Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.41.2.1 and 1.101

version 1.41.2.1, 2003/06/12 10:43:20 version 1.101, 2004/09/15 10:38:38
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
      Fix on curr_time
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the  
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    *** empty log message ***
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are  
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
   probability to be observed in state j at the second wave    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more    from other sources like vital statistic data.
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program  
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the  
   convergence.    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
     former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple  
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into  
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      Current limitations:
     A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate  
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    suppressed.
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply  
   hPijx.    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.  
      Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    * imach.c (Repository):
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
   from the European Union.  
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Just cleaning
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .  
   **********************************************************************/    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
      (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 #include <math.h>    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 #include <stdio.h>    (Module): Version 0.96b
 #include <stdlib.h>  
 #include <unistd.h>    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
     (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 #define MAXLINE 256    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "wgnuplot"  
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
 /*#define DEBUG*/    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
     helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
 /*#define windows*/    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */  
     Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
     of the covariance matrix to be input.
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 #define MAXN 20000    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */  
 #define AGESUP 130    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
 #define AGEBASE 40    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
   
     Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
 int erreur; /* Error number */    Version 0.96
 int nvar;  
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
 int npar=NPARMAX;    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    routine fileappend.
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */  
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
 int popbased=0;    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
     current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
 int mle, weightopt;    interview.
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    truncation)
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;  
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
 FILE *ficreseij;    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
  FILE  *ficresvij;    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    parcimony.
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];  
     Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
 #define NR_END 1    *** empty log message ***
 #define FREE_ARG char*  
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
     Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
 #define NRANSI  
 #define ITMAX 200  */
   /*
 #define TOL 2.0e-4     Interpolated Markov Chain
   
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    Short summary of the programme:
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
     cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
 #define GOLD 1.618034    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
     second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
      Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
     conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
 static double sqrarg;    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
     where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
 int imx;    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
 int stepm;    convergence.
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/  
     The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
 int estepm;    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
 /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
     intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
 int m,nb;    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;  
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
 double dateintmean=0;    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
     states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
 double *weight;    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
 int **s; /* Status */    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    hPijx.
   
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    of the life expectancies. It also computes the stable prevalence. 
     
 /**************** split *************************/    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
 {    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    from the European Union.
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
     software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
 #ifdef windows    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
 #else    
    s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */    **********************************************************************/
 #endif  /*
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    main
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    read parameterfile
       extern char       *getwd( );    read datafile
     concatwav
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    freqsummary
 #else    if (mle >= 1)
       extern char       *getcwd( );      mlikeli
     print results files
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    if mle==1 
 #endif       computes hessian
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
       }        begin-prev-date,...
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    open gnuplot file
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    open html file
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    stable prevalence
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */     for age prevalim()
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    h Pij x
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    variance of p varprob
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    health expectancies
    }    Variance-covariance of DFLE
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    prevalence()
 #ifdef windows     movingaverage()
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    varevsij() 
 #else    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    total life expectancies
 #endif    Variance of stable prevalence
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */   end
    s++;  */
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */  
    l1= strlen( name);  
    l2= strlen( s)+1;  
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);   
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;  #include <math.h>
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */  #include <stdio.h>
 }  #include <stdlib.h>
   #include <unistd.h>
   
 /******************************************/  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
   #include <time.h>
 void replace(char *s, char*t)  #include "timeval.h"
 {  
   int i;  /* #include <libintl.h> */
   int lg=20;  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(t);  #define MAXLINE 256
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
     (s[i] = t[i]);  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
   }  /*#define DEBUG*/
 }  /*#define windows*/
   #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
 {  
   int i,j=0;  #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   int lg=20;  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(s);  #define NINTERVMAX 8
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
   }  #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */
   return j;  #define MAXN 20000
 }  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
   #define AGESUP 130
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  #define AGEBASE 40
 {  #define AGEGOMP 10. /* Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   int i,lg,j,p=0;  #ifdef UNIX
   i=0;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;  #else
   }  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
   lg=strlen(t);  #endif
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {  
     (u[j] = t[j]);  /* $Id$ */
   }  /* $State$ */
      u[p]='\0';  
   char version[]="Imach version 0.97b, May 2004, INED-EUROREVES ";
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  int erreur, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
   }  int nvar;
 }  int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;
   int npar=NPARMAX;
 /********************** nrerror ********************/  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
   int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
 void nrerror(char error_text[])  int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
 {  int popbased=0;
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");  
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   exit(1);  int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */
 }  int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
 /*********************** vector *******************/  int gipmx, gsw; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
 {  int mle, weightopt;
   double *v;  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
   return v-nl+NR_END;             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
 }  double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
   double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
 /************************ free vector ******************/  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)  FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
 {  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  int globpr; /* Global variable for printing or not */
 }  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   long ipmx; /* Number of contributions */
 /************************ivector *******************************/  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
   int *v;  FILE *ficresilk;
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
   return v-nl+NR_END;  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
 }  FILE *ficreseij;
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
 /******************free ivector **************************/  FILE  *ficresvij;
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  char title[MAXLINE];
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  int  outcmd=0;
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;  
   int **m;  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
    
   /* allocate pointers to rows */  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m += NR_END;  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m -= nrl;  
    char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
    
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  struct timezone tzp;
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  extern int gettimeofday();
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  long time_value;
    extern long time();
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
    
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */  #define NR_END 1
   return m;  #define FREE_ARG char*
 }  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/  #define NRANSI 
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  #define ITMAX 200 
       int **m;  
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */  
 {  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
 }  
   #define GOLD 1.618034 
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   double **m;  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
   m += NR_END;  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   m -= nrl;  
   static double sqrarg;
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
   int imx; 
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  int stepm=1;
   return m;  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
 }  
   int estepm;
 /*************************free matrix ************************/  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
 {  int m,nb;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  long *num;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
 }  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
   double **pmmij, ***probs;
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  double dateintmean=0;
 {  
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  double *weight;
   double ***m;  int **s; /* Status */
   double *agedc, **covar, idx;
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
   m -= nrl;  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
   
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  /**************** split *************************/
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  {
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    /* From a file name with full path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
        the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    */ 
     char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */
        /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;      /* get current working directory */
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
   }        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
   return m;      }
 }      strcpy( name, path );               /* we've got it */
     } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
 {      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
 }    }
     l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    /*#ifdef windows
 extern int ncom;    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;  #else
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }
    #endif
 double f1dim(double x)    */
 {    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
   int j;    if (ss >0){
   double f;      ss++;
   double *xt;      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
        l1= strlen( name);
   xt=vector(1,ncom);      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    }
   return f;    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
 }  }
   
 /*****************brent *************************/  
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  /******************************************/
 {  
   int iter;  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
   double a,b,d,etemp;  {
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;    int i;
   double ftemp;    int lg=0;
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    i=0;
   double e=0.0;    lg=strlen(t);
      for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);      (s[i] = t[i]);
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
   x=w=v=bx;    }
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  }
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);  {
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    int i,j=0;
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    int lg=20;
 #ifdef DEBUG    i=0;
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    lg=strlen(s);
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
 #endif    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){    }
       *xmin=x;    return j;
       return fx;  }
     }  
     ftemp=fu;  void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  {
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);    /* cuts string t into u and v where u is ended by char occ excluding it
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);       and v is after occ excluding it too : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",2)
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;       gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */
       q=2.0*(q-r);    int i,lg,j,p=0;
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    i=0;
       q=fabs(q);    for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {
       etemp=e;      if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;
       e=d;    }
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    lg=strlen(t);
       else {    for(j=0; j<p; j++) {
         d=p/q;      (u[j] = t[j]);
         u=x+d;    }
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)       u[p]='\0';
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  
       }     for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {
     } else {      if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    }
     }  }
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  
     fu=(*f)(u);  /********************** nrerror ********************/
     if (fu <= fx) {  
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  void nrerror(char error_text[])
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  {
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
         } else {    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  }
             v=w;  /*********************** vector *******************/
             w=u;  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
             fv=fw;  {
             fw=fu;    double *v;
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
             v=u;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
             fv=fu;    return v-nl+NR_END;
           }  }
         }  
   }  /************************ free vector ******************/
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   *xmin=x;  {
   return fx;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
 }  }
   
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  /************************ivector *******************************/
   int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,  {
             double (*func)(double))    int *v;
 {    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   double fu;    return v-nl+NR_END;
    }
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  /******************free ivector **************************/
   if (*fb > *fa) {  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  {
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       }  }
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  /************************lvector *******************************/
   while (*fb > *fc) {  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  {
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);    long *v;
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);    return v-nl+NR_END;
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  }
       fu=(*func)(u);  
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  /******************free lvector **************************/
       fu=(*func)(u);  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
       if (fu < *fc) {  {
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  }
           }  
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
       u=ulim;  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
       fu=(*func)(u);       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
     } else {  { 
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
       fu=(*func)(u);    int **m; 
     }    
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
       }    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
 }    m += NR_END; 
     m -= nrl; 
 /*************** linmin ************************/    
     
 int ncom;    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
 double *pcom,*xicom;    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
      m[nrl] += NR_END; 
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
 {    
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);    
   double f1dim(double x);    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,    return m; 
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  } 
   int j;  
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
   double fx,fb,fa;  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
          int **m;
   ncom=n;        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
   pcom=vector(1,n);       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
   xicom=vector(1,n);  { 
   nrfunc=func;    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
     pcom[j]=p[j];  } 
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  
   }  /******************* matrix *******************************/
   ax=0.0;  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   xx=1.0;  {
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);    double **m;
 #ifdef DEBUG  
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
 #endif    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    m += NR_END;
     xi[j] *= xmin;    m -= nrl;
     p[j] += xi[j];  
   }    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);    m[nrl] += NR_END;
 }    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   
 /*************** powell ************************/    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,    return m;
             double (*func)(double []))    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) 
 {     */
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  }
               double (*func)(double []));  
   int i,ibig,j;  /*************************free matrix ************************/
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   double fp,fptt;  {
   double *xits;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   pt=vector(1,n);    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   ptt=vector(1,n);  }
   xit=vector(1,n);  
   xits=vector(1,n);  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   *fret=(*func)(p);  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  {
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
     fp=(*fret);    double ***m;
     ibig=0;  
     del=0.0;    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)    m += NR_END;
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);    m -= nrl;
     printf("\n");  
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
       fptt=(*fret);    m[nrl] += NR_END;
 #ifdef DEBUG    m[nrl] -= ncl;
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  
 #endif    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
         ibig=i;    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
       }    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
 #ifdef DEBUG      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
       }        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    }
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);    return m; 
       printf("\n");    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
 #endif             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
     }    */
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  }
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       int k[2],l;  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
       k[0]=1;  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
       k[1]=-1;  {
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
       printf("\n");  }
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  {
         }    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
       }    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
 #endif    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     return tmpout;
   }
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  {
       return;    
     }    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    strcat(tmpout,"/");
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];    strcat(tmpout,preop);
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       pt[j]=p[j];    return tmpout;
     }  }
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  
     if (fptt < fp) {  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
       if (t < 0.0) {  {
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];    strcat(tmpout,"/");
         }    strcat(tmpout,preop);
 #ifdef DEBUG    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    return tmpout;
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  }
         printf("\n");  
 #endif  /***************** f1dim *************************/
       }  extern int ncom; 
     }  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   }  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
 }   
   double f1dim(double x) 
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  { 
     int j; 
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)    double f;
 {    double *xt; 
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit   
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
     for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
   int i, ii,j,k;    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
   double **matprod2();    return f; 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  } 
   double **newm;  
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  /*****************brent *************************/
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  { 
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    int iter; 
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    double a,b,d,etemp;
     }    double fu,fv,fw,fx;
     double ftemp;
    cov[1]=1.;    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
      double e=0.0; 
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */   
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
     newm=savm;    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */    x=w=v=bx; 
      cov[2]=agefin;    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
      for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       }      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  #ifdef DEBUG
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  #endif
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);        *xmin=x; 
         return fx; 
     savm=oldm;      } 
     oldm=newm;      ftemp=fu;
     maxmax=0.;      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
       min=1.;        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
       max=0.;        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {        q=2.0*(q-r); 
         sumnew=0;        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];        q=fabs(q); 
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);        etemp=e; 
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);        e=d; 
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
       }          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
       maxmin=max-min;        else { 
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);          d=p/q; 
     }          u=x+d; 
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
       return prlim;            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
     }        } 
   }      } else { 
 }        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
       } 
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
       fu=(*f)(u); 
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )      if (fu <= fx) { 
 {        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
   double s1, s2;        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
   /*double t34;*/          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;          } else { 
             if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){              v=w; 
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){              w=u; 
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/              fv=fw; 
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];              fw=fu; 
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
       }              v=u; 
       ps[i][j]=s2;              fv=fu; 
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/            } 
     }          } 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    } 
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    *xmin=x; 
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/    return fx; 
       }  } 
       ps[i][j]=s2;  
     }  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   }  
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
               double (*func)(double)) 
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  { 
      s1=0;    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    double fu; 
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);   
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);    if (*fb > *fa) { 
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)        } 
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
   } /* end i */    while (*fb > *fc) { 
       r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
       ps[ii][jj]=0;        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
       ps[ii][ii]=1;      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
     }      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
   }        fu=(*func)(u); 
       } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
         fu=(*func)(u); 
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){        if (fu < *fc) { 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
    }            } 
     printf("\n ");      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
     }        u=ulim; 
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/        fu=(*func)(u); 
 /*      } else { 
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
   goto end;*/        fu=(*func)(u); 
     return ps;      } 
 }      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
         SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/        } 
   } 
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  
 {  /*************** linmin ************************/
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  int ncom; 
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  double *pcom,*xicom;
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */   
   long i, j, k;  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  { 
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];    double f1dim(double x); 
     void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
   return out;                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
 }    int j; 
     double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
     double fx,fb,fa;
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/   
     ncom=n; 
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )    pcom=vector(1,n); 
 {    xicom=vector(1,n); 
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month    nrfunc=func; 
      duration (i.e. until    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).    } 
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be    ax=0.0; 
      included manually here.    xx=1.0; 
     mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
      */    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
   #ifdef DEBUG
   int i, j, d, h, k;    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   double **newm;  #endif
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */      xi[j] *= xmin; 
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)      p[j] += xi[j]; 
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    } 
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
     }  } 
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  {
       newm=savm;    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
       cov[1]=1.;    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    sprintf(ascdiff,"%d day(s) %d hour(s) %d minute(s) %d second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    return ascdiff;
   }
   
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  /*************** powell ************************/
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,              double (*func)(double [])) 
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  { 
       savm=oldm;    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
       oldm=newm;                double (*func)(double [])); 
     }    int i,ibig,j; 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    double fp,fptt;
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];    double *xits;
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);    int niterf, itmp;
          */  
       }    pt=vector(1,n); 
   } /* end h */    ptt=vector(1,n); 
   return po;    xit=vector(1,n); 
 }    xits=vector(1,n); 
     *fret=(*func)(p); 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
 double func( double *x)      fp=(*fret); 
 {      ibig=0; 
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;      del=0.0; 
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];      last_time=curr_time;
   double **out;      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */      /*    fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
   long ipmx;      fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
   /*extern weight */      */
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
   */      }
   cov[1]=1.;      printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){      if(*iter <=3){
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);        forecast_time=curr_time; 
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
         newm=savm;        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
         }        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
                  forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
         savm=oldm;          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
         oldm=newm;          itmp = strlen(strfor);
                  if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
                  strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
       } /* end mult */          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
                fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);        }
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/      }
       ipmx +=1;      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       sw += weight[i];        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;        fptt=(*fret); 
     } /* end of wave */  #ifdef DEBUG
   } /* end of individual */        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
         fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  #endif
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   return -l;        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
 }        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
           del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
           ibig=i; 
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/        } 
   #ifdef DEBUG
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
 {        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
   int i,j, iter;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   double **xi,*delti;          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
   double fret;          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)        }
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
   printf("Powell\n");          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);        }
         printf("\n");
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  #endif
       } 
 }      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
   #ifdef DEBUG
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/        int k[2],l;
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))        k[0]=1;
 {        k[1]=-1;
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   double **hess;        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   int i, j,jk;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   int *indx;          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
           fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);        }
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);        printf("\n");
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
           for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
             printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){          }
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/        }
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/  #endif
   }  
    
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
       if (j>i) {        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);        return; 
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];          } 
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
       }      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     }        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
   }        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
   printf("\n");        pt[j]=p[j]; 
       } 
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
        if (fptt < fp) { 
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);        if (t < 0.0) { 
   x=vector(1,npar);          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
   indx=ivector(1,npar);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);          }
   #ifdef DEBUG
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
     x[j]=1;          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];          }
     }          printf("\n");
   }          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   #endif
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");        }
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {      } 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    } 
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  } 
     }  
     printf("\n");  /**** Prevalence limit (stable prevalence)  ****************/
   }  
   double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
   /* Recompute Inverse */  {
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  
     int i, ii,j,k;
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
     double **matprod2();
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    double **newm;
     x[j]=1;    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       y[i][j]=x[i];      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     }      }
     printf("\n");  
   }     cov[1]=1.;
   */   
    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);      newm=savm;
   free_vector(x,1,npar);      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);       cov[2]=agefin;
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);    
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
 }          /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
         }
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
 {          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
   int i;  
   int l=1, lmax=20;        /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
   double k1,k2;        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
   double res;      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  
   double fx;      savm=oldm;
   int k=0,kmax=10;      oldm=newm;
   double l1;      maxmax=0.;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
   fx=func(x);        min=1.;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];        max=0.;
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
     l1=pow(10,l);          sumnew=0;
     delts=delt;          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
       delt = delta*(l1*k);          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
       k1=func(p2)-fx;        }
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;        maxmin=max-min;
       k2=func(p2)-fx;        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */      }
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
              return prlim;
 #ifdef DEBUG      }
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);    }
 #endif  }
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */  
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
         k=kmax;  
       }  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */  {
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;    double s1, s2;
       }    /*double t34;*/
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
         delts=delt;  
       }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     }        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
   }          for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
   delti[theta]=delts;            /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
   return res;            s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
    /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
 }          }
           ps[i][j]=s2;
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
 {        }
   int i;        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;          for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;            s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2); */
   int k;          }
           ps[i][j]=s2;
   fx=func(x);        }
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {      }
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];      /*ps[3][2]=1;*/
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;      
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     k1=func(p2)-fx;        s1=0;
          for(j=1; j<i; j++)
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
     k2=func(p2)-fx;          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
          ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
     k3=func(p2)-fx;        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
            ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;      } /* end i */
     k4=func(p2)-fx;      
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
 #ifdef DEBUG        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);          ps[ii][jj]=0;
 #endif          ps[ii][ii]=1;
   }        }
   return res;      }
 }      
   
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/  /*        for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)  /*       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
 {  /*         printf("ddd %lf ",ps[ii][jj]); */
   int i,imax,j,k;  /*       } */
   double big,dum,sum,temp;  /*       printf("\n "); */
   double *vv;  /*        } */
    /*        printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]); */
   vv=vector(1,n);         /*
   *d=1.0;        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        goto end;*/
     big=0.0;      return ps;
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  }
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;  
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
     vv[i]=1.0/big;  
   }  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  {
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
       sum=a[i][j];       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
       a[i][j]=sum;       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
     }       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
     big=0.0;    long i, j, k;
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
       sum=a[i][j];      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
       a[i][j]=sum;  
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {    return out;
         big=dum;  }
         imax=i;  
       }  
     }  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
     if (j != imax) {  
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
         dum=a[imax][k];  {
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
         a[j][k]=dum;       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
       }       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
       *d = -(*d);       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
       vv[imax]=vv[j];       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
     }       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
     indx[j]=imax;       for the memory).
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
     if (j != n) {       included manually here. 
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);  
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;       */
     }  
   }    int i, j, d, h, k;
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];
 ;    double **newm;
 }  
     /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
 {      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double sum;        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
        }
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     ip=indx[i];    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
     sum=b[ip];      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
     b[ip]=b[i];        newm=savm;
     if (ii)        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];        cov[1]=1.;
     else if (sum) ii=i;        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
     b[i]=sum;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
   }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
     sum=b[i];        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];  
   }  
 }        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
         /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
 /************ Frequencies ********************/        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 {  /* Some frequencies */        savm=oldm;
          oldm=newm;
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;      }
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
   double *pp;        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   FILE *ficresp;          /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];           */
          }
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);    } /* end h */
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    return po;
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");  }
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);  
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     exit(0);  double func( double *x)
   }  {
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   j1=0;    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
      double **out;
   j=cptcoveff;    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
      int s1, s2;
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){    double bbh, survp;
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    long ipmx;
       j1++;    /*extern weight */
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
         scanf("%d", i);*/    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    */
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;    cov[1]=1.;
        
       dateintsum=0;    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
       k2cpt=0;  
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    if(mle==1){
         bool=1;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         if  (cptcovn>0) {        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
               bool=0;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         }              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         if (bool==1) {              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){            }
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {            newm=savm;
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               if (m<lastpass) {              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];            }
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
               }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
                          savm=oldm;
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {            oldm=newm;
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;          } /* end mult */
                 k2cpt++;        
               }          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
             }          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
           }           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
         }           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
       }           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
                   * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
            * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
       if  (cptcovn>0) {           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
       }           */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
                /* bias bh is positive if real duration
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         if(i==(int)agemax+3)           */
           printf("Total");          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
         else          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
           printf("Age %d", i);            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known then the contribution
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){               to the likelihood is the probability to die between last step unit time and current 
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)               step unit time, which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
         }               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
           else          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
         }          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
           stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
         }          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
           mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
           pos += pp[jk];          lower mortality.
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            */
           if(pos>=1.e-5)            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);          }else{
           else            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
           if( i <= (int) agemax){          } 
             if(pos>=1.e-5){          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/          ipmx +=1;
             }          sw += weight[i];
             else          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);        } /* end of wave */
           }      } /* end of individual */
         }    }  else if(mle==2){
              for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         if(i <= (int) agemax)            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         printf("\n");              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }            }
     }          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
   }            newm=savm;
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
              for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   fclose(ficresp);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);            }
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   /* End of Freq */            savm=oldm;
 }            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
 /************ Prevalence ********************/        
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
 {  /* Some frequencies */          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
            bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */          ipmx +=1;
   double *pp;          sw += weight[i];
   double pos, k2;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         } /* end of wave */
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);      } /* end of individual */
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
        for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   j1=0;        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
            for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   j=cptcoveff;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
  for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){            }
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       j1++;            newm=savm;
              cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)              for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)                cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)            }
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                               1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {            savm=oldm;
         bool=1;            oldm=newm;
         if  (cptcovn>0) {          } /* end mult */
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)        
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
               bool=0;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         }          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
         if (bool==1) {          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){          ipmx +=1;
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);          sw += weight[i];
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;        } /* end of wave */
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;      } /* end of individual */
               if (m<lastpass)    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
                 if (calagedate>0) freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
               else        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           }              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         }              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }            }
         for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            newm=savm;
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           }              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            }
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)          
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
         }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
                    savm=oldm;
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            oldm=newm;
            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)          } /* end mult */
              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        
          }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
                    s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){                    }else{
            if( i <= (int) agemax){            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
              if(pos>=1.e-5){          }
                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;          ipmx +=1;
              }          sw += weight[i];
            }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
          }  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
                  } /* end of wave */
         }      } /* end of individual */
     }    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
   }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 }  /* End of Freq */              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             }
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
 {            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).            }
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i          
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
      */            savm=oldm;
             oldm=newm;
   int i, mi, m;          } /* end mult */
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;        
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
   double sum=0.;          ipmx +=1;
   jmin=1e+5;          sw += weight[i];
   jmax=-1;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   jmean=0.;          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){        } /* end of wave */
     mi=0;      } /* end of individual */
     m=firstpass;    } /* End of if */
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       if(s[m][i]>=1)    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
         mw[++mi][i]=m;    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
       if(m >=lastpass)    return -l;
         break;  }
       else  
         m++;  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     }/* end while */  double funcone( double *x)
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  {
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
          /* Only death is a correct wave */    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
       mw[mi][i]=m;    double **out;
     }    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     double llt;
     wav[i]=mi;    int s1, s2;
     if(mi==0)    double bbh, survp;
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);    /*extern weight */
   }    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
       if (stepm <=0)    */
         dh[mi][i]=1;    cov[1]=1.;
       else{  
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {  
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
           k=k+1;      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           sum=sum+j;            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           }          }
         }        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         else{          newm=savm;
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           k=k+1;          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;          }
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
           sum=sum+j;                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         }          savm=oldm;
         jk= j/stepm;          oldm=newm;
         jl= j -jk*stepm;        } /* end mult */
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;        
         if(jl <= -ju)        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           dh[mi][i]=jk;        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         else        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;        /* bias is positive if real duration
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */         */
       }        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
     }          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   }        } else if (mle==1){
   jmean=sum/k;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);        } else if(mle==2){
  }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
 {        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
   int cptcode=0;        } else{  /* ml>=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
   cptcoveff=0;          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
          } /* End of if */
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;        ipmx +=1;
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;        sw += weight[i];
         ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {  /*       printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {        if(globpr){
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9d %6d %1d %1d %1d %1d %3d %10.6f %6.4f\
       Ndum[ij]++;   %10.6f %10.6f %10.6f ", \
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
     }          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
             llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;          }
     }          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
     ij=1;        }
       } /* end of wave */
     } /* end of individual */
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
                gipmx=ipmx;
           ij++;      gsw=sw;
         }    }
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;    return -l;
       }    }
     }  
   }    
   /*************** function likelione ***********/
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   {
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
       ij=Tvar[i];       the selection of individuals/waves and
       Ndum[ij]++;       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
     }       Plotting could be done.
      */
  ij=1;    int k;
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {  
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
      ij++;      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
    }      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
  }        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
          fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
     cptcoveff=ij-1;      }
 }      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
       fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
       fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
 {    }
   /* Health expectancies */  
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
   double age, agelim, hf;    if(*globpri !=0){
   double ***p3mat,***varhe;      fclose(ficresilk);
   double **dnewm,**doldm;      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
   double *xp;      fflush(fichtm); 
   double **gp, **gm;    } 
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;    return;
   int theta;  }
   
   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);  
   xp=vector(1,npar);  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);  
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
    {
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");    int i,j, iter;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");    double **xi;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double fret;
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   if(estepm < stepm){      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   }    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   else  hstepm=estepm;      strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
    * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according    }
    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.  
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim    fclose(ficrespow);
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the  
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it  }
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if  
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
   */  {
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
     double **hess;
   agelim=AGESUP;    int i, j,jk;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    int *indx;
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */  
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    double gompertz(double p[]);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);  
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
       
        hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */      
       /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
     /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
     }
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
       }        if (j>i) { 
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
            fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
       cptj=0;          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
           cptj=cptj+1;          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){        }
             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;      }
           }    }
         }    printf("\n");
       }    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        
          printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
          y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       cptj=0;    x=vector(1,npar);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    indx=ivector(1,npar);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
           cptj=cptj+1;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;  
           }    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
         }      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       }      x[j]=1;
            lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
          for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         matcov[i][j]=x[i];
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)      }
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){    }
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];  
         }    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
      }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
          for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
 /* End theta */        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);      }
       printf("\n");
      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)    }
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  
         trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];    /* Recompute Inverse */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)  
         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
   
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      x[j]=1;
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)        y[i][j]=x[i];
             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
       }        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
     }      }
       printf("\n");
            fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     /* Computing expectancies */    }
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
              free_vector(x,1,npar);
 /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
     free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
         }  
   
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );  }
     cptj=0;  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
         cptj++;  {
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );    int i;
       }    int l=1, lmax=20;
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");    double k1,k2;
        double p2[NPARMAX+1];
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    double res;
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);    double fx;
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);    int k=0,kmax=10;
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    double l1;
   }  
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    fx=func(x);
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);      l1=pow(10,l);
 }      delts=delt;
       for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
 /************ Variance ******************/        delt = delta*(l1*k);
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm)        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
 {        k1=func(p2)-fx;
   /* Variance of health expectancies */        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/        k2=func(p2)-fx;
   double **newm;        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;        
   int k, cptcode;  #ifdef DEBUG
   double *xp;        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
   double **gp, **gm;        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;  #endif
   double ***p3mat;        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
   double age,agelim, hf;        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
   int theta;          k=kmax;
         }
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        }
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);          delts=delt;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        }
       }
   xp=vector(1,npar);    }
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    delti[theta]=delts;
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    return res; 
      
   if(estepm < stepm){  }
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);  
   }  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
   else  hstepm=estepm;    {
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */    int i;
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size    int k;
      and note for a fixed period like k years */  
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the    fx=func(x);
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   */      k1=func(p2)-fx;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */    
   agelim = AGESUP;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      k2=func(p2)-fx;
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */    
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      k3=func(p2)-fx;
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */      k4=func(p2)-fx;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
       }  #ifdef DEBUG
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);        printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   #endif
       if (popbased==1) {    }
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    return res;
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];  }
       }  
    /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  { 
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)    int i,imax,j,k; 
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
         }    double *vv; 
       }   
        vv=vector(1,n); 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */    *d=1.0; 
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);        big=0.0; 
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
          if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
       if (popbased==1) {      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];    } 
       }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){        sum=a[i][j]; 
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)        a[i][j]=sum; 
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];      } 
         }      big=0.0; 
       }      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];        a[i][j]=sum; 
         }        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
     } /* End theta */          big=dum; 
           imax=i; 
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        } 
       } 
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)      if (j != imax) { 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          dum=a[imax][k]; 
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
           a[j][k]=dum; 
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */        } 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        *d = -(*d); 
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;      } 
       indx[j]=imax; 
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){      if (j != n) { 
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      } 
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    } 
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
       }  ;
     }  } 
   
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  { 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);    double sum; 
       }   
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      ip=indx[i]; 
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      sum=b[ip]; 
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      b[ip]=b[i]; 
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      if (ii) 
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
   } /* End age */      else if (sum) ii=i; 
        b[i]=sum; 
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    } 
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      sum=b[i]; 
       for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
 }      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
     } 
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/  } 
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)  
 {  /************ Frequencies ********************/
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint)
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/  {  /* Some frequencies */
   double **newm;    
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;    int first;
   int k, cptcode;    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
   double *xp;    double *pp, **prop;
   double *gp, *gm;    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
   double **gradg, **trgradg;    FILE *ficresp;
   double age,agelim;    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int theta;    
        pp=vector(1,nlstate);
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   xp=vector(1,npar);      exit(0);
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    }
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
      j1=0;
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    j=cptcoveff;
   agelim = AGESUP;    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    first=1;
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);        j1++;
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
           scanf("%d", i);*/
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
       }              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];        for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
              prop[i][m]=0;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */        
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        dateintsum=0;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        k2cpt=0;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];          bool=1;
           if  (cptcovn>0) {
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
     } /* End theta */                bool=0;
           }
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          if (bool==1){
             for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                 if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;                if (m<lastpass) {
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)                }
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */                
                 if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                  k2cpt++;
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));                }
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");                /*}*/
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);            }
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);          }
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);        }
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);         
   } /* End age */        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
   
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        if  (cptcovn>0) {
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
 }        }
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
 {        
   int i, j, i1, k1, j1, z1;        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
   int k=0, cptcode;          if(i==iagemax+3){
   double **dnewm,**doldm;            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
   double *xp;          }else{
   double *gp, *gm;            if(first==1){
   double **gradg, **trgradg;              first=0;
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];              printf("See log file for details...\n");
   int theta;            }
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
           }
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);          }
   }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
                pos += freq[jk][m][i];
 fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and standard deviation in parentheses\n");            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");              if(first==1){
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++)              }
       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
             }else{
               if(first==1)
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             }
   xp=vector(1,npar);          }
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);  
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   cov[1]=1;              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
   j=cptcoveff;          }       
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   j1=0;            pos += pp[jk];
   for(k1=1; k1<=1;k1++){            posprop += prop[jk][i];
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){          }
     j1++;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             if(pos>=1.e-5){
     if  (cptcovn>0) {              if(first==1)
       fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
       for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
       fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");            }else{
     }              if(first==1)
                    printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
         cov[2]=age;            }
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {            if( i <= iagemax){
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];              if(pos>=1.e-5){
                          fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
         }                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)              }
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];              else
                        fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);            }
         trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);          }
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));          
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
                for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)              if(first==1)
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
                          fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);              }
                    if(i <= iagemax)
           k=0;            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){          if(first==1)
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){            printf("Others in log...\n");
               k=k+1;          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];        }
             }      }
           }    }
              dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)   
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    fclose(ficresp);
        free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
           k=0;    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    /* End of Freq */
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){  }
               k=k+1;  
               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];  /************ Prevalence ********************/
             }  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
           }  {  
          /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];         We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
         }    */
    
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    double *pp, **prop;
            double pos,posprop; 
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);    int iagemin, iagemax;
          
         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);    iagemin= (int) agemin;
            iagemax= (int) agemax;
         k=0;    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
             k=k+1;    j1=0;
             gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    
           }    j=cptcoveff;
         }    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
          
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));        j1++;
      }*/        
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
             prop[i][m]=0.0;
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++)       
           fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e (%.3e) ",gm[i],sqrt(doldm[i][i]));        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
            bool=1;
       }          if  (cptcovn>0) {
     }            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));                bool=0;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);          } 
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);          if (bool==1) { 
   }            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
   fclose(ficresprob);              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                  if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
 }                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                 if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
  int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[], \                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
  char optionfilehtm[],char rfileres[], char optionfilegnuplot[],\                } 
  char version[], int popforecast, int estepm ){              }
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;            } /* end selection of waves */
   FILE *fichtm;          }
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/        }
         for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);          
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);          } 
   }  
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
 \n                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n              } 
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n            } 
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">          }/* end jk */ 
  <ul><li>Outputs files<br>\n        }/* end i */ 
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n      } /* end i1 */
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n    } /* end k1 */
  - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n    
  - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
  - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
   }  /* End of prevalence */
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n  
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n  
  - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
  - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n  {
  - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
        Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);       */
  else  
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);    int i, mi, m;
 fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
        double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
  m=cptcoveff;    int first;
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
     double sum=0.;
  jj1=0;    first=0;
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){    jmin=1e+5;
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    jmax=-1;
        jj1++;    jmean=0.;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");      mi=0;
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)      m=firstpass;
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");        if(s[m][i]>=1)
        }          mw[++mi][i]=m;
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>        if(m >=lastpass)
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);              break;
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){        else
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>          m++;
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      }/* end while */
        }      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>           /* Only death is a correct wave */
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);          mw[mi][i]=m;
      }      }
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {  
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>      wav[i]=mi;
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      if(mi==0){
      }        nbwarn++;
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and        if(first==0){
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>          printf("Warning! None valid information for:%ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);          first=1;
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");        }
    }        if(first==1){
    }          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! None valid information for:%ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
 fclose(fichtm);        }
 }      } /* end mi==0 */
     } /* End individuals */
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/  
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;        if (stepm <=0)
           dh[mi][i]=1;
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);        else{
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp.txt");          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   }              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
               else if(j<0){
 #ifdef windows                nberr++;
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
 #endif                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview.\n  You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
                  fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
  /* 1eme*/                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview.\n  You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {              }
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {              k=k+1;
               if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;
      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);              if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;
               sum=sum+j;
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");            }
 }          }
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          else{
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");            /*      printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");            k=k+1;
 }            if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);            else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");            if(j<0){
 }                nberr++;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);            }
    }            sum=sum+j;
   }          }
   /*2 eme*/          jk= j/stepm;
           jl= j -jk*stepm;
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
                if(jl==0){
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {              dh[mi][i]=jk;
       k=2*i;              bh[mi][i]=0;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {                    * at the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");              bh[mi][i]=ju;
 }              }
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");          }else{
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);            if(jl <= -ju){
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);              dh[mi][i]=jk;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");                                   */
 }              }
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");            else{
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {              bh[mi][i]=ju;
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");            }
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
 }                dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
     }            }
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);          } /* end if mle */
   }        }
        } /* end wave */
   /*3eme*/    }
     jmean=sum/k;
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);
       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);   }
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);  
       /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);  {
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);    
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");    int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i, maxncov=19;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);    int cptcode=0;
     cptcoveff=0; 
 */   
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);    for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;
   
       }    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum 
     }                                 modality*/ 
     }        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij is the modality of this individual*/
          Ndum[ij]++; /*store the modality */
   /* CV preval stat */        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij; /* getting the maximum of covariable 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {                                         Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is 0 and 
       k=3;                                         female is 1, then  cptcode=1.*/
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);      }
   
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)      for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);        if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++; /* Nomber of modalities of the j th covariates. In fact ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables) but it can be more */
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);      }
        
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      ij=1; 
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);      for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {        for (k=0; k<= maxncov; k++) {
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;          if (Ndum[k] != 0) {
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k; 
       }            /* store the modality in an array. k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);              
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);            ij++;
     }          }
   }            if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
          }  
   /* proba elementaires */      } 
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    }  
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){  
       if (k != i) {   for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){  
           for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { 
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);     /* Listing of all covariables in staement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
           jk++;     ij=Tvar[i];
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");     Ndum[ij]++;
         }   }
       }  
     }   ij=1;
     }   for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) {
      if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
     for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);       ij++;
    i=1;     }
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {   }
      k3=i;   
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {   cptcoveff=ij-1; /*Number of simple covariates*/
        if (k != k2){  }
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);  
 ij=1;  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {  
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {  void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);  
             ij++;  {
           }    /* Health expectancies */
           else    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    double age, agelim, hf;
         }    double ***p3mat,***varhe;
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");    double **dnewm,**doldm;
            double *xp;
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){      double **gp, **gm;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
 ij=1;    int theta;
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){  
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    xp=vector(1,npar);
             ij++;    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
           }    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
           else    
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");
           }    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
           fprintf(ficgp,")");    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);        fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
         i=i+ncovmodel;  
        }    if(estepm < stepm){
      }      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
    }    }
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
    }    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
         * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
   fclose(ficgp);     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
 }  /* end gnuplot */     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
 /*************** Moving average **************/     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
   int i, cpt, cptcod;     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)  
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
           nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
           }       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
         }    */
       }    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     }  
        agelim=AGESUP;
 }    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); 
 /************** Forecasting ******************/      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
        nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   int *popage;      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   double ***p3mat;  
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
  agelim=AGESUP;      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);  
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;   
   
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
    
        /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");  
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   }        }
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;        cptj=0;
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   if (mobilav==1) {          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            cptj=cptj+1;
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);            for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   }              gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;          }
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;        }
         
   agelim=AGESUP;       
          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) 
   hstepm=1;          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);        
   anprojmean=yp;        cptj=0;
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   mprojmean=yp;          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);            cptj=cptj+1;
   jprojmean=yp;            for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;  
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;              gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
              }
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);          }
          }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){        for(j=1; j<= nlstate*nlstate; j++)
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
       k=k+1;            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");          }
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {       } 
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);     
       }  /* End theta */
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");  
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);  
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
              for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);         
   
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){       for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;          varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
            
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);         for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
                for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);          for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
             }            for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {              varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;        }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                    }
                 if (mobilav==1)      /* Computing expectancies */
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 else {        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
                 }            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
                            
               }  /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){  
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);          }
                          
               }      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
             }      cptj=0;
           }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         }          cptj++;
       }          fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );
     }        }
   }      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
             
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   fclose(ficresf);      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
 }      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
 /************** Forecasting ******************/      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){    }
      printf("\n");
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   int *popage;  
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  /************ Variance ******************/
   agelim=AGESUP;  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav)
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;  {
      /* Variance of health expectancies */
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
      /* double **newm;*/
      double **dnewm,**doldm;
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {    int k, cptcode;
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);    double *xp;
   }    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
     double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
     double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
   if (mobilav==1) {    double ***p3mat;
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    double age,agelim, hf;
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);    double ***mobaverage;
   }    int theta;
     char digit[4];
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    char digitp[25];
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;  
      char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   agelim=AGESUP;  
      if(popbased==1){
   hstepm=1;      if(mobilav!=0)
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
        else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
   if (popforecast==1) {    }
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {    else 
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
     }  
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);    if (mobilav!=0) {
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
            fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     i=1;          printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;      }
        }
     imx=i;  
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
   }    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
     /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
       k=k+1;    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       }    }
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
          for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    }  
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
              fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  /*   } */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
          
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                
                 if (mobilav==1)    xp=vector(1,npar);
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
                 else {    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
                 }    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
               }  
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
               }    
             }    if(estepm < stepm){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
               kk1=0.;    }
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    else  hstepm=estepm;   
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
                 }    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
             }       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       and note for a fixed period like k years */
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
           }       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
         }       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
       }       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
      */
   /******/    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);        nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
                gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);    
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
             }        }
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];            if (popbased==1) {
               }          if(mobilav ==0){
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             }              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         }              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
       }          }
    }        }
   }    
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
   if (popforecast==1) {              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);          }
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);        }
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   }           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);           as a weighted average of prlim.
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        */
   fclose(ficrespop);        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 }          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
 /***********************************************/        }    
 /**************** Main Program *****************/        /* end probability of death */
 /***********************************************/  
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
 {        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;   
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;        if (popbased==1) {
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;          if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   double fret;              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
   double **xi,tmp,delta;          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
   double ***p3mat;          }
   int *indx;        }
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];  
   char title[MAXLINE];        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
                gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];          }
         }
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];           as a weighted average of prlim.
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];        */
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
   int c,  h , cpt,l;           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
   int ju,jl, mi;        }    
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;        /* end probability of death */
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;  
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
   int hstepm, nhstepm;          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
           }
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;  
   double ftolpl=FTOL;        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
   double **prlim;          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
   double *severity;        }
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */  
   double  *p;      } /* End theta */
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */  
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   double *delti; /* Scale */  
   double ***eij, ***vareij;      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   double *epj, vepp;          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   double kk1, kk2;            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;  
        for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.8a, May 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];    
   
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   char z[1]="c", occ;      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
 #include <sys/time.h>        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
 #include <time.h>          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];  
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
   /* long total_usecs;        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
            matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   getcwd(pathcd, size);            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
               vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
   printf("\n%s",version);        }
   if(argc <=1){      }
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");    
     scanf("%s",pathtot);      /* pptj */
   }      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   else{      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
   }        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);      /* end ppptj */
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/      /*  x centered again */
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);   
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);      if (popbased==1) {
   chdir(path);        if(mobilav ==0){
   replace(pathc,path);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   strcpy(fileres,"r");            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);        }
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */      }
                
   /*---------arguments file --------*/      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {         as a weighted average of prlim.
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);      */
     goto end;      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   }        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
   strcpy(filereso,"o");      }    
   strcat(filereso,fileres);      /* end probability of death */
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
   }      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      } 
     puts(line);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);        }
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
     puts(line);      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     fputs(line,ficparo);      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   }    } /* End age */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
        free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
   cptcovn=0;    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /* Read guess parameters */    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     puts(line);    /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
     fputs(line,ficparo);  */
   }  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
    
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);    free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);    fflush(ficgp);
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);    fflush(fichtm); 
       }  }  /* end varevsij */
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  
       printf("\n");  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)
     }  {
      /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
     double **newm;
   p=param[1][1];    double **dnewm,**doldm;
      int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    int k, cptcode;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    double *xp;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    double *gp, *gm;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    double **gradg, **trgradg;
     puts(line);    double age,agelim;
     fputs(line,ficparo);    int theta;
   }     
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of stable prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){  
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);    xp=vector(1,npar);
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);    agelim = AGESUP;
       }    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       printf("\n");      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
     }      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
   }      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
   delti=delti3[1][1];      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
    
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        }
     puts(line);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
     fputs(line,ficparo);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   }          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      
          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     printf("%s",str);          gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);  
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);      } /* End theta */
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);  
     }      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  
     printf("\n");      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   }          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)  
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   printf("\n");      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/  
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */      fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */        fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
     }      free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
        } /* End age */
     /*-------- data file ----------*/  
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     }    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
     n= lastobs;  }
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);  
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
     num=ivector(1,n);  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)
     moisnais=vector(1,n);  {
     annais=vector(1,n);    int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
     moisdc=vector(1,n);    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     andc=vector(1,n);    int k=0,l, cptcode;
     agedc=vector(1,n);    int first=1, first1;
     cod=ivector(1,n);    double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     weight=vector(1,n);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */    double *xp;
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    double *gp, *gm;
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    double **gradg, **trgradg;
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    double **mu;
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);    double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);    int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     i=1;    char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {  
            double ***varpij;
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){  
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
           strcpy(line,stra);    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
         }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
            }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){    strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
         }      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
         num[i]=atol(stra);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
            }
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){    printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
         i=i+1;    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
       }    printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     }    fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);    
        scanf("%d",i);*/    fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */    fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;  
     }*/  
    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/        fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
          fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
          fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/      }  
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);   /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);   */
   Tage=ivector(1,15);         xp=vector(1,npar);
        dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   if (strlen(model) >1){    doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;    mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     j=nbocc(model,'+');    varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');    first=1;
     cptcovn=j+1;    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     cptcovprod=j1;    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     strcpy(modelsav,model);  
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
       goto end;    file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     }    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
      and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){   They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);  It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/  would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/  standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {   Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');   and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {  To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
           cptcovprod--;  
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');    cov[1]=1;
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    tj=cptcoveff;
           cptcovage++;    if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;    j1=0;
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/    for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
         }      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ 
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {        j1++;
           cptcovprod--;        if  (cptcovn>0) {
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');          fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           cptcovage++;          fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
         }          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
         else {          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');          
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;          fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           Tprod[k1]=i;          fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);          
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);          
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];          fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)          fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];          
           k1++;          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           k2=k2+2;          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
         }          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
       }        }
       else {        
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/          cov[2]=age;
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);            cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
       }          }
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);            for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
         scanf("%d",i);*/            cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
     }          
 }          gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
            trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);          gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);          gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
   scanf("%d ",i);*/      
     fclose(fic);          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
     /*  if(mle==1){*/              xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/            
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
     }            
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/            k=0;
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {                k=k+1;
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {                gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){              }
          anint[m][i]=9999;            }
          s[m][i]=-1;            
        }            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;              xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       }      
     }            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {            for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){                k=k+1;
         if(s[m][i] >0){                gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {              }
             if(agedc[i]>0)            }
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)       
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/              gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
            else {          }
               if (andc[i]!=9999){  
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               agev[m][i]=-1;            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               }              trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
             }          
           }          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);          free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)          free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
               agev[m][i]=1;          free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){          free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
               agemin=agev[m][i];  
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
             }          
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){          k=0;
               agemax=agev[m][i];          for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
             }              k=k+1;
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/              mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/            }
           }          }
           else { /* =9 */          for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             agev[m][i]=1;            for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             s[m][i]=-1;              varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
           }  
         }          /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
         else /*= 0 Unknown */            for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
           agev[m][i]=1;            printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
       }            fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
                }*/
     }  
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {          fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){          fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {          fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");    
           goto end;          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
         }            fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
       }          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
     }            fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);          }
           i=0;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);          for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);            for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);              i=i++;
     free_vector(annais,1,n);              fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);              fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/              for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);                fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);                fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
                }
     wav=ivector(1,imx);          }/* end of loop for state */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        } /* end of loop for age */
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);  
            /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
     /* Concatenates waves */        /*
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
       ncodemax[1]=1;          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);          fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
              */
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);  
    h=0;        /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);        first1=1;
          for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){          for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){            if(l2==k2) continue;
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){            j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){            for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
            h++;              for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;                if(l1==k1) continue;
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/                i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
          }                if(i<=j) continue;
        }                for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
      }                  if ((int)age %5==0){
    }                    v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);                    v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */                    cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){                    mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){                    mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);                    c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
       }                    /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
       printf("\n");                    lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
       }                    lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
       scanf("%d",i);*/                    /* Eigen vectors */
                        v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age                    /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */                    v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                        v22=v11;
                        tnalp=v21/v11;
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                    if(first1==1){
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                      first1=0;
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                      printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                    }
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */                    fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                          /*printf(fignu*/
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]                    /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */                    /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */                    if(first==1){
                       first=0;
     if(mle==1){                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
     }                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
                          fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
     /*--------- results files --------------*/   :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);  %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                                subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
    jk=1;                      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");                      fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){                      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
        if (k != i)                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
          {                              mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);                              mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);                    }else{
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){                      first=0;
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);                      fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);                      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
              jk++;                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
            }                      fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
            printf("\n");                              mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");                              mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
          }                    }/* if first */
      }                  } /* age mod 5 */
    }                } /* end loop age */
  if(mle==1){                fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */                first=1;
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */              } /*l12 */
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);            } /* k12 */
  }          } /*l1 */
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");        }/* k1 */
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");      } /* loop covariates */
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    }
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){    free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         if (j!=i) {    free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    fclose(ficresprob);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    fclose(ficresprobcov);
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    fclose(ficresprobcor);
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    fflush(ficgp);
             jk++;    fflush(fichtmcov);
           }  }
           printf("\n");  
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");  
         }  /******************* Printing html file ***********/
       }  void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
      }                    int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                        int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
     k=1;                    int popforecast, int estepm ,\
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");                    double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
     printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");                    double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){    int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;  
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files (first order: no variance)</h4>\n \
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);   - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/             jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);     fprintf(fichtm,"\
       printf("%3d",i);   - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){             stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);     fprintf(fichtm,"\
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);   - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
       }             subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");     fprintf(fichtm,"\
       printf("\n");   - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): \
       k++;     <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
     }             estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
       ungetc(c,ficpar);  
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);   m=cptcoveff;
       puts(line);   if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
       fputs(line,ficparo);  
     }   jj1=0;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);   for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
     estepm=0;     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);       jj1++;
     if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;       if (cptcovn > 0) {
     if (fage <= 2) {         fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
       bage = ageminpar;         for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
       fage = agemaxpar;           fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
     }         fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           }
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");       /* Pij */
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);       fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: %s%d1.png<br> \
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);  <img src=\"%s%d1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
         /* Quasi-incidences */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
     ungetc(c,ficpar);   before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: %s%d2.png<br> \
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  <img src=\"%s%d2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
     puts(line);         /* Stable prevalence in each health state */
     fputs(line,ficparo);         for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
   }           fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br> \
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
           }
   fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
   fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br> \
  fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);  <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
             }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){     } /* end i1 */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);   }/* End k1 */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);   fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
     puts(line);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }   fprintf(fichtm,"\
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  \n<br><li><h4> Result files (second order: variances)</h4>\n\
     - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;   fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;           subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);   - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);             subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);    
     fprintf(fichtm,"\
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){   - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
     ungetc(c,ficpar);           subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);   fprintf(fichtm,"\
     puts(line);   - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
     fputs(line,ficparo);           estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
   }   fprintf(fichtm,"\
   ungetc(c,ficpar);   - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);   fprintf(fichtm,"\
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);   - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);           subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
     puts(line);  /*  else  */
     fputs(line,ficparo);  /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
   }   fflush(fichtm);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);   fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);   m=cptcoveff;
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);   if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);  
    jj1=0;
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);   for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/       jj1++;
  printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);       if (cptcovn > 0) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/         for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
  chdir(path);           fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
           fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);       }
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);           fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
  free_ivector(num,1,n);  prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br>\
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);  <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/       }
  fclose(ficparo);       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
  fclose(ficres);  health expectancies in states (1) and (2): %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/     } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
   printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm,rfileres,optionfilegnuplot,version,popforecast,estepm);   fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
    }
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/  
    /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");  void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);  
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {    char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;    int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
   }    int ng;
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);  /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");  /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");  /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);  /*   } */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");  
      /*#ifdef windows */
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      /*#endif */
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
   k=0;   /* 1eme*/
   agebase=ageminpar;    for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
   agelim=agemaxpar;     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
   ftolpl=1.e-10;       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
   i1=cptcoveff;       fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){  set ter png small\n\
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  set size 0.65,0.65\n\
         k=k+1;  plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/  
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)         if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");       }
               fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stable prevalence\" w l 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);         if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       } 
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
         }         if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
       }         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
     }       }  
   fclose(ficrespl);       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/    }
      /*2 eme*/
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);    
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
   }      fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);      
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;        k=2*i;
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/        fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
   agelim=AGESUP;          if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        }   
          if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
   k=0;        else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
       k=k+1;          if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)        }   
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");        fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
                for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */          if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        }   
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        }
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");    }
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    /*3eme*/
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );        k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)        fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\n\
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);  set size 0.65,0.65\n\
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");  plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
              }        /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");          fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
         }          fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
     }          for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
   }          fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
   varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);        */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
   fclose(ficrespij);          fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);
           
         } 
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/      }
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){    }
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);    
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);    /* CV preval stable (period) */
   }    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
   else{      for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
     erreur=108;        k=3;
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
   }        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
    set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n\
   unset log y\n\
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/  plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
   strcpy(filerest,"t");        for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
   strcat(filerest,fileres);          fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {        fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;        
   }        l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);        fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
   strcpy(filerese,"e");          fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
   strcat(filerese,fileres);        }
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {        fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);      } 
   }    }  
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    
     /* proba elementaires */
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {        if (k != i) {
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);          for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
   }            fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);            jk++; 
   calagedate=-1;            fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
 prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);          }
         }
   k=0;      }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){     }
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  
       k=k+1;     for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");       for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);         if (ng==2)
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);         i=1;
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");         for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");           for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)             if (k != k2){
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);               if(ng==2)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");                 fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);                 fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;               ij=1;
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);                 for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                   if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);                   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;                   ij++;
        varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm);                 }
                     else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                 }
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");               fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);               
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");               for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);                 ij=1;
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){                 for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);                   if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
         if (popbased==1) {                     fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                     ij++;
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];                   }
         }                   else
                             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);                 }
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){                 fprintf(ficgp,")");
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {               }
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];               fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
             /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/               if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
           }               i=i+ncovmodel;
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];             }
         }           } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)       } /* end jk */
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)     } /* end ng */
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];     fflush(ficgp); 
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));  }  /* end gnuplot */
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){  
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));  
         }  /*************** Moving average **************/
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");  int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
       }  
     }    int i, cpt, cptcod;
   }    int modcovmax =1;
 free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    int mobilavrange, mob;
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    double age;
     free_vector(weight,1,n);  
   fclose(ficreseij);    modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
   fclose(ficresvij);                             a covariate has 2 modalities */
   fclose(ficrest);    if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   fclose(ficpar);  
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);    if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
        if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/        else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");        for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);          for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {            mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);      /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
     exit(0);         fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
   }         we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);      */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
   k=0;        for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){            for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
       k=k+1;              mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");                for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)                  mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);                  mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");                }
                    mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);            }
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          }
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);        }/* end age */
     }      }/* end mob */
  }    }else return -1;
     return 0;
   fclose(ficresvpl);  }/* End movingaverage */
   
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/  
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);  /************** Forecasting ******************/
    prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);       agemin, agemax range of age
         dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
         anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    */
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    int *popage;
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    double agec; /* generic age */
      double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);    double *popeffectif,*popcount;
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);    double ***p3mat;
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    double ***mobaverage;
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
   if(erreur >0)    agelim=AGESUP;
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);    prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
   else   printf("End of Imach\n");   
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */    strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
      strcat(fileresf,fileres);
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/    if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/      printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
   /*------ End -----------*/      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
  end:    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/  
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/  
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/    if (mobilav!=0) {
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);      if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
  strcat(plotcmd," ");        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
  system(plotcmd);      }
     }
  /*#ifdef windows*/  
   while (z[0] != 'q') {    stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     /* chdir(path); */    if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");    if(estepm < stepm){
     scanf("%s",z);      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");    }
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);  
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
   }    yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
   /*#endif */                                 fractional in yp1 */
 }    anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       sump=sump+1;
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i]==1 & wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*
             (exp(x[2]/YEARM*(agecens[i]*12-agegomp*12))-exp(x[2]/YEARM*(ageexmed[i]*12-agegomp*12)));
         
         if (cens[i]==0 & wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*
                (exp(x[2]/YEARM*(agedc[i]*12-agegomp*12))-exp(x[2]/YEARM*(ageexmed[i]*12-agegomp*12)))
             +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]/YEARM*(agedc[i]*12-agegomp*12)+log(YEARM);      
         
         if (wav[i]>1 & agecens[i]>15) {
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov){
     int i;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small\n set log y\n"); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double *severity;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];
     char strstart[80], *strt, strtend[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       scanf("%s",pathtot);
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("pathimach=%s, pathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement*/
     if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
   
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables = cptcovn + intercept + age */
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/
   
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guess parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
   
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
     }
   
     n= lastobs;
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);
   
     i=1;
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {
           
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb); 
           strcpy(line,stra);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
         }
           
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
         } 
         lstra=strlen(stra);
         if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
           stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
           num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
         }
         else
           num[i]=atol(stra);
           
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
           printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
   
         i=i+1;
       }
     }
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);
        scanf("%d",i);*/
     imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
   
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;
       if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;
       if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;
       }*/
      /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1; 
        printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/
     
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)
    
      /*if ((s[3][i]==3) ||  (s[4][i]==3)) weight[i]=0.08;
        else weight[i]=1;*/
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/
     Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */
     Tprod=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);
     Tage=ivector(1,15);      
      
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovn=j+1; 
       cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products */
       
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){
         printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         goto end;
       }
       
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
   
       for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/
             cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=i;
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           }
           else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;
           }
           else {  /* Age is not in the model */
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/
             Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=i;
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2]; 
             for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++) 
               covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           }
         }
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
         Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);
     fclose(fic);*/
   
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;
     }
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a
                                    month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){ 
               agemin=agev[m][i];
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){
               agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           goto end;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax); 
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     Tcode=ivector(1,100);
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
         
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of 
                                    the estimations*/
     h=0;
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){
       for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){
             h++;
             if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
             /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (j=1; j<=lastpass; j++)
           if (s[j][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=j;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];agecens[i]=1.; 
           if (ageexmed[i]>1 & wav[i]>0) agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
           cens[i]=1;
           
           if (ageexmed[i]<1) cens[i]=-1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP & agedc[i]>1 & dcwave[i]>firstpass & dcwave[i]<=lastpass) cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
   
       p[1]=0.1; p[2]=0.1;
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
     printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
     strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
     strcat(filerespow,fileres);
     if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
     }
     fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     */
     fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   
       powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM,delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,path); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov);
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
   
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
     
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
       /*  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);*/
       /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,path); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (stable prevalence) --------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Stable prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
       ftolpl=1.e-10;
       i1=cptcoveff;
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
   
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
           
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   
             /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
   
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);
   
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);  
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0, mobilav);
           if(popbased==1){
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased,mobilav);
           }
   
    
           fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");
           for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
           epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
           for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             if (popbased==1) {
               if(mobilav ==0){
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
               }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
               }
             }
           
             fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
             for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
               for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                 epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                 /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
               }
               epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
             }
   
             for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                 vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
             }
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         }
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficreseij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of stable prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of stable prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of stable prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tcode,1,100);
   
   
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocaltime at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
     chdir(path);
     strcpy(plotcmd,"\"");
     strcat(plotcmd,pathimach);
     strcat(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
     strcat(plotcmd,"\"");
     strcat(plotcmd," ");
     strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf(" Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.41.2.1  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.101


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