Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.44 and 1.161

version 1.44, 2002/05/24 13:01:48 version 1.161, 2014/09/15 20:41:41
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.161  2014/09/15 20:41:41  brouard
      Summary: Problem with macro SQR on Intel compiler
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Revision 1.160  2014/09/02 09:24:05  brouard
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    *** empty log message ***
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the  
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a    Revision 1.159  2014/09/01 10:34:10  brouard
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    Summary: WIN32
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are    Author: Brouard
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a  
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    Revision 1.158  2014/08/27 17:11:51  brouard
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The    *** empty log message ***
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the  
   probability to be observed in state j at the second wave    Revision 1.157  2014/08/27 16:26:55  brouard
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore    Summary: Preparing windows Visual studio version
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    Author: Brouard
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more  
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    In order to compile on Visual studio, time.h is now correct and time_t
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    and tm struct should be used. difftime should be used but sometimes I
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the    just make the differences in raw time format (time(&now).
   convergence.    Trying to suppress #ifdef LINUX
     Add xdg-open for __linux in order to open default browser.
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple  
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    Revision 1.156  2014/08/25 20:10:10  brouard
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an    *** empty log message ***
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into  
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      Revision 1.155  2014/08/25 18:32:34  brouard
     Summary: New compile, minor changes
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h    Author: Brouard
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be  
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx  
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply    Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
   hPijx.    Author: Brouard
   
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
    
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    *** empty log message ***
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action  
   from the European Union.    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Author: brouard
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .  
   **********************************************************************/    Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
      Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
 #include <math.h>    Author: Nicolas Brouard
 #include <stdio.h>  
 #include <stdlib.h>    Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
 #include <unistd.h>    Summary: Nothing new
     Author: Brouard
 #define MAXLINE 256  
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"    Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/  
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
 /*#define DEBUG*/    *** empty log message ***
 #define windows  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    Summary: Merge
     Author: Brouard
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */  
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    Merge, before building revised version.
   
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Summary: Debugging with valgrind
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Author: Nicolas Brouard
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  
 #define MAXN 20000    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
 #define AGESUP 130    improve the code.
 #define AGEBASE 40    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
     continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
     Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
 int erreur; /* Error number */    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
 int nvar;    the source code.
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;  
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */  
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 int popbased=0;    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
   
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */  
 int mle, weightopt;    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */  
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */  
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;  
 FILE *ficreseij;    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
  FILE  *ficresvij;    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];  
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    *** empty log message ***
   
 #define NR_END 1    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
 #define FREE_ARG char*    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
   
 #define NRANSI    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
 #define ITMAX 200    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
     of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
     Some cleaning of code and comments added.
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660  
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   
 #define GOLD 1.618034    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 #define TINY 1.0e-20  
     Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    just nforces
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
      Many tings
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))  
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
     Some dimensions resccaled
 static double sqrarg;  
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
     lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
 int imx;    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
 int stepm;  
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
     Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
 int estepm;  
 /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
     (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
 int m,nb;  
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 double dateintmean=0;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
     (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
 double *weight;    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
 int **s; /* Status */    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    computation.
     In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */  
     Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
 /**************** split *************************/    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 {    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    Version 0.98h
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */  
     Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Forecasting file added.
 #ifdef windows  
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
 #else    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
    s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 #endif  
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
       extern char       *getwd( );    name. <head> headers where missing.
   
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 #else    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
       extern char       *getcwd( );    otherwise the weight is truncated).
     Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    1.
 #endif    Version 0.98g
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );  
       }    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    otherwise the weight is truncated).
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    1.
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    Version 0.98g
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */  
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
    }    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */  
 #ifdef windows    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 #else    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }  
 #endif    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
    s++;    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
    l1= strlen( name);  
    l2= strlen( s)+1;    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */  
 }    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
     (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
     table of variances if popbased=1 .
 /******************************************/    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     (Module): Function pstamp added
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    (Module): Version 0.98d
 {  
   int i;    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
   int lg=20;    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
   i=0;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
   lg=strlen(t);    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    (Module): Function pstamp added
     (s[i] = t[i]);    (Module): Version 0.98d
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  
   }    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
 }    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
     varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
   int i,j=0;    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
   lg=strlen(s);    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    filename with strsep.
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;  
   }    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
   return j;    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
 }    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
     allocation too.
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
   i=0;  
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   }    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
     can be a simple dot '.'.
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
     (u[j] = t[j]);    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   }  
      u[p]='\0';    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
     (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {  
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   }    Gnuplot problem appeared...
 }    To be fixed
   
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
     Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
 void nrerror(char error_text[])  
 {    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    Some cleaning and links added in html output
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);  
   exit(1);    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
 }    *** empty log message ***
 /*********************** vector *******************/  
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
 {    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   double *v;    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
   return v-nl+NR_END;    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
 }    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
     the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
 /************************ free vector ******************/  
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
 {    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
     Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
 /************************ivector *******************************/  
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
 {    Fix on curr_time
   int *v;  
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   return v-nl+NR_END;  
 }    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
 /******************free ivector **************************/  
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
 {    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
 }    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
     This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    from other sources like vital statistic data.
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   int **m;  
      Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
   m += NR_END;    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
   m -= nrl;  
      Current limitations:
      A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
      suppressed.
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
      Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
   return m;    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
 }  
     Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    * imach.c (Repository):
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
       int **m;    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
 {    Just cleaning
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
 }    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
     exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    (Module): Version 0.96b
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
 {    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   double **m;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
   m += NR_END;    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
   m -= nrl;    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
     is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
     mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   return m;  
 }    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
     (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
 }  
     Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    Version 0.96
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  
 {    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
   double ***m;    routine fileappend.
   
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
   m += NR_END;    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
   m -= nrl;    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
     was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    interview.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
     memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    truncation)
     (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    parcimony.
      Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {  
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    *** empty log message ***
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  
   }    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
   return m;    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
 }  
   */
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  /*
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)     Interpolated Markov Chain
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    Short summary of the programme:
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
 }    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
     first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
 extern int ncom;    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
      computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
 double f1dim(double x)    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
 {    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
   int j;    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
   double f;    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
   double *xt;    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
      the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
   xt=vector(1,ncom);    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
   return f;    convergence.
 }  
     The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
 /*****************brent *************************/    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
 {    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
   int iter;    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   double a,b,d,etemp;  
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
   double ftemp;    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
   double e=0.0;    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
      semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   x=w=v=bx;    hPijx.
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
     xm=0.5*(a+b);    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
 #ifdef DEBUG    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    from the European Union.
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
 #endif    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
       *xmin=x;  
       return fx;    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
     }    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
     ftemp=fu;    
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {    **********************************************************************/
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  /*
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    main
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    read parameterfile
       q=2.0*(q-r);    read datafile
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    concatwav
       q=fabs(q);    freqsummary
       etemp=e;    if (mle >= 1)
       e=d;      mlikeli
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    print results files
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    if mle==1 
       else {       computes hessian
         d=p/q;    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
         u=x+d;        begin-prev-date,...
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)    open gnuplot file
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    open html file
       }    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
     } else {     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
     }      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  
     fu=(*f)(u);    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
     if (fu <= fx) {     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  
         } else {         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
             v=w;     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
             w=u;     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
             fv=fw;  
             fw=fu;    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    health expectancies
             v=u;    Variance-covariance of DFLE
             fv=fu;    prevalence()
           }     movingaverage()
         }    varevsij() 
   }    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");    total life expectancies
   *xmin=x;    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
   return fx;   end
 }  */
   
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  
   
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,   
             double (*func)(double))  #include <math.h>
 {  #include <stdio.h>
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  #include <stdlib.h>
   double fu;  #include <string.h>
    
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  #ifdef _WIN32
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  #include <io.h>
   if (*fb > *fa) {  #else
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  #include <unistd.h>
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  #endif
       }  
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  #include <limits.h>
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  #include <sys/types.h>
   while (*fb > *fc) {  #include <sys/stat.h>
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  #include <errno.h>
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  /* extern int errno; */
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  /* #ifdef LINUX */
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  /* #include <time.h> */
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  /* #include "timeval.h" */
       fu=(*func)(u);  /* #else */
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
       fu=(*func)(u);  /* #endif */
       if (fu < *fc) {  
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  #include <time.h>
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  
           }  #ifdef GSL
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
       u=ulim;  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
       fu=(*func)(u);  #endif
     } else {  
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  /* #include <libintl.h> */
       fu=(*func)(u);  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
     }  
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  
       }  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
 }  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
   #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
 /*************** linmin ************************/  
   #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
 int ncom;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
 double *pcom,*xicom;  
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
    #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  
 {  #define NINTERVMAX 8
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
   double f1dim(double x);  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  #define codtabm(h,k)  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  #define MAXN 20000
   int j;  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  #define AGESUP 130
   double fx,fb,fa;  #define AGEBASE 40
    #define AGEGOMP 10. /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   ncom=n;  #ifdef _WIN32
   pcom=vector(1,n);  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   xicom=vector(1,n);  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
   nrfunc=func;  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #else
     pcom[j]=p[j];  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
   }  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   ax=0.0;  #endif
   xx=1.0;  
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  /* $Id$ */
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  /* $State$ */
 #ifdef DEBUG  
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  char version[]="Imach version 0.98nX, August 2014,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121)";
 #endif  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  char strstart[80];
     xi[j] *= xmin;  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
     p[j] += xi[j];  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
   }  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
 }  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
   int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
 /*************** powell ************************/  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
             double (*func)(double []))  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
 {  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  int npar=NPARMAX;
               double (*func)(double []));  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
   int i,ibig,j;  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
   double fp,fptt;  int popbased=0;
   double *xits;  
   pt=vector(1,n);  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   ptt=vector(1,n);  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
   xit=vector(1,n);  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   xits=vector(1,n);  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   *fret=(*func)(p);  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
     fp=(*fret);  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
     ibig=0;  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
     del=0.0;  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  double **matprod2(); /* test */
     printf("\n");  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
       fptt=(*fret);  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
 #ifdef DEBUG  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
 #endif  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
         ibig=i;  FILE *ficresilk;
       }  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
 #ifdef DEBUG  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  FILE *ficreseij;
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  FILE *ficresstdeij;
       }  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  FILE *ficrescveij;
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
       printf("\n");  FILE  *ficresvij;
 #endif  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
     }  FILE  *ficresvpl;
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #ifdef DEBUG  char title[MAXLINE];
       int k[2],l;  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
       k[0]=1;  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
       k[1]=-1;  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  int  outcmd=0;
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  
       printf("\n");  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
         }  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  
       }  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
 #endif  
   /* struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time; */
   /* struct timezone tzp; */
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  /* extern int gettimeofday(); */
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  struct tm tml, *gmtime(), *localtime();
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  extern time_t time();
       return;  
     }  struct tm start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  time_t  rstart_time, rend_time, rcurr_time, rlast_time, rforecast_time; /* raw time */
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  struct tm tm;
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
       pt[j]=p[j];  
     }  char *endptr;
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  long lval;
     if (fptt < fp) {  double dval;
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  
       if (t < 0.0) {  #define NR_END 1
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  #define FREE_ARG char*
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  #define NRANSI 
         }  #define ITMAX 200 
 #ifdef DEBUG  
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
         printf("\n");  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
 #endif  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
       }  
     }  #define GOLD 1.618034 
   }  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
 }  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
   
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
 {    
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   
   int i, ii,j,k;  static double sqrarg;
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   double **matprod2();  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   double **newm;  
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  int imx; 
   int stepm=1;
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  int estepm;
     }  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   
    cov[1]=1.;  int m,nb;
    long *num;
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
     newm=savm;  double **pmmij, ***probs;
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
      cov[2]=agefin;  double dateintmean=0;
    
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {  double *weight;
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  int **s; /* Status */
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/  double *agedc;
       }  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; */
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  double  idx; 
   int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
   
     savm=oldm;  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
     oldm=newm;  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
     maxmax=0.;  
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  /**************** split *************************/
       min=1.;  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
       max=0.;  {
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
         sumnew=0;       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];    */ 
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  
       }    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
       maxmin=max-min;    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
     }    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
       return prlim;      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
     }        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
   }      /* get current working directory */
 }      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
       }
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
 {      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
   double s1, s2;    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
   /*double t34;*/      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    }
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
       }    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
       ps[i][j]=s2;    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
     }      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    }
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/    if (ss >0){
       }      ss++;
       ps[i][j]=s2;      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
     }      l1= strlen( name);
   }      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
       finame[l1-l2]= 0;
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    }
      s1=0;  
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  }
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  /******************************************/
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  {
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    int i;
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */    int lg=0;
   } /* end i */    i=0;
     lg=strlen(t);
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){      (s[i] = t[i]);
       ps[ii][jj]=0;      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
       ps[ii][ii]=1;    }
     }  }
   }  
   char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
   { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    char *s;
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    s=out;
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);    while (*in != '\0'){
    }      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
     printf("\n ");        in++;
     }      }
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/      *out++ = *in++;
 /*    }
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);    *out='\0';
   goto end;*/    return s;
     return ps;  }
 }  
   char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  {
     /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
 {       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */    */
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized    char *s, *t;
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns    t=in;s=in;
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */    while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
   long i, j, k;      *alocc++ = *in++;
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)    }
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)    if( *in == occ){
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)      *(alocc)='\0';
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];      s=++in;
     }
   return out;   
 }    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
       *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
       in=s;
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/    }
     while ( *in != '\0'){
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )      *blocc++ = *in++;
 {    }
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month  
      duration (i.e. until    *blocc='\0';
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.    return t;
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  }
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  {
      included manually here.    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
        and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
      */       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
        If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
   int i, j, d, h, k;    */
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];    char *s, *t;
   double **newm;    t=in;s=in;
     while (*in != '\0'){
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */      while( *in == occ){
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)        *blocc++ = *in++;
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){        s=in;
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);      }
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);      *blocc++ = *in++;
     }    }
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){    else
       newm=savm;      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    in=s;
       cov[1]=1.;    while ( *in != '\0'){
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;      *alocc++ = *in++;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    }
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    *alocc='\0';
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    return s;
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  }
   
   int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  {
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/    int i,j=0;
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    int lg=20;
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    i=0;
       savm=oldm;    lg=strlen(s);
       oldm=newm;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     }    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    }
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    return j;
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  }
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  
          */  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
       }  /* { */
   } /* end h */  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
   return po;  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
 }  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
   /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
   /*   i=0; */
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
 double func( double *x)  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
 {  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  /*   } */
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  
   double **out;  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */  /*   } */
   long ipmx;  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
   /*extern weight */  
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  /*   } */
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  /* } */
   */  
   cov[1]=1.;  #ifdef _WIN32
   char * strsep(char **pp, const char *delim)
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  {
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){    char *p, *q;
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];           
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){    if ((p = *pp) == NULL)
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)      return 0;
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    if ((q = strpbrk (p, delim)) != NULL)
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){    {
         newm=savm;      *pp = q + 1;
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;      *q = '\0';
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {    }
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];    else
         }      *pp = 0;
            return p;
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  }
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  #endif
         savm=oldm;  
         oldm=newm;  /********************** nrerror ********************/
          
          void nrerror(char error_text[])
       } /* end mult */  {
          fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       ipmx +=1;  }
       sw += weight[i];  /*********************** vector *******************/
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
     } /* end of wave */  {
   } /* end of individual */    double *v;
     v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */    return v-nl+NR_END;
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  }
   return -l;  
 }  /************************ free vector ******************/
   void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   {
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   }
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  
 {  /************************ivector *******************************/
   int i,j, iter;  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
   double **xi,*delti;  {
   double fret;    int *v;
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)    return v-nl+NR_END;
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  }
   printf("Powell\n");  
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  /******************free ivector **************************/
   void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  {
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   }
 }  
   /************************lvector *******************************/
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  {
 {    long *v;
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
   double **hess;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   int i, j,jk;    return v-nl+NR_END;
   int *indx;  }
   
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);  /******************free lvector **************************/
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;  {
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   }
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   /******************* imatrix *******************************/
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  { 
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/    int **m; 
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/    
   }    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
      m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {    m += NR_END; 
       if (j>i) {    m -= nrl; 
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);    
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);    
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];        /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
       }    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
     }    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
   }    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
   printf("\n");    
     for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");    
      /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    return m; 
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  } 
   x=vector(1,npar);  
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];        int **m;
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
        /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  { 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
     x[j]=1;    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  } 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];  /******************* matrix *******************************/
     }  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   }  {
     long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    double **m;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     }    m += NR_END;
     printf("\n");    m -= nrl;
   }  
     m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   /* Recompute Inverse */    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    m[nrl] += NR_END;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  
     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");    return m;
     /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
     x[j]=1;     */
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  }
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  
       y[i][j]=x[i];  /*************************free matrix ************************/
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     }  {
     printf("\n");    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   }    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   */  }
   
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
   free_vector(x,1,npar);  {
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);    double ***m;
   
     m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
 }    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     m += NR_END;
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/    m -= nrl;
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])  
 {    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   int i;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   int l=1, lmax=20;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
   double k1,k2;    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  
   double res;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  
   double fx;    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   int k=0,kmax=10;    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
   double l1;    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
     m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
   fx=func(x);    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    
     l1=pow(10,l);    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
     delts=delt;      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;    }
       k1=func(p2)-fx;    return m; 
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
       k2=func(p2)-fx;             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */    */
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */  }
        
 #ifdef DEBUG  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
 #endif  {
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
         k=kmax;    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
       }  }
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */  
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
       }  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  {
         delts=delt;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       }    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     }    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
   }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   delti[theta]=delts;    return tmpout;
   return res;  }
    
 }  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
   char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)  {
 {    
   int i;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   int k;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     return tmpout;
   fx=func(x);  }
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {  
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  {
     k1=func(p2)-fx;    
      /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     k2=func(p2)-fx;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
      strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    return tmpout;
     k3=func(p2)-fx;  }
    
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  /***************** f1dim *************************/
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  extern int ncom; 
     k4=func(p2)-fx;  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
 #ifdef DEBUG   
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  double f1dim(double x) 
 #endif  { 
   }    int j; 
   return res;    double f;
 }    double *xt; 
    
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
 {    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
   int i,imax,j,k;    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
   double big,dum,sum,temp;    return f; 
   double *vv;  } 
    
   vv=vector(1,n);  /*****************brent *************************/
   *d=1.0;  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  { 
     big=0.0;    int iter; 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    double a,b,d,etemp;
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;    double fu=0,fv,fw,fx;
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");    double ftemp;
     vv[i]=1.0/big;    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
   }    double e=0.0; 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {   
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
       sum=a[i][j];    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    x=w=v=bx; 
       a[i][j]=sum;    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
     }    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
     big=0.0;      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
       sum=a[i][j];      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
       a[i][j]=sum;  #ifdef DEBUG
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
         big=dum;      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
         imax=i;      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
       }  #endif
     }      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
     if (j != imax) {        *xmin=x; 
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {        return fx; 
         dum=a[imax][k];      } 
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];      ftemp=fu;
         a[j][k]=dum;      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
       }        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
       *d = -(*d);        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
       vv[imax]=vv[j];        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
     }        q=2.0*(q-r); 
     indx[j]=imax;        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;        q=fabs(q); 
     if (j != n) {        etemp=e; 
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);        e=d; 
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
     }          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   }        else { 
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */          d=p/q; 
 ;          u=x+d; 
 }          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
             d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])        } 
 {      } else { 
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   double sum;      } 
        u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {      fu=(*f)(u); 
     ip=indx[i];      if (fu <= fx) { 
     sum=b[ip];        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
     b[ip]=b[i];        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
     if (ii)          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];          } else { 
     else if (sum) ii=i;            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
     b[i]=sum;            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
   }              v=w; 
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {              w=u; 
     sum=b[i];              fv=fw; 
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];              fw=fu; 
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
   }              v=u; 
 }              fv=fu; 
             } 
 /************ Frequencies ********************/          } 
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)    } 
 {  /* Some frequencies */    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
      *xmin=x; 
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    return fx; 
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */  } 
   double *pp;  
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   FILE *ficresp;  
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
                double (*func)(double)) 
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  { 
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");    double fu; 
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);   
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
     exit(0);    if (*fb > *fa) { 
   }      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
   j1=0;        } 
      *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
   j=cptcoveff;    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    while (*fb > *fc) { 
        r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
       j1++;        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
         scanf("%d", i);*/      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)          fu=(*func)(u); 
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)        fu=(*func)(u); 
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;        if (fu < *fc) { 
                SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
       dateintsum=0;            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
       k2cpt=0;            } 
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
         bool=1;        u=ulim; 
         if  (cptcovn>0) {        fu=(*func)(u); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)      } else { 
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
               bool=0;        fu=(*func)(u); 
         }      } 
         if (bool==1) {      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);        } 
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {  } 
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;  /*************** linmin ************************/
               if (m<lastpass) {  
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];  int ncom; 
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];  double *pcom,*xicom;
               }  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
                 
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;  { 
                 k2cpt++;    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
               }                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
             }    double f1dim(double x); 
           }    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
         }                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
       }    int j; 
            double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    double fx,fb,fa;
    
       if  (cptcovn>0) {    ncom=n; 
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");    pcom=vector(1,n); 
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    xicom=vector(1,n); 
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");    nrfunc=func; 
       }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");    } 
          ax=0.0; 
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){    xx=1.0; 
         if(i==(int)agemax+3)    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
           printf("Total");    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
         else  #ifdef DEBUG
           printf("Age %d", i);    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)  #endif
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         }      xi[j] *= xmin; 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      p[j] += xi[j]; 
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)    } 
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);  } 
           else  
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
         }  {
     long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
         }    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
     minutes = (sec_left) /60;
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
           pos += pp[jk];    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    return ascdiff;
           if(pos>=1.e-5)  }
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  
           else  /*************** powell ************************/
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
           if( i <= (int) agemax){              double (*func)(double [])) 
             if(pos>=1.e-5){  { 
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;                double (*func)(double [])); 
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/    int i,ibig,j; 
             }    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
             else    double fp,fptt;
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);    double *xits;
           }    int niterf, itmp;
         }  
            pt=vector(1,n); 
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    ptt=vector(1,n); 
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    xit=vector(1,n); 
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);    xits=vector(1,n); 
         if(i <= (int) agemax)    *fret=(*func)(p); 
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
         printf("\n");      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
       }    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
     }      fp=(*fret); 
   }      ibig=0; 
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;      del=0.0; 
        rlast_time=rcurr_time;
   fclose(ficresp);      /* (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      curr_time = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
        printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time);fflush(stdout);
   /* End of Freq */      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret,rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time); fflush(ficlog);
 }  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec); */
      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
 /************ Prevalence ********************/        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
 {  /* Some frequencies */        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
        }
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;      printf("\n");
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   double *pp;      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
   double pos, k2;      if(*iter <=3){
         tml = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tml));
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
          rforecast_time=rcurr_time; 
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
   j1=0;        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
            strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
   j=cptcoveff;        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
          for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){          rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){          forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
       j1++;  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
                strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)            itmp = strlen(strfor);
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)            if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
                fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {        }
         bool=1;      }
         if  (cptcovn>0) {      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])        fptt=(*fret); 
               bool=0;  #ifdef DEBUG
         }        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
         if (bool==1) {        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){  #endif
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
               if (m<lastpass) {          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
                 if (calagedate>0)          ibig=i; 
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];        } 
                 else  #ifdef DEBUG
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
               }        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
             }          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
           }          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
         }          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
       }        }
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        }
         }        printf("\n");
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)  #endif
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];      } 
         }      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
          #ifdef DEBUG
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        int k[2],l;
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        k[0]=1;
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        k[1]=-1;
         }        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
                fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
                  printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){              fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
           if( i <= (int) agemax){        }
             if(pos>=1.e-5){        printf("\n");
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             }        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
           }          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         }            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
                    printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
       }            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
     }          }
   }          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
           fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
          }
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  #endif
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  
    
 }  /* End of Freq */        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
         free_vector(xits,1,n); 
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
         free_vector(pt,1,n); 
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)        return; 
 {      } 
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { /* Computes an extrapolated point */
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.        pt[j]=p[j]; 
      */      } 
       fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
   int i, mi, m;      if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;        /* x1 f1=fp x2 f2=*fret x3 f3=fptt, xm fm */
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/        /* From x1 (P0) distance of x2 is at h and x3 is 2h */
         /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere. Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3)
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;           will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f''m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
   double sum=0.;        /* f1-f3 = delta(2h) = 2 h**2 f'' = 2(f1- 2f2 +f3) */
   jmin=1e+5;        /* Thus we compare delta(2h) with observed f1-f3 */
   jmax=-1;        /* or best gain on one ancient line 'del' with total gain f1-f2 = f1 - f2 - 'del' with del */ 
   jmean=0.;        /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del);
     mi=0;        t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
     m=firstpass;        printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t);
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){        fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t);
       if(s[m][i]>=1)  #ifdef DEBUG
         mw[++mi][i]=m;        printf("t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
       if(m >=lastpass)               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
         break;        fprintf(ficlog,"t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
       else               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
         m++;        printf("tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
     }/* end while */        fprintf(ficlog, "tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  #endif
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */        if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for last direction */
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes mean on the extrapolated direction.*/
          /* Only death is a correct wave */          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       mw[mi][i]=m;            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace the direction with biggest decrease by n */
     }            xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and nth direction by the extrapolated */
           }
     wav[i]=mi;          printf("Gaining to use average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
     if(mi==0)          fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction :\n",n,ibig);
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);  
   }  #ifdef DEBUG
           for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
       if (stepm <=0)          }
         dh[mi][i]=1;          printf("\n");
       else{          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {  #endif
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {        }
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);      } 
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */    } 
           k=k+1;  } 
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
           sum=sum+j;  
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
           }  {
         }    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
         else{       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));  
           k=k+1;    int i, ii,j,k;
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
           sum=sum+j;    double **newm;
         }    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
         jk= j/stepm;  
         jl= j -jk*stepm;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         if(jl <= -ju)        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           dh[mi][i]=jk;      }
         else  
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;     cov[1]=1.;
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)   
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
       }    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
     }      newm=savm;
   }      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   jmean=sum/k;      cov[2]=agefin;
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);      
  }      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)        /*printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[%d][Tvar[%d]]=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
 {      }
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
   int cptcode=0;      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /\* Useless *\/ */
   cptcoveff=0;      /*   cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]]; */
        
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
       Ndum[ij]++;      
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/      savm=oldm;
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;      oldm=newm;
     }      maxmax=0.;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {        min=1.;
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;        max=0.;
     }        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
     ij=1;          sumnew=0;
           for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
           prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {          /*printf(" prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d \n", i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin);*/
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;        }
                  maxmin=max-min;
           ij++;        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
         }      }
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
       }          return prlim;
     }      }
   }      }
   }
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  
   /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {  
       ij=Tvar[i];  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
       Ndum[ij]++;  {
     }    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
        computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
  ij=1;       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
      ij++;       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
    }       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
  }       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
         sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
     cptcoveff=ij-1;       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
 }       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
     */
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/    double s1, lnpijopii;
     /*double t34;*/
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
   
 {      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
   /* Health expectancies */        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
   double age, agelim, hf;            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
   double ***p3mat,***varhe;            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   double **dnewm,**doldm;  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
   double *xp;          }
   double **gp, **gm;          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
   int theta;        }
         for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
   xp=vector(1,npar);            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
            }
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");        }
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      }
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        s1=0;
         for(j=1; j<i; j++){
   if(estepm < stepm){          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   }        }
   else  hstepm=estepm;          for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them        }
    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
    * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we        /* Computing other pijs */
    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
         /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */      } /* end i */
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.      
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size          ps[ii][jj]=0;
      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */          ps[ii][ii]=1;
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the        }
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it      }
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if      
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same      
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.      /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
   */      /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */      /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
       /*   } */
   agelim=AGESUP;      /*   printf("\n "); */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      /* } */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */      /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);      /*
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/        goto end;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */      return ps;
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  }
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);  
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);  
   double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored  {
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);         b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
      /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
        before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
     int i, j, k;
     /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
       for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        out[i][k]=0.;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
       }      }
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      return out;
    }
       cptj=0;  
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
           cptj=cptj+1;  
           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;  {
           }    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
         }       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
       }       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
             nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
             Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);       for the memory).
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);         Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
             included manually here. 
       cptj=0;  
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){       */
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){  
           cptj=cptj+1;    int i, j, d, h, k;
           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;    double **newm;
           }  
         }    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
       }    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)      }
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
         }      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
         newm=savm;
      }        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
            cov[1]=1.;
 /* End theta */        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
         trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];  
   
         /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         savm=oldm;
      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);        oldm=newm;
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){      }
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)        }
             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
       }    } /* end h */
     }  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
     return po;
        }
     /* Computing expectancies */  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){  double func( double *x)
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;  {
              int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
 /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double **out;
         }    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
     double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );    int s1, s2;
     cptj=0;    double bbh, survp;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    long ipmx;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    /*extern weight */
         cptj++;    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
       }    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
        */
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);    cov[1]=1.;
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);  
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);  
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    if(mle==1){
   }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
 }         */
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
 /************ Variance ******************/          cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm)        }
 {        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
   /* Variance of health expectancies */           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/           has been calculated etc */
   double **newm;        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   int k, cptcode;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double *xp;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double **gp, **gm;            }
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   double ***p3mat;            newm=savm;
   double age,agelim, hf;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   int theta;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");            }
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)            savm=oldm;
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);            oldm=newm;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");          } /* end mult */
         
   xp=vector(1,npar);          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
             * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
   if(estepm < stepm){           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
   }           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
   else  hstepm=estepm;             * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size           */
      and note for a fixed period like k years */          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.           */
   */          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   agelim = AGESUP;            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
           and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
       }          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
           and month of death but the probability to survive from last
       if (popbased==1) {          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
       }          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
            which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          lower mortality.
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            */
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];  
         }  
       }          } else if  (s2==-2) {
                for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);              lli= log(survp);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          }
            
       if (popbased==1) {          else if  (s2==-4) { 
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
       }            lli= log(survp); 
           } 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          else if  (s2==-5) { 
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         }            lli= log(survp); 
       }          } 
           
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)          else{
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
         }          } 
     } /* End theta */          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
           /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
           ipmx +=1;
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)          sw += weight[i];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        } /* end of wave */
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];      } /* end of individual */
     }  else if(mle==2){
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);            }
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            newm=savm;
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       }              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     }            }
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            savm=oldm;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){            oldm=newm;
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);          } /* end mult */
       }        
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          ipmx +=1;
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          sw += weight[i];
   } /* End age */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
          } /* end of wave */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);      } /* end of individual */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
 }        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 {              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */            }
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   double **newm;            newm=savm;
   double **dnewm,**doldm;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   int k, cptcode;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   double *xp;            }
   double *gp, *gm;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   double **gradg, **trgradg;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   double age,agelim;            savm=oldm;
   int theta;            oldm=newm;
              } /* end mult */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalence's limit\n");        
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           ipmx +=1;
   xp=vector(1,npar);          sw += weight[i];
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        } /* end of wave */
        } /* end of individual */
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   agelim = AGESUP;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);            }
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
       }            }
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
                savm=oldm;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */            oldm=newm;
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          } /* end mult */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           if( s2 > nlstate){ 
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];          }else{
     } /* End theta */            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           }
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            }
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");            newm=savm;
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);            }
   } /* End age */          
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);            savm=oldm;
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
 }        
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
 {          ipmx +=1;
   int i, j, i1, k1, j1, z1;          sw += weight[i];
   int k=0, cptcode;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
   double *xp;        } /* end of wave */
   double *gp, *gm;      } /* end of individual */
   double **gradg, **trgradg;    } /* End of if */
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
   int theta;    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     return -l;
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");  }
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);  
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);  double funcone( double *x)
   }  {
   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
      int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
 fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and standard deviation in parentheses\n");    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");    double **out;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    double llt;
       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);    int s1, s2;
     double bbh, survp;
     /*extern weight */
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   xp=vector(1,npar);      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    */
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    cov[1]=1.;
    
   cov[1]=1;    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   j=cptcoveff;  
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   j1=0;      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   for(k1=1; k1<=1;k1++){      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     j1++;          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     if  (cptcovn>0) {            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");          }
       for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");          newm=savm;
     }          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
              for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
         cov[2]=age;          }
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                                 1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         }          /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)          savm=oldm;
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];          oldm=newm;
                } /* end mult */
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);        
         trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
            /* bias is positive if real duration
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)         */
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
                    lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);        } else if  (s2==-2) {
                    for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
           k=0;            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){          lli= log(survp);
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){        }else if (mle==1){
               k=k+1;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];        } else if(mle==2){
             }          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
           }        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
                    lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
            } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
           k=0;          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){        } /* End of if */
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){        ipmx +=1;
               k=k+1;        sw += weight[i];
               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
             }        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
           }        if(globpr){
                fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];                    num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
         }                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
           for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];          }
                  fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        }
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);      } /* end of wave */
            } /* end of individual */
         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
            /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
         k=0;    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){      gipmx=ipmx;
             k=k+1;      gsw=sw;
             gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    }
           }    return -l;
         }  }
        
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);  
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){  /*************** function likelione ***********/
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
      }*/  {
     /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);       the selection of individuals/waves and
        to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++)       Plotting could be done.
           fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e (%.3e) ",gm[i],sqrt(doldm[i][i]));     */
      int k;
       }  
     }    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
   }        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);      }
   fclose(ficresprob);      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
        fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
 }      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
                   int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\    }
                   int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[], \  
                   char optionfilehtm[],char rfileres[], char optionfilegnuplot[],\    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
                   char version[], int popforecast, int estepm ,/* \ */    if(*globpri !=0){
                   double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \      fclose(ficresilk);
                   double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;      fflush(fichtm); 
   FILE *fichtm;    } 
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/    return;
   }
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);  
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");  
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);  
   }  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   {
   fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n    int i,j, iter;
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n    double **xi;
 \n    double fret;
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
  <ul><li>Parameter files<br>\n    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br></ul>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot);        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
    fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li>Result files (first order: no variance)<br>\n    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
  - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
  - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
  - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months):      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
    <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n</li>", \    }
   jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,fileres,fileres,stepm,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li> Result files (second order: variances)<br>\n      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
  - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
  - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n  
  - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
  - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);  
     free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n    fclose(ficrespow);
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
  else  
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);  }
 fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");  
   /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
  m=cptcoveff;  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  {
     double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
  jj1=0;    double **hess;
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){    int i, j,jk;
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    int *indx;
        jj1++;  
        if (cptcovn > 0) {    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");    double gompertz(double p[]);
        }    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
        /* Pij */  
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months before: pe%s%d1.png<br>    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
 <img src=\"pe%s%d1.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);        fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
        /* Quasi-incidences */    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: pe%s%d2.png<br>      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
 <img src=\"pe%s%d2.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);          fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
        /* Stable prevalence in each health state */     
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br>      
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
        }          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {    }
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident    
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.png <br>    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);        for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
      }        if (j>i) { 
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.png <br>          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
      }          
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.png<br>          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
 <img src=\"e%s%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);        }
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");      }
    }    }
    }    printf("\n");
 fclose(fichtm);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 }  
     printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){    
     a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   int ng;    x=vector(1,npar);
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);    indx=ivector(1,npar);
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp.txt");    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   }  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
 #ifdef windows      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);      x[j]=1;
 #endif      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
          matcov[i][j]=x[i];
  /* 1eme*/      }
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    }
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {  
     printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
 #ifdef windows    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
 #endif        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
 #ifdef unix        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      }
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres);      printf("\n");
 #endif      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    /* Recompute Inverse */
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
 }      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {      x[j]=1;
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
 }          y[i][j]=x[i];
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
 #ifdef unix        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n");      }
 #endif      printf("\n");
    }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   }    }
   /*2 eme*/    */
   
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);    free_vector(x,1,npar);
        free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
       k=2*i;  
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  }
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
 }    double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");  {
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);    int i;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    int l=1, lmax=20;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    double k1,k2;
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    double res;
 }      double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    double fx;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    int k=0,kmax=10;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    double l1;
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    fx=func(x);
 }      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");      l1=pow(10,l);
     }      delts=delt;
   }      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
          delt = delta*(l1*k);
   /*3eme*/        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
         k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {        k2=func(p2)-fx;
       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);        
       /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);  #endif
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
           k=kmax;
 */        }
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
         }
       }        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
     }          delts=delt;
   }        }
        }
   /* CV preval stat */    }
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    delti[theta]=delts;
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {    return res; 
       k=3;    
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"p%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);  }
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);  
   double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)  {
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);    int i;
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
          double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);    int k;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {  
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    fx=func(x);
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
       }      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);        p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
     }      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   }        k1=func(p2)-fx;
      
   /* proba elementaires */      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){      k2=func(p2)-fx;
       if (k != i) {    
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
              p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);      k3=func(p2)-fx;
           jk++;    
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
         }      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
       }      k4=func(p2)-fx;
     }      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
    }  #ifdef DEBUG
       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
    for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
      for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {  #endif
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk,ng);    }
        if (ng==2)    return res;
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");  }
        else  
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
        i=1;  { 
        for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {    int i,imax,j,k; 
          k3=i;    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
          for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {    double *vv; 
            if (k != k2){   
              if(ng==2)    vv=vector(1,n); 
                fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",stepm/YEARM,i,i+1);    *d=1.0; 
              else    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
                fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);      big=0.0; 
              ij=1;      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
              for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
                if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
                  ij++;    } 
                }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
                else      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);        sum=a[i][j]; 
              }        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
              fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");        a[i][j]=sum; 
                    } 
              for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){        big=0.0; 
                fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
                ij=1;        sum=a[i][j]; 
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);        a[i][j]=sum; 
                    ij++;        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
                  }          big=dum; 
                  else          imax=i; 
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);        } 
                }      } 
                fprintf(ficgp,")");      if (j != imax) { 
              }        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
              fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);          dum=a[imax][k]; 
              if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
              i=i+ncovmodel;          a[j][k]=dum; 
            }        } 
          }        *d = -(*d); 
        }        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
      }      } 
    }      indx[j]=imax; 
    fclose(ficgp);      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
 }  /* end gnuplot */      if (j != n) { 
         dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
         for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
 /*************** Moving average **************/      } 
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){    } 
     free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   int i, cpt, cptcod;  ;
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)  } 
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;  { 
        int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){    double sum; 
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){   
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){      ip=indx[i]; 
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];      sum=b[ip]; 
           }      b[ip]=b[i]; 
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;      if (ii) 
         }        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       }      else if (sum) ii=i; 
     }      b[i]=sum; 
        } 
 }    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
       sum=b[i]; 
       for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
 /************** Forecasting ******************/      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){    } 
    } 
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;  
   int *popage;  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;  {
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
   double ***p3mat;  }
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];  
   /************ Frequencies ********************/
  agelim=AGESUP;  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;  {  /* Some frequencies */
     
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
      int first;
      double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");    double *pp, **prop;
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);    
   }    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     strcpy(fileresp,"p");
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
     if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
   if (mobilav==1) {      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);      exit(0);
   }    }
     freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    j1=0;
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;    
      j=cptcoveff;
   agelim=AGESUP;    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
    
   hstepm=1;    first=1;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;  
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);    /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){   /* Loop on covariates */
   anprojmean=yp;    /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ /* Now it is 2 */
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);    /*    j1++;
   mprojmean=yp;  */
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);    for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
   jprojmean=yp;        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;          scanf("%d", i);*/
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
            for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
                freq[i][jk][m]=0;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){        
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
       k=k+1;          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");            prop[i][m]=0;
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {        
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        dateintsum=0;
       }        k2cpt=0;
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");          bool=1;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);          if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
                  for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
                    if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]){
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {                  /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");                bool=0;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);                  /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtab[%d][%d]=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtab[%d][%d]=%d, j1=%d\n", 
                   bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtab[j1][z1],
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){                  j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]],j1);*/
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);                /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtab[7][3]=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;              } 
                    }
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);   
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          if (bool==1){
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);              for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
                      k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
             }                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {                if (m<lastpass) {
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                 if (mobilav==1)                }
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                
                 else {                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
                 }                  k2cpt++;
                                }
               }                /*}*/
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){            }
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);          }
                                } /* end i */
               }         
             }        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
           }        pstamp(ficresp);
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        if  (cptcovn>0) {
         }          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
       }          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
     }          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
   }          fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
                  for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
         }
   fclose(ficresf);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
 }          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
 /************** Forecasting ******************/        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){        
          for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;          if(i==iagemax+3){
   int *popage;            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;          }else{
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;            if(first==1){
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;              first=0;
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];              printf("See log file for details...\n");
             }
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          }
   agelim=AGESUP;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
                pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);          }
            for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {              if(first==1){
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   }              }
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
             }else{
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;              if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   if (mobilav==1) {              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            }
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);          }
   }  
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
            }       
   agelim=AGESUP;          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              pos += pp[jk];
   hstepm=1;            posprop += prop[jk][i];
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;          }
            for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   if (popforecast==1) {            if(pos>=1.e-5){
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {              if(first==1)
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
     }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);            }else{
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);              if(first==1)
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
                  fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     i=1;              }
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;            if( i <= iagemax){
                  if(pos>=1.e-5){
     imx=i;                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
   }                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
               }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){              else
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
       k=k+1;            }
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");          }
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {          
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
       }            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");              if(first==1)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
                    }
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {          if(i <= iagemax)
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);              fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
                  if(first==1)
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){            printf("Others in log...\n");
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;        }
                  /*}*/
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    }
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);     
            fclose(ficresp);
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
             }    /* End of Freq */
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  }
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;  
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                /************ Prevalence ********************/
                 if (mobilav==1)  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];  {  
                 else {    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
                 }       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
               }    */
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){   
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/    double *pp, **prop;
               }    double pos,posprop; 
             }    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    int iagemin, iagemax;
               kk1=0.;    int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];    iagemin= (int) agemin;
                 }    iagemax= (int) agemax;
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
             }    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
     /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    j1=0;
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);    
           }    /*j=cptcoveff;*/
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
         }    
       }    first=1;
      for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
   /******/      /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
         j1++;*/
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {        
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);          for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);            prop[i][m]=0.0;
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;       
                  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          bool=1;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          if  (cptcovn>0) {
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);              for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {                bool=0;
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);          } 
             }          if (bool==1) { 
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                            if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                    if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
               }                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
             }                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
           }                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
         }                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
       }                } 
    }              }
   }            } /* end selection of waves */
            }
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        }
         for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
   if (popforecast==1) {          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);          } 
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);          
   }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
   fclose(ficrespop);                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
 }              } else{
                 if(first==1){
 /***********************************************/                  first=0;
 /**************** Main Program *****************/                  printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
 /***********************************************/                }
               }
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])            } 
 {          }/* end jk */ 
         }/* end i */ 
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;      /*} *//* end i1 */
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;    } /* end j1 */
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;    
     /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
   double fret;    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
   double **xi,tmp,delta;    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
   }  /* End of prevalence */
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */  
   double ***p3mat;  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   int *indx;  
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
   char title[MAXLINE];  {
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
         mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];       */
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];  
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];    int i, mi, m;
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */    int first;
   int c,  h , cpt,l;    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
   int ju,jl, mi;    double sum=0.;
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;    first=0;
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;    jmin=1e+5;
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;    jmax=-1;
   int hstepm, nhstepm;    jmean=0.;
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       mi=0;
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;      m=firstpass;
   double ftolpl=FTOL;      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
   double **prlim;        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
   double *severity;          mw[++mi][i]=m;
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */        if(m >=lastpass)
   double  *p;          break;
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */        else
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */          m++;
   double *delti; /* Scale */      }/* end while */
   double ***eij, ***vareij;      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
   double *epj, vepp;        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
   double kk1, kk2;           /* Only death is a correct wave */
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;        mw[mi][i]=m;
        }
   
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.8e, May 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";      wav[i]=mi;
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];      if(mi==0){
         nbwarn++;
         if(first==0){
   char z[1]="c", occ;          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
 #include <sys/time.h>          first=1;
 #include <time.h>        }
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];        if(first==1){
            fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
   /* long total_usecs;        }
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;      } /* end mi==0 */
      } /* End individuals */
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */  
   getcwd(pathcd, size);    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
   printf("\n%s",version);        if (stepm <=0)
   if(argc <=1){          dh[mi][i]=1;
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");        else{
     scanf("%s",pathtot);          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
   }            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
   else{              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
   }              else if(j<0){
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/                nberr++;
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);              }
   chdir(path);              k=k+1;
   replace(pathc,path);              if (j >= jmax){
                 jmax=j;
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/                ijmax=i;
               }
   strcpy(fileres,"r");              if (j <= jmin){
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);                jmin=j;
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */                ijmin=i;
               }
   /*---------arguments file --------*/              sum=sum+j;
               /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);            }
     goto end;          }
   }          else{
             j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
   strcpy(filereso,"o");  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   strcat(filereso,fileres);  
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {            k=k+1;
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;            if (j >= jmax) {
   }              jmax=j;
               ijmax=i;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            else if (j <= jmin){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);              jmin=j;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              ijmin=i;
     puts(line);            }
     fputs(line,ficparo);            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
   }            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            if(j<0){
               nberr++;
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);            }
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            sum=sum+j;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          jk= j/stepm;
     puts(line);          jl= j -jk*stepm;
     fputs(line,ficparo);          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
   }          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            if(jl==0){
                dh[mi][i]=jk;
                  bh[mi][i]=0;
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
   cptcovn=0;                    * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;            }
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */          }else{
              if(jl <= -ju){
   /* Read guess parameters */              dh[mi][i]=jk;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
     ungetc(c,ficpar);                                   */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            }
     puts(line);            else{
     fputs(line,ficparo);              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
   }              bh[mi][i]=ju;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            }
              if(dh[mi][i]==0){
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);            }
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);          } /* end if mle */
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);        }
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){      } /* end wave */
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);    }
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);    jmean=sum/k;
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
       }    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");   }
       printf("\n");  
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
     }  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
    {
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;    /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
   p=param[1][1];    /* Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
       * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
     puts(line);    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     fputs(line,ficparo);    int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
   }    int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  
   
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    cptcoveff=0; 
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */   
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){    for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);  
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 : V1 + V3 = 2 only */
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Lopp on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);                                      * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
       }                                      * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");                                      * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
       printf("\n");        /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");                                        modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
     }        if (ij > modmaxcovj)
   }          modmaxcovj=ij; 
   delti=delti3[1][1];        else if (ij < modmincovj) 
            modmincovj=ij; 
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          exit(1);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        }else
     puts(line);        Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
     fputs(line,ficparo);        /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
   }        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
             (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);           female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){      }
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);      printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
     printf("%s",str);      cptcode=modmaxcovj;
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);      /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){     /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);      for (i=modmincovj;  i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value of the modality of model-cov j */
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        printf("Frequencies of covariates %d V%d %d\n", j, Tvar[j], Ndum[i]);
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        if( Ndum[i] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered, empty modality */
     }          ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of non-null modalities of the j th covariate. */
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        }
     printf("\n");        /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");           historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
   }      } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)  
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];      /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4. If Ndum[2]=0 ncodemax[j] is not 4 but 3 */
          /* If Ndum[3}= 635; Ndum[4]=0; Ndum[5]=0; Ndum[6]=27; Ndum[7]=125;
   printf("\n");         modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
          There are only 3 modalities non empty (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
          which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10; defining two dummy 
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/         variables V1_1 and V1_2.
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */         nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/         nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */         nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */         nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {      */
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;      ij=1; /* ij is similar to i but can jumps over null modalities */
     }      for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 */
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);        for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *//* Could be 1 to 4 */
              /*recode from 0 */
     /*-------- data file ----------*/          if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;                                       k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
     }                                       then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
             ij++;
     n= lastobs;          }
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        }  /* end of loop on */
     num=ivector(1,n);      } /* end of loop on modality */ 
     moisnais=vector(1,n);    } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     annais=vector(1,n);    
     moisdc=vector(1,n);   for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
     andc=vector(1,n);    
     agedc=vector(1,n);    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */ 
     cod=ivector(1,n);     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
     weight=vector(1,n);     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */     Ndum[ij]++; 
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);   } 
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);  
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);   ij=1;
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);       for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);     /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
        /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
     i=1;       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {       ij++;
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {     }else
                 Tvaraff[ij]=0;
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){   }
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);   ij--;
           strcpy(line,stra);   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  }
         }  
          
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
   void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  {
     /* Health expectancies, no variances */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    double age, agelim, hf;
         }    double ***p3mat;
         num[i]=atol(stra);    double eip;
          
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){    pstamp(ficreseij);
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
         i=i+1;    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     }        fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);      }
        scanf("%d",i);*/      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */    }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){  
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;    
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;    if(estepm < stepm){
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }*/    }
    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){    else  hstepm=estepm;   
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
       * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
       * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
   Tage=ivector(1,15);           * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
      
   if (strlen(model) >1){    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
     j=nbocc(model,'+');       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     cptcovn=j+1;       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     cptcovprod=j1;       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
        /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     strcpy(modelsav,model);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
       goto end;       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     }    */
        hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){  
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');    agelim=AGESUP;
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);    /* If stepm=6 months */
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {      
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');  /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
           cptcovprod--;    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
           cptcovage++;    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;  
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
         }      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
           cptcovprod--;      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  
           cptcovage++;      /* If stepm=6 months */
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
         }         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
         else {      
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;      
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
           Tprod[k1]=i;      
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];      
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];      /* Computing expectancies */
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           k1++;          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
           k2=k2+2;            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
         }            
       }            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
       else {  
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/          }
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/  
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       }        eip=0;
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);          for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);          eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
         scanf("%d",i);*/          fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
     }        }
 }        fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
        }
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);      
   scanf("%d ",i);*/    }
     fclose(fic);    free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     /*  if(mle==1){*/    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/    
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;  }
     }  
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);  
   {
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {     to initial status i, ei. .
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){    */
          anint[m][i]=9999;    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
          s[m][i]=-1;    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
        }    double age, agelim, hf;
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;    double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
       }    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     }    double *xp, *xm;
     double **gp, **gm;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);    int theta;
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){  
         if(s[m][i] >0){    double eip, vip;
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {  
             if(agedc[i]>0)    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)    xp=vector(1,npar);
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];    xm=vector(1,npar);
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
            else {    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
               if (andc[i]!=9999){    
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);    pstamp(ficresstdeij);
               agev[m][i]=-1;    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
               }    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
             }    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */        fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);      fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)    }
               agev[m][i]=1;    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){  
               agemin=agev[m][i];    pstamp(ficrescveij);
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
             }    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               agemax=agev[m][i];      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/        cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
             }        for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/          for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/            cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
           }            if(cptj2 <= cptj)
           else { /* =9 */              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
             agev[m][i]=1;          }
             s[m][i]=-1;      }
           }    fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
         }    
         else /*= 0 Unknown */    if(estepm < stepm){
           agev[m][i]=1;      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
       }    }
        else  hstepm=estepm;   
     }    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");       * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
           goto end;     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
         }     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
       }     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
     }     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);  
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
     free_vector(annais,1,n);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     free_vector(andc,1,n);       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
           results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     wav=ivector(1,imx);    */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);  
        /* If stepm=6 months */
     /* Concatenates waves */    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);    agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       ncodemax[1]=1;    
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);    p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
          p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);    gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
    h=0;    trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){  
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
            h++;      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/  
          }      /* If stepm=6 months */
        }      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
      }         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
    }      
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */  
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){      /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){      /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);         decrease memory allocation */
       }      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
       printf("\n");        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
       }          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
       scanf("%d",i);*/          xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
            }
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */        hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     
            for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            }
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */          }
              }
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]       
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */        for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
     if(mle==1){          }
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);      }/* End theta */
     }      
          
     /*--------- results files --------------*/      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
    jk=1;      
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");  
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");       for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){          varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
        if (k != i)  
          {       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
              jk++;          for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
            }            for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
            printf("\n");              varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");        }
          }      }
      }  
    }      /* Computing expectancies */
  if(mle==1){      hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
  }            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");            
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){          }
         if (j!=i) {  
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){        eip=0.;
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);        vip=0.;
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
             jk++;          eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
           }          for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
           printf("\n");            vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");          fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }        }
       }        fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
      }      }
          fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
     k=1;  
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");      fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
     printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;          cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;          for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);            for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);              if(cptj2 <= cptj)
       printf("%3d",i);                fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){            }
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);        }
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
       }     
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");    }
       printf("\n");    free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       k++;    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     }    free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
        free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       ungetc(c,ficpar);    free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    printf("\n");
       puts(line);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       fputs(line,ficparo);  
     }    free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     estepm=0;    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     if (fage <= 2) {  }
       bage = ageminpar;  
       fage = agemaxpar;  /************ Variance ******************/
     }  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
      {
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");    /* Variance of health expectancies */
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);    /* double **newm;*/
      double **dnewm,**doldm;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    int k, cptcode;
     puts(line);    double *xp;
     fputs(line,ficparo);    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
   }    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
      double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
   fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
   fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    double ***p3mat;
  fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    double age,agelim, hf;
          double ***mobaverage;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    int theta;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    char digit[4];
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    char digitp[25];
     puts(line);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    if(popbased==1){
        if(mobilav!=0)
         strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;    }
     else 
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);    
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);      if (mobilav!=0) {
        mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     puts(line);      }
     fputs(line,ficparo);    }
   }  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
     sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
     if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    }
     puts(line);    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     fputs(line,ficparo);   
   }    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     }  
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
  printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
      /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
  chdir(path);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
    /*   } */
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    pstamp(ficresvij);
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
  free_ivector(num,1,n);    if(popbased==1)
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/    else
  fclose(ficparo);      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
  fclose(ficres);    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
   printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm,rfileres,optionfilegnuplot,version,popforecast,estepm,jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
      xp=vector(1,npar);
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
      doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   }    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");    
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);    if(estepm < stepm){
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
      }
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */       Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
   k=0;    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
   agebase=ageminpar;       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
   agelim=agemaxpar;       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
   ftolpl=1.e-10;       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   i1=cptcoveff;       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}    */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    agelim = AGESUP;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
         k=k+1;      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
          
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){  
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);        }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         }        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
       }  
     }        if (popbased==1) {
   fclose(ficrespl);          if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
            }else{ /* mobilav */ 
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;          }
   }        }
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);    
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
   agelim=AGESUP;          }
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        }
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
             computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   k=0;           as a weighted average of prlim.
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       k=k+1;          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");            gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)        }    
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        /* end probability of death */
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");  
                for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);   
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        if (popbased==1) {
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);            if(mobilav ==0){
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          }
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );        }
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
              }              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          }
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");        }
         }        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
     }           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   }           as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
   varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
   fclose(ficrespij);           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/  
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
   }          }
   else{  
     erreur=108;        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
   }        }
    
       } /* End theta */
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/  
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   strcpy(filerest,"t");  
   strcat(filerest,fileres);      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   }            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);  
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   strcpy(filerese,"e");          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   }      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");  
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   }          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   calagedate=-1;            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
 prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
         }
   k=0;      }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      /* pptj */
       k=k+1;      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
       /* end ppptj */
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");      /*  x centered again */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");   
       if (popbased==1) {
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");        if(mobilav ==0){
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        }
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);        }
                 
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
        varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm);         as a weighted average of prlim.
          */
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);      }    
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");      /* end probability of death */
   
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
         if (popbased==1) {        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];        }
         }      } 
              fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);  
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
             /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
           }        }
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
         }      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));    } /* End age */
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){    free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         }    free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
       }    fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240");
     }    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
   }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
 free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     free_vector(weight,1,n);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   fclose(ficreseij);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   fclose(ficresvij);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   fclose(ficrest);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   fclose(ficpar);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
      /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/    */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);  
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     exit(0);    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   }    free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   k=0;    if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    fflush(ficgp);
       k=k+1;    fflush(fichtm); 
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");  }  /* end varevsij */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
        {
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    /* Variance of prevalence limit */
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    double **newm;
     }    double **dnewm,**doldm;
  }    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     int k, cptcode;
   fclose(ficresvpl);    double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/    double **gradg, **trgradg;
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    double age,agelim;
      int theta;
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    pstamp(ficresvpl);
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  
      xp=vector(1,npar);
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   if(erreur >0)    agelim = AGESUP;
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
   else   printf("End of Imach\n");      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
        nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
   /*------ End -----------*/      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
  end:        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
 #ifdef windows          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/        }
 #endif        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/      
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
  strcat(plotcmd," ");        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
  system(plotcmd);          gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
 #ifdef windows        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   while (z[0] != 'q') {          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
     /* chdir(path); */      } /* End theta */
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");  
     scanf("%s",z);      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");  
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   }  
 #endif      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
 }        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0,l, cptcode;
     int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];/* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d_1.png\">%s%d_1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d_2.png\">%s%d_2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Convergence from each state (1 to %d) to period (stable) prevalence in state %d <a href=\"%s%d_%d.png\">%s%d_%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",nlstate, cpt, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m0,cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'vpl' files\n");
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d_%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files\n");
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small size 320, 240\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=1; j<= (nlstate-1) ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
     /*goto avoid;*/
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { /\* Bug valgrind *\/ */
                  /*        /\*fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);*\/ */
                  /*        ij++; */
                  /* } */
                  /* else */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { */
                    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]); */
                    /*   ij++; */
                    /* } */
                    /* else */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    avoid:
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small size 320, 240\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i, j, n;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       for (j=0; line[j]!='\0';j++){
         line[j]=linetmp[j];
       }
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ = *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int i1, j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V2*age+V3 +V3*V4=> V1 + V3 =2  */
       cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     /* but the covariates which are products must be treated separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
       cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /*   Design
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
        *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
        *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
        *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
        *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
        *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
        *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
        *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
        *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
        *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
        *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
        *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
        *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
        *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
        *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
        * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
        *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
        * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
        *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
        *How to reorganize?
        * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
        * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
        * Struct []
        */
   
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       /*
        * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
       cptcovage=0;
       for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
         cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
             /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cptcovn++;
             cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             k2=k2+2;
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
           cptcovn++;
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     endread:
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     rstart_time = time(NULL);  
     /*  (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);*/
     start_time = *localtime(&rstart_time);
     curr_time=start_time;
     /*tml = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec);*/
     /* strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tml)); */
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&start_time));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tm_sec = tp.tm_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tm_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]==' ') /* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname='%s'\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2;
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel > 2)
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
   
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtab[100][10]);*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*/
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              *     h     1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     1
              *    10     2     1     1     1
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     1
              *    12     2     2     1     1
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     1    
              *    14     2     1     2     1
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     1
              *    16     2     2     2     1
              */
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             /*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*/
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #elsedef
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #elsedef
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
   #include "prevlim.h"  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   #include "hpijx.h"
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
           /*
            */
           /* goto endfree; */
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
   
   
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* Segmentation fault */
             cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         /*}*/
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    endfree:
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     /*(void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);*/
     rend_time = time(NULL);  
     end_time = *localtime(&rend_time);
     /* tml = *localtime(&end_time.tm_sec); */
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&end_time));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifdef _WIN32
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s' Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef __unix
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: '%s', err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
       printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
     }
     printf(" Successful, please wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
   #ifdef __APPLE__
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #elif __linux
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "xdg-open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #else
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
   #endif
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
         system(pplotcmd);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }

Removed from v.1.44  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.161


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