fixed dummy (single or product) covariates to check empty modalities */
      for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2-nagesqr; i++) { /* -2, cste and age and eventually age*age */ 
        /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
        ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar 5,4,3,6,5,7,1,4 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V4*age */ 
        Ndum[ij]++; /* Count the # of 1, 2 etc: {1,1,1,2,2,1,1} because V1 once, V2 once, two V4 and V5 in above */
        /* V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1,  {2, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 0, 0} */
      } /* V4+V3+V5, Ndum[1]@5={0, 0, 1, 1, 1} */
     
      ij=0;
      /* for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /\* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) *\/ */
      for (k=1; k<=  cptcovt; k++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
        /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
        /* if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){  /\* Tvar[i] <= ncovmodel ? *\/ */
        if(Ndum[Tvar[k]]!=0 && Dummy[k] == 0 && Typevar[k]==0){  /* Only Dummy and non empty in the model */
          /* If product not in single variable we don't print results */
          /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
          ++ij;/* V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1, */
          Tvaraff[ij]=Tvar[k]; /* For printing combination *//* V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1, Tvar {5, 4, 3, 6, 5, 2, 7, 1, 1} Tvaraff={4, 3, 1} V4, V3, V1*/
          Tmodelind[ij]=k; /* Tmodelind: index in model of dummies Tmodelind[1]=2 V4: pos=2; V3: pos=3, V1=9 {2, 3, 9, ?, ?,} */
          TmodelInvind[ij]=Tvar[k]- ncovcol-nqv; /* Inverse TmodelInvind[2=V4]=2 second dummy varying cov (V4)4-1-1 {0, 2, 1, } TmodelInvind[3]=1 */
          if(Fixed[k]!=0)
            anyvaryingduminmodel=1;
          /* }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv)){ */
          /*   Tvaraff[++ij]=-10; /\* Dont'n know how to treat quantitative variables yet *\/ */
          /* }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv+ntv)){ */
          /*   Tvaraff[++ij]=i; /\*For printing (unclear) *\/ */
          /* }else if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv)){ */
          /*   Tvaraff[++ij]=-20; /\* Dont'n know how to treat quantitative variables yet *\/ */
        } 
      } /* Tvaraff[1]@5 {3, 4, -20, 0, 0} Very strange */
      /* ij--; */
      /* cptcoveff=ij; /\*Number of total covariates*\/ */
      *cptcov=ij; /*Number of total real effective covariates: effective
                   * because they can be excluded from the model and real
                   * if in the model but excluded because missing values, but how to get k from ij?*/
      for(j=ij+1; j<= cptcovt; j++){
        Tvaraff[j]=0;
        Tmodelind[j]=0;
      }
      for(j=ntveff+1; j<= cptcovt; j++){
        TmodelInvind[j]=0;
      }
      /* To be sorted */
      ;
    }
   
   
   /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   
    void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[], int nres )
   
   {
     /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3mat;
     double eip;
   
     /* pstamp(ficreseij); */
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
   /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij, nres);  
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       
       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       
       /* Computing expectancies */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       
     }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     
   }
   
    void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[], int nres )
   
   {
     /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
        to initial status i, ei. .
     */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp, *xm;
     double **gp, **gm;
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     int theta;
   
     double eip, vip;
   
     varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     xm=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     
     pstamp(ficresstdeij);
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
       fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
     pstamp(ficrescveij);
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
           for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
             cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
             if(cptj2 <= cptj)
               fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
           }
       }
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     /* If stepm=6 months */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     
     p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
                   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
                   
       /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
          decrease memory allocation */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij, nres);  
         hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij, nres);  
                           
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }
           }
         }
                           
         for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
           }
       }/* End theta */
       
       
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       
                   
       for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
         for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
           varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
                   
       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
                   
       /* Computing expectancies */
       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij,nres);  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
                                           
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                                           
           }
                   
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0.;
         vip=0.;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
           for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
             vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
       }
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
                   
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
             for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
               cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
               if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                 fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
             }
         }
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
                   
     }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           
     free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
    
   /************ Variance ******************/
    void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[], int nres)
    {
      /* Variance of health expectancies */
      /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
      /* double **newm;*/
      /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav)*/
     
      /* int movingaverage(); */
      double **dnewm,**doldm;
      double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
      int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
      int k;
      double *xp;
      double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
      double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
      double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
      double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
      double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
      double ***p3mat;
      double age,agelim, hf;
      /* double ***mobaverage; */
      int theta;
      char digit[4];
      char digitp[25];
   
      char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
      if(popbased==1){
        if(mobilav!=0)
          strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-MOBILAV_");
        else strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-NOMOBIL_");
      }
      else 
        strcpy(digitp,"-STABLBASED_");
   
      /* if (mobilav!=0) { */
      /*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
      /*   if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ */
      /*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
      /*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
      /*   } */
      /* } */
   
      strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"PRMORPREV-"); 
      sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
      /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
      strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
      strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
      strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileresu);
      if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
      }
      printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
      pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Selected quantitative variables and dummies");
      for (j=1; j<= nsq; j++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
      }
      for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(ij,j)]);
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
      }  
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title \n");
      /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
      /*   } */
      varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      pstamp(ficresvij);
      fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
      if(popbased==1)
        fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
      else
        fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
      fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
          fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
      xp=vector(1,npar);
      dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
      doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
      dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
      doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
      gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
      if(estepm < stepm){
        printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
      }
      else  hstepm=estepm;   
      /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
      /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
         nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
         nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelim. 
         Look at function hpijx to understand why because of memory size limitations, 
         we decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
         survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
         means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
         you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
         results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
      */
      hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
      agelim = AGESUP;
      for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
        nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
        nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
        p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
        gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
        gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
        gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
                   
                   
        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
            xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
          }
                           
          prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij, nres);
                           
          if (popbased==1) {
            if(mobilav ==0){
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
            }else{ /* mobilav */ 
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
            }
          }
                           
          hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij,nres);  /* Returns p3mat[i][j][h] for h=1 to nhstepm */
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
                gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
            }
          }
          /* Next for computing probability of death (h=1 means
             computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
             as a weighted average of prlim.
          */
          for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
              gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
          }    
          /* end probability of death */
                           
          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
            xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
                           
          prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp, ij, nres);
                           
          if (popbased==1) {
            if(mobilav ==0){
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
            }else{ /* mobilav */ 
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
            }
          }
                           
          hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij,nres);  
                           
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
                gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
            }
          }
          /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
             computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
             as a weighted average of prlim.
          */
          for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
              gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
          }    
          /* end probability of death */
                           
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
            }
                           
          for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
            gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
          }
                           
        } /* End theta */
                   
        trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
                   
        for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
          for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
              trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
                   
        for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
            trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
                   
                   
        hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
          for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
            vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
                   
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
          for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
            matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
            matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
            for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
              for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
                vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
          }
        }
                   
        /* pptj */
        matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
        matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
          for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
            varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
        /* end ppptj */
        /*  x centered again */
                   
        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij, nres);
                   
        if (popbased==1) {
          if(mobilav ==0){
            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
          }
        }
                   
        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
           computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
           as a weighted average of prlim.
        */
        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij, nres);  
        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
        }    
        /* end probability of death */
                   
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
        for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
            fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
          }
        } 
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
                   
        fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
          for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
            fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
          }
        fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
        free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
        free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
        free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
        free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
        free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
      } /* End age */
      free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
      /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240"); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter svg size 640, 480");
      /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
      /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
       */
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.svg\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";replot;set out;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
   
      free_vector(xp,1,npar);
      free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
      free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
      free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
      free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      /* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
      fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
      fflush(ficgp);
      fflush(fichtm); 
    }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
    void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, char strstart[], int nres)
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit  for each state ij using current parameters x[] and estimates of neighbourhood give by delti*/
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
   
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mgm, **mgp;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age ");
     if(nresult >=1)
       fprintf(ficresvpl," Result# ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       mgp=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       mgm=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij,nres);
         else
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij,nres);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
           mgp[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
         }
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij,nres);
         else
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij,nres);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
           mgm[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
         }
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
         /* gradg[theta][2]= -gradg[theta][1]; */ /* For testing if nlstate=2 */
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
       /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
       /*   printf("\nmgm mgp %d ",(int)age); */
       /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
       /*  printf(" %d ",j); */
       /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
       /*    printf(" %d %lf %lf",theta,mgm[theta][j],mgp[theta][j]); */
       /*  printf("\n "); */
       /*   } */
       /* } */
       /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
       /*   printf("\n gradg %d ",(int)age); */
       /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
       /*  printf("%d ",j); */
       /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
       /*    printf("%d %lf ",theta,gradg[theta][j]); */
       /*  printf("\n "); */
       /*   } */
       /* } */
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80  ||(int)age== 81){
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       }else{
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       }
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       if(nresult >=1)
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"%d ",nres );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(mgm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(mgp,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
    {
      int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
      int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
      int k=0, l;
      int first=1, first1, first2;
      double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
      double **dnewm,**doldm;
      double *xp;
      double *gp, *gm;
      double **gradg, **trgradg;
      double **mu;
      double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
      double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
      int theta;
      char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
      char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
      char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
      double ***varpij;
   
      strcpy(fileresprob,"PROB_"); 
      strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
      if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
      }
      strcpy(fileresprobcov,"PROBCOV_"); 
      strcat(fileresprobcov,fileresu);
      if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
      }
      strcpy(fileresprobcor,"PROBCOR_"); 
      strcat(fileresprobcor,fileresu);
      if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
      }
      printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
      printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
      printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
      fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
      pstamp(ficresprob);
      fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
      fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
      pstamp(ficresprobcov);
      fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
      fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
      pstamp(ficresprobcor);
      fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
      fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
          fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
          fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
          fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
        }  
      /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
         fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
         fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
      */
      xp=vector(1,npar);
      dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
      doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
      mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
      varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
      first=1;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4> this page is important in order to visualize confidence intervals and especially correlation between disability and recovery, or more generally, way in and way back.</li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
      fprintf(fichtmcov,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n",optionfilehtmcov, optionfilehtmcov);
      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated \
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
      cov[1]=1;
      /* tj=cptcoveff; */
      tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
      if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
      j1=0;
      for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){  /* For each valid combination of covariates or only once*/
        if  (cptcovn>0) {
          fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
          fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
                           
          fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
          fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
                           
                           
          fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
          fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
                           
          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
          if(invalidvarcomb[j1]){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\n#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",j1); 
            fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h3>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h3>\n",j1); 
            continue;
          }
        }
        gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
        trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
        gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
        gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
          cov[2]=age;
          if(nagesqr==1)
            cov[3]= age*age;
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
            cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,k)];
            /*cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,Tvar[k])];*//* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                                       * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                                       * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                                       * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                                       */
            /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
          }
          /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
            cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
                           
                           
          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
              xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
                                   
            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
                                   
            k=0;
            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                k=k+1;
                gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
              }
            }
                                   
            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
              xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
                                   
            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
            k=0;
            for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                k=k+1;
                gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
              }
            }
                                   
            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
              gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
          }
   
          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
              trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
                           
          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
                           
          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
                           
          k=0;
          for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
              k=k+1;
              mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
            }
          }
          for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
            for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
              varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
                           
          /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
            for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
            printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
            fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
            }*/
                           
          fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
          fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
          fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
                           
          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
            fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
            fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
            fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
          }
          i=0;
          for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
            for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
              i++;
              fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
              fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
              for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
              }
            }
          }/* end of loop for state */
        } /* end of loop for age */
        free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
        free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
        free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
        free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
       
        /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
        /*
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
        */
                   
        /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
        first1=1;first2=2;
        for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
          for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
            if(l2==k2) continue;
            j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
            for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
              for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                if(l1==k1) continue;
                i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                if(i<=j) continue;
                for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                  if ((int)age %5==0){
                    v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                    v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                    cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                    mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                    mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                    c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                    /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                    lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                    lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                    if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                      if(first2==1){
                        first1=0;
                        printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                      }
                      fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                      /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                      /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                    }
                                                                   
                    /* Eigen vectors */
                    v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                    /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                    v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                    v12=-v21;
                    v22=v11;
                    tnalp=v21/v11;
                    if(first1==1){
                      first1=0;
                      printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                    }
                    fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                    /*printf(fignu*/
                    /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                    /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                    if(first==1){
                      first=0;
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Ellipsoids of confidence\n#\n");
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480");
                      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\">                                                                                                                                           \
   %s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                              subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,      \
                              subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",      \
                              mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),                                                                         \
                              mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                    }else{
                      first=0;
                      fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not", \
                              mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),                                 \
                              mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                    }/* if first */
                  } /* age mod 5 */
                } /* end loop age */
                fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\";replot;set out;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                first=1;
              } /*l12 */
            } /* k12 */
          } /*l1 */
        }/* k1 */
      }  /* loop on combination of covariates j1 */
      free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
      free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
      free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
      free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
      free_vector(xp,1,npar);
      fclose(ficresprob);
      fclose(ficresprobcov);
      fclose(ficresprobcor);
      fflush(ficgp);
      fflush(fichtmcov);
    }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int mobilav, int prevfcast, int mobilavproj, int backcast, int estepm , \
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, double dateprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2, double dateprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt, k4, nres;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li> model=1+age+%s\n \
   </ul>", model);
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<li>- Observed frequency between two states (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (html file)<br/>\n",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"),subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"<li> - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (html file) ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"),subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"));
      fprintf(fichtm,",  <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (text file) <br>\n",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated back transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) back prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, e<sub>i.</sub> (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, e<sub>ij</sub> . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"));
      if(prevfcast==1){
        fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Prevalence projections by age and states:                            \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
      }
   
      fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
      m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
      if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
      jj1=0;
   
      for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++) /* For each resultline */
      for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){ /* For each combination of covariate */
        if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k1)
          continue;
   
        /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++){ 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvresult[nres][cpt],(int)Tresult[nres][cpt]);
            printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvresult[nres][cpt],Tresult[nres][cpt]);fflush(stdout);
            /* fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]); */
            /* printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);fflush(stdout); */
          }
          for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           printf(" V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);fflush(stdout);
         }
          
          /* if(nqfveff+nqtveff 0) */ /* Test to be done */
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
          if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
            fprintf(fichtm,"\n<h3>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h3>\n",k1); 
            printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
            continue;
          }
        }
        /* aij, bij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Logit model (yours is: logit(pij)=log(pij/pii)= aij+ bij age+%s) as a function of age: <a href=\"%s_%d-1-%d.svg\">%s_%d-1-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-1-%d.svg\">",model,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),k1,nres);
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- P<sub>ij</sub> or conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s_%d-2-%d.svg\">%s_%d-2-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-2-%d.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),k1,nres);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- I<sub>ij</sub> or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too, \
    incidence (rates) are the limit when h tends to zero of the ratio of the probability  <sub>h</sub>P<sub>ij</sub> \
   divided by h: <sub>h</sub>P<sub>ij</sub>/h : <a href=\"%s_%d-3-%d.svg\">%s_%d-3-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-3-%d.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),k1,nres); 
        /* Survival functions (period) in state j */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions in state %d. Or probability to survive in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,k1,nres);
        }
        /* State specific survival functions (period) */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions from state %d in each live state and total.\
    Or probability to survive in various states (1 to %d) being in state %d at different ages.     \
    <a href=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d%d-%d.svg</a><br> <img src=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, nlstate, cpt, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,k1,nres);
        }
        /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d some years earlier, knowing that we will be in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,k1,nres);
        }
        if(backcast==1){
          /* Period (stable) back prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to mixed (stable) back prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d at a younger age, knowing that we will be in state (1 to %d) at different older ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,k1,nres);
          }
        }
        if(prevfcast==1){
          /* Projection of prevalence up to period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Projection of cross-sectional prevalence (estimated with cases observed from %.1f to %.1f and mobil_average=%d) up to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">", dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,k1,nres);
          }
        }
            
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) (or area under each survival functions): <a href=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d-%d.svg</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,k1,nres);
        }
        /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
      }/* End k1 */
      fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br> \
    - 95%% confidence intervals and Wald tests of the estimated parameters are in the log file if optimization has been done (mle != 0).<br> \
   But because parameters are usually highly correlated (a higher incidence of disability \
   and a higher incidence of recovery can give very close observed transition) it might \
   be very useful to look not only at linear confidence intervals estimated from the \
   variances but at the covariance matrix. And instead of looking at the estimated coefficients \
   (parameters) of the logistic regression, it might be more meaningful to visualize the \
   covariance matrix of the one-step probabilities. \
   See page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' below. \n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
      fprintf(fichtm," - Standard deviation of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"));
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
              estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
              subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
      fflush(fichtm);
      fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
      m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
      if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
      jj1=0;
   
      for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
      for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
        if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k1)
          continue;
        /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)  /**< cptcoveff number of variables */
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvresult[nres][cpt],Tresult[nres][cpt]);
            /* fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]); */
          for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
         }
   
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
   
          if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
            fprintf(fichtm,"\n<h4>Combination (%d) ignored because no cases </h4>\n",k1); 
            continue;
          }
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Observed (cross-sectional with mov_average=%d) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): <a href=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\"> %s_%d-%d-%d.svg</a>\n <br>\
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\">",mobilav,cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1,nres);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences:  <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d.svg</a>\n<br>\
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1,nres,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1,nres);
        /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
      }/* End k1 */
     }/* End nres */
      fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
      fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , int prevfcast, int backcast, char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     char gplotcondition[132];
     int cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,k4=0,ij=0, ijp=0, l=0;
     int lv=0, vlv=0, kl=0;
     int ng=0;
     int vpopbased;
     int ioffset; /* variable offset for columns */
     int nres=0; /* Index of resultline */
   
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
     /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     /* Contribution to likelihood */
     /* Plot the probability implied in the likelihood */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Contributions to the Likelihood, mle >=1. For mle=4 no interpolation, pure matrix products.\n#\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Likelihood (-2Log(L))\";");
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480"); */ /* Too big for svg */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter pngcairo size 640, 480");
   /* nice for mle=4 plot by number of matrix products.
      replot  "rrtest1/toto.txt" u 2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with point lc 1 */
   /* replot exp(p1+p2*x)/(1+exp(p1+p2*x)+exp(p3+p4*x)+exp(p5+p6*x)) t "p12(x)"  */
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-dest.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$13):6 t \"All sample, transitions colored by destination\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-ori.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$13):5 t \"All sample, transitions colored by origin\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-p%dj.png\";set ylabel \"Probability for each individual/wave\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),i);
       fprintf(ficgp,"unset log;\n# plot weighted, mean weight should have point size of 0.5\n plot  \"%s\"",subdirf(fileresilk));
       fprintf(ficgp,"  u  2:($5 == %d && $6==%d ? $10 : 1/0):($12/4.):6 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable \\\n",i,1,i,1);
       for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++) {
         fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n \"\" u  2:($5 == %d && $6==%d ? $10 : 1/0):($12/4.):6 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable ",i,j,i,j);
       }
       fprintf(ficgp,";\nset out; unset ylabel;\n"); 
     }
     /* unset log; plot  "rrtest1_sorted_4/ILK_rrtest1_sorted_4.txt" u  2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with points lc variable */                
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$11):3 t \"All sample, all transitions\" with dots lc variable",subdirf(fileresilk)); */
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot  \"%s\" u 2:($3 <= 3 ? -$11 : 1/0):3 t \"First 3 individuals\" with line lc variable", subdirf(fileresilk)); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;unset log\n");
     /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\"; replot; set out; # bug gnuplot",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++){ /* For each live state */
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++){ /* For each valid combination of covariate */
         for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
           /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
           if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k1)
             continue;
           /* We are interested in selected combination by the resultline */
           /* printf("\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'VPL_' files and live state =%d ", cpt); */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'VPL_' files  and live state =%d ", cpt);
           for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate k get corresponding value lv for combination k1 */
             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the value of the covariate corresponding to k1 combination */
             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]; /* vlv is the value of the covariate lv, 0 or 1 */
             /* For each combination of covariate k1 (V1=1, V3=0), we printed the current covariate k and its value vlv */
             /* printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv); */
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
           }
           for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
             /* printf(" V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]); */
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           }       
           /* printf("\n#\n"); */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
           if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
             fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
             continue;
           }
         
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1,nres);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"V_%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1,nres);
           fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter svg size 640, 480\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d ? $3:1/0) \"%%lf %%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1,nres);
         
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
             if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else        fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d ? $3+1.96*$4 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1,nres);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
             if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           } 
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d ? $3-1.96*$4 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1,nres); 
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
             if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
             else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
           }  
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence\" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
           if(backcast==1){ /* We need to get the corresponding values of the covariates involved in this combination k1 */
             /* fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Backward stable prevalence\" w l lt 3",subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"),k1-1,k1-1,1+cpt); */
             fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u 1:((",subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_")); /* Age is in 1, nres in 2 to be fixed */
             if(cptcoveff ==0){
               fprintf(ficgp,"$%d)) t 'Backward prevalence in state %d' with line lt 3",    2+(cpt-1),  cpt );
             }else{
               kl=0;
               for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each combination of covariate  */
                 lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to k1 combination and kth covariate */
                 /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
                 /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
                 /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
                 vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
                 kl++;
                 /* kl=6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1); /\* 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1)=7, 6+(2-1)(2+1)+1+(1-1)=10 *\/ */
                 /*6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
                 /*6+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
                 /* ''  u 6:(($1==1 && $2==0 && $3==2 && $4==0)? $9/(1.-$15) : 1/0):($5==2000? 3:2) t 'p.1' with line lc variable*/
                 if(k==cptcoveff){
                   fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d)? $%d : 1/0) t 'Backward prevalence in state %d' w l lt 3",kl+1, Tvaraff[k],kl+1+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv], \
                           2+cptcoveff*2+(cpt-1),  cpt );  /* 4 or 6 ?*/
                 }else{
                   fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d && ",kl+1, Tvaraff[k],kl+1+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]);
                   kl++;
                 }
               } /* end covariate */
             } /* end if no covariate */
           } /* end if backcast */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \n");
         } /* nres */
       } /* k1 */
     } /* cpt */
   
     
     /*2 eme*/
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++){  
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
         if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k1)
           continue;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files ");
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
         }
         /* for(k=1; k <= ncovds; k++){ */
         for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           printf(" V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
         if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
           fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
           continue;
         }
                           
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1,nres);
         for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
           if(vpopbased==0)
             fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter svg size 640, 480\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot ");
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
             k=2*i;
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ?$4 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1, vpopbased);
             for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
               if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
               else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
             }   
             if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i);
             else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i-1,i+1);
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4-$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
             for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
               if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
               else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
             }   
             fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4+$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
             for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
               if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
               else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
             }   
             if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
             else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,\\\n");
           } /* state */
         } /* vpopbased */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;set out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\"; replot; set out; \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1,nres); /* Buggy gnuplot */
       } /* end nres */
     } /* k1 end 2 eme*/
           
           
     /*3eme*/
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++){
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
         if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k1)
           continue;
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 3d: Life expectancy with EXP_ files:  combination=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
           for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
           }
           for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           }       
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
           if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
             fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
             continue;
           }
                           
           /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
           k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,k1,nres);
           fprintf(ficgp,"set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
           /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
             for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
             fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
             fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
             for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
             fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
                                   
           */
           for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
             fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
             /*    fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
                                   
           } 
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
         }
       } /* end nres */
     } /* end kl 3eme */
     
     /* 4eme */
     /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by initial state i */
     for (k1=1; k1<=m; k1++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
         if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k1)
           continue;
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state cpt*/
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j : 'LIJ_' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
           for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
           }
           for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           }       
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
           if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
             fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
             continue;
           }
         
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,k1,nres);
           fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\nunset log y\nplot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
           k=3;
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
             if(i==1){
               fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
             }else{
               fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
             }
             l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
             fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
             for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++)
               fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
             fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
           } /* nlstate */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
         } /* end cpt state*/ 
       } /* end nres */
     } /* end covariate k1 */  
   
   /* 5eme */
     /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by final state j */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1++){ /* For each covariate combination if any */
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
         if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k1)
           continue;
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each inital state  */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j and all livestates from state i by final state j: 'lij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
           for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
           }
           for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           }       
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
           if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
             fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
             continue;
           }
         
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,k1,nres);
           fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\nunset log y\nplot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
           k=3;
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
             if(j==1)
               fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
             else
               fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
             l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
             fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l);
             /* for (i=2; i<= nlstate+ndeath ; i ++) */
             /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+i-1); */
             fprintf(ficgp,") t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,j);
           } /* nlstate */
           fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):(",k1);
           for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
             l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
             if(j < nlstate)
               fprintf(ficgp,"$%d +",k+l);
             else
               fprintf(ficgp,"$%d) t\"l(%d,.)\" w l",k+l,cpt);
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
         } /* end cpt state*/ 
       } /* end covariate */  
     } /* end nres */
     
   /* 6eme */
     /* CV preval stable (period) for each covariate */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) /* For each covariate combination if any */
     for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
       if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k1)
         continue;
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state of arrival */
         
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
         }
         for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
         if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
           fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
           continue;
         }
         
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,k1,nres);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\nunset log y\nplot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         k=3; /* Offset */
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){ /* State of origin */
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1; /* 1, 1+ nlstate+ndeath, 1+2*(nlstate+ndeath) */
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
     
     
   /* 7eme */
     if(backcast == 1){
       /* CV back preval stable (period) for each covariate */
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) /* For each covariate combination if any */
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
         if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k1)
           continue;
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life ending state */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV Back preval stable (period): 'pijb' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
           for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
           }
           for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           }       
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
           if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
             fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
             continue;
           }
           
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,k1,nres);
           fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\nunset log y\nplot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
           k=3; /* Offset */
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){ /* State of origin */
             if(i==1)
               fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"));
             else
               fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
             /* l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1; */
             l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1)+1; /* fixed for i; cpt=1 1, cpt=2 1+ nlstate+ndeath, 1+2*(nlstate+ndeath) */
             /* fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l); /\* a vérifier *\/ */
             /* fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l+(cpt-1)+i-1); /\* a vérifier *\/ */
             fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l+i-1); /* To be verified */
             /* for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++) */
             /*    fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1); */
             /*    /\* fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1); *\/ */
             fprintf(ficgp,") t \"bprev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
           } /* nlstate */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
         } /* end cpt state*/ 
       } /* end covariate */  
     } /* End if backcast */
     
     /* 8eme */
     if(prevfcast==1){
       /* Projection from cross-sectional to stable (period) for each covariate */
       
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) /* For each covariate combination if any */
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
         if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k1)
           continue;
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#Projection of prevalence to stable (period): 'PROJ_' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
           for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each correspondig covariate value  */
             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to k1 combination and kth covariate */
             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[k],vlv);
           }
           for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           }       
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
           if(invalidvarcomb[k1]){
             fprintf(ficgp,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k1); 
             continue;
           }
           
           fprintf(ficgp,"# hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev\n ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,k1,nres);
           fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Prevalence\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\nunset log y\nplot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++){  /* nlstate +1 p11 p21 p.1 */
             /*#  V1  = 1  V2 =  0 yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
             /*#   1    2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */   
             /*# yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
             /*#   1       2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */   
             if(i==1){
               fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
             }else{
               fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n '' ");
             }
             if(cptcoveff ==0){ /* No covariate */
               ioffset=2; /* Age is in 2 */
               /*# yearproj age p11 p21 p31 p.1 p12 p22 p32 p.2 p13 p23 p33 p.3 p14 p24 p34 p.4*/
               /*#   1       2   3   4   5  6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 */
               /*# V1  = 1 yearproj age p11 p21 p31 p.1 p12 p22 p32 p.2 p13 p23 p33 p.3 p14 p24 p34 p.4*/
               /*#  1    2        3   4   5  6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 */
               fprintf(ficgp," u %d:(", ioffset); 
               if(i==nlstate+1)
                 fprintf(ficgp," $%d/(1.-$%d)) t 'pw.%d' with line ",      \
                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
               else
                 fprintf(ficgp," $%d/(1.-$%d)) t 'p%d%d' with line ",      \
                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
             }else{ /* more than 2 covariates */
               if(cptcoveff ==1){
                 ioffset=4; /* Age is in 4 */
               }else{
                 ioffset=6; /* Age is in 6 */
                 /*#  V1  = 1  V2 =  0 yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
                 /*#   1    2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */
               }   
               fprintf(ficgp," u %d:(",ioffset); 
               kl=0;
               strcpy(gplotcondition,"(");
               for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate writing the chain of conditions */
                 lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to combination k1 and covariate k */
                 /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
                 /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
                 /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
                 vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]; /* Value of the modality of Tvaraff[k] */
                 kl++;
                 sprintf(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition),"$%d==%d && $%d==%d " ,kl,Tvaraff[k], kl+1, nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]);
                 kl++;
                 if(k <cptcoveff && cptcoveff>1)
                   sprintf(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition)," && ");
               }
               strcpy(gplotcondition+strlen(gplotcondition),")");
               /* kl=6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1); /\* 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1)=7, 6+(2-1)(2+1)+1+(1-1)=10 *\/ */
               /*6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
               /*6+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
               /* ''  u 6:(($1==1 && $2==0 && $3==2 && $4==0)? $9/(1.-$15) : 1/0):($5==2000? 3:2) t 'p.1' with line lc variable*/
               if(i==nlstate+1){
                 fprintf(ficgp,"%s ? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p.%d' with line ", gplotcondition, \
                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
               }else{
                 fprintf(ficgp,"%s ? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p%d%d' with line ", gplotcondition, \
                         ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1), ioffset +1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
               }
             } /* end if covariate */
           } /* nlstate */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
         } /* end cpt state*/
       } /* end covariate */
     } /* End if prevfcast */
     
     
     /* 9eme writing MLE parameters */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#9eme MLE estimated parameters\n#############\n");
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       fprintf(ficgp,"# initial state %d\n",i);
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           fprintf(ficgp,"#   current state %d\n",k);
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f; ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
         }
       }
     }
     fprintf(ficgp,"##############\n#\n");
     
     /*goto avoid;*/
     /* 10eme Graphics of probabilities or incidences using written MLE parameters */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#10eme Graphics of probabilities or incidences\n#############\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=p1 +p2*age +p3*age*age+ p4*V1+ p5*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=p6 +p7*age +p8*age*age+ p9*V1+ p10*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12+p13+p14+p11=1=p11(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p11=1/(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12=exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)/\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#     (1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age))\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a14+b14*age+c14age*age+d14*V1+e14*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#\n");
     for(ng=1; ng<=3;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is logit, 2nd is probabilities, third is incidences per year*/
       fprintf(ficgp,"#Number of graphics: first is logit, 2nd is probabilities, third is incidences per year\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"#model=%s \n",model);
       fprintf(ficgp,"# Type of graphic ng=%d\n",ng);
       fprintf(ficgp,"#   jk=1 to 2^%d=%d\n",cptcoveff,m);/* to be checked */
       for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++)  /* For each combination of covariate */
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
         if(m != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= jk)
           continue;
         fprintf(ficgp,"# Combination of dummy  jk=%d and ",jk);
         for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d-%d.svg\" ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jk,ng,nres);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480 ");
         if (ng==1){
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Value of the logit of the model\"\n"); /* exp(a12+b12*x) could be nice */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset log y");
         }else if (ng==2){
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Probability\"\n");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
         }else if (ng==3){
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
         }else
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title ");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
         i=1;
         for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
           k3=i;
           for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
             if (k != k2){
               switch( ng) {
               case 1:
                 if(nagesqr==0)
                   fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                 else /* nagesqr =1 */
                   fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                 break;
               case 2: /* ng=2 */
                 if(nagesqr==0)
                   fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                 else /* nagesqr =1 */
                   fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                 break;
               case 3:
                 if(nagesqr==0)
                   fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                 else /* nagesqr =1 */
                   fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                 break;
               }
               ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
               ijp=1; /* product no age */
               /* for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++) { */
               for(j=1; j <=cptcovt; j++) { /* For each covariate of the simplified model */
                 /* printf("Tage[%d]=%d, j=%d\n", ij, Tage[ij], j); */
                 if(j==Tage[ij]) { /* Product by age */
                   if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1, 2 V5 and V1 */
                     if(DummyV[j]==0){
                       fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,Tinvresult[nres][Tvar[j]]);;
                     }else{ /* quantitative */
                       fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%f*x",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,Tqinvresult[nres][Tvar[j]]); /* Tqinvresult in decoderesult */
                       /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                     }
                     ij++;
                   }
                 }else if(j==Tprod[ijp]) { /* */ 
                   /* printf("Tprod[%d]=%d, j=%d\n", ij, Tprod[ijp], j); */
                   if(ijp <=cptcovprod) { /* Product */
                     if(DummyV[Tvard[ijp][1]]==0){/* Vn is dummy */
                       if(DummyV[Tvard[ijp][2]]==0){/* Vn and Vm are dummy */
                         /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*%d",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvard[ijp][1]][codtabm(jk,j)],nbcode[Tvard[ijp][2]][codtabm(jk,j)]); */
                         fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*%d",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,Tinvresult[nres][Tvard[ijp][1]],Tinvresult[nres][Tvard[ijp][2]]);
                       }else{ /* Vn is dummy and Vm is quanti */
                         /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*%f",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvard[ijp][1]][codtabm(jk,j)],Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[ijp][2]]); */
                         fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*%f",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,Tinvresult[nres][Tvard[ijp][1]],Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[ijp][2]]);
                       }
                     }else{ /* Vn*Vm Vn is quanti */
                       if(DummyV[Tvard[ijp][2]]==0){
                         fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*%f",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,Tinvresult[nres][Tvard[ijp][2]],Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[ijp][1]]);
                       }else{ /* Both quanti */
                         fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%f*%f",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[ijp][1]],Tqinvresult[nres][Tvard[ijp][2]]);
                       }
                     }
                     ijp++;
                   }
                 } else{  /* simple covariate */
                   /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j]][codtabm(jk,j)]); /\* Valgrind bug nbcode *\/ */
                   if(Dummy[j]==0){
                     fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,Tinvresult[nres][Tvar[j]]); /*  */
                   }else{ /* quantitative */
                     fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%f",i+j+2+nagesqr-1,Tqinvresult[nres][Tvar[j]]); /* */
                     /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                   }
                 } /* end simple */
               } /* end j */
             }else{
               i=i-ncovmodel;
               if(ng !=1 ) /* For logit formula of log p11 is more difficult to get */
                 fprintf(ficgp," (1.");
             }
             
             if(ng != 1){
               fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
               
               for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){ 
                 if(nagesqr==0)
                   fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                 else /* nagesqr =1 */
                   fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+nagesqr);
                  
                 ij=1;
                 for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++){
                   if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
                     if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
                       fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                       /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                       ij++;
                     }
                   }
                   else
                     fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);/* Valgrind bug nbcode */
                 }
                 fprintf(ficgp,")");
               }
               fprintf(ficgp,")");
               if(ng ==2)
                 fprintf(ficgp," t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
               else /* ng= 3 */
                 fprintf(ficgp," t \"i%d%d\" ", k2,k);
             }else{ /* end ng <> 1 */
               if( k !=k2) /* logit p11 is hard to draw */
                 fprintf(ficgp," t \"logit(p%d%d)\" ", k2,k);
             }
             if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath) && ng != 1)
               fprintf(ficgp,",");
             if (ng == 1 && k!=k2 && (k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath))
               fprintf(ficgp,",");
             i=i+ncovmodel;
           } /* end k */
         } /* end k2 */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n set out\n");
       } /* end jk */
     } /* end ng */
     /* avoid: */
     fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage, double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav, double bageout, double fageout){ */
    int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage, double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
      
      int i, cpt, cptcod;
      int modcovmax =1;
      int mobilavrange, mob;
      int iage=0;
   
      double sum=0.;
      double age;
      double *sumnewp, *sumnewm;
      double *agemingood, *agemaxgood; /* Currently identical for all covariates */
     
     
      /* modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/\* Max number of modalities. We suppose  */
      /*              a covariate has 2 modalities, should be equal to ncovcombmax  *\/ */
   
      sumnewp = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
      sumnewm = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
      agemingood = vector(1,ncovcombmax);  
      agemaxgood = vector(1,ncovcombmax);
   
      for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
        sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
        sumnewp[cptcod]=0.;
        agemingood[cptcod]=0;
        agemaxgood[cptcod]=0;
      }
      if (cptcovn<1) ncovcombmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
     
      if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
        if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
        else mobilavrange=mobilav;
        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
            for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++)
              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
        /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
           fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
           we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
        */ 
        for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
          for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
            for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
              for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
                mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                  mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                  mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                }
                mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
              }
            }
          }/* end age */
        }/* end mob */
      }else
        return -1;
      for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncovcombmax;cptcod++){
        /* for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){ */
        if(invalidvarcomb[cptcod]){
          printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",cptcod); 
          continue;
        }
   
        agemingood[cptcod]=fage-(mob-1)/2;
        for (age=fage-(mob-1)/2; age>=bage; age--){/* From oldest to youngest, finding the youngest wrong */
          sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
            sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
          }
          if(fabs(sumnewm[cptcod] - 1.) <= 1.e-3) { /* good */
            agemingood[cptcod]=age;
          }else{ /* bad */
            for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
            } /* i */
          } /* end bad */
        }/* age */
        sum=0.;
        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
          sum+=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
        }
        if(fabs(sum - 1.) > 1.e-3) { /* bad */
          printf("For this combination of covariate cptcod=%d, we can't get a smoothed prevalence which sums to one at any descending age!\n",cptcod);
          /* for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
          /*   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod]; */
          /* } /\* i *\/ */
        } /* end bad */
        /* else{ /\* We found some ages summing to one, we will smooth the oldest *\/ */
        /* From youngest, finding the oldest wrong */
        agemaxgood[cptcod]=bage+(mob-1)/2;
        for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage; age++){
          sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
            sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
          }
          if(fabs(sumnewm[cptcod] - 1.) <= 1.e-3) { /* good */
            agemaxgood[cptcod]=age;
          }else{ /* bad */
            for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
            } /* i */
          } /* end bad */
        }/* age */
        sum=0.;
        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
          sum+=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
        }
        if(fabs(sum - 1.) > 1.e-3) { /* bad */
          printf("For this combination of covariate cptcod=%d, we can't get a smoothed prevalence which sums to one at any ascending age!\n",cptcod);
          /* for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
          /*   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod]; */
          /* } /\* i *\/ */
        } /* end bad */
                   
        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++){
          /* printf("%d %d ", cptcod, (int)age); */
          sumnewp[cptcod]=0.;
          sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
            sumnewp[cptcod]+=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
            sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
            /* printf("%.4f %.4f ",probs[(int)age][i][cptcod], mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
          }
          /* printf("%.4f %.4f \n",sumnewp[cptcod], sumnewm[cptcod]); */
        }
        /* printf("\n"); */
        /* } */
        /* brutal averaging */
        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
          for (age=1; age<=bage; age++){
            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
            /* printf("age=%d i=%d cptcod=%d mobaverage=%.4f \n",(int)age,i, cptcod, mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
          }        
          for (age=fage; age<=AGESUP; age++){
            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
            /* printf("age=%d i=%d cptcod=%d mobaverage=%.4f \n",(int)age,i, cptcod, mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
          }
        } /* end i status */
        for (i=nlstate+1; i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++){
          for (age=1; age<=AGESUP; age++){
            /*printf("i=%d, age=%d, cptcod=%d\n",i, (int)age, cptcod);*/
            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=0.;
          }
        }
      }/* end cptcod */
      free_vector(sumnewm,1, ncovcombmax);
      free_vector(sumnewp,1, ncovcombmax);
      free_vector(agemaxgood,1, ncovcombmax);
      free_vector(agemingood,1, ncovcombmax);
      return 0;
    }/* End movingaverage */
    
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
    void prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
      int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1, k4, nres=0;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     /* double ***mobaverage; */
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
        in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
        We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
     /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\ */
     /*          firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model); */
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"F_"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileresu);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("\nComputing forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nComputing forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
     
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++) /* For each resultline */
     for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){
       if(i1 != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k)
         continue;
       if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
         printf("\nCombination (%d) projection ignored because no cases \n",k); 
         continue;
       }
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#****** hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev \n#");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d (=) %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       }
       for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
       }
       fprintf(ficresf," yearproj age");
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        
           fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresf," wp.%d",j);
       }
       for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) {
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
         for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k,nres);
           
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
               for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
               fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
             } 
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
               ppij=0.;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                 if (mobilav==1) 
                   ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][k];
                 else {
                   ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][k];
                 }
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                 }
               } /* end i */
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
               }
             }/* end j */
           } /* end h */
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         } /* end agec */
       } /* end yearp */
     } /* end  k */
           
     fclose(ficresf);
     printf("End of Computing forecasting \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Computing forecasting\n");
   
   }
   
   /* /\************** Back Forecasting ******************\/ */
   /* void prevbackforecast(char fileres[], double anback1, double mback1, double jback1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anback2, double p[], int cptcoveff){ */
   /*   /\* back1, year, month, day of starting backection  */
   /*      agemin, agemax range of age */
   /*      dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed */
   /*      anback2 year of en of backection (same day and month as back1). */
   /*   *\/ */
   /*   int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1; */
   /*   double agec; /\* generic age *\/ */
   /*   double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean; */
   /*   double *popeffectif,*popcount; */
   /*   double ***p3mat; */
   /*   /\* double ***mobaverage; *\/ */
   /*   char fileresfb[FILENAMELENGTH]; */
           
   /*   agelim=AGESUP; */
   /*   /\* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people */
   /*      in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2). */
   /*      We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection. */
   /*   *\/ */
   /*   /\* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\ *\/ */
   /*   /\*              firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model); *\/ */
   /*   prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
           
   /*   strcpy(fileresfb,"FB_");  */
   /*   strcat(fileresfb,fileresu); */
   /*   if((ficresfb=fopen(fileresfb,"w"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with back forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresfb); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with back forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresfb); */
   /*   } */
   /*   printf("Computing back forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresfb); */
   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing back forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresfb); */
           
   /*   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1; */
           
   /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) { *\/ */
   /*   /\*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
   /*   /\*   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ *\/ */
   /*   /\*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
   /*   /\*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
   /*   /\*   } *\/ */
   /*   /\* } *\/ */
           
   /*   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM; */
   /*   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1; */
   /*   if(estepm < stepm){ */
   /*     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm); */
   /*   } */
   /*   else  hstepm=estepm;    */
           
   /*   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;  */
   /*   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/\* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and */
   /*                                fractional in yp1 *\/ */
   /*   anprojmean=yp; */
   /*   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp); */
   /*   mprojmean=yp; */
   /*   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp); */
   /*   jprojmean=yp; */
   /*   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1; */
   /*   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1; */
           
   /*   i1=cptcoveff; */
   /*   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;} */
     
   /*   fprintf(ficresfb,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2);  */
     
   /*   fprintf(ficresfb,"#****** Routine prevbackforecast **\n"); */
           
   /*      /\*           if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ *\/ */
   /*   for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
   /*     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){ */
   /*       k=k+1; */
   /*       fprintf(ficresfb,"\n#****** hbijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev \n#"); */
   /*       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) { */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb," V%d (=) %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
   /*       } */
   /*       fprintf(ficresfb," yearbproj age"); */
   /*       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  */
   /*                              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)               */
   /*           fprintf(ficresfb," p%d%d",i,j); */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb," p.%d",j); */
   /*       } */
   /*       for (yearp=0; yearp>=(anback2-anback1);yearp -=stepsize) {  */
   /*                              /\* for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) {  *\/ */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb,"\n"); */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb,"\n# Back Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jback1,mback1,anback1+yearp);    */
   /*                              for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){  */
   /*                                      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm);  */
   /*                                      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  */
   /*                                      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*                                      oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
   /*                                      hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm,oldm,savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, k);       */
   /*                                      for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){ */
   /*                                              if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) { */
   /*               fprintf(ficresfb,"\n"); */
   /*               for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  */
   /*                 fprintf(ficresfb,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
   /*                                                      fprintf(ficresfb,"%.f %.f ",anback1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm); */
   /*                                              }  */
   /*                                              for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   /*                                                      ppij=0.; */
   /*                                                      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) { */
   /*                                                              if (mobilav==1)  */
   /*                                                                      ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod]; */
   /*                                                              else { */
   /*                                                                      ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod]; */
   /*                                                              } */
   /*                                                              if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) { */
   /*                                                                      fprintf(ficresfb," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]); */
   /*                                                              } */
   /*                                                      } /\* end i *\/ */
   /*                                                      if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) { */
   /*                                                              fprintf(ficresfb," %.3f", ppij); */
   /*                                                      } */
   /*                                              }/\* end j *\/ */
   /*                                      } /\* end h *\/ */
   /*                                      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*                              } /\* end agec *\/ */
   /*       } /\* end yearp *\/ */
   /*     } /\* end cptcod *\/ */
   /*   } /\* end  cptcov *\/ */
           
   /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
           
   /*   fclose(ficresfb); */
   /*   printf("End of Computing Back forecasting \n"); */
   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"End of Computing Back forecasting\n"); */
           
   /* } */
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   /* void populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2s, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){ */
     
   /*   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h; */
   /*   int *popage; */
   /*   double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2; */
   /*   double *popeffectif,*popcount; */
   /*   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev; */
   /*   /\* double ***mobaverage; *\/ */
   /*   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH]; */
   
   /*   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
   /*   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
   /*   agelim=AGESUP; */
   /*   calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM; */
     
   /*   prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
     
     
   /*   strcpy(filerespop,"POP_");  */
   /*   strcat(filerespop,fileresu); */
   /*   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop); */
   /*   } */
   /*   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop); */
   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop); */
   
   /*   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1; */
   
   /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) { *\/ */
   /*   /\*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
   /*   /\*   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ *\/ */
   /*   /\*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
   /*   /\*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
   /*   /\*   } *\/ */
   /*   /\* } *\/ */
   
   /*   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM; */
   /*   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1; */
     
   /*   agelim=AGESUP; */
     
   /*   hstepm=1; */
   /*   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;  */
           
   /*   if (popforecast==1) { */
   /*     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) { */
   /*       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0); */
   /*       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0); */
   /*     }  */
   /*     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP); */
   /*     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP); */
   /*     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP); */
       
   /*     i=1;    */
   /*     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1; */
       
   /*     imx=i; */
   /*     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i]; */
   /*   } */
     
   /*   for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){ */
   /*     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){ */
   /*       k=k+1; */
   /*       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******"); */
   /*       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) { */
   /*      fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
   /*       } */
   /*       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n"); */
   /*       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age"); */
   /*       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j); */
   /*       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]"); */
         
   /*       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {  */
   /*      fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);    */
           
   /*      for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){  */
   /*        nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);  */
   /*        nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  */
             
   /*        p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*        oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
   /*        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);   */
             
   /*        for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){ */
   /*          if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) { */
   /*            fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm); */
   /*          }  */
   /*          for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   /*            kk1=0.;kk2=0; */
   /*            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {               */
   /*              if (mobilav==1)  */
   /*                kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod]; */
   /*              else { */
   /*                kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod]; */
   /*              } */
   /*            } */
   /*            if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){ */
   /*              tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1; */
   /*              /\*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1); */
   /*                if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*\/ */
   /*            } */
   /*          } */
   /*          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
   /*            kk1=0.; */
   /*            for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
   /*              kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];  */
   /*            } */
   /*            tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)]; */
   /*          } */
               
   /*          if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) */
   /*            for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  */
   /*              fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]); */
   /*        } */
   /*        free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*      } */
   /*       } */
         
   /*       /\******\/ */
         
   /*       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {  */
   /*      fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);    */
   /*      for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){  */
   /*        nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);  */
   /*        nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  */
             
   /*        p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*        oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
   /*        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);   */
   /*        for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){ */
   /*          if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) { */
   /*            fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm); */
   /*          }  */
   /*          for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   /*            kk1=0.;kk2=0; */
   /*            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {               */
   /*              kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];     */
   /*            } */
   /*            if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);         */
   /*          } */
   /*        } */
   /*        free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*      } */
   /*       } */
   /*     }  */
   /*   } */
     
   /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
     
   /*   if (popforecast==1) { */
   /*     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP); */
   /*     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP); */
   /*     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP); */
   /*   } */
   /*   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
   /*   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
   /*   fclose(ficrespop); */
   /* } /\* End of popforecast *\/ */
    
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     int i,j, k, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.svg\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
   
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.svg\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter svg size 640, 480\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i=0, j=0, n=0, iv=0, v;
     int lstra;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[MAXLINE], strb[MAXLINE];
     char *stratrunc;
   
     DummyV=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* 1 to 3 */
     FixedV=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* 1 to 3 */
   
     for(v=1; v <=ncovcol;v++){
       DummyV[v]=0;
       FixedV[v]=0;
     }
     for(v=ncovcol+1; v <=ncovcol+nqv;v++){
       DummyV[v]=1;
       FixedV[v]=0;
     }
     for(v=ncovcol+nqv+1; v <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv;v++){
       DummyV[v]=0;
       FixedV[v]=1;
     }
     for(v=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+1; v <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv;v++){
       DummyV[v]=1;
       FixedV[v]=1;
     }
     for(v=1; v <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv;v++){
       printf("Covariate type in the data: V%d, DummyV(V%d)=%d, FixedV(V%d)=%d\n",v,v,DummyV[v],v,FixedV[v]);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Covariate type in the data: V%d, DummyV(V%d)=%d, FixedV(V%d)=%d\n",v,v,DummyV[v],v,FixedV[v]);
     }
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s with errno='%s'\n", datafile,strerror(errno));fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s with errno='%s'\n", datafile,strerror(errno));fflush(ficlog);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       strcpy(line, linetmp);
       
       /* Loops on waves */
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         for (iv=nqtv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on time varying quantitative variables */
           cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
           if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
             lval=-1;
             cotqvar[j][iv][i]=-1; /* 0.0/0.0 */
             cotvar[j][ntv+iv][i]=-1; /* For performance reasons */
             if(isalpha(strb[1])) { /* .m or .d Really Missing value */
               printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. If missing, you should remove this individual or impute a value.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, nqtv, j);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. If missing, you should remove this individual or impute a value.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, nqtv, j);fflush(ficlog);
               return 1;
             }
           }else{
             errno=0;
             /* what_kind_of_number(strb); */
             dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
             /* if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){ */
             /* if(strb != endptr && *endptr == '\0') */
             /*    dval=dlval; */
             /* if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN)) */
             if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
               printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, nqtv, j,maxwav);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqtv, j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
               return 1;
             }
             cotqvar[j][iv][i]=dval; 
             cotvar[j][ntv+iv][i]=dval; 
           }
           strcpy(line,stra);
         }/* end loop ntqv */
         
         for (iv=ntv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on time varying dummies */
           cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
           if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
             lval=-1;
           }else{
             errno=0;
             lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
             /*    if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
             if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
               printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th dummy covariate out of %d measured at wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, ntv, j,maxwav);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d dummy covariate out of %d measured wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,iv, ntv,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
               return 1;
             }
           }
           if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
           cotvar[j][iv][i]=(double)(lval);
           strcpy(line,stra);
         }/* end loop ntv */
         
         /* Statuses  at wave */
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           /*      if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         /* Date of Interview */
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
         }
         else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* End loop on waves */
       
       /* Date of death */
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       /* Date of birth */
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
         
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       /* Sample weight */
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (iv=nqv;iv>=1;iv--){  /* Loop  on fixed quantitative variables */
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing value */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           /* what_kind_of_number(strb); */
           dval=strtod(strb,&endptr);
           /* if(strb != endptr && *endptr == '\0') */
           /*   dval=dlval; */
           /* if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN)) */
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value (out of %d) constant for all waves. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqv, maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be the %d th quantitative value (out of %d) constant for all waves. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line, iv, nqv, maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
           coqvar[iv][i]=dval; 
           covar[ncovcol+iv][i]=dval; /* including qvar in standard covar for performance reasons */ 
         }
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }/* end loop nqv */
       
       /* Covariate values */
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing covariate value */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n                 \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n                         \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n                                            \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n                                \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
       
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
     
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
     
     return (0);
     /* endread: */
     printf("Exiting readdata: ");
     fclose(fic);
     return (1);
   }
   
   void removefirstspace(char **stri){/*, char stro[]) {*/
     char *p1 = *stri, *p2 = *stri;
     while (*p2 == ' ')
       p2++; 
     /* while ((*p1++ = *p2++) !=0) */
     /*   ; */
     /* do */
     /*   while (*p2 == ' ') */
     /*     p2++; */
     /* while (*p1++ == *p2++); */
     *stri=p2; 
   }
   
   int decoderesult ( char resultline[], int nres)
   /**< This routine decode one result line and returns the combination # of dummy covariates only **/
   {
     int j=0, k=0, k1=0, k2=0, k3=0, k4=0, match=0, k2q=0, k3q=0, k4q=0;
     char resultsav[MAXLINE];
     int resultmodel[MAXLINE];
     int modelresult[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     removefirstspace(&resultline);
     printf("decoderesult:%s\n",resultline);
   
     if (strstr(resultline,"v") !=0){
       printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' result: %s ",resultline);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case result: %s ",resultline);fflush(ficlog);
       return 1;
     }
     trimbb(resultsav, resultline);
     if (strlen(resultsav) >1){
       j=nbocc(resultsav,'='); /**< j=Number of covariate values'=' */
     }
     if(j == 0){ /* Resultline but no = */
       TKresult[nres]=0; /* Combination for the nresult and the model */
       return (0);
     }
       
     if( j != cptcovs ){ /* Be careful if a variable is in a product but not single */
       printf("ERROR: the number of variable in the resultline, %d, differs from the number of variable used in the model line, %d.\n",j, cptcovs);
       fprintf(ficlog,"ERROR: the number of variable in the resultline, %d, differs from the number of variable used in the model line, %d.\n",j, cptcovs);
     }
     for(k=1; k<=j;k++){ /* Loop on any covariate of the result line */
       if(nbocc(resultsav,'=') >1){
          cutl(stra,strb,resultsav,' '); /* keeps in strb after the first ' ' 
                                         resultsav= V4=1 V5=25.1 V3=0 strb=V3=0 stra= V4=1 V5=25.1 */
          cutl(strc,strd,strb,'=');  /* strb:V4=1 strc=1 strd=V4 */
       }else
         cutl(strc,strd,resultsav,'=');
       Tvalsel[k]=atof(strc); /* 1 */
       
       cutl(strc,stre,strd,'V'); /* strd='V4' strc=4 stre='V' */;
       Tvarsel[k]=atoi(strc);
       /* Typevarsel[k]=1;  /\* 1 for age product *\/ */
       /* cptcovsel++;     */
       if (nbocc(stra,'=') >0)
         strcpy(resultsav,stra); /* and analyzes it */
     }
     /* Checking for missing or useless values in comparison of current model needs */
     for(k1=1; k1<= cptcovt ;k1++){ /* model line V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
       if(Typevar[k1]==0){ /* Single covariate in model */
         match=0;
         for(k2=1; k2 <=j;k2++){/* result line V4=1 V5=24.1 V3=1  V2=8 V1=0 */
           if(Tvar[k1]==Tvarsel[k2]) {/* Tvar[1]=5 == Tvarsel[2]=5   */
             modelresult[k2]=k1;/* modelresult[2]=1 modelresult[1]=2  modelresult[3]=3  modelresult[6]=4 modelresult[9]=5 */
             match=1;
             break;
           }
         }
         if(match == 0){
           printf("Error in result line: %d value missing; result: %s, model=%s\n",k1, resultline, model);
         }
       }
     }
     /* Checking for missing or useless values in comparison of current model needs */
     for(k2=1; k2 <=j;k2++){ /* result line V4=1 V5=24.1 V3=1  V2=8 V1=0 */
       match=0;
       for(k1=1; k1<= cptcovt ;k1++){ /* model line V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
         if(Typevar[k1]==0){ /* Single */
           if(Tvar[k1]==Tvarsel[k2]) { /* Tvar[2]=4 == Tvarsel[1]=4   */
             resultmodel[k1]=k2;  /* resultmodel[2]=1 resultmodel[1]=2  resultmodel[3]=3  resultmodel[6]=4 resultmodel[9]=5 */
             ++match;
           }
         }
       }
       if(match == 0){
         printf("Error in result line: %d value missing; result: %s, model=%s\n",k1, resultline, model);
       }else if(match > 1){
         printf("Error in result line: %d doubled; result: %s, model=%s\n",k2, resultline, model);
       }
     }
         
     /* We need to deduce which combination number is chosen and save quantitative values */
     /* model line V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
     /* result line V4=1 V5=25.1 V3=0  V2=8 V1=1 */
     /* should give a combination of dummy V4=1, V3=0, V1=1 => V4*2**(0) + V3*2**(1) + V1*2**(2) = 5 + (1offset) = 6*/
     /* result line V4=1 V5=24.1 V3=1  V2=8 V1=0 */
     /* should give a combination of dummy V4=1, V3=1, V1=0 => V4*2**(0) + V3*2**(1) + V1*2**(2) = 3 + (1offset) = 4*/
     /*    1 0 0 0 */
     /*    2 1 0 0 */
     /*    3 0 1 0 */ 
     /*    4 1 1 0 */ /* V4=1, V3=1, V1=0 */
     /*    5 0 0 1 */
     /*    6 1 0 1 */ /* V4=1, V3=0, V1=1 */
     /*    7 0 1 1 */
     /*    8 1 1 1 */
     /* V(Tvresult)=Tresult V4=1 V3=0 V1=1 Tresult[nres=1][2]=0 */
     /* V(Tvqresult)=Tqresult V5=25.1 V2=8 Tqresult[nres=1][1]=25.1 */
     /* V5*age V5 known which value for nres?  */
     /* Tqinvresult[2]=8 Tqinvresult[1]=25.1  */
     for(k1=1, k=0, k4=0, k4q=0; k1 <=cptcovt;k1++){ /* model line */
       if( Dummy[k1]==0 && Typevar[k1]==0 ){ /* Single dummy */
         k3= resultmodel[k1]; /* resultmodel[2(V4)] = 1=k3 */
         k2=(int)Tvarsel[k3]; /*  Tvarsel[resultmodel[2]]= Tvarsel[1] = 4=k2 */
         k+=Tvalsel[k3]*pow(2,k4);  /*  Tvalsel[1]=1  */
         Tresult[nres][k4+1]=Tvalsel[k3];/* Tresult[nres][1]=1(V4=1)  Tresult[nres][2]=0(V3=0) */
         Tvresult[nres][k4+1]=(int)Tvarsel[k3];/* Tvresult[nres][1]=4 Tvresult[nres][3]=1 */
         Tinvresult[nres][(int)Tvarsel[k3]]=Tvalsel[k3]; /* Tinvresult[nres][4]=1 */
         printf("Decoderesult Dummy k=%d, V(k2=V%d)= Tvalsel[%d]=%d, 2**(%d)\n",k, k2, k3, (int)Tvalsel[k3], k4);
         k4++;;
       }  else if( Dummy[k1]==1 && Typevar[k1]==0 ){ /* Single quantitative */
         k3q= resultmodel[k1]; /* resultmodel[2] = 1=k3 */
         k2q=(int)Tvarsel[k3q]; /*  Tvarsel[resultmodel[2]]= Tvarsel[1] = 4=k2 */
         Tqresult[nres][k4q+1]=Tvalsel[k3q]; /* Tqresult[nres][1]=25.1 */
         Tvqresult[nres][k4q+1]=(int)Tvarsel[k3q]; /* Tvqresult[nres][1]=5 */
         Tqinvresult[nres][(int)Tvarsel[k3q]]=Tvalsel[k3q]; /* Tqinvresult[nres][5]=25.1 */
         printf("Decoderesult Quantitative nres=%d, V(k2q=V%d)= Tvalsel[%d]=%d, Tvarsel[%d]=%f\n",nres, k2q, k3q, Tvarsel[k3q], k3q, Tvalsel[k3q]);
         k4q++;;
       }
     }
     
     TKresult[nres]=++k; /* Combination for the nresult and the model */
     return (0);
   }
   
   int decodemodel( char model[], int lastobs)
    /**< This routine decodes the model and returns:
           * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age+age*age
           * - nagesqr = 1 if age*age in the model, otherwise 0.
           * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8 excepting constant and age and age*age
           * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6 and age*age
           * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
           * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
           * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
           *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
           * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
           * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
           *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
           * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
           */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks, v;
     int  j1, k1, k2, k3, k4;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
     char *strpt;
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=1+age+%s. ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=1+age+%s. ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strpt=strstr(model,"age*age")) !=0){
         printf(" strpt=%s, model=%s\n",strpt, model);
         if(strpt != model){
           printf("Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model); fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         nagesqr=1;
         if (strstr(model,"+age*age") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "+age*age");
         else if (strstr(model,"age*age+") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age+");
         else 
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age");
       }else
         nagesqr=0;
       if (strlen(modelsav) >1){
         j=nbocc(modelsav,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
         j1=nbocc(modelsav,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
         cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V1*age+V3 +V3*V4+age*age=> V1 + V3 =5-3=2  */
         cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model, not including
                        * cst, age and age*age 
                        * V1+V1*age+ V3 + V3*V4+age*age=> 3+1=4*/
         /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
          * but the covariates which are products must be treated 
          * separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
         cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
         cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
         
         
         /*   Design
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
          *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
          *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
          *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
          *       covar[1][i]= (V1), covar[4][i]=(V4), covar[8][i]=(V8)
          *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[2]=1 Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
          *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
          *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
          *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
          *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
          *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
          *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
          *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
          *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
          *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
          *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
          * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
          *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
          * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
          *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
          *How to reorganize?
          * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
          * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
          * Struct []
          */
         
         /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
         /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
         /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
         /*        k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
         /*        k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
         /*        k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
         /*        k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
         /*        k=5 Tvar[5] */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
         /*        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
         /*        } */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k])]]*cov[2]; */
         /*
          * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
         for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--){ /**< Number of covariates not including constant and age, neither age*age*/
           Tvar[k]=0; Tprod[k]=0; Tposprod[k]=0;
         }
         cptcovage=0;
         for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
           cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                            modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
           if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
           /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
           /*scanf("%d",i);*/
           if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
             cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
             if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
               /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2; V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1 */
               Typevar[k]=1;  /* 1 for age product */
               cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tvar[4]=3, Tage[1] = 4 or V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1, Tage[1]=2 */
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
             } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
               Typevar[k]=1;  /* 1 for age product */
               cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;
             } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
               /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
               cptcovn++;
               cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
               Tvar[k]=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                                   because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                                   which is after existing variables ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv + k1
                                                   If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                                   Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
               Typevar[k]=2;  /* 2 for double fixed dummy covariates */
               cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
               Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
               Tposprod[k]=k1; /* Tpsprod[3]=1, Tposprod[2]=5 */
               Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
               Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
               k2=k2+2;  /* k2 is initialize to -1, We want to store the n and m in Vn*Vm at the end of Tvar */
               /* Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /\* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) *\/ */
               /* Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /\* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) *\/ */
               /*ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2, Tvar[3]=5, Tvar[4]=6, cptcovt=5 */
               /*                     1  2   3      4     5 | Tvar[5+1)=1, Tvar[7]=2   */
               for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
                 /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                    covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
                 covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
               }
             } /* End age is not in the model */
           } /* End if model includes a product */
           else { /* no more sum */
             /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
             /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
             cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
             ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates dummy or quantitative, fixe or varying */
             cptcovn++; /** V4+V3+V5: V4 and V3 timevarying dummy covariates, V5 timevarying quantitative */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
             Typevar[k]=0;  /* 0 for simple covariates */
           }
           strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
                                   /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
                                     scanf("%d",i);*/
         } /* end of loop + on total covariates */
       } /* end if strlen(modelsave == 0) age*age might exist */
     } /* end if strlen(model == 0) */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
     
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
        printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
        fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
        scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
   /* Until here, decodemodel knows only the grammar (simple, product, age*) of the model but not what kind
      of variable (dummy vs quantitative, fixed vs time varying) is behind. But we know the # of each. */
   /* ncovcol= 1, nqv=1 | ntv=2, nqtv= 1  = 5 possible variables data: 2 fixed 3, varying
      model=        V5 + V4 +V3 + V4*V3 + V5*age + V2 + V1*V2 + V1*age + V5*age, V1 is not used saving its place
      k =           1    2   3     4       5       6      7      8        9
      Tvar[k]=      5    4   3 1+1+2+1+1=6 5       2      7      1        5
      Typevar[k]=   0    0   0     2       1       0      2      1        1
      Fixed[k]      1    1   1     1       3       0    0 or 2   2        3
      Dummy[k]      1    0   0     0       3       1      1      2        3
             Tmodelind[combination of covar]=k;
   */  
   /* Dispatching between quantitative and time varying covariates */
     /* If Tvar[k] >ncovcol it is a product */
     /* Tvar[k] is the value n of Vn with n varying for 1 to nvcol, or p  Vp=Vn*Vm for product */
           /* Computing effective variables, ie used by the model, that is from the cptcovt variables */
     printf("Model=%s\n\
   Typevar: 0 for simple covariate (dummy, quantitative, fixed or varying), 1 for age product, 2 for  product \n\
   Fixed[k] 0=fixed (product or simple), 1 varying, 2 fixed with age product, 3 varying with age product \n\
   Dummy[k] 0=dummy (0 1), 1 quantitative (single or product without age), 2 dummy with age product, 3 quant with age product\n",model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Model=%s\n\
   Typevar: 0 for simple covariate (dummy, quantitative, fixed or varying), 1 for age product, 2 for  product \n\
   Fixed[k] 0=fixed (product or simple), 1 varying, 2 fixed with age product, 3 varying with age product \n\
   Dummy[k] 0=dummy (0 1), 1 quantitative (single or product without age), 2 dummy with age product, 3 quant with age product\n",model);
     for(k=1;k<=cptcovt; k++){ Fixed[k]=0; Dummy[k]=0;}
     for(k=1, ncovf=0, nsd=0, nsq=0, ncovv=0, ncova=0, ncoveff=0, nqfveff=0, ntveff=0, nqtveff=0;k<=cptcovt; k++){ /* or cptocvt */
       if (Tvar[k] <=ncovcol && Typevar[k]==0 ){ /* Simple fixed dummy (<=ncovcol) covariates */
         Fixed[k]= 0;
         Dummy[k]= 0;
         ncoveff++;
         ncovf++;
         nsd++;
         modell[k].maintype= FTYPE;
         TvarsD[nsd]=Tvar[k];
         TvarsDind[nsd]=k;
         TvarF[ncovf]=Tvar[k];
         TvarFind[ncovf]=k;
         TvarFD[ncoveff]=Tvar[k]; /* TvarFD[1]=V1 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
         TvarFDind[ncoveff]=k; /* TvarFDind[1]=9 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
       }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol &&  Typevar[k]==2){ /* Product of fixed dummy (<=ncovcol) covariates */
         Fixed[k]= 0;
         Dummy[k]= 0;
         ncoveff++;
         ncovf++;
         modell[k].maintype= FTYPE;
         TvarF[ncovf]=Tvar[k];
         TvarFind[ncovf]=k;
         TvarFD[ncoveff]=Tvar[k]; /* TvarFD[1]=V1 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
         TvarFDind[ncoveff]=k; /* TvarFDind[1]=9 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */
       }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv && Typevar[k]==0){/* Remind that product Vn*Vm are added in k Only simple fixed quantitative variable */
         Fixed[k]= 0;
         Dummy[k]= 1;
         nqfveff++;
         modell[k].maintype= FTYPE;
         modell[k].subtype= FQ;
         nsq++;
         TvarsQ[nsq]=Tvar[k];
         TvarsQind[nsq]=k;
         ncovf++;
         TvarF[ncovf]=Tvar[k];
         TvarFind[ncovf]=k;
         TvarFQ[nqfveff]=Tvar[k]-ncovcol; /* TvarFQ[1]=V2-1=1st in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple fixed quantitative variable */
         TvarFQind[nqfveff]=k; /* TvarFQind[1]=6 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple fixed quantitative variable */
       }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv && Typevar[k]==0){/* Only simple time varying dummy variables */
         Fixed[k]= 1;
         Dummy[k]= 0;
         ntveff++; /* Only simple time varying dummy variable */
         modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
         modell[k].subtype= VD;
         nsd++;
         TvarsD[nsd]=Tvar[k];
         TvarsDind[nsd]=k;
         ncovv++; /* Only simple time varying variables */
         TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
         TvarVind[ncovv]=k; /* TvarVind[2]=2  TvarVind[3]=3 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Any time varying singele */
         TvarVD[ntveff]=Tvar[k]; /* TvarVD[1]=V4  TvarVD[2]=V3 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple time varying dummy variable */
         TvarVDind[ntveff]=k; /* TvarVDind[1]=2 TvarVDind[2]=3 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple time varying dummy variable */
         printf("Quasi Tmodelind[%d]=%d,Tvar[Tmodelind[%d]]=V%d, ncovcol=%d, nqv=%d,Tvar[k]- ncovcol-nqv=%d\n",ntveff,k,ntveff,Tvar[k], ncovcol, nqv,Tvar[k]- ncovcol-nqv);
         printf("Quasi TmodelInvind[%d]=%d\n",k,Tvar[k]- ncovcol-nqv);
       }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv  && Typevar[k]==0){ /* Only simple time varying quantitative variable V5*/
         Fixed[k]= 1;
         Dummy[k]= 1;
         nqtveff++;
         modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
         modell[k].subtype= VQ;
         ncovv++; /* Only simple time varying variables */
         nsq++;
         TvarsQ[nsq]=Tvar[k];
         TvarsQind[nsq]=k;
         TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
         TvarVind[ncovv]=k; /* TvarVind[1]=1 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Any time varying singele */
         TvarVQ[nqtveff]=Tvar[k]; /* TvarVQ[1]=V5 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple time varying quantitative variable */
         TvarVQind[nqtveff]=k; /* TvarVQind[1]=1 in V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 */ /* Only simple time varying quantitative variable */
         TmodelInvQind[nqtveff]=Tvar[k]- ncovcol-nqv-ntv;/* Only simple time varying quantitative variable */
         /* Tmodeliqind[k]=nqtveff;/\* Only simple time varying quantitative variable *\/ */
         printf("Quasi TmodelQind[%d]=%d,Tvar[TmodelQind[%d]]=V%d, ncovcol=%d, nqv=%d, ntv=%d,Tvar[k]- ncovcol-nqv-ntv=%d\n",nqtveff,k,nqtveff,Tvar[k], ncovcol, nqv, ntv, Tvar[k]- ncovcol-nqv-ntv);
         printf("Quasi TmodelInvQind[%d]=%d\n",k,Tvar[k]- ncovcol-nqv-ntv);
       }else if (Typevar[k] == 1) {  /* product with age */
         ncova++;
         TvarA[ncova]=Tvar[k];
         TvarAind[ncova]=k;
         if (Tvar[k] <=ncovcol ){ /* Product age with fixed dummy covariatee */
           Fixed[k]= 2;
           Dummy[k]= 2;
           modell[k].maintype= ATYPE;
           modell[k].subtype= APFD;
           /* ncoveff++; */
         }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv) { /* Remind that product Vn*Vm are added in k*/
           Fixed[k]= 2;
           Dummy[k]= 3;
           modell[k].maintype= ATYPE;
           modell[k].subtype= APFQ;                /*      Product age * fixed quantitative */
           /* nqfveff++;  /\* Only simple fixed quantitative variable *\/ */
         }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv ){
           Fixed[k]= 3;
           Dummy[k]= 2;
           modell[k].maintype= ATYPE;
           modell[k].subtype= APVD;                /*      Product age * varying dummy */
           /* ntveff++; /\* Only simple time varying dummy variable *\/ */
         }else if( Tvar[k] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
           Fixed[k]= 3;
           Dummy[k]= 3;
           modell[k].maintype= ATYPE;
           modell[k].subtype= APVQ;                /*      Product age * varying quantitative */
           /* nqtveff++;/\* Only simple time varying quantitative variable *\/ */
         }
       }else if (Typevar[k] == 2) {  /* product without age */
         k1=Tposprod[k];
         if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol){
           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 0;
             modell[k].maintype= FTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= FPDD;              /*      Product fixed dummy * fixed dummy */
             ncovf++; /* Fixed variables without age */
             TvarF[ncovf]=Tvar[k];
             TvarFind[ncovf]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
             Fixed[k]= 0;  /* or 2 ?*/
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= FTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= FPDQ;              /*      Product fixed dummy * fixed quantitative */
             ncovf++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarF[ncovf]=Tvar[k];
             TvarFind[ncovf]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 0;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPDD;              /*      Product fixed dummy * varying dummy */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPDQ;              /*      Product fixed dummy * varying quantitative */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }
         }else if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol+nqv){
           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
             Fixed[k]= 0;  /* or 2 ?*/
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= FTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= FPDQ;              /*      Product fixed quantitative * fixed dummy */
             ncovf++; /* Fixed variables without age */
             TvarF[ncovf]=Tvar[k];
             TvarFind[ncovf]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPDQ;              /*      Product fixed quantitative * varying dummy */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPQQ;              /*      Product fixed quantitative * varying quantitative */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }
         }else if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPDD;              /*      Product time varying dummy * fixed dummy */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPDQ;              /*      Product time varying dummy * fixed quantitative */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 0;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPDD;              /*      Product time varying dummy * time varying dummy */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPDQ;              /*      Product time varying dummy * time varying quantitative */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }
         }else if(Tvard[k1][1] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
           if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPDQ;              /*      Product time varying quantitative * fixed dummy */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPQQ;              /*      Product time varying quantitative * fixed quantitative */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPDQ;              /*      Product time varying quantitative * time varying dummy */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }else if(Tvard[k1][2] <=ncovcol+nqv+ntv+nqtv){
             Fixed[k]= 1;
             Dummy[k]= 1;
             modell[k].maintype= VTYPE;
             modell[k].subtype= VPQQ;              /*      Product time varying quantitative * time varying quantitative */
             ncovv++; /* Varying variables without age */
             TvarV[ncovv]=Tvar[k];
             TvarVind[ncovv]=k;
           }
         }else{
           printf("Error unknown type of covariate: Tvard[%d][1]=%d,Tvard[%d][2]=%d\n",k1,Tvard[k1][1],k1,Tvard[k1][2]);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error unknown type of covariate: Tvard[%d][1]=%d,Tvard[%d][2]=%d\n",k1,Tvard[k1][1],k1,Tvard[k1][2]);
         } /*end k1*/
       }else{
         printf("Error, current version can't treat for performance reasons, Tvar[%d]=%d, Typevar[%d]=%d\n", k, Tvar[k], k, Typevar[k]);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error, current version can't treat for performance reasons, Tvar[%d]=%d, Typevar[%d]=%d\n", k, Tvar[k], k, Typevar[k]);
       }
       printf("Decodemodel, k=%d, Tvar[%d]=V%d,Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n",k, k,Tvar[k],Typevar[k],Fixed[k],Dummy[k]);
       printf("           modell[%d].maintype=%d, modell[%d].subtype=%d\n",k,modell[k].maintype,k,modell[k].subtype);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Decodemodel, k=%d, Tvar[%d]=V%d,Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n",k, k,Tvar[k],Typevar[k],Fixed[k],Dummy[k]);
     }
     /* Searching for doublons in the model */
     for(k1=1; k1<= cptcovt;k1++){
       for(k2=1; k2 <k1;k2++){
         if((Typevar[k1]==Typevar[k2]) && (Fixed[Tvar[k1]]==Fixed[Tvar[k2]]) && (Dummy[Tvar[k1]]==Dummy[Tvar[k2]] )){
           if((Typevar[k1] == 0 || Typevar[k1] == 1)){ /* Simple or age product */
             if(Tvar[k1]==Tvar[k2]){
               printf("Error duplication in the model=%s at positions (+) %d and %d, Tvar[%d]=V%d, Tvar[%d]=V%d, Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n", model, k1,k2, k1, Tvar[k1], k2, Tvar[k2],Typevar[k1],Fixed[Tvar[k1]],Dummy[Tvar[k1]]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error duplication in the model=%s at positions (+) %d and %d, Tvar[%d]=V%d, Tvar[%d]=V%d, Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n", model, k1,k2, k1, Tvar[k1], k2, Tvar[k2],Typevar[k1],Fixed[Tvar[k1]],Dummy[Tvar[k1]]); fflush(ficlog);
               return(1);
             }
           }else if (Typevar[k1] ==2){
             k3=Tposprod[k1];
             k4=Tposprod[k2];
             if( ((Tvard[k3][1]== Tvard[k4][1])&&(Tvard[k3][2]== Tvard[k4][2])) || ((Tvard[k3][1]== Tvard[k4][2])&&(Tvard[k3][2]== Tvard[k4][1])) ){
               printf("Error duplication in the model=%s at positions (+) %d and %d, V%d*V%d, Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n",model, k1,k2, Tvard[k3][1], Tvard[k3][2],Typevar[k1],Fixed[Tvar[k1]],Dummy[Tvar[k1]]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error duplication in the model=%s at positions (+) %d and %d, V%d*V%d, Typevar=%d, Fixed=%d, Dummy=%d\n",model, k1,k2, Tvard[k3][1], Tvard[k3][2],Typevar[k1],Fixed[Tvar[k1]],Dummy[Tvar[k1]]); fflush(ficlog);
               return(1);
             }
           }
         }
       }
     }
     printf("ncoveff=%d, nqfveff=%d, ntveff=%d, nqtveff=%d, cptcovn=%d\n",ncoveff,nqfveff,ntveff,nqtveff,cptcovn);
     fprintf(ficlog,"ncoveff=%d, nqfveff=%d, ntveff=%d, nqtveff=%d, cptcovn=%d\n",ncoveff,nqfveff,ntveff,nqtveff,cptcovn);
     printf("ncovf=%d, ncovv=%d, ncova=%d, nsd=%d, nsq=%d\n",ncovf,ncovv,ncova,nsd,nsq);
     fprintf(ficlog,"ncovf=%d, ncovv=%d, ncova=%d, nsd=%d, nsq=%d\n",ncovf,ncovv,ncova,nsd, nsq);
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     /*endread:*/
     printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
     return (1);
   }
   
   int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {/* Check ages at death */
     int i, m;
     int firstone=0;
     
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           if (s[m][i] != -2) /* Keeping initial status of unknown vital status */
             s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nbwarn = *nbwarn + 1;
           if(firstone == 0){
             firstone=1;
           printf("Warning (#%d)! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown but status is a death state %d at wave %d. If you don't know the vital status, please enter -2. If he/she is still alive but don't know the state, please code with '-1 or '.'. Here, we believe in a death.\nOther similar cases in log file\n", *nbwarn,(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i,s[m][i],m);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning (#%d)! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown but status is a death state %d at wave %d. If you don't know the vital status, please enter -2. If he/she is still alive but don't know the state, please code with '-1 or '.'. Here, we believe in a death.\nOther similar cases in log file\n", *nbwarn,(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i,s[m][i],m);
           /* s[m][i]=-1; */ /* Keeping the death status */
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error (#%d)! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown (%2d) (year of death is %4d) and status is a death state %d at wave %d. Please impute an arbitrary (or not) month and rerun. Currently this transition to death will be skipped (status is set to -2).\nOther similar cases in log file\n", *nberr, num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],s[m][i],m);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error (#%d)! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown (%2d) (year of death is %4d) and status is a death state %d at wave %d. Please impute an arbitrary (or not) month and rerun. Currently this transition to death will be skipped (status is set to -2).\nOther similar cases in log file\n", *nberr, num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],s[m][i],m);
           s[m][i]=-2; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0  || s[m][i]==-1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){ /* What if s[m][i]=-1 */
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0){
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999){
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
                 /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               }else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
             } /* agedc > 0 */
           } /* end if */
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           } /* en if 9*/
           else { /* =9 */
             /* printf("Debug num[%d]=%ld s[%d][%d]=%d\n",i,num[i], m,i, s[m][i]); */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else if(s[m][i]==0) /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
         else{
           printf("Warning, num[%d]=%ld, s[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, num[i], m, i,s[m][i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog, "Warning, num[%d]=%ld, s[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, num[i], m, i,s[m][i]); 
           agev[m][i]=0;
         }
       } /* End for lastpass */
     }
       
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
    /* endread:*/
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
   /*printf("Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   /*fprintf(ficlog, "Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   //#include "stdafx.h"
   //#include <stdio.h>
   //#include <tchar.h>
   //#include <windows.h>
   //#include <iostream>
   typedef BOOL(WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
   LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
   BOOL IsWow64()
   {
           BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
   
           //typedef BOOL (APIENTRY *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
           //  (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
           //LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
           HMODULE module = GetModuleHandle(_T("kernel32"));
           const char funcName[] = "IsWow64Process";
           fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
                   GetProcAddress(module, funcName);
   
           if (NULL != fnIsWow64Process)
           {
                   if (!fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(),
                           &bIsWow64))
                           //throw std::exception("Unknown error");
                           printf("Unknown error\n");
           }
           return bIsWow64 != FALSE;
   }
   #endif
   
   void syscompilerinfo(int logged)
    {
      /* #include "syscompilerinfo.h"*/
      /* command line Intel compiler 32bit windows, XP compatible:*/
      /* /GS /W3 /Gy
         /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D
         "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_USING_V110_SDK71_" /D "_UNICODE" /D
         "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope /Gd /Oi /MT /Fa"Release\" /EHsc /nologo
         /Fo"Release\" /Qprof-dir "Release\" /Fp"Release\IMaCh.pch"
      */ 
      /* 64 bits */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy
        /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG"
        /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope
        /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir
        "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" */
      /* Optimization are useless and O3 is slower than O2 */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O3 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" 
        /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo 
        /Zc:forScope /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Qparallel 
        /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" 
      */
      /* Link is */ /* /OUT:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.exe" /MANIFEST /NXCOMPAT
         /PDB:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.pdb" /DYNAMICBASE
         "kernel32.lib" "user32.lib" "gdi32.lib" "winspool.lib"
         "comdlg32.lib" "advapi32.lib" "shell32.lib" "ole32.lib"
         "oleaut32.lib" "uuid.lib" "odbc32.lib" "odbccp32.lib"
         /MACHINE:X86 /OPT:REF /SAFESEH /INCREMENTAL:NO
         /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE",5.01" /MANIFESTUAC:"level='asInvoker'
         uiAccess='false'"
         /ManifestFile:"Release\IMaCh.exe.intermediate.manifest" /OPT:ICF
         /NOLOGO /TLBID:1
      */
   #if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
           struct utsname sysInfo;  /* For Intel on Linux and OS/X */
   #endif
   #elif defined(__GNUC__) 
   #ifndef  __APPLE__
   #include <gnu/libc-version.h>  /* Only on gnu */
   #endif
      struct utsname sysInfo;
      int cross = CROSS;
      if (cross){
              printf("Cross-");
              if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, "Cross-");
      }
   #endif
   
   #include <stdint.h>
   
      printf("Compiled with:");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog,"Compiled with:");
   #if defined(__clang__)
      printf(" Clang/LLVM");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Clang/LLVM");       /* Clang/LLVM. ---------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
      printf(" Intel ICC/ICPC");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Intel ICC/ICPC");/* Intel ICC/ICPC. ------------------------------------------ */
   #endif
   #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
      printf(" GNU GCC/G++");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," GNU GCC/G++");/* GNU GCC/G++. --------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
      printf(" Hewlett-Packard C/aC++");if(logged)fprintf(fcilog," Hewlett-Packard C/aC++"); /* Hewlett-Packard C/aC++. ---------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)
      printf(" IBM XL C/C++"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," IBM XL C/C++");/* IBM XL C/C++. -------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      printf(" Microsoft Visual Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Microsoft Visual Studio");/* Microsoft Visual Studio. --------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__PGI)
      printf(" Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");/* Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP. ------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
      printf(" Oracle Solaris Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Oracle Solaris Studio\n");/* Oracle Solaris Studio. ----------------------------------- */
   #endif
      printf(" for "); if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, " for ");
      
   // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605842/how-to-identify-platform-compiler-from-preprocessor-macros
   #ifdef _WIN32 // note the underscore: without it, it's not msdn official!
       // Windows (x64 and x86)
      printf("Windows (x64 and x86) ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Windows (x64 and x86) ");
   #elif __unix__ // all unices, not all compilers
       // Unix
      printf("Unix ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Unix ");
   #elif __linux__
       // linux
      printf("linux ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"linux ");
   #elif __APPLE__
       // Mac OS, not sure if this is covered by __posix__ and/or __unix__ though..
      printf("Mac OS ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Mac OS ");
   #endif
   
   /*  __MINGW32__   */
   /*  __CYGWIN__   */
   /* __MINGW64__  */
   // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/b0084kay.aspx
   /* _MSC_VER  //the Visual C++ compiler is 17.00.51106.1, the _MSC_VER macro evaluates to 1700. Type cl /?  */
   /* _MSC_FULL_VER //the Visual C++ compiler is 15.00.20706.01, the _MSC_FULL_VER macro evaluates to 150020706 */
   /* _WIN64  // Defined for applications for Win64. */
   /* _M_X64 // Defined for compilations that target x64 processors. */
   /* _DEBUG // Defined when you compile with /LDd, /MDd, and /MTd. */
   
   #if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffff
      printf(" 32-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 32-bit");/* 32-bit */
   #elif UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffffffffffff
      printf(" 64-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 64-bit");/* 64-bit */
   #else
      printf(" wtf-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," wtf-bit");/* wtf */
   #endif
   
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
   # if defined(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
                               + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   # else
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100)
   # endif
      printf(" using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, " using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
   
      if (uname(&sysInfo) != -1) {
        printf("Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
            if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n ",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
      }
      else
         perror("uname() error");
      //#ifndef __INTEL_COMPILER 
   #if !defined (__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(__APPLE__)
      printf("GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version()); 
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version());
   #endif
   #endif
   
      //   void main()
      //   {
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      if (IsWow64()){
              printf("\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
      }
      else{
              printf("\nThe program is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe programm is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
      }
      //      printf("\nPress Enter to continue...");
      //      getchar();
      //   }
   
   #endif
      
   
   }
   
   int prevalence_limit(double *p, double **prlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp){
     /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     int i, j, k, i1, k4=0, nres=0 ;
     /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
     double age, agebase, agelim;
     double tot;
   
     strcpy(filerespl,"PL_");
     strcat(filerespl,fileresu);
     if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
     }
     printf("\nComputing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nComputing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     pstamp(ficrespl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
     /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
   
     agebase=ageminpar;
     agelim=agemaxpar;
   
     /* i1=pow(2,ncoveff); */
     i1=pow(2,cptcoveff); /* Number of combination of dummy covariates */
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
     for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){ /* For each combination k of dummy covariates in the model */
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
         if(i1 != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k)
           continue;
   
         /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
         /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
         //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         /* k=k+1; */
         /* to clean */
         //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
         fprintf(ficrespl,"#******");
         printf("#******");
         fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff ;j++) {/* all covariates */
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); /* Here problem for varying dummy*/
           printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           printf(" V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
         printf("******\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
         if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
           printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no case \n",k); 
           fprintf(ficrespl,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no case \n",k); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"\nCombination (%d) ignored because no case \n",k); 
           continue;
         }
   
         fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
       
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
           /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k, nres);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           tot=0.;
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             tot +=  prlim[i][i];
             fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
         } /* Age */
         /* was end of cptcod */
       } /* cptcov */
     } /* nres */
     return 0;
   }
   
   int back_prevalence_limit(double *p, double **bprlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass, int mobilavproj){
           /*--------------- Back Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
           
           /* Computes the back prevalence limit  for any combination      of covariate values 
      * at any age between ageminpar and agemaxpar
            */
     int i, j, k, i1, nres=0 ;
     /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
     double age, agebase, agelim;
     double tot;
     /* double ***mobaverage; */
     /* double      **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm;  /\* for use *\/ */
   
     strcpy(fileresplb,"PLB_");
     strcat(fileresplb,fileresu);
     if((ficresplb=fopen(fileresplb,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with period (stable) back prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresplb);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) back prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresplb);return 1;
     }
     printf("Computing period (stable) back prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", fileresplb);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) back prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", fileresplb);
     pstamp(ficresplb);
     fprintf(ficresplb,"# Period (stable) back prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
     fprintf(ficresplb,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficresplb,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresplb,"\n");
     
     
     /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
     
     agebase=ageminpar;
     agelim=agemaxpar;
     
     
     i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
       for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){ /* For any combination of dummy covariates, fixed and varying */
        if(i1 != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k)
           continue;
         //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
         fprintf(ficresplb,"#******");
         printf("#******");
         fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff ;j++) {/* all covariates */
           fprintf(ficresplb," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         for (j=1; j<= nsq; j++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           printf(" V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
           fprintf(ficresplb," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresplb,"******\n");
         printf("******\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
         if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
           printf("\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k); 
           fprintf(ficresplb,"#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"\nCombination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k); 
           continue;
         }
       
         fprintf(ficresplb,"#Age ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresplb,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficresplb,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
         fprintf(ficresplb,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
       
       
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
           /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
           if(mobilavproj > 0){
             /* bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, ageminpar, agemaxpar, oldm, savm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
             /* bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
             bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k, nres);
           }else if (mobilavproj == 0){
             printf("There is no chance to get back prevalence limit if data aren't non zero and summing to 1, please try a non null mobil_average(=%d) parameter or mobil_average=-1 if you want to try at your own risk.\n",mobilavproj);
             fprintf(ficlog,"There is no chance to get back prevalence limit if data aren't non zero and summing to 1, please try a non null mobil_average(=%d) parameter or mobil_average=-1 if you want to try at your own risk.\n",mobilavproj);
             exit(1);
           }else{
             /* bprevalim(bprlim, probs, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
             bprevalim(bprlim, probs, nlstate, p, age, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k,nres);
           }
           fprintf(ficresplb,"%.0f ",age );
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
             fprintf(ficresplb,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           tot=0.;
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             tot +=  bprlim[i][i];
             fprintf(ficresplb," %.5f", bprlim[i][i]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresplb," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
         } /* Age */
         /* was end of cptcod */
         /*fprintf(ficresplb,"\n");*/ /* Seems to be necessary for gnuplot only if two result lines and no covariate. */
       } /* end of any combination */
     } /* end of nres */  
     /* hBijx(p, bage, fage); */
     /* fclose(ficrespijb); */
     
     return 0;
   }
    
   int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage){
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   
     int stepsize;
     int agelim;
     int hstepm;
     int nhstepm;
     int h, i, i1, j, k, k4, nres=0;
   
     double agedeb;
     double ***p3mat;
   
       strcpy(filerespij,"PIJ_");  strcat(filerespij,fileresu);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
                   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
                   /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
                   /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
                   /*      k=k+1;  */
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++) /* For each resultline */
       for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){
         if(i1 != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k)
           continue;
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         for (k4=1; k4<= nsq; k4++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           printf(" V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
           fprintf(ficrespij," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][k4],Tqresult[nres][k4]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
         
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
           
           /*        nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
           
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k, nres);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
         }
         /*}*/
       }
       return 0;
   }
    
    int hBijx(double *p, int bage, int fage, double ***prevacurrent){
       /*------------- h Bij x at various ages ------------*/
   
     int stepsize;
     /* int agelim; */
           int ageminl;
     int hstepm;
     int nhstepm;
     int h, i, i1, j, k, nres;
           
     double agedeb;
     double ***p3mat;
           
     strcpy(filerespijb,"PIJB_");  strcat(filerespijb,fileresu);
     if((ficrespijb=fopen(filerespijb,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Pij back resultfile: %s\n", filerespijb); return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij back resultfile: %s\n", filerespijb); return 1;
     }
     printf("Computing pij back: result on file '%s' \n", filerespijb);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij back: result on file '%s' \n", filerespijb);
     
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
     
     /* agelim=AGESUP; */
     ageminl=30;
     hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
     
     /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
     pstamp(ficrespijb);
     fprintf(ficrespijb,"#****** h Bij x Back probability to be in state i at age x-h being in j at x: B1j+B2j+...=1 ");
     i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
     /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
     /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
     /*    k=k+1;  */
     for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++){ /* For each resultline */
       for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){ /* For any combination of dummy covariates, fixed and varying */
         if(i1 != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k)
           continue;
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficrespijb,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         for (j=1; j<= nsq; j++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           fprintf(ficrespijb," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"******\n");
         if(invalidvarcomb[k]){
           fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n#Combination (%d) ignored because no cases \n",k); 
           continue;
         }
         
         /* for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /\* If stepm=6 months *\/ */
         for (agedeb=bage; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){ /* If stepm=6 months and estepm=24 (2 years) */
           /* nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /\* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 *\/ */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agedeb-ageminl)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10, because estepm=24 stepm=6 => hstepm=24/6=4 */
           
           /*        nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
           
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           /* oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
           /* hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);   */
           hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm, k);
           /* hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, k); */
           fprintf(ficrespijb,"# Cov Agex agex-h hbijx with i,j=");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespijb," %1d-%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
             fprintf(ficrespijb,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb - h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
             /* fprintf(ficrespijb,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ); */
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespijb," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
             fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
         } /* end age deb */
       } /* end combination */
     } /* end nres */
     return 0;
    } /*  hBijx */
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter=0,m,size=100, cptcod;
     int ncvyear=0; /* Number of years needed for the period prevalence to converge */
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int num_filled;
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
     int nres=0;
     int endishere=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb=0.;
   
     double ageminpar=AGEOVERFLOW,agemin=AGEOVERFLOW, agemaxpar=-AGEOVERFLOW, agemax=-AGEOVERFLOW;
     double ageminout=-AGEOVERFLOW,agemaxout=AGEOVERFLOW; /* Smaller Age range redefined after movingaverage */
   
     double fret;
     double dum=0.; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     /* double ***mobaverage; */
   
     char line[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE];
   
     char  modeltemp[MAXLINE];
     char resultline[MAXLINE];
     
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int c,  h , cpt, c2;
     int jl=0;
     int i1, j1, jk, stepsize=0;
     int count=0;
   
     int *tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int backcast=0;
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm=0, nhstepm=0;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage=0, fage=110., age, agelim=0., agebase=0.;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double **bprlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double ***paramstart; /* Matrix of starting parameter values */
     double  *p, *pstart; /* p=param[1][1] pstart is for starting values guessed by freqsummary */
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double **hess; /* Hessian matrix */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
   
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double jback1=1,mback1=1,anback1=2000,jback2=1,mback2=1,anback2=2000;
   
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c";
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
   
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     rstart_time = time(NULL);  
     /*  (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);*/
     start_time = *localtime(&rstart_time);
     curr_time=start_time;
     /*tml = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec);*/
     /* strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tml)); */
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&start_time));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tm_sec = tp.tm_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tm_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
   #ifdef WIN32
     _getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #else
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #endif
     syscompilerinfo(0);
     printf("\nIMaCh version %s, %s\n%s",version, copyright, fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       if(!fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin)){
         printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
         goto end;
       }
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(i >= 1 && pathr[i-1]==' ') {/* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       }
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if( i==0 ){
         printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
         goto end;
       }
       for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #else
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #endif
     printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Directory already exists (or can't create it) %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Main Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Version %s %s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname='%s'\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     syscompilerinfo(1);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileresu, optionfilefiname); /* Without r in front */
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
     strcat(fileresu,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /* Main ---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileresu);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
   
       /* First parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", \
                           title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled != 5) {
         printf("Should be 5 parameters\n");
       }
       numlinepar++;
       printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass);
     }
     /* Second parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"ftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", \
                           &ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nqv, &ntv, &nqtv, &nlstate, &ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled != 11) {
         printf("Not 11 parameters, for example:ftol=1.e-8 stepm=12 ncovcol=2 nqv=1 ntv=2 nqtv=1  nlstate=2 ndeath=1 maxwav=3 mle=1 weight=1\n");
         printf("but line=%s\n",line);
       }
       printf("ftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n",ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);
     }
     /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
     /*ftolpl=6.e-4; *//* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
     /* Third parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"model=1+age%[^.\n]", model)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled == 0)
               model[0]='\0';
       else if (num_filled != 1){
         printf("ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
         model[0]='\0';
         goto end;
       }
       else{
         if (model[0]=='+'){
           for(i=1; i<=strlen(model);i++)
             modeltemp[i-1]=model[i];
           strcpy(model,modeltemp); 
         }
       }
       /* printf(" model=1+age%s modeltemp= %s, model=%s\n",model, modeltemp, model);fflush(stdout); */
       printf("model=1+age+%s\n",model);fflush(stdout);
     }
     /* fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=1+age+%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model); */
     /* numlinepar=numlinepar+3; /\* In general *\/ */
     /* printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model); */
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     /* if(model[0]=='#'|| model[0]== '\0'){ */
     if(model[0]=='#'){
       printf("Error in 'model' line: model should start with 'model=1+age+' and end with '.' \n \
    'model=1+age+.' or 'model=1+age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.' or \n \
    'model=1+age+V1+V2.' or 'model=1+age+V1+V2+V1*V2.' etc. \n");          \
       if(mle != -1){
         printf("Fix the model line and run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n");
         exit(1);
       }
     }
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       if(line[1]=='q'){ /* This #q will quit imach (the answer is q) */
         z[0]=line[1];
       }
       /* printf("****line [1] = %c \n",line[1]); */
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     coqvar=matrix(1,nqv,1,n);  /**< Fixed quantitative covariate */
     cotvar=ma3x(1,maxwav,1,ntv+nqtv,1,n);  /**< Time varying covariate (dummy and quantitative)*/
     cotqvar=ma3x(1,maxwav,1,nqtv,1,n);  /**< Time varying quantitative covariate */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7,age*age makes 3*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2; /* Constant and age */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
   /* We could also provide initial parameters values giving by simple logistic regression 
    * only one way, that is without matrix product. We will have nlstate maximizations */
         /* for(i=1;i<nlstate;i++){ */
         /*        /\*reducing xi for 1 to npar to 1 to ncovmodel; *\/ */
         /*    mlikeli(ficres,p, ncovmodel, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, funcnoprod); */
         /* } */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }  else if(mle==-5) { /* Main Wizard */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }  else{ /* Begin of mle != -1 or -5 */
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       paramstart= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) || (j1 != jj)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,jj);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,jj);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /* Reads parameters values */
       p=param[1][1];
       pstart=paramstart[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
                   
                   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
                   
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
                   
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
                   
       /* Scans npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         count=fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d%d",&i1,&j1,&jk);
         if(count != 3){
           printf("Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           exit(1);
         }else{
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d%d",i1,j1,jk);
         }
         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i1,j1,jk);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i1,j1,jk);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
                                   printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       /* End of read covariance matrix npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
     
     /*  Main data
      */
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
       num[i]=0;
       moisnais[i]=0;
       annais[i]=0;
       moisdc[i]=0;
       andc[i]=0;
       agedc[i]=0;
       cod[i]=0;
       weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     }
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
     ncodemaxwundef=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if - 1 O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
     /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
     */
     
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     TvarsDind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarsD=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarsQind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarsQ=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarF=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarFind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarV=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarVind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarA=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarAind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarFD=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarFDind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarFQ=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarFQind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarVD=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarVDind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarVQ=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     TvarVQind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
   
     Tvalsel=vector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     Tvarsel=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /*  */
     Typevar=ivector(-1,NCOVMAX); /* -1 to 2 */
     Fixed=ivector(-1,NCOVMAX); /* -1 to 3 */
     Dummy=ivector(-1,NCOVMAX); /* -1 to 3 */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the k position of the k1 product */
     Tposprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the k1 product from the k position */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
        Tposprod[k]=k1 , Tposprod[3]=1, Tposprod[5]=2 
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
     Tmodelind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);/** gives the k model position of an
                                   * individual dummy, fixed or varying:
                                   * Tmodelind[Tvaraff[3]]=9,Tvaraff[1]@9={4,
                                   * 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
                                   * model=V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1 , 
                                   * V1 df, V2 qf, V3 & V4 dv, V5 qv
                                   * Tmodelind[1]@9={9,0,3,2,}*/
     TmodelInvind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* TmodelInvind=Tvar[k]- ncovcol-nqv={5-2-1=2,*/
     TmodelInvQind=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);/** gives the k model position of an
                                   * individual quantitative, fixed or varying:
                                   * Tmodelqind[1]=1,Tvaraff[1]@9={4,
                                   * 3, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0},
                                   * model=V5+V4+V3+V4*V3+V5*age+V2+V1*V2+V1*age+V1*/
   /* Main decodemodel */
   
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1) /* In order to get Tvar[k] V4+V3+V5 p Tvar[1]@3  = {4, 3, 5}*/
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     /* free_vector(moisdc,1,n); */
     /* free_vector(andc,1,n); */
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     /* dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
     /* bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
     /* mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); /* We are adding a wave if status is unknown at last wave but death occurs after last wave.*/
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
        Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
        mw[mi][i] is the number of (mi=1 to wav[i]) effective wave out of mi of individual i
        dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
     */
   
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* Concatenates waves */
    
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     cptcoveff=0;
     if (ncovmodel-nagesqr > 2 ){ /* That is if covariate other than cst, age and age*age */
       tricode(&cptcoveff,Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
     }
     
     ncovcombmax=pow(2,cptcoveff);
     invalidvarcomb=ivector(1, ncovcombmax); 
     for(i=1;i<ncovcombmax;i++)
       invalidvarcomb[i]=0;
     
     /* Nbcode gives the value of the lth modality (currently 1 to 2) of jth covariate, in
        V2+V1*age, there are 3 covariates Tvar[2]=1 (V1).*/
     /* 1 to ncodemax[j] which is the maximum value of this jth covariate */
     
     /*  codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);*/ /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtabm(100,10));*/
     /* codtab gives the value 1 or 2 of the hth combination of k covariates (1 or 2).*/
     /* nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(h,j)]) : if there are only 2 modalities for a covariate j, 
      * codtabm(h,j) gives its value classified at position h and nbcode gives how it is coded 
      * (currently 0 or 1) in the data.
      * In a loop on h=1 to 2**k, and a loop on j (=1 to k), we get the value of 
      * corresponding modality (h,j).
      */
   
     h=0;
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              * For k=4 covariates, h goes from 1 to m=2**k
              * codtabm(h,k)=  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1)) + 1;
              * #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
              *     h\k   1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     2
              *    10     2     1     1     2
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     2
              *    12     2     2     1     2
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     2    
              *    14     2     1     2     2
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     2
              *    16     2     2     2     2
              */
     /* How to do the opposite? From combination h (=1 to 2**k) how to get the value on the covariates? */
        /* from h=5 and m, we get then number of covariates k=log(m)/log(2)=4
        * and the value of each covariate?
        * V1=1, V2=1, V3=2, V4=1 ?
        * h-1=4 and 4 is 0100 or reverse 0010, and +1 is 1121 ok.
        * h=6, 6-1=5, 5 is 0101, 1010, 2121, V1=2nd, V2=1st, V3=2nd, V4=1st.
        * In order to get the real value in the data, we use nbcode
        * nbcode[Tvar[3][2nd]]=1 and nbcode[Tvar[4][1]]=0
        * We are keeping this crazy system in order to be able (in the future?) 
        * to have more than 2 values (0 or 1) for a covariate.
        * #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
        * h=6, k=2? h-1=5=0101, reverse 1010, +1=2121, k=2nd position: value is 1: codtabm(6,2)=1
        *              bbbbbbbb
        *              76543210     
        *   h-1        00000101 (6-1=5)
        *(h-1)>>(k-1)= 00000010 >> (2-1) = 1 right shift
        *           &
        *     1        00000001 (1)
        *              00000000        = 1 & ((h-1) >> (k-1))
        *          +1= 00000001 =1 
        *
        * h=14, k=3 => h'=h-1=13, k'=k-1=2
        *          h'      1101 =2^3+2^2+0x2^1+2^0
        *    >>k'            11
        *          &   00000001
        *            = 00000001
        *      +1    = 00000010=2    =  codtabm(14,3)   
        * Reverse h=6 and m=16?
        * cptcoveff=log(16)/log(2)=4 covariate: 6-1=5=0101 reversed=1010 +1=2121 =>V1=2, V2=1, V3=2, V4=1.
        * for (j=1 to cptcoveff) Vj=decodtabm(j,h,cptcoveff)
        * decodtabm(h,j,cptcoveff)= (((h-1) >> (j-1)) & 1) +1 
        * decodtabm(h,j,cptcoveff)= (h <= (1<<cptcoveff)?(((h-1) >> (j-1)) & 1) +1 : -1)
        * V3=decodtabm(14,3,2**4)=2
        *          h'=13   1101 =2^3+2^2+0x2^1+2^0
        *(h-1) >> (j-1)    0011 =13 >> 2
        *          &1 000000001
        *           = 000000001
        *         +1= 000000010 =2
        *                  2211
        *                  V1=1+1, V2=0+1, V3=1+1, V4=1+1
        *                  V3=2
                    * codtabm and decodtabm are identical
        */
   
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /* Initialisation of ----------- gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-MORT_");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# IMaCh-%s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
   
   
     /* Initialisation of --------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-MORT_");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<head>\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\"/><meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"7\"><a href=http:/euroreves.ined.fr/imach>IMaCh for Interpolated Markov Chain</a> </font><br>\n<font size=\"3\">Sponsored by Copyright (C)  2002-2015 <a href=http://www.ined.fr>INED</a>-EUROREVES-Institut de longévité-2013-2016-Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences 日本学術振興会 (<a href=https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/>Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121</a>) - <a href=https://software.intel.com/en-us>Intel Software 2015-2018</a></font><br>  \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   <font size=\"2\">IMaCh-%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #else
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #endif
             
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age 
                    and for any valid combination of covariates
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, p, pstart, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvaraff, invalidvarcomb, nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart, \
                 firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
           oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
           newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
           savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
           oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
   
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
     /* For mortality only */
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
       for(i=1;i<=NDIM;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=0.;
       /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
                   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
       
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
           
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #else
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"POW-MORT_"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileresu);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #else
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, hess, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
                                   matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
                                   printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
                                   fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");  fprintf(ficlog,"\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
         fprintf(ficlog,"%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
       }
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
                   ageminpar=50;
                   agemaxpar=100;
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == AGEOVERFLOW){
           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else{
                           printf("Warning! ageminpar %f and agemaxpar %f have been fixed because for simplification until it is fixed...\n\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
                           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! ageminpar %f and agemaxpar %f have been fixed because for simplification until it is fixed...\n\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
         printinggnuplotmort(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
                   }
       printinghtmlmort(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
   #ifdef GSL
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 mortality only */
     /* Standard  */
     else{ /* For mle !=- 3, could be 0 or 1 or 4 etc. */
       globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
       /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2, Real Maximization */
         /* mlikeli uses func not funcone */
         /* for(i=1;i<nlstate;i++){ */
         /*        /\*reducing xi for 1 to npar to 1 to ncovmodel; *\/ */
         /*    mlikeli(ficres,p, ncovmodel, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, funcnoprod); */
         /* } */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       if(mle==0) {/* No optimization, will print the likelihoods for the datafile */
         globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
         /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
         likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       }
       globpr=1; /* again, to print the individual contributions using computed gpimx and gsw */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nqv=%d ntv=%d nqtv=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nqv, ntv, nqtv, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle != 0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix only at a peak of the Likelihood, that is after optimization */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, hess, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
         printf("Parameters and 95%% confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W .\n But be careful that parameters are highly correlated because incidence of disability is highly correlated to incidence of recovery.\n It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
         fprintf(ficlog, "Parameters, Wald tests and Wald-based confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W \n  It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
         for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
             if (k != i) {
               printf("%d%d ",i,k);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
               for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                 printf("%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
                 jk++; 
               }
               printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             }
           }
         }
       } /* end of hesscov and Wald tests */
       
       /*  */
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle >= 1) /* To big for the screen */
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
         /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
         if (line[0] == '#') {
           numlinepar++;
           fputs(line,stdout);
           fputs(line,ficparo);
           fputs(line,ficlog);
           continue;
         }else
           break;
       }
       
       /* while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){ */
       /*   ungetc(c,ficpar); */
       /*   fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar); */
       /*   fputs(line,stdout); */
       /*   fputs(line,ficparo); */
       /* } */
       /* ungetc(c,ficpar); */
       
       estepm=0;
       if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm, &ftolpl)) !=EOF){
         
         if (num_filled != 6) {
           printf("Error: Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",line);
           goto end;
         }
         printf("agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar, bage, fage, estepm, ftolpl);
       }
       /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
       /*ftolpl=6.e-4;*/ /* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
       
       /* fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm); */
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d ftolpl=%e\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm, ftolpl);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d, ftolpl=%e\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm, ftolpl);
                   
       /* Other stuffs, more or less useful */    
       while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
         /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
         if (line[0] == '#') {
           numlinepar++;
           fputs(line,stdout);
           fputs(line,ficparo);
           fputs(line,ficlog);
           continue;
         }else
           break;
       }
   
       if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav)) !=EOF){
         
         if (num_filled != 7) {
           printf("Error: Not 7 (data)parameters in line but %d, for example:begin-prev-date=1/1/1990 end-prev-date=1/6/2004  mov_average=0\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",num_filled,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: Not 7 (data)parameters in line but %d, for example:begin-prev-date=1/1/1990 end-prev-date=1/6/2004  mov_average=0\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",num_filled,line);
           goto end;
         }
         printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
         fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
         fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
         fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       }
   
       while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
         /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
         if (line[0] == '#') {
           numlinepar++;
           fputs(line,stdout);
           fputs(line,ficparo);
           fputs(line,ficlog);
           continue;
         }else
           break;
       }
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased)) !=EOF){
         if (num_filled != 1) {
           printf("Error: Not 1 (data)parameters in line but %d, for example:pop_based=0\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",num_filled,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: Not 1 (data)parameters in line but %d, for example: pop_based=1\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",num_filled,line);
           goto end;
         }
         printf("pop_based=%d\n",popbased);
         fprintf(ficlog,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);
         fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
         fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       }
        
       /* Results */
       nresult=0;
       do{
         if(!fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)){
           endishere=1;
           parameterline=14;
         }else if (line[0] == '#') {
           /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
           numlinepar++;
           fputs(line,stdout);
           fputs(line,ficparo);
           fputs(line,ficlog);
           continue;
         }else if(sscanf(line,"prevforecast=%[^\n]\n",modeltemp))
           parameterline=11;
         else if(sscanf(line,"backcast=%[^\n]\n",modeltemp))
           parameterline=12;
         else if(sscanf(line,"result:%[^\n]\n",modeltemp))
           parameterline=13;
         else{
           parameterline=14;
         }
         switch (parameterline){ 
         case 11:
           if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj)) !=EOF){
             if (num_filled != 8) {
               printf("Error: Not 8 (data)parameters in line but %d, for example:prevforecast=1 starting-proj-date=1/1/1990 final-proj-date=1/1/2000 mobil_average=0\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",num_filled,line);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error: Not 8 (data)parameters in line but %d, for example:prevforecast=1 starting-proj-date=1/1/1990 final-proj-date=1/1/2000 mov_average=0\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",num_filled,line);
               goto end;
             }
             fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
             printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
             fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
             fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
             /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
           }
           break;
         case 12:
           /*fscanf(ficpar,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&backcast,&jback1,&mback1,&anback1,&jback2,&mback2,&anback2,&mobilavproj);*/
           if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&backcast,&jback1,&mback1,&anback1,&jback2,&mback2,&anback2,&mobilavproj)) !=EOF){
             if (num_filled != 8) {
               printf("Error: Not 8 (data)parameters in line but %d, for example:backcast=1 starting-back-date=1/1/1990 finloal-back-date=1/1/1970 mobil_average=1\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",num_filled,line);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error: Not 8 (data)parameters in line but %d, for example:backcast=1 starting-back-date=1/1/1990 finloal-back-date=1/1/1970 mobil_average=1\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",num_filled,line);
               goto end;
             }
             printf("backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
             fprintf(ficparo,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
             fprintf(ficlog,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
             fprintf(ficres,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-back-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
             /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
           }
           break;
         case 13:
           if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"result:%[^\n]\n",resultline)) !=EOF){
             if (num_filled == 0){
               resultline[0]='\0';
               printf("Warning %d: no result line! It should be at minimum 'result: V2=0 V1=1 or result:.\n%s\n", num_filled, line);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d: no result line! It should be at minimum 'result: V2=0 V1=1 or result:.\n%s\n", num_filled, line);
               break;
             } else if (num_filled != 1){
               printf("ERROR %d: result line! It should be at minimum 'result: V2=0 V1=1 or result:.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
               fprintf(ficlog,"ERROR %d: result line! It should be at minimum 'result: V2=0 V1=1 or result:.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
             }
             nresult++; /* Sum of resultlines */
             printf("Result %d: result=%s\n",nresult, resultline);
             if(nresult > MAXRESULTLINES){
               printf("ERROR: Current version of IMaCh limits the number of resultlines to %d, you used %d\n",MAXRESULTLINES,nresult);
               fprintf(ficlog,"ERROR: Current version of IMaCh limits the number of resultlines to %d, you used %d\n",MAXRESULTLINES,nresult);
               goto end;
             }
             decoderesult(resultline, nresult); /* Fills TKresult[nresult] combination and Tresult[nresult][k4+1] combination values */
             fprintf(ficparo,"result: %s\n",resultline);
             fprintf(ficres,"result: %s\n",resultline);
             fprintf(ficlog,"result: %s\n",resultline);
             break;
           case 14: 
             if(ncovmodel >2 && nresult==0 ){
               printf("ERROR: no result lines! It should be at minimum 'result: V2=0 V1=1 or result:.' %s\n",line);
               goto end;
             }
             break;
           default:
             nresult=1;
             decoderesult(".",nresult ); /* No covariate */
           }
         } /* End switch parameterline */
       }while(endishere==0); /* End do */
       
       /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == -AGEOVERFLOW){
         printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else{
         printinggnuplot(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, prevfcast, backcast, pathc,p);
       }
       printinghtml(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt, \
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,mobilav,prevfcast,mobilavproj,backcast, estepm, \
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,dateprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2,dateprev2);
                   
       /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
       /*  chdir(path); */
                   
       /* free_ivector(wav,1,imx); */  /* Moved after last prevalence call */
       /* free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); */
       /* free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); */
       /* free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);    */
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
                   
                   
       /* Other results (useful)*/
                   
                   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
       /*#include "prevlim.h"*/  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       prevalence_limit(p, prlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear);
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
       /*#include "hpijx.h"*/
       hPijx(p, bage, fage);
       fclose(ficrespij);
       
       /* ncovcombmax=  pow(2,cptcoveff); */
       /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
       
       /* Prevalence for each covariates in probs[age][status][cov] */
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* ndeath is useless but a necessity to be compared with mobaverages */
           for(k=1;k<=ncovcombmax;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
       prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       if (mobilav!=0 ||mobilavproj !=0 ) {
         mobaverages= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
         for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
             for(k=1;k<=ncovcombmax;k++)
               mobaverages[i][j][k]=0.;
         mobaverage=mobaverages;
         if (mobilav!=0) {
           printf("Movingaveraging observed prevalence\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"Movingaveraging observed prevalence\n");
           if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, mobaverage, mobilav)!=0){
             fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
             printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           }
         }
         /* /\* Prevalence for each covariates in probs[age][status][cov] *\/ */
         /* prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
         else if (mobilavproj !=0) {
           printf("Movingaveraging projected observed prevalence\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"Movingaveraging projected observed prevalence\n");
           if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, mobaverage, mobilavproj)!=0){
             fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilavproj=%d\n",mobilavproj);
             printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilavproj=%d\n",mobilavproj);
           }
         }
       }/* end if moving average */
       
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileresu, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
       }
       if(backcast==1){
         ddnewms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        
         ddoldms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        
         ddsavms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
         /*--------------- Back Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
   
         bprlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
         back_prevalence_limit(p, bprlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass, mobilavproj);
         fclose(ficresplb);
   
         hBijx(p, bage, fage, mobaverage);
         fclose(ficrespijb);
         free_matrix(bprlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
   
         /* prevbackforecast(fileresu, anback1, mback1, jback1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj,
            bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anback2, p, cptcoveff); */
         free_matrix(ddnewms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
         free_matrix(ddsavms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
         free_matrix(ddoldms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
       }
       
    
       /* ------ Other prevalence ratios------------ */
   
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);   
                   
                   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
                   
       strcpy(filerese,"E_");
       strcat(filerese,fileresu);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(ficlog);
   
       pstamp(ficreseij);
                   
       i1=pow(2,cptcoveff); /* Number of combination of dummy covariates */
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
       
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++) /* For each resultline */
       for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){ /* For any combination of dummy covariates, fixed and varying */
         if(i1 != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k)
           continue;
         fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
         printf("\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           printf("V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         for (j=1; j<= nsq; j++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           printf(" V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
           fprintf(ficreseij," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
         printf("******\n");
         
         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart, nres);  
         
         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
       printf("done evsij\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done evsij\n");fflush(ficlog);
                   
       /*---------- State-specific expectancies and variances ------------*/
                   
                   
       strcpy(filerest,"T_");
       strcat(filerest,fileresu);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(ficlog);
                   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"STDE_");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileresu);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with State specific Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with State specific Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("  Computing State-specific Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"  Computing State-specific Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"CVE_");
       strcat(filerescve,fileresu);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. State-specific Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. State-specific Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("    Computing Covar. of State-specific Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"    Computing Covar. of State-specific Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"V_");
       strcat(fileresv,fileresu);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("      Computing Variance-covariance of State-specific Expectancies: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"      Computing Variance-covariance of State-specific Expectancies: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       i1=pow(2,cptcoveff); /* Number of combination of dummy covariates */
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
       
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++) /* For each resultline */
       for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){ /* For any combination of dummy covariates, fixed and varying */
         if(i1 != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k)
           continue;
         printf("\n#****** Result for:");
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** Result for:");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n#****** Result for:");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++){ 
           printf("V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficlog,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         for (j=1; j<= nsq; j++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           printf(" V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
           fprintf(ficrest," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
         } 
         fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
         printf("******\n");
         
         fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
         fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         for (j=1; j<= nsq; j++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           fprintf(ficresstdeij," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
           fprintf(ficrescveij," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
         } 
         fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
         
         fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
         /* pstamp(ficresvij); */
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         for (j=1; j<= nsq; j++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           fprintf(ficresvij," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
         } 
         fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
         
         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         printf(" cvevsij ");
         fprintf(ficlog, " cvevsij ");
         cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart, nres);
         printf(" end cvevsij \n ");
         fprintf(ficlog, " end cvevsij \n ");
         
         /*
          */
         /* goto endfree; */
         
         vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         pstamp(ficrest);
         
         
         for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* ZZ Segmentation fault */
           cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
           printf("varevsij vpopbased=%d \n",vpopbased);
           fprintf(ficlog, "varevsij vpopbased=%d \n",vpopbased);
           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart, nres); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
           fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
           if(vpopbased==1)
             fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
           else
             fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           fprintf(ficrest,"# Age popbased mobilav e.. (std) ");
           for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           /* printf("Which p?\n"); for(i=1;i<=npar;i++)printf("p[i=%d]=%lf,",i,p[i]);printf("\n"); */
           epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
           printf("Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, nres); /*ZZ Is it the correct prevalim */
             if (vpopbased==1) {
               if(mobilav ==0){
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
               }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
               }
             }
             
             fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav);
             /* fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav,Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */ /* to be done */
             /* printf(" age %4.0f ",age); */
             for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
               for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                 epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                 /*ZZZ  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 /* printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]); */
               }
               epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
             }
             /* printf(" age %4.0f \n",age); */
             
             for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                 vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
             }
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           }
         } /* End vpopbased */
         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         printf("done selection\n");fflush(stdout);
         fprintf(ficlog,"done selection\n");fflush(ficlog);
         
         /*}*/
       } /* End k selection */
   
       printf("done State-specific expectancies\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done State-specific expectancies\n");fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
       
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"VPL_");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileresu);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog, "Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
       
       i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(nres=1; nres <= nresult; nres++) /* For each resultline */
       for(k=1; k<=i1;k++){
         if(i1 != 1 && TKresult[nres]!= k)
           continue;
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
         printf("\n#****** ");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           fprintf(ficlog,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
           printf("V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         for (j=1; j<= nsq; j++){ /* For each selected (single) quantitative value */
           printf(" V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%f ",Tvqresult[nres][j],Tqresult[nres][j]);
         } 
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         printf("******\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
         
         varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, strstart, nres);
         free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       
       fclose(ficresvpl);
       printf("done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(ficlog);
       
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
       
       
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0 ||mobilavproj !=0)
         free_ma3x(mobaverages,1, AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax); /* We need to have a squared matrix with prevalence of the dead! */
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
     /* endfree:*/
     free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_ma3x(cotqvar,1,maxwav,1,nqtv,1,n);
     free_ma3x(cotvar,1,maxwav,1,ntv+nqtv,1,n);
     free_matrix(coqvar,1,maxwav,1,n);
     free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
     free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
     /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
     free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
     free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     
     free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(ncodemaxwundef,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Dummy,-1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Fixed,-1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(DummyV,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(FixedV,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Typevar,-1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarsQ,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarsQind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarsD,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarsDind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarFD,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarFDind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarF,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarFind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarV,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarVind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarA,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarAind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarFQ,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarFQind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarVD,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarVDind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarVQ,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TvarVQind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tvarsel,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_vector(Tvalsel,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tposprod,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(invalidvarcomb,1,ncovcombmax);
     free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(Tmodelind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TmodelInvind,1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ivector(TmodelInvQind,1,NCOVMAX);
     
     free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
     /* free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10); */
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
     
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings. Please look at the log file for details.\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d. Please look at the log file for details.\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     /*(void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);*/
     rend_time = time(NULL);  
     end_time = *localtime(&rend_time);
     /* tml = *localtime(&end_time.tm_sec); */
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&end_time));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     
     printf("Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
     
     
     printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
   #ifdef WIN32
     if (_chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
   #else
       if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
         printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n", path);
     if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0)
   #endif 
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifdef _WIN32
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s' Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef __unix
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
     
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: '%s', err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
       printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
     }
     printf(" Successful, please wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
   #ifdef __APPLE__
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #elif __linux
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "xdg-open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #else
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
   #endif
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
         system(pplotcmd);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
   end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: "); fflush(stdout);
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }

Removed from v.1.52  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.259


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