Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.42 and 1.154

version 1.42, 2002/05/21 18:44:41 version 1.154, 2014/06/20 17:32:08
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
      Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the    Author: Brouard
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a  
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are    Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a  
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The    *** empty log message ***
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the  
   probability to be observed in state j at the second wave    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore    Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    Author: brouard
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more  
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   convergence.  
     Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple    Summary: Nothing new
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    Author: Brouard
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an  
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into    Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    
     Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h    *** empty log message ***
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be  
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    Summary: Merge
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx    Author: Brouard
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices  
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply    Merge, before building revised version.
   hPijx.  
     Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Summary: Debugging with valgrind
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    Author: Nicolas Brouard
    
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    improve the code.
   from the European Union.    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
   **********************************************************************/    the source code.
    
 #include <math.h>    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
 #include <stdio.h>    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
 #include <stdlib.h>  
 #include <unistd.h>    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
     (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
 #define MAXLINE 256  
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80  
 /*#define DEBUG*/    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 #define windows  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  
 #define MAXN 20000    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    *** empty log message ***
 #define AGESUP 130  
 #define AGEBASE 40    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
     (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
     than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
 int erreur; /* Error number */  
 int nvar;    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
 int npar=NPARMAX;    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
 int popbased=0;    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
     (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */  
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 int mle, weightopt;  
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    just nforces
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */  
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    Many tings
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;  
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
 FILE *ficreseij;    Some dimensions resccaled
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];  
  FILE  *ficresvij;    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
   
 #define NR_END 1    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
 #define FREE_ARG char*    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  
     Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
 #define NRANSI    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
 #define ITMAX 200  
     Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
     imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
     and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
 #define GOLD 1.618034    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    computation.
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
     expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;  
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
      imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    Version 0.98h
   
 static double sqrarg;    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Forecasting file added.
   
 int imx;    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
 int stepm;    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
   
 int estepm;    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
     name. <head> headers where missing.
 int m,nb;  
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 double dateintmean=0;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
     1.
 double *weight;    Version 0.98g
 int **s; /* Status */  
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
     English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    otherwise the weight is truncated).
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
     1.
 /**************** split *************************/    Version 0.98g
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )  
 {    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */  
     * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 #ifdef windows  
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
 #else    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
    s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 #endif    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */  
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
       extern char       *getwd( );    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
     computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {  
 #else    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
       extern char       *getcwd( );    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
     table of variances if popbased=1 .
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 #endif    (Module): Function pstamp added
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    (Module): Version 0.98d
       }  
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    table of variances if popbased=1 .
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    (Module): Function pstamp added
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    (Module): Version 0.98d
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */  
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
    }    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
 #ifdef windows  
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
 #else    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }  
 #endif    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
    s++;    filename with strsep.
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */  
    l1= strlen( name);    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
    l2= strlen( s)+1;    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;    allocation too.
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */  
 }    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
     (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
   
 /******************************************/    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
     (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
 {    can be a simple dot '.'.
   int i;  
   int lg=20;    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
   i=0;    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
     (s[i] = t[i]);    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  
   }    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
 }    Gnuplot problem appeared...
     To be fixed
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
   int i,j=0;    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
   lg=strlen(s);    Some cleaning and links added in html output
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   }    *** empty log message ***
   return j;  
 }    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
     (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
 {    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
   i=0;    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   }  
     Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   lg=strlen(t);    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {  
     (u[j] = t[j]);    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
   }    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
      u[p]='\0';  
     Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    Fix on curr_time
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  
   }    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
 }    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
 void nrerror(char error_text[])  
 {    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
   exit(1);    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
 }    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
 /*********************** vector *******************/    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 {    from other sources like vital statistic data.
   double *v;  
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
 }    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   
 /************************ free vector ******************/    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Current limitations:
 }    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
     model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
 /************************ivector *******************************/    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)  
 {    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
   int *v;    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    suppressed.
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
 }    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
     rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
 /******************free ivector **************************/  
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
 {    * imach.c (Repository):
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
 }    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
   
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Just cleaning
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */  
 {    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   int **m;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
      (Module): Version 0.96b
   /* allocate pointers to rows */  
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   m += NR_END;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   m -= nrl;  
      Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
      * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
      Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
      mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   return m;  
 }    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
     (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    of the covariance matrix to be input.
       int **m;  
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    Version 0.96
 }  
     Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    routine fileappend.
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
   double **m;    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
     current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   m += NR_END;    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
   m -= nrl;    interview.
     (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    truncation)
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
   
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
   return m;    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
 }    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
     many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    parcimony.
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    *** empty log message ***
 }  
     Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  
 {  */
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  /*
   double ***m;     Interpolated Markov Chain
   
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Short summary of the programme:
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    
   m += NR_END;    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   m -= nrl;    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
     first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
     computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
     Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
      where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    convergence.
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
   }    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
   return m;    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
 }    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
     account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
 {    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
 }    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
     and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    hPijx.
 extern int ncom;  
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
      
 double f1dim(double x)    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
 {             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   int j;    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
   double f;    from the European Union.
   double *xt;    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
      software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
   xt=vector(1,ncom);    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];  
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   return f;    
 }    **********************************************************************/
   /*
 /*****************brent *************************/    main
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    read parameterfile
 {    read datafile
   int iter;    concatwav
   double a,b,d,etemp;    freqsummary
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;    if (mle >= 1)
   double ftemp;      mlikeli
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    print results files
   double e=0.0;    if mle==1 
         computes hessian
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);        begin-prev-date,...
   x=w=v=bx;    open gnuplot file
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);    open html file
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
     xm=0.5*(a+b);     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  
 #ifdef DEBUG    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
 #endif         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  
       *xmin=x;         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
       return fx;         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
     }    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
     ftemp=fu;     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    health expectancies
       q=2.0*(q-r);    Variance-covariance of DFLE
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    prevalence()
       q=fabs(q);     movingaverage()
       etemp=e;    varevsij() 
       e=d;    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    total life expectancies
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
       else {   end
         d=p/q;  */
         u=x+d;  
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  
       }   
     } else {  #include <math.h>
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  #include <stdio.h>
     }  #include <stdlib.h>
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  #include <string.h>
     fu=(*f)(u);  #include <unistd.h>
     if (fu <= fx) {  
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  #include <limits.h>
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  #include <sys/types.h>
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  #include <sys/stat.h>
         } else {  #include <errno.h>
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  extern int errno;
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  
             v=w;  #ifdef LINUX
             w=u;  #include <time.h>
             fv=fw;  #include "timeval.h"
             fw=fu;  #else
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {  #include <sys/time.h>
             v=u;  #endif
             fv=fu;  
           }  #ifdef GSL
         }  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
   }  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  #endif
   *xmin=x;  
   return fx;  /* #include <libintl.h> */
 }  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
   
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
   
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
             double (*func)(double))  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
 {  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  
   double fu;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
    #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   if (*fb > *fa) {  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  #define NINTERVMAX 8
       }  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
   while (*fb > *fc) {  #define codtabm(h,k)  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  #define MAXN 20000
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  #define AGESUP 130
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  #define AGEBASE 40
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  #define AGEGOMP 10. /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  #ifdef UNIX
       fu=(*func)(u);  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
       fu=(*func)(u);  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
       if (fu < *fc) {  #else
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
           }  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  #endif
       u=ulim;  
       fu=(*func)(u);  /* $Id$ */
     } else {  /* $State$ */
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  
       fu=(*func)(u);  char version[]="Imach version 0.98nU, January 2014,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121)";
     }  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  char strstart[80];
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
       }  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
 }  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
   /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
 /*************** linmin ************************/  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
   int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
 int ncom;  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
 double *pcom,*xicom;  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
    int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
 {  int npar=NPARMAX;
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
   double f1dim(double x);  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  int popbased=0;
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  
   int j;  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
   double fx,fb,fa;  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
    int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   ncom=n;  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
   pcom=vector(1,n);                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
   xicom=vector(1,n);  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
   nrfunc=func;  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
     pcom[j]=p[j];  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
     xicom[j]=xi[j];             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
   }  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
   ax=0.0;  double **matprod2(); /* test */
   xx=1.0;  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
 #ifdef DEBUG  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
 #endif  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
     xi[j] *= xmin;  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
     p[j] += xi[j];  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   }  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  FILE *ficresilk;
 }  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
 /*************** powell ************************/  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  FILE *ficreseij;
             double (*func)(double []))  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  FILE *ficresstdeij;
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
               double (*func)(double []));  FILE *ficrescveij;
   int i,ibig,j;  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  FILE  *ficresvij;
   double fp,fptt;  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double *xits;  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   pt=vector(1,n);  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   ptt=vector(1,n);  char title[MAXLINE];
   xit=vector(1,n);  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   xits=vector(1,n);  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   *fret=(*func)(p);  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  int  outcmd=0;
     fp=(*fret);  
     ibig=0;  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
     del=0.0;  
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     printf("\n");  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
       fptt=(*fret);  
 #ifdef DEBUG  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  struct timezone tzp;
 #endif  extern int gettimeofday();
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  long time_value;
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  extern long time();
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
         ibig=i;  
       }  char *endptr;
 #ifdef DEBUG  long lval;
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  double dval;
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  #define NR_END 1
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  #define FREE_ARG char*
       }  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  #define NRANSI 
       printf("\n");  #define ITMAX 200 
 #endif  
     }  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
       int k[2],l;  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
       k[0]=1;  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
       k[1]=-1;  
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  #define GOLD 1.618034 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
       printf("\n");  
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);    
         }  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
       }  
 #endif  static double sqrarg;
   #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  int imx; 
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  int stepm=1;
       return;  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
     }  
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  int estepm;
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  int m,nb;
       pt[j]=p[j];  long *num;
     }  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
     if (fptt < fp) {  double **pmmij, ***probs;
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
       if (t < 0.0) {  double dateintmean=0;
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  double *weight;
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  int **s; /* Status */
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  double *agedc;
         }  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
 #ifdef DEBUG                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; */
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  double  idx; 
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
         printf("\n");  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
 #endif  int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
       }  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
     }  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
   }  
 }  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
   double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  
   /**************** split *************************/
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
 {  {
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
     */ 
   int i, ii,j,k;    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
   double **matprod2();  
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
   double **newm;    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
     if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
     }      /* get current working directory */
       /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
    cov[1]=1.;      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */      }
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
     newm=savm;      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
      cov[2]=agefin;      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
        l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
       }      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    }
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
     l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
     }
     savm=oldm;    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
     oldm=newm;    if (ss >0){
     maxmax=0.;      ss++;
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
       min=1.;      l1= strlen( name);
       max=0.;      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
         sumnew=0;      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];    }
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  }
       }  
       maxmin=max-min;  
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  /******************************************/
     }  
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
       return prlim;  {
     }    int i;
   }    int lg=0;
 }    i=0;
     lg=strlen(t);
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       (s[i] = t[i]);
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
 {    }
   double s1, s2;  }
   /*double t34;*/  
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
   { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    char *s;
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){    s=out;
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    while (*in != '\0'){
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];        in++;
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/      }
       }      *out++ = *in++;
       ps[i][j]=s2;    }
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/    *out='\0';
     }    return s;
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  }
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  {
       }    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
       ps[i][j]=s2;       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     }       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
   }       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/    */
     char *s, *t, *bl;
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    t=in;s=in;
      s1=0;    while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)      *alocc++ = *in++;
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    }
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    if( *in == occ){
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);      *(alocc)='\0';
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);      s=++in;
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    }
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];   
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */      in=s;
   } /* end i */    }
     while ( *in != '\0'){
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){      *blocc++ = *in++;
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    }
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  
       ps[ii][ii]=1;    *blocc='\0';
     }    return t;
   }  }
   char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
   {
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
    }       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
     printf("\n ");    */
     }    char *s, *t;
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/    t=in;s=in;
 /*    while (*in != '\0'){
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);      while( *in == occ){
   goto end;*/        *blocc++ = *in++;
     return ps;        s=in;
 }      }
       *blocc++ = *in++;
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/    }
     if (s == t) /* occ not found */
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
 {    else
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */    in=s;
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized    while ( *in != '\0'){
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns      *alocc++ = *in++;
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */    }
   long i, j, k;  
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)    *alocc='\0';
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)    return s;
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  }
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  
   int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   return out;  {
 }    int i,j=0;
     int lg=20;
     i=0;
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/    lg=strlen(s);
     for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
 {    }
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month    return j;
      duration (i.e. until  }
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  /* { */
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
      included manually here.  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
   /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
      */  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
   /*   i=0; */
   int i, j, d, h, k;  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
   double **newm;  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
   /*   } */
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  /*   } */
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
     }  
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  /*   } */
       newm=savm;  /* } */
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  
       cov[1]=1.;  /********************** nrerror ********************/
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  void nrerror(char error_text[])
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  {
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   }
   /*********************** vector *******************/
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  {
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    double *v;
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       savm=oldm;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
       oldm=newm;    return v-nl+NR_END;
     }  }
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  /************************ free vector ******************/
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  {
          */    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       }  }
   } /* end h */  
   return po;  /************************ivector *******************************/
 }  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
   {
     int *v;
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
 double func( double *x)    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
 {    return v-nl+NR_END;
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  }
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  
   double **out;  /******************free ivector **************************/
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */  {
   long ipmx;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   /*extern weight */  }
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */  
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  /************************lvector *******************************/
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  {
   */    long *v;
   cov[1]=1.;    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
     if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;    return v-nl+NR_END;
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  }
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];  
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  /******************free lvector **************************/
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  {
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
         newm=savm;  }
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
         }       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
          { 
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    int **m; 
         savm=oldm;    
         oldm=newm;    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
            m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
            if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
       } /* end mult */    m += NR_END; 
          m -= nrl; 
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/    
       ipmx +=1;    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
       sw += weight[i];    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
     } /* end of wave */    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
   } /* end of individual */    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
     
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */    
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
   return -l;    return m; 
 }  } 
   
   /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
         int **m;
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
 {       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
   int i,j, iter;  { 
   double **xi,*delti;    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
   double fret;    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  } 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  /******************* matrix *******************************/
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   printf("Powell\n");  {
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
     double **m;
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
 }    m += NR_END;
     m -= nrl;
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
 {    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
   double **hess;    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   int i, j,jk;  
   int *indx;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     return m;
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;     */
   }
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   /*************************free matrix ************************/
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  {
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/  }
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/  
   }  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
    double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  {
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
       if (j>i) {    double ***m;
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);  
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];        if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/    m += NR_END;
       }    m -= nrl;
     }  
   }    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   printf("\n");    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     m[nrl] += NR_END;
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");    m[nrl] -= ncl;
    
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   x=vector(1,npar);    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   indx=ivector(1,npar);    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
       m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
     x[j]=1;      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];    }
     }    return m; 
   }    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
              &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  }
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
     }  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
     printf("\n");  {
   }    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   /* Recompute Inverse */    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  }
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
   char *subdirf(char fileres[])
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");  {
     /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
     x[j]=1;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    return tmpout;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  }
       y[i][j]=x[i];  
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
     }  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
     printf("\n");  {
   }    
   */    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   free_vector(x,1,npar);    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);    return tmpout;
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);  }
   
   /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
 }  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
   {
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/    
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
 {    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   int i;    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   int l=1, lmax=20;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   double k1,k2;    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   double res;    return tmpout;
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  }
   double fx;  
   int k=0,kmax=10;  /***************** f1dim *************************/
   double l1;  extern int ncom; 
   extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   fx=func(x);  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];   
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  double f1dim(double x) 
     l1=pow(10,l);  { 
     delts=delt;    int j; 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){    double f;
       delt = delta*(l1*k);    double *xt; 
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;   
       k1=func(p2)-fx;    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
       k2=func(p2)-fx;    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */    return f; 
        } 
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);  /*****************brent *************************/
 #endif  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */  { 
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){    int iter; 
         k=kmax;    double a,b,d,etemp;
       }    double fu,fv,fw,fx;
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    double ftemp;
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
       }    double e=0.0; 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){   
         delts=delt;    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
       }    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
     }    x=w=v=bx; 
   }    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
   delti[theta]=delts;    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
   return res;      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
        tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
 }      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       printf(".");fflush(stdout);
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
 {  #ifdef DEBUG
   int i;      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  #endif
   int k;      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
         *xmin=x; 
   fx=func(x);        return fx; 
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {      } 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];      ftemp=fu;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
          p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;        q=2.0*(q-r); 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
     k2=func(p2)-fx;        q=fabs(q); 
          etemp=e; 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;        e=d; 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
     k3=func(p2)-fx;          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
          else { 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;          d=p/q; 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;          u=x+d; 
     k4=func(p2)-fx;          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
 #ifdef DEBUG        } 
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);      } else { 
 #endif        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   }      } 
   return res;      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
 }      fu=(*f)(u); 
       if (fu <= fx) { 
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
 {          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
   int i,imax,j,k;          } else { 
   double big,dum,sum,temp;            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
   double *vv;            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
                v=w; 
   vv=vector(1,n);              w=u; 
   *d=1.0;              fv=fw; 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {              fw=fu; 
     big=0.0;            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)              v=u; 
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;              fv=fu; 
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");            } 
     vv[i]=1.0/big;          } 
   }    } 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {    *xmin=x; 
       sum=a[i][j];    return fx; 
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  } 
       a[i][j]=sum;  
     }  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
     big=0.0;  
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
       sum=a[i][j];              double (*func)(double)) 
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)  { 
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
       a[i][j]=sum;    double fu; 
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {   
         big=dum;    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
         imax=i;    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
       }    if (*fb > *fa) { 
     }      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
     if (j != imax) {        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {        } 
         dum=a[imax][k];    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
         a[j][k]=dum;    while (*fb > *fc) { 
       }      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
       *d = -(*d);      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
       vv[imax]=vv[j];      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
     }        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
     indx[j]=imax;      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
     if (j != n) {        fu=(*func)(u); 
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;        fu=(*func)(u); 
     }        if (fu < *fc) { 
   }          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
 ;            } 
 }      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
         u=ulim; 
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])        fu=(*func)(u); 
 {      } else { 
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
   double sum;        fu=(*func)(u); 
        } 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
     ip=indx[i];        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
     sum=b[ip];        } 
     b[ip]=b[i];  } 
     if (ii)  
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  /*************** linmin ************************/
     else if (sum) ii=i;  
     b[i]=sum;  int ncom; 
   }  double *pcom,*xicom;
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     sum=b[i];   
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];  { 
   }    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
 }                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
     double f1dim(double x); 
 /************ Frequencies ********************/    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
 {  /* Some frequencies */    int j; 
      double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    double fx,fb,fa;
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */   
   double *pp;    ncom=n; 
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;    pcom=vector(1,n); 
   FILE *ficresp;    xicom=vector(1,n); 
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];    nrfunc=func; 
      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");    } 
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);    ax=0.0; 
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {    xx=1.0; 
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
     exit(0);    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
   }  #ifdef DEBUG
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   j1=0;    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
    #endif
   j=cptcoveff;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}      xi[j] *= xmin; 
        p[j] += xi[j]; 
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){    } 
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
       j1++;    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);  } 
         scanf("%d", i);*/  
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    {
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
          sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
       dateintsum=0;    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
       k2cpt=0;    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
         bool=1;    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
         if  (cptcovn>0) {    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    return ascdiff;
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])  }
               bool=0;  
         }  /*************** powell ************************/
         if (bool==1) {  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){              double (*func)(double [])) 
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);  { 
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;                double (*func)(double [])); 
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;    int i,ibig,j; 
               if (m<lastpass) {    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];    double fp,fptt;
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];    double *xits;
               }    int niterf, itmp;
                
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {    pt=vector(1,n); 
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;    ptt=vector(1,n); 
                 k2cpt++;    xit=vector(1,n); 
               }    xits=vector(1,n); 
             }    *fret=(*func)(p); 
           }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
         }    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
       }      fp=(*fret); 
              ibig=0; 
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);      del=0.0; 
       last_time=curr_time;
       if  (cptcovn>0) {      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); fflush(ficlog);
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); */
       }     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
            }
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){      printf("\n");
         if(i==(int)agemax+3)      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           printf("Total");      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
         else      if(*iter <=3){
           printf("Age %d", i);        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        forecast_time=curr_time; 
         }        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
           else          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
         }  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
           strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          itmp = strlen(strfor);
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
         }          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
           fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)        }
           pos += pp[jk];      }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
           if(pos>=1.e-5)        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);        fptt=(*fret); 
           else  #ifdef DEBUG
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
           if( i <= (int) agemax){        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
             if(pos>=1.e-5){  #endif
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
             }        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
             else          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);          ibig=i; 
           }        } 
         }  #ifdef DEBUG
                printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
         if(i <= (int) agemax)          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
         printf("\n");        }
       }        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     }          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
   }          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;        }
          printf("\n");
   fclose(ficresp);        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  #endif
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      } 
        if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
   /* End of Freq */  #ifdef DEBUG
 }        int k[2],l;
         k[0]=1;
 /************ Prevalence ********************/        k[1]=-1;
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
 {  /* Some frequencies */        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
   double *pp;        }
   double pos, k2;        printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
              ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   j1=0;            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
            }
   j=cptcoveff;          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
          }
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){  #endif
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  
       j1++;  
              free_vector(xit,1,n); 
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)          free_vector(xits,1,n); 
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;        return; 
            } 
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
         bool=1;      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         if  (cptcovn>0) {        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])        pt[j]=p[j]; 
               bool=0;      } 
         }      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
         if (bool==1) {      if (fptt < fp) { 
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);        if (t < 0.0) { 
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
               if (m<lastpass) {            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
                 if (calagedate>0)          }
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];  #ifdef DEBUG
                 else          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
               }            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
             }            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
           }          }
         }          printf("\n");
       }          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  #endif
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        }
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)      } 
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    } 
         }  } 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];  
         }  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
          {
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  
         }    int i, ii,j,k;
            double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
            double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        double **newm;
           if( i <= (int) agemax){    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
             if(pos>=1.e-5){  
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             }      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           }        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         }      }
          
       }     cov[1]=1.;
     }   
   }   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
        newm=savm;
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      cov[2]=agefin;
        
 }  /* End of Freq */      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/        /*printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[%d][Tvar[%d]]=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
       }
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
 {      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /\* Useless *\/ */
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.      /*   cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]]; */
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).      
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
      */      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
       /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
   int i, mi, m;      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;      
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/      savm=oldm;
       oldm=newm;
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;      maxmax=0.;
   double sum=0.;      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
   jmin=1e+5;        min=1.;
   jmax=-1;        max=0.;
   jmean=0.;        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){          sumnew=0;
     mi=0;          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
     m=firstpass;          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){          /*printf(" prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d \n", i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin);*/
       if(s[m][i]>=1)          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
         mw[++mi][i]=m;          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
       if(m >=lastpass)        }
         break;        maxmin=max-min;
       else        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
         m++;      }
     }/* end while */      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){        return prlim;
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */      }
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */    }
          /* Only death is a correct wave */  }
       mw[mi][i]=m;  
     }  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
   
     wav[i]=mi;  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
     if(mi==0)  {
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
   }       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
        model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
       if (stepm <=0)       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
         dh[mi][i]=1;       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
       else{       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
           k=k+1;    */
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;    double s1, lnpijopii;
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;    /*double t34;*/
           sum=sum+j;    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */  
           }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
         }        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
         else{          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
           k=k+1;            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;          }
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
           sum=sum+j;  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
         }        }
         jk= j/stepm;        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         jl= j -jk*stepm;          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
         if(jl <= -ju)            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
           dh[mi][i]=jk;  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
         else          }
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)        }
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */      }
       }      
     }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
   }        s1=0;
   jmean=sum/k;        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
  }          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/        }
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
 {          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   int cptcode=0;        }
   cptcoveff=0;        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
          ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;        /* Computing other pijs */
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
           ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
       Ndum[ij]++;      } /* end i */
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/      
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
     }        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           ps[ii][jj]=0;
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {          ps[ii][ii]=1;
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;        }
     }      }
     ij=1;      
       
       /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {      /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {      /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {      /*   } */
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;      /*   printf("\n "); */
                /* } */
           ij++;      /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
         }      /*
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
       }          goto end;*/
     }      return ps;
   }    }
   
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
   
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
       ij=Tvar[i];  {
       Ndum[ij]++;    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
     }       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
     /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
  ij=1;       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){    int i, j, k;
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
      ij++;      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
    }        out[i][k]=0.;
  }        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
            out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
     cptcoveff=ij-1;      }
 }    return out;
   }
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/  
   
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
   
 {  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
   /* Health expectancies */  {
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
   double age, agelim, hf;       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
   double ***p3mat,***varhe;       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
   double **dnewm,**doldm;       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
   double *xp;       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
   double **gp, **gm;       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;       for the memory).
   int theta;       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
        included manually here. 
   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);  
   xp=vector(1,npar);       */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);  
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);    int i, j, d, h, k;
      double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");    double **newm;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   if(estepm < stepm){      }
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   }    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
   else  hstepm=estepm;        for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months        newm=savm;
    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them        cov[1]=1.;
    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
    * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
   
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */  
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */        savm=oldm;
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the        oldm=newm;
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it      }
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   */          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */        }
       /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
   agelim=AGESUP;    } /* end h */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */    return po;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);  }
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */  
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/  
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  double func( double *x)
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);  {
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double **out;
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);      int s1, s2;
      double bbh, survp;
     long ipmx;
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */    /*extern weight */
     /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){    */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    cov[1]=1.;
       }  
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
    
       cptj=0;    if(mle==1){
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
           cptj=cptj+1;           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
           }         */
         }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
       }          cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
              }
              /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);           has been calculated etc */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
                for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       cptj=0;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           cptj=cptj+1;            }
           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;            newm=savm;
           }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         }            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       }              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
                  }
                out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)            savm=oldm;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){            oldm=newm;
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];          } /* end mult */
         }        
           /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
      }          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
               * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
 /* End theta */           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
            * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
            * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
         trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
            * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
            */
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           /* bias bh is positive if real duration
      printf("%d||",(int)age);fflush(stdout);           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){           */
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
       }               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
     }               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
           as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
                health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
     /* Computing expectancies */          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
                    contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
 /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
           and month of death but the probability to survive from last
         }          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
           probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
     cptj=0;          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){          lower mortality.
         cptj++;            */
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
       }  
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");  
              } else if  (s2==-2) {
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);            lli= log(survp);
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          }
   }          
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          else if  (s2==-4) { 
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);            lli= log(survp); 
 }          } 
   
 /************ Variance ******************/          else if  (s2==-5) { 
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm)            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
 {              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   /* Variance of health expectancies */            lli= log(survp); 
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          } 
   double **newm;          
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          else{
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   int k, cptcode;            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
   double *xp;          } 
   double **gp, **gm;          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
   double ***p3mat;          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
   double age,agelim, hf;          ipmx +=1;
   int theta;          sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");        } /* end of wave */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");      } /* end of individual */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    }  else if(mle==2){
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   xp=vector(1,npar);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
              }
   if(estepm < stepm){          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);            newm=savm;
   }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   else  hstepm=estepm;              for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.            }
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size            savm=oldm;
      and note for a fixed period like k years */            oldm=newm;
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the          } /* end mult */
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it        
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   */          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */          ipmx +=1;
   agelim = AGESUP;          sw += weight[i];
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        } /* end of wave */
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */      } /* end of individual */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }            }
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);            newm=savm;
             cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       if (popbased==1) {            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];            }
       }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){            savm=oldm;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            oldm=newm;
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)          } /* end mult */
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];        
         }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       }          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
              bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          ipmx +=1;
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            sw += weight[i];
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
          } /* end of wave */
       if (popbased==1) {      } /* end of individual */
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         }            }
       }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
         }            }
     } /* End theta */          
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)            oldm=newm;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          } /* end mult */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)          }else{
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           }
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){          ipmx +=1;
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){          sw += weight[i];
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        } /* end of wave */
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)      } /* end of individual */
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
       }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }            }
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);            newm=savm;
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            }
   } /* End age */          
              out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);            savm=oldm;
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
 }        
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
 {          ipmx +=1;
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */          sw += weight[i];
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   double **newm;          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        } /* end of wave */
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;      } /* end of individual */
   int k, cptcode;    } /* End of if */
   double *xp;    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
   double *gp, *gm;    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
   double **gradg, **trgradg;    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
   double age,agelim;    return -l;
   int theta;  }
      
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");  double funcone( double *x)
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  {
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
     double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   xp=vector(1,npar);    double **out;
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    double llt;
      int s1, s2;
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    double bbh, survp;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    /*extern weight */
   agelim = AGESUP;    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    */
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);    cov[1]=1.;
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);  
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       }        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
              }
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          newm=savm;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           }
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     } /* End theta */                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
           savm=oldm;
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          oldm=newm;
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        } /* end mult */
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        
         s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        /* bias is positive if real duration
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)         */
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
           lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );        } else if  (s2==-2) {
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");          lli= log(survp);
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);        }else if (mle==1){
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);        } else if(mle==2){
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   } /* End age */        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
           lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
 }          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
         } /* End of if */
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/        ipmx +=1;
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)        sw += weight[i];
 {        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   int i, j, i1, k1, j1, z1;        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   int k=0, cptcode;        if(globpr){
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
   double *xp;   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
   double *gp, *gm;                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
   double **gradg, **trgradg;                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
   int theta;            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
           }
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);        }
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {      } /* end of wave */
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);    } /* end of individual */
   }    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
      l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
 fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and standard deviation in parentheses\n");    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");      gipmx=ipmx;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      gsw=sw;
     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    }
       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);    return -l;
   }
   
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");  
   /*************** function likelione ***********/
   void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   xp=vector(1,npar);  {
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));       the selection of individuals/waves and
         to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
   cov[1]=1;       Plotting could be done.
   j=cptcoveff;     */
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    int k;
   j1=0;  
   for(k1=1; k1<=1;k1++){    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
     j1++;      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
       if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
     if  (cptcovn>0) {        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
       fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
       for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);      }
       fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
     }      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
          /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
         cov[2]=age;        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];    }
            
         }    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    if(*globpri !=0){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)      fclose(ficresilk);
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
              fflush(fichtm); 
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);    } 
         trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);    return;
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  }
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  
      
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)  
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
            {
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);    int i,j, iter;
              double **xi;
           k=0;    double fret;
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
               k=k+1;    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
             }      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
           }        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
              printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
        if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
           k=0;      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    }
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
               k=k+1;    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
             }        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
           }    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
        
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];    
         }    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
     fclose(ficrespow);
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
          
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  }
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);  
          /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
          {
         k=0;    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    double **hess;
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    int i, j,jk;
             k=k+1;    int *indx;
             gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];  
           }    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
         }    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
          void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){    double gompertz(double p[]);
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
      }*/  
     printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++)      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
           fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e (%.3e) ",gm[i],sqrt(doldm[i][i]));      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
       
       }       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
     }      
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    }
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    
   }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
   fclose(ficresprob);        if (j>i) { 
            printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
 }          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
           hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/          
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
  int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[], \        }
  char optionfilehtm[],char rfileres[], char optionfilegnuplot[],\      }
  char version[], int popforecast, int estepm ){    }
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;    printf("\n");
   FILE *fichtm;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/  
     printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");    
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   }    x=vector(1,npar);
     indx=ivector(1,npar);
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
 \n    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n  
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
  <ul><li>Outputs files<br>\n      x[j]=1;
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
  - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
  - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n      }
  - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n    }
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);  
     printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
   - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
  - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
  - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
  - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);      }
       printf("\n");
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n    }
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n  
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);    /* Recompute Inverse */
  else    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
 fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   
  m=cptcoveff;    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
  jj1=0;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){      x[j]=1;
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
        jj1++;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
        if (cptcovn > 0) {        y[i][j]=x[i];
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);      }
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");      printf("\n");
        }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.png<br>    }
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);        */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){  
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.png<br>    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
        }    free_vector(x,1,npar);
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.png <br>  
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);    
      }  }
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {  
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.png <br>  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
      }  {
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and    int i;
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.png<br>    int l=1, lmax=20;
 <img src=\"e%s%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);    double k1,k2;
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
    }    double res;
    }    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
 fclose(fichtm);    double fx;
 }    int k=0,kmax=10;
     double l1;
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/  
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){    fx=func(x);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
       l1=pow(10,l);
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);      delts=delt;
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp.txt");      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {        delt = delta*(l1*k);
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
   }        k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
         p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
 #ifdef windows        k2=func(p2)-fx;
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
 #endif        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);        
    #ifdef DEBUGHESS
  /* 1eme*/        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {  #endif
         /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
 #ifdef windows        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          k=kmax;
      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        }
 #endif        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
 #ifdef unix          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);        }
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
 #endif          delts=delt;
         }
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {      }
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    }
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    delti[theta]=delts;
 }    return res; 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  }
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
 }  {
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    int i;
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
 }      int k;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));  
 #ifdef unix    fx=func(x);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n");    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
 #endif      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
    }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
   }      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   /*2 eme*/      k1=func(p2)-fx;
     
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.png\" \n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);      k2=func(p2)-fx;
        
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
       k=2*i;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      k3=func(p2)-fx;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
 }        k4=func(p2)-fx;
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);  #ifdef DEBUG
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  #endif
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    }
 }      return res;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");  }
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  { 
 }      int i,imax,j,k; 
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    double *vv; 
     }   
   }    vv=vector(1,n); 
      *d=1.0; 
   /*3eme*/    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       big=0.0; 
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.png\" \n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);    } 
       /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);        sum=a[i][j]; 
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");        a[i][j]=sum; 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);      } 
       big=0.0; 
 */      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {        sum=a[i][j]; 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
           sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
       }        a[i][j]=sum; 
     }        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
   }          big=dum; 
            imax=i; 
   /* CV preval stat */        } 
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      } 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {      if (j != imax) { 
       k=3;        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.png\" \n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          dum=a[imax][k]; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
           a[j][k]=dum; 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)        } 
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);        *d = -(*d); 
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
            } 
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      indx[j]=imax; 
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      if (j != n) { 
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
       }      } 
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);      } 
     }    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   }    ;
    } 
   /* proba elementaires */  
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){  { 
       if (k != i) {    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    double sum; 
           
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
           jk++;      ip=indx[i]; 
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");      sum=b[ip]; 
         }      b[ip]=b[i]; 
       }      if (ii) 
     }        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
    }      else if (sum) ii=i; 
       b[i]=sum; 
    for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {    } 
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.png\" \n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);      sum=b[i]; 
      i=1;      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
      for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
        k3=i;    } 
        for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {  } 
          if (k != k2){  
            fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
            ij=1;  {
            for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
              if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {  }
                fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);  
                ij++;  /************ Frequencies ********************/
              }  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
              else  {  /* Some frequencies */
                fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    
            }    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
            fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");    int first;
                double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
            for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){      double *pp, **prop;
              fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
              ij=1;    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
              for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    
                if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
                  ij++;    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
                }    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
                else    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
              }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
              fprintf(ficgp,")");      exit(0);
            }    }
            fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
            if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");    j1=0;
            i=i+ncovmodel;    
          }    j=cptcoveff;
        }    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
      }  
    }    first=1;
      
    fclose(ficgp);    /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){   /* Loop on covariates */
 }  /* end gnuplot */    /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ /* Now it is 2 */
     /*    j1++;
   */
 /*************** Moving average **************/    for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
           scanf("%d", i);*/
   int i, cpt, cptcod;        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;        
            for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){            prop[i][m]=0;
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){        
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){        dateintsum=0;
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];        k2cpt=0;
           }        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;          bool=1;
         }          if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
       }            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
     }              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]){
                      /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
 }                bool=0;
                 /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtab[%d][%d]=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtab[%d][%d]=%d, j1=%d\n", 
                   bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtab[j1][z1],
 /************** Forecasting ******************/                  j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]],j1);*/
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){                /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtab[7][3]=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
                } 
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;          }
   int *popage;   
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;          if (bool==1){
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
   double ***p3mat;              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
  agelim=AGESUP;                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                 if (m<lastpass) {
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                    freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                  }
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");                
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);                  k2cpt++;
   }                }
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);                /*}*/
             }
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;          }
         } /* end i */
   if (mobilav==1) {         
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);        pstamp(ficresp);
   }        if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
            fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
   agelim=AGESUP;          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
            fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
   hstepm=1;        }
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
   anprojmean=yp;        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);        
   mprojmean=yp;        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);          if(i==iagemax+3){
   jprojmean=yp;            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;          }else{
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;            if(first==1){
                first=0;
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);              printf("See log file for details...\n");
              }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){          }
       k=k+1;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          }
       }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
                    if(first==1){
                      printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {              }
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);              }else{
               if(first==1)
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;            }
                    }
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);              for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
                      pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          }       
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);            pos += pp[jk];
             }            posprop += prop[jk][i];
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {          }
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                          if(pos>=1.e-5){
                 if (mobilav==1)              if(first==1)
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
                 else {              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];            }else{
                 }              if(first==1)
                                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){            }
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);            if( i <= iagemax){
                                      if(pos>=1.e-5){
               }                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
             }                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
           }                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);              }
         }              else
       }                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
     }            }
   }          }
                  
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
             for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   fclose(ficresf);              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
 }              if(first==1)
 /************** Forecasting ******************/                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
                }
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;          if(i <= iagemax)
   int *popage;            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;          if(first==1)
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;            printf("Others in log...\n");
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];        }
         /*}*/
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    }
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
   agelim=AGESUP;   
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;    fclose(ficresp);
      free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
      free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
      /* End of Freq */
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");  }
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);  
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {  /************ Prevalence ********************/
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
   }  {  
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
        in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
   if (mobilav==1) {   
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
   }    double *pp, **prop;
     double pos,posprop; 
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;    int iagemin, iagemax;
      int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
   agelim=AGESUP;  
      iagemin= (int) agemin;
   hstepm=1;    iagemax= (int) agemax;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
      prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
   if (popforecast==1) {    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {    j1=0;
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);    
     }    /*j=cptcoveff;*/
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);    
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);    first=1;
        for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
     i=1;        /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;        j1++;*/
            
     imx=i;        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   }            prop[i][m]=0.0;
        
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){          bool=1;
       k=k+1;          if  (cptcovn>0) {
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);                bool=0;
       }          } 
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");          if (bool==1) { 
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                      if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);                  if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
                        if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
                          } 
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);              }
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            } /* end selection of waves */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);            }
                }
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
             }          } 
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {          
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                          if( i <=  iagemax){ 
                 if (mobilav==1)              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
                 else {              } else{
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];                if(first==1){
                 }                  first=0;
               }                  printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){                }
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;              }
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);            } 
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/          }/* end jk */ 
               }        }/* end i */ 
             }      /*} *//* end i1 */
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    } /* end j1 */
               kk1=0.;    
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
                 }    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];  }  /* End of prevalence */
             }  
   /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
           }  {
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
         }       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
       }       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
         dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
   /******/       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
        */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {  
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);      int i, mi, m;
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    int first;
              int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    double sum=0.;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    first=0;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      jmin=1e+5;
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    jmax=-1;
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {    jmean=0.;
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
             }      mi=0;
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {      m=firstpass;
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                      if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];              mw[++mi][i]=m;
               }        if(m >=lastpass)
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);          break;
             }        else
           }          m++;
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      }/* end while */
         }      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
       }        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
    }        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
   }           /* Only death is a correct wave */
          mw[mi][i]=m;
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      }
   
   if (popforecast==1) {      wav[i]=mi;
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);      if(mi==0){
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);        nbwarn++;
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);        if(first==0){
   }          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          first=1;
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        }
   fclose(ficrespop);        if(first==1){
 }          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
         }
 /***********************************************/      } /* end mi==0 */
 /**************** Main Program *****************/    } /* End individuals */
 /***********************************************/  
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
 {        if (stepm <=0)
           dh[mi][i]=1;
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;        else{
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
               j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   double fret;              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
   double **xi,tmp,delta;              else if(j<0){
                 nberr++;
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   double ***p3mat;                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
   int *indx;                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   char title[MAXLINE];                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];              }
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];              k=k+1;
                if (j >= jmax){
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];                jmax=j;
                 ijmax=i;
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];              }
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];              if (j <= jmin){
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];                jmin=j;
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];                ijmin=i;
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;              }
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */              sum=sum+j;
   int c,  h , cpt,l;              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
   int ju,jl, mi;              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;            }
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;          }
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;          else{
   int hstepm, nhstepm;            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;            k=k+1;
   double ftolpl=FTOL;            if (j >= jmax) {
   double **prlim;              jmax=j;
   double *severity;              ijmax=i;
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */            }
   double  *p;            else if (j <= jmin){
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */              jmin=j;
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */              ijmin=i;
   double *delti; /* Scale */            }
   double ***eij, ***vareij;            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
   double *epj, vepp;            if(j<0){
   double kk1, kk2;              nberr++;
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
             }
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.8d, May 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";            sum=sum+j;
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];          }
           jk= j/stepm;
           jl= j -jk*stepm;
   char z[1]="c", occ;          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
 #include <sys/time.h>          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
 #include <time.h>            if(jl==0){
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];              dh[mi][i]=jk;
                bh[mi][i]=0;
   /* long total_usecs;            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;                    * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
                dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */              bh[mi][i]=ju;
   getcwd(pathcd, size);            }
           }else{
   printf("\n%s",version);            if(jl <= -ju){
   if(argc <=1){              dh[mi][i]=jk;
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
     scanf("%s",pathtot);                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   }                                   */
   else{            }
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);            else{
   }              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/              bh[mi][i]=ju;
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);            }
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
               bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);            }
   chdir(path);          } /* end if mle */
   replace(pathc,path);        }
       } /* end wave */
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/    }
     jmean=sum/k;
   strcpy(fileres,"r");    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */   }
   
   /*---------arguments file --------*/  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {  {
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);    /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     goto end;    /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
   }    /* Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
      * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
   strcpy(filereso,"o");    /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
   strcat(filereso,fileres);    */
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;    int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
   }    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    cptcoveff=0; 
     puts(line);   
     fputs(line,ficparo);    for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
   }    for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 : V1 + V3 = 2 only */
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Lopp on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
     ungetc(c,ficpar);                                      * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                                      * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
     puts(line);                                      * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
     fputs(line,ficparo);        /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
   }                                        modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        if (ij > modmaxcovj)
            modmaxcovj=ij; 
            else if (ij < modmincovj) 
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);          modmincovj=ij; 
   cptcovn=0;        if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;          printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
           exit(1);
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;        }else
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */        Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
          /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
   /* Read guess parameters */        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){           (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
     ungetc(c,ficpar);           female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      }
     puts(line);      printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
     fputs(line,ficparo);      cptcode=modmaxcovj;
   }      /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);     /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
        for (i=modmincovj;  i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value of the modality of model-cov j */
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        printf("Frequencies of covariates %d V%d %d\n", j, Tvar[j], Ndum[i]);
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)        if( Ndum[i] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered, empty modality */
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){          ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of non-null modalities of the j th covariate. */
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);        }
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);        /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);           historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){      } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);  
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);      /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4. If Ndum[2]=0 ncodemax[j] is not 4 but 3 */
       }      /* If Ndum[3}= 635; Ndum[4]=0; Ndum[5]=0; Ndum[6]=27; Ndum[7]=125;
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");         modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
       printf("\n");         There are only 3 modalities non empty (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");         which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10; defining two dummy 
     }         variables V1_1 and V1_2.
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;         nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
   p=param[1][1];         nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
        */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      ij=1; /* ij is similar to i but can jumps over null modalities */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *//* Could be 1 to 4 */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          /*recode from 0 */
     puts(line);          if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
     fputs(line,ficparo);            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
   }                                       k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);                                       then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
             ij++;
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);          }
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        }  /* end of loop on */
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){      } /* end of loop on modality */ 
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);    } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);   for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */ 
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
       }     Ndum[ij]++; 
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");   } 
       printf("\n");  
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");   ij=1;
     }   for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
   }     /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
   delti=delti3[1][1];     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
         /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       ij++;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);     }else
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);         Tvaraff[ij]=0;
     puts(line);   }
     fputs(line,ficparo);   ij--;
   }   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  
    }
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){  
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
     printf("%s",str);  
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);  void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){  
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);  {
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    /* Health expectancies, no variances */
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
     }    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");    double age, agelim, hf;
     printf("\n");    double ***p3mat;
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    double eip;
   }  
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)    pstamp(ficreseij);
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   printf("\n");      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
       }
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */    }
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */  
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */    
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {    if(estepm < stepm){
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }    }
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
        /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
     /*-------- data file ----------*/     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
     }     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
     n= lastobs;     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
     num=ivector(1,n);     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
     moisnais=vector(1,n);  
     annais=vector(1,n);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     moisdc=vector(1,n);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
     andc=vector(1,n);       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     agedc=vector(1,n);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     cod=ivector(1,n);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     weight=vector(1,n);       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);           results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);    */
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     i=1;    agelim=AGESUP;
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {    /* If stepm=6 months */
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
                 in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){      
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);  /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
           strcpy(line,stra);    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
         }    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
            p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){      /* If stepm=6 months */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
         }         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
         num[i]=atol(stra);      
              hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){      
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       
         i=i+1;      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       }      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
     }      
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);      /* Computing expectancies */
        scanf("%d",i);*/      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;            
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;  
     }*/          }
    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){  
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
          eip=0;
          for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/          eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);          fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);        }
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);        fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);      }
   Tage=ivector(1,15);            fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
          
   if (strlen(model) >1){    }
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;    free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     j=nbocc(model,'+');    printf("\n");
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     cptcovn=j+1;    
     cptcovprod=j1;  }
      
     strcpy(modelsav,model);  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){  
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);  {
       goto end;    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
     }     to initial status i, ei. .
        */
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);    double age, agelim, hf;
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/    double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/    double **dnewm,**doldm;
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {    double *xp, *xm;
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');    double **gp, **gm;
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
           cptcovprod--;    int theta;
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');  
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    double eip, vip;
           cptcovage++;  
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/    xp=vector(1,npar);
         }    xm=vector(1,npar);
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
           cptcovprod--;    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');    
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    pstamp(ficresstdeij);
           cptcovage++;    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
         }    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         else {      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;      fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');    }
           Tprod[k1]=i;    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);  
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);    pstamp(ficrescveij);
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           k1++;        cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           k2=k2+2;        for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
         }          for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
       }            cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
       else {            if(cptj2 <= cptj)
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/          }
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');      }
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
       }    
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);      if(estepm < stepm){
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
         scanf("%d",i);*/    }
     }    else  hstepm=estepm;   
 }    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
       * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
   scanf("%d ",i);*/     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
     fclose(fic);     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
     /*  if(mle==1){*/     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
     }  
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
          anint[m][i]=9999;    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
          s[m][i]=-1;       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        }       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
       }       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     }    */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {  
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);    /* If stepm=6 months */
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
         if(s[m][i] >0){    agelim=AGESUP;
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
             if(agedc[i]>0)    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/    
            else {    p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
               if (andc[i]!=9999){    p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);    gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
               agev[m][i]=-1;    trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
               }    gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
             }    gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
           }  
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
               agev[m][i]=1;      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
               agemin=agev[m][i];  
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/      /* If stepm=6 months */
             }      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
               agemax=agev[m][i];      
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
             }  
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/      /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/      /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
           }         decrease memory allocation */
           else { /* =9 */      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             agev[m][i]=1;        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
             s[m][i]=-1;          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           }          xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }        }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
           agev[m][i]=1;        hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
       }    
            for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
     }          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){              gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {              gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");              }
           goto end;          }
         }        }
       }       
     }        for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);            gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
           }
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);      }/* End theta */
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);      
     free_vector(annais,1,n);      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
     free_vector(andc,1,n);      
   
           for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
     wav=ivector(1,imx);        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);          varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);  
           printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
     /* Concatenates waves */       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);          for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
       ncodemax[1]=1;            for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);              varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
              }
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);      }
    h=0;  
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);      /* Computing expectancies */
        hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
            h++;            
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/  
          }          }
        }  
      }      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
    }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);        eip=0.;
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */        vip=0.;
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){          eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);          for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
       }            vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
       printf("\n");          fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
       }        }
       scanf("%d",i);*/        fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
          }
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */  
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
            for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */              if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                      fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]            }
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */        }
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */      fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
      
     if(mle==1){    }
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);    free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     }    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
        free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);    free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
      free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
    jk=1;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");  
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");    free_vector(xm,1,npar);
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
        if (k != i)    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
          {    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);  }
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);  
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){  /************ Variance ******************/
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);  {
              jk++;    /* Variance of health expectancies */
            }    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
            printf("\n");    /* double **newm;*/
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");    double **dnewm,**doldm;
          }    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
      }    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
    }    int k, cptcode;
  if(mle==1){    double *xp;
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
  }    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");    double ***p3mat;
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    double age,agelim, hf;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){    double ***mobaverage;
         if (j!=i) {    int theta;
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);    char digit[4];
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    char digitp[25];
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){  
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);  
             jk++;    if(popbased==1){
           }      if(mobilav!=0)
           printf("\n");        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
         }    }
       }    else 
      }      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
      
     k=1;    if (mobilav!=0) {
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;      }
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);    }
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/  
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
       printf("%3d",i);    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
       }    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("\n");      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       k++;      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     }    }
        printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){   
       ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
       puts(line);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
       fputs(line,ficparo);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
     }    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
     estepm=0;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;    }  
     if (fage <= 2) {    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
       bage = ageminpar;    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
       fage = agemaxpar;    /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
     }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");  /*   } */
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);    pstamp(ficresvij);
      fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    if(popbased==1)
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    else
     puts(line);      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
     fputs(line,ficparo);    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
   }    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
          fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
   fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);  
  fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    xp=vector(1,npar);
          dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     puts(line);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   }    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;    if(estepm < stepm){
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);      /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);      /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
         nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);       Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     puts(line);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     fputs(line,ficparo);       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
   }       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);    agelim = AGESUP;
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     puts(line);      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);        }
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);  
         if (popbased==1) {
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/          if(mobilav ==0){
  printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
  chdir(path);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);          }
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        }
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      
  free_ivector(num,1,n);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
  fclose(ficparo);              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
  fclose(ficres);          }
         }
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm,rfileres,optionfilegnuplot,version,popforecast,estepm);           as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
          for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
              gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");        }    
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);        /* end probability of death */
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
   }          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");   
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);        if (popbased==1) {
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");          if(mobilav ==0){
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          }
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */        }
   k=0;  
   agebase=ageminpar;        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
   agelim=agemaxpar;          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   ftolpl=1.e-10;            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
   i1=cptcoveff;              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}          }
         }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
         k=k+1;           as a weighted average of prlim.
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/        */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");        }    
                /* end probability of death */
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){  
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);          }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");  
         }        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
       }          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
     }        }
   fclose(ficrespl);  
       } /* End theta */
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/  
        trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);  
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   }          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
    
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
   agelim=AGESUP;    
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */  
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   k=0;        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  
       k=k+1;      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
                    for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        }
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */      }
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      /* pptj */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      /* end ppptj */
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      /*  x centered again */
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)   
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);      if (popbased==1) {
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");        if(mobilav ==0){
              }          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
         }          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     }            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
   }        }
       }
   varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);               
       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   fclose(ficrespij);         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          as a weighted average of prlim.
       */
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);      }    
   }      /* end probability of death */
   else{  
     erreur=108;      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   }        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/        }
       } 
   strcpy(filerest,"t");      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   strcat(filerest,fileres);  
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   strcpy(filerese,"e");      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   strcat(filerese,fileres);      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   }      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);    free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240");
   }    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   calagedate=-1;  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
 prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   k=0;    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
       k=k+1;    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  */
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    fflush(fichtm); 
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  }  /* end varevsij */
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);    
    /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  {
        varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm);    /* Variance of prevalence limit */
        /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
     double **newm;
      double **dnewm,**doldm;
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);    int k, cptcode;
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");    double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);    double **gradg, **trgradg;
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){    double age,agelim;
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);    int theta;
         if (popbased==1) {    
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    pstamp(ficresvpl);
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
         }    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){    fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {  
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];    xp=vector(1,npar);
             /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
           }    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];    
         }    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)    agelim = AGESUP;
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
         }      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
       }  
     }      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
 free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);        }
     free_vector(weight,1,n);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   fclose(ficreseij);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   fclose(ficresvij);          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
   fclose(ficrest);      
   fclose(ficpar);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
          prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");  
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);      } /* End theta */
     exit(0);  
   }      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   k=0;        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  
       k=k+1;      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
              varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);  
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     }        fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
  }      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
   fclose(ficresvpl);      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    } /* End age */
    
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
      free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
    
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  }
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
    {
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);    int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    int k=0,l, cptcode;
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
   if(erreur >0)    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);    double *xp;
   else   printf("End of Imach\n");    double *gp, *gm;
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */    double **gradg, **trgradg;
      double **mu;
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/    double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/    double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
   /*------ End -----------*/    int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
  end:    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #ifdef windows    double ***varpij;
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/  
 #endif    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);    }
  strcat(plotcmd," ");    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
  system(plotcmd);    if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
 #ifdef windows      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
   while (z[0] != 'q') {    }
     /* chdir(path); */    strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");    strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     scanf("%s",z);    if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);    }
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);    printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
   }    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
 #endif    printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
 }    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];/* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d_1.png\">%s%d_1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d_2.png\">%s%d_2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Convergence from each state (1 to %d) to period (stable) prevalence in state %d <a href=\"%s%d_%d.png\">%s%d_%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",nlstate, cpt, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m0,cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'vpl' files\n");
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d_%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files\n");
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small size 320, 240\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=1; j<= (nlstate-1) ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
     /*goto avoid;*/
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { /\* Bug valgrind *\/ */
                  /*        /\*fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);*\/ */
                  /*        ij++; */
                  /* } */
                  /* else */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { */
                    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]); */
                    /*   ij++; */
                    /* } */
                    /* else */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    avoid:
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small size 320, 240\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i, j, n;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       for (j=0; line[j]!='\0';j++){
         line[j]=linetmp[j];
       }
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ = *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int i1, j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V2*age+V3 +V3*V4=> V1 + V3 =2  */
       cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     /* but the covariates which are products must be treated separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
       cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /*   Design
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
        *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
        *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
        *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
        *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
        *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
        *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
        *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
        *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
        *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
        *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
        *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
        *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
        *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
        *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
        * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
        *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
        * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
        *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
        *How to reorganize?
        * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
        * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
        * Struct []
        */
   
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       /*
        * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
       cptcovage=0;
       for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
         cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
             /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cptcovn++;
             cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             k2=k2+2;
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
           cptcovn++;
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     endread:
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s with errno=%s\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s with errno=%s\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2;
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel > 2)
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
   
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtab[100][10]);*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*/
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              *     h     1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     1
              *    10     2     1     1     1
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     1
              *    12     2     2     1     1
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     1    
              *    14     2     1     2     1
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     1
              *    16     2     2     2     1
              */
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             /*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*/
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #elsedef
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #elsedef
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
   #include "prevlim.h"  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   #include "hpijx.h"
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
           /*
            */
           /* goto endfree; */
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
   
   
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* Segmentation fault */
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart);
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         /*}*/
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    endfree:
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
       printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
     }
     printf(" Successul, please wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
   #ifdef OSX
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #else
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
   #endif
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
         system(pplotcmd);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.42  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.154


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