Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.4 and 1.147

version 1.4, 2001/05/02 17:34:41 version 1.147, 2014/06/16 10:33:11
Line 1 Line 1
      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    *** empty log message ***
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews  
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    Summary: Merge
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number    Author: Brouard
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to  
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.    Merge, before building revised version.
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is  
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    Summary: Debugging with valgrind
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and  
   age", you should modify the program where the markup    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.    improve the code.
     No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    the source code.
   hPijx is the probability to be  
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or  
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.  
     Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.  
      * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).  
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   from the European Union.  
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .  
   **********************************************************************/    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
      After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
 #include <math.h>    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
 #include <stdio.h>  
 #include <stdlib.h>    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
 #include <unistd.h>    *** empty log message ***
   
 #define MAXLINE 256    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
 /*#define DEBUG*/    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
 #define windows  
     Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
     get same likelihood as if mle=1.
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */  
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 #define MAXN 20000  
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
 #define AGESUP 130    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 #define AGEBASE 40  
     Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
     just nforces
 int nvar;  
 static int cptcov;    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
 int cptcovn;    Many tings
 int npar=NPARMAX;  
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    Some dimensions resccaled
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
     Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
 int mle, weightopt;    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */  
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */  
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest;    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm;    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
 FILE *ficreseij;  
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
  FILE  *ficresvij;    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
     compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
     and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
     deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
     computation.
 #define NR_END 1    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 #define FREE_ARG char*    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  
     Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
 #define NRANSI    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 #define ITMAX 200    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
     loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    Version 0.98h
   
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    Forecasting file added.
   
 #define GOLD 1.618034    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
   
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    name. <head> headers where missing.
    
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
     otherwise the weight is truncated).
 static double sqrarg;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    1.
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Version 0.98g
   
 int imx;    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
 int stepm;    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
     otherwise the weight is truncated).
 int m,nb;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax;    1.
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    Version 0.98g
 double **pmmij;  
     Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
 double *weight;    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
 int **s; /* Status */  
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab;    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
     not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */  
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
     (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 /******************************************/    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
 {    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
   int i;    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
   lg=strlen(t);    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    table of variances if popbased=1 .
     (s[i] = t[i]);    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    (Module): Function pstamp added
   }    (Module): Version 0.98d
 }  
     Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 {    table of variances if popbased=1 .
   int i,j=0;    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
   int lg=20;    (Module): Function pstamp added
   i=0;    (Module): Version 0.98d
   lg=strlen(s);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
   }    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
   return j;  
 }    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
     (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
   int i,lg,j,p;    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
   i=0;    filename with strsep.
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {  
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
   }    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
     datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
   lg=strlen(t);    allocation too.
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {  
     (u[j] = t[j]);    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
     u[p]='\0';    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
   }  
     Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
   }    can be a simple dot '.'.
 }  
     Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
 {    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");  
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   exit(1);    Gnuplot problem appeared...
 }    To be fixed
 /*********************** vector *******************/  
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
 {    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   double *v;  
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    Some cleaning and links added in html output
   return v-nl+NR_END;  
 }    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
     *** empty log message ***
 /************************ free vector ******************/  
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
 {    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
 }    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
     (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
 /************************ivector *******************************/    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
 {    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   int *v;  
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   return v-nl+NR_END;  
 }    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
     Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
 /******************free ivector **************************/  
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
 {    Fix on curr_time
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
     Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    *** empty log message ***
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
   int **m;    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
      directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
   m += NR_END;    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
   m -= nrl;    from other sources like vital statistic data.
    
      The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */  
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
      the slope with 95% confident intervals.
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
      Current limitations:
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
   return m;    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
 }    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
       int **m;    suppressed.
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
 {    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository):
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
   double **m;    Just cleaning
   
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   m += NR_END;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   m -= nrl;    (Module): Version 0.96b
   
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
     Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
   return m;    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
 }    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
     is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
 {    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 }    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 {    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   double ***m;  
     Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
   m -= nrl;    Version 0.96
   
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    routine fileappend.
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
     Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
     current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    interview.
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
      memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    truncation)
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
   }    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   return m;    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
 }    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
     parcimony.
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)  
 {    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    *** empty log message ***
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
 }    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
   
 /***************** f1dim *************************/  */
 extern int ncom;  /*
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;     Interpolated Markov Chain
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);  
      Short summary of the programme:
 double f1dim(double x)    
 {    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   int j;    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   double f;    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   double *xt;    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
      case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   xt=vector(1,ncom);    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
   return f;    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
 }    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
     probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
 /*****************brent *************************/    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
 {    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
   int iter;    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   double a,b,d,etemp;    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
   double ftemp;    convergence.
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;  
   double e=0.0;    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
      multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
   x=w=v=bx;    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
     xm=0.5*(a+b);    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
 #ifdef DEBUG    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */    hPijx.
 #endif  
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
       *xmin=x;    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
       return fx;    
     }    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
     ftemp=fu;             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);    from the European Union.
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
       q=2.0*(q-r);    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;  
       q=fabs(q);    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
       etemp=e;    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
       e=d;    
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    **********************************************************************/
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  /*
       else {    main
         d=p/q;    read parameterfile
         u=x+d;    read datafile
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)    concatwav
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    freqsummary
       }    if (mle >= 1)
     } else {      mlikeli
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    print results files
     }    if mle==1 
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));       computes hessian
     fu=(*f)(u);    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
     if (fu <= fx) {        begin-prev-date,...
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;    open gnuplot file
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)    open html file
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
         } else {     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
             v=w;  
             w=u;    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
             fv=fw;     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
             fw=fu;         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
             v=u;  
             fv=fu;         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
           }         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
         }    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
   }     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
   *xmin=x;  
   return fx;    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
 }    health expectancies
     Variance-covariance of DFLE
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/    prevalence()
      movingaverage()
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    varevsij() 
             double (*func)(double))    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
 {    total life expectancies
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
   double fu;   end
    */
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  
   if (*fb > *fa) {  
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)   
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  #include <math.h>
       }  #include <stdio.h>
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  #include <stdlib.h>
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  #include <string.h>
   while (*fb > *fc) {  #include <unistd.h>
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  #include <limits.h>
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  #include <sys/types.h>
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  #include <sys/stat.h>
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  #include <errno.h>
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  extern int errno;
       fu=(*func)(u);  
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  #ifdef LINUX
       fu=(*func)(u);  #include <time.h>
       if (fu < *fc) {  #include "timeval.h"
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  #else
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  #include <sys/time.h>
           }  #endif
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  
       u=ulim;  #ifdef GSL
       fu=(*func)(u);  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
     } else {  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  #endif
       fu=(*func)(u);  
     }  /* #include <libintl.h> */
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  
       }  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
 }  
   #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
 /*************** linmin ************************/  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
   #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
 int ncom;  
 double *pcom,*xicom;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
    
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
 {  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  #define NINTERVMAX 8
   double f1dim(double x);  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
   int j;  #define codtabm(h,k)  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  #define MAXN 20000
   double fx,fb,fa;  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
    #define AGESUP 130
   ncom=n;  #define AGEBASE 40
   pcom=vector(1,n);  #define AGEGOMP 10. /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   xicom=vector(1,n);  #ifdef UNIX
   nrfunc=func;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
     pcom[j]=p[j];  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  #else
   }  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   ax=0.0;  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
   xx=1.0;  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  #endif
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  
 #ifdef DEBUG  /* $Id$ */
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  /* $State$ */
 #endif  
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  char version[]="Imach version 0.98nR2, January 2014,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121)";
     xi[j] *= xmin;  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
     p[j] += xi[j];  char strstart[80];
   }  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
 }  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
   int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
 /*************** powell ************************/  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
             double (*func)(double []))  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
 {  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
               double (*func)(double []));  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
   int i,ibig,j;  int npar=NPARMAX;
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
   double fp,fptt;  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
   double *xits;  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
   pt=vector(1,n);  int popbased=0;
   ptt=vector(1,n);  
   xit=vector(1,n);  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   xits=vector(1,n);  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
   *fret=(*func)(p);  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
     fp=(*fret);                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
     ibig=0;  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
     del=0.0;  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
     printf("\n");  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  double **matprod2(); /* test */
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
       fptt=(*fret);  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
 #ifdef DEBUG  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
 #endif  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
         ibig=i;  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
       }  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
 #ifdef DEBUG  FILE *ficresilk;
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  FILE *ficreseij;
       }  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  FILE *ficresstdeij;
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
       printf("\n");  FILE *ficrescveij;
 #endif  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
     }  FILE  *ficresvij;
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #ifdef DEBUG  FILE  *ficresvpl;
       int k[2],l;  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
       k[0]=1;  char title[MAXLINE];
       k[1]=-1;  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
       printf("\n");  int  outcmd=0;
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
         }  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
       }  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #endif  
   char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
   
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  struct timezone tzp;
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  extern int gettimeofday();
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
       return;  long time_value;
     }  extern long time();
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  char *endptr;
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  long lval;
       pt[j]=p[j];  double dval;
     }  
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  #define NR_END 1
     if (fptt < fp) {  #define FREE_ARG char*
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
       if (t < 0.0) {  
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  #define NRANSI 
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #define ITMAX 200 
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
         }  
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  
         printf("\n");  #define GOLD 1.618034 
 #endif  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
       }  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
     }  
   }  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
 }  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/    
   #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
 {  
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit  static double sqrarg;
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   int i, ii,j,k;  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;  
   double **matprod2();  int imx; 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  int stepm=1;
   double **newm;  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  
   int estepm;
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  int m,nb;
     }  long *num;
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
     newm=savm;  double **pmmij, ***probs;
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
     cov[1]=1.;  double dateintmean=0;
     cov[2]=agefin;  
     if (cptcovn>0){  double *weight;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][k]];/*printf("Tcode[ij]=%d nbcode=%d\n",Tcode[ij],nbcode[k][Tcode[ij]]);*/}  int **s; /* Status */
     }  double *agedc;
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
                     * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     savm=oldm;                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; */
     oldm=newm;  double  idx; 
     maxmax=0.;  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
       min=1.;  int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
       max=0.;  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
         sumnew=0;  
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  /**************** split *************************/
       }  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
       maxmin=max-min;  {
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
     }       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    */ 
       return prlim;    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
     }    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
   }  
 }    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
     if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
 /*************** transition probabilities **********/    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
     if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
 {      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
   double s1, s2;        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
   /*double t34;*/      /* get current working directory */
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){      }
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
       }      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
       ps[i][j]=s2;      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
     }      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    }
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
       }    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
       ps[i][j]=s2;    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
     }      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
   }      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
      s1=0;    }
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    if (ss >0){
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)      ss++;
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);      l1= strlen( name);
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    }
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  
   } /* end i */    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
   }
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  /******************************************/
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  
     }  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
   }  {
     int i;
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    int lg=0;
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    i=0;
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);    lg=strlen(t);
    }    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     printf("\n ");      (s[i] = t[i]);
     }      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/    }
 /*  }
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);  
   goto end;*/  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
     return ps;  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
 }    char *s;
     s=out;
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/    while (*in != '\0'){
       while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)        in++;
 {      }
   /* Computes the matric product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times      *out++ = *in++;
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */    }
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized    *out='\0';
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns    return s;
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  }
   long i, j, k;  
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  {
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
        gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
   return out;       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
 }    */
     char *s, *t, *bl;
     t=in;s=in;
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/    while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
       *alocc++ = *in++;
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )    }
 {    if( *in == occ){
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month      *(alocc)='\0';
      duration (i.e. until      s=++in;
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.    }
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step   
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
      included manually here.      in=s;
     }
      */    while ( *in != '\0'){
       *blocc++ = *in++;
   int i, j, d, h, k;    }
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  
   double **newm;    *blocc='\0';
     return t;
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  }
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  {
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     }       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){    */
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){    char *s, *t;
       newm=savm;    t=in;s=in;
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    while (*in != '\0'){
       cov[1]=1.;      while( *in == occ){
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;        *blocc++ = *in++;
       if (cptcovn>0){        s=in;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][k]];      }
     }      *blocc++ = *in++;
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/    }
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    else
       savm=oldm;      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
       oldm=newm;    in=s;
     }    while ( *in != '\0'){
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      *alocc++ = *in++;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    }
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);    *alocc='\0';
          */    return s;
       }  }
   } /* end h */  
   return po;  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
 }  {
     int i,j=0;
     int lg=20;
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/    i=0;
 double func( double *x)    lg=strlen(s);
 {    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d;    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];    }
   double **out;    return j;
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  }
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */  
   long ipmx;  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
   /*extern weight */  /* { */
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
 printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
   */  /*   i=0; */
   /*   lg=strlen(t); */
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  /*   } */
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
             for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
         newm=savm;  /*   } */
           cov[1]=1.;  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
           cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  
           if (cptcovn>0){  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
             for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[1+k-1][i];  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
             }  /*   } */
           out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  /* } */
                        1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  
           savm=oldm;  /********************** nrerror ********************/
           oldm=newm;  
   void nrerror(char error_text[])
   {
       } /* end mult */    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
        fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  }
       ipmx +=1;  /*********************** vector *******************/
       sw += weight[i];  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;  {
     } /* end of wave */    double *v;
   } /* end of individual */    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];    return v-nl+NR_END;
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  }
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  
   return -l;  /************************ free vector ******************/
 }  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   {
     free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  }
   
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  /************************ivector *******************************/
 {  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
   int i,j, iter;  {
   double **xi,*delti;    int *v;
   double fret;    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    return v-nl+NR_END;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  }
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
   printf("Powell\n");  /******************free ivector **************************/
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
   {
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));  }
   
 }  /************************lvector *******************************/
   long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  {
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))    long *v;
 {    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   double **hess;    return v-nl+NR_END;
   int i, j,jk;  }
   int *indx;  
   /******************free lvector **************************/
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  {
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;  }
   
   /******************* imatrix *******************************/
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
        /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  { 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    int **m; 
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);    
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
   }    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    m += NR_END; 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {    m -= nrl; 
       if (j>i) {    
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);    
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
       }    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
     }    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
   }    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
   printf("\n");    
     for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");    
      /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    return m; 
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  } 
   x=vector(1,npar);  
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];        int **m;
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
        /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  { 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
     x[j]=1;    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  } 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];  /******************* matrix *******************************/
     }  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   }  {
     long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    double **m;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     }    m += NR_END;
     printf("\n");    m -= nrl;
   }  
     m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   /* Recompute Inverse */    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    m[nrl] += NR_END;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  
     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");    return m;
     /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
     x[j]=1;     */
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  }
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  
       y[i][j]=x[i];  /*************************free matrix ************************/
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     }  {
     printf("\n");    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   }    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   */  }
   
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
   free_vector(x,1,npar);  {
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);    double ***m;
   
     m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
 }    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     m += NR_END;
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/    m -= nrl;
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])  
 {    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   int i;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   int l=1, lmax=20;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
   double k1,k2;    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  
   double res;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  
   double fx;    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   int k=0,kmax=10;    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
   double l1;    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
     m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
   fx=func(x);    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    
     l1=pow(10,l);    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
     delts=delt;      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;    }
       k1=func(p2)-fx;    return m; 
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
       k2=func(p2)-fx;             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */    */
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */  }
        
 #ifdef DEBUG  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
 #endif  {
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
         k=kmax;    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
       }  }
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */  
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
       }  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  {
         delts=delt;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       }    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     }    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
   }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   delti[theta]=delts;    return tmpout;
   return res;  }
    
 }  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
   char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)  {
 {    
   int i;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   int k;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     return tmpout;
   fx=func(x);  }
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {  
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  {
     k1=func(p2)-fx;    
      /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     k2=func(p2)-fx;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
      strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    return tmpout;
     k3=func(p2)-fx;  }
    
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  /***************** f1dim *************************/
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  extern int ncom; 
     k4=func(p2)-fx;  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
 #ifdef DEBUG   
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  double f1dim(double x) 
 #endif  { 
   }    int j; 
   return res;    double f;
 }    double *xt; 
    
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
 {    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
   int i,imax,j,k;    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
   double big,dum,sum,temp;    return f; 
   double *vv;  } 
    
   vv=vector(1,n);  /*****************brent *************************/
   *d=1.0;  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  { 
     big=0.0;    int iter; 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    double a,b,d,etemp;
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;    double fu,fv,fw,fx;
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");    double ftemp;
     vv[i]=1.0/big;    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
   }    double e=0.0; 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {   
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
       sum=a[i][j];    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    x=w=v=bx; 
       a[i][j]=sum;    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
     }    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
     big=0.0;      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
       sum=a[i][j];      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
       a[i][j]=sum;  #ifdef DEBUG
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
         big=dum;      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
         imax=i;      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
       }  #endif
     }      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
     if (j != imax) {        *xmin=x; 
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {        return fx; 
         dum=a[imax][k];      } 
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];      ftemp=fu;
         a[j][k]=dum;      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
       }        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
       *d = -(*d);        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
       vv[imax]=vv[j];        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
     }        q=2.0*(q-r); 
     indx[j]=imax;        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;        q=fabs(q); 
     if (j != n) {        etemp=e; 
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);        e=d; 
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
     }          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   }        else { 
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */          d=p/q; 
 ;          u=x+d; 
 }          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
             d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])        } 
 {      } else { 
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   double sum;      } 
        u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {      fu=(*f)(u); 
     ip=indx[i];      if (fu <= fx) { 
     sum=b[ip];        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
     b[ip]=b[i];        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
     if (ii)          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];          } else { 
     else if (sum) ii=i;            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
     b[i]=sum;            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
   }              v=w; 
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {              w=u; 
     sum=b[i];              fv=fw; 
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];              fw=fu; 
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
   }              v=u; 
 }              fv=fu; 
             } 
 /************ Frequencies ********************/          } 
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)    } 
 {  /* Some frequencies */    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
      *xmin=x; 
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    return fx; 
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */  } 
   double *pp;  
   double pos;  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   FILE *ficresp;  
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
               double (*func)(double)) 
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  { 
     double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");    double fu; 
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);   
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
     exit(0);    if (*fb > *fa) { 
   }      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
   j1=0;        } 
     *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
   j=cptcovn;    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    while (*fb > *fc) { 
       r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
        j1++;        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
       ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)        if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          fu=(*func)(u); 
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;        fu=(*func)(u); 
                if (fu < *fc) { 
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
          bool=1;            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
          if  (cptcovn>0) {            } 
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcovn; z1++)      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
              if (covar[Tvar[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvar[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) bool=0;        u=ulim; 
          }        fu=(*func)(u); 
           if (bool==1) {      } else { 
            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass-1; m++){        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
              if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;        fu=(*func)(u); 
              if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;      } 
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
            }        } 
          }  } 
        }  
         if  (cptcovn>0) {  /*************** linmin ************************/
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#Variable");  
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcovn; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, " V%d=%d",Tvar[z1],nbcode[Tvar[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);  int ncom; 
        }  double *pcom,*xicom;
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n#");  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)   
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");  { 
            double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)    double f1dim(double x); 
       printf("Total");    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
     else                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
       printf("Age %d", i);    int j; 
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)    double fx,fb,fa;
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];   
     }    ncom=n; 
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    pcom=vector(1,n); 
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)    xicom=vector(1,n); 
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];    nrfunc=func; 
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
       else      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    } 
     }    ax=0.0; 
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    xx=1.0; 
       for(m=1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
     }  #ifdef DEBUG
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
       pos += pp[jk];    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  #endif
       if(pos>=1.e-5)    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);      xi[j] *= xmin; 
       else      p[j] += xi[j]; 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    } 
       if( i <= (int) agemax){    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
         if(pos>=1.e-5)    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);  } 
       else  
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
       }  {
     }    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
     if(i <= (int) agemax)    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
     printf("\n");    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
     }    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
     }    return ascdiff;
  }  }
    
   fclose(ficresp);  /*************** powell ************************/
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);              double (*func)(double [])) 
   { 
 }  /* End of Freq */    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
                 double (*func)(double [])); 
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/    int i,ibig,j; 
     double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)    double fp,fptt;
 {    double *xits;
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.    int niterf, itmp;
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).  
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i    pt=vector(1,n); 
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]    ptt=vector(1,n); 
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.    xit=vector(1,n); 
      */    xits=vector(1,n); 
     *fret=(*func)(p); 
   int i, mi, m;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
 float sum=0.;      fp=(*fret); 
       ibig=0; 
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){      del=0.0; 
     mi=0;      last_time=curr_time;
     m=firstpass;      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
       if(s[m][i]>=1)      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); fflush(ficlog);
         mw[++mi][i]=m;  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); */
       if(m >=lastpass)     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
         break;        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
       else        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
         m++;        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
     }/* end while */      }
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){      printf("\n");
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
          /* Only death is a correct wave */      if(*iter <=3){
       mw[mi][i]=m;        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
     }        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
   /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
     wav[i]=mi;        forecast_time=curr_time; 
     if(mi==0)        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
   }          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
         printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
       if (stepm <=0)          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
         dh[mi][i]=1;          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
       else{  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);          itmp = strlen(strfor);
           if(j=0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
         }          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
         else{          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
           k=k+1;        }
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;      }
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
           sum=sum+j;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
         }        fptt=(*fret); 
         jk= j/stepm;  #ifdef DEBUG
         jl= j -jk*stepm;        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
         if(jl <= -ju)  #endif
           dh[mi][i]=jk;        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
         else        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
       }          ibig=i; 
     }        } 
   }  #ifdef DEBUG
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,sum/k);        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
 }        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
 {          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   int Ndum[80],ij, k, j, i;          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   int cptcode=0;        }
   for (k=0; k<79; k++) Ndum[k]=0;        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
            fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
   for (j=1; j<=cptcovn; j++) {        }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {        printf("\n");
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       Ndum[ij]++;  #endif
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;      } 
     }      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
     /*printf("cptcode=%d cptcovn=%d ",cptcode,cptcovn);*/  #ifdef DEBUG
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {        int k[2],l;
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;        k[0]=1;
     }        k[1]=-1;
          printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
     ij=1;        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       for (k=0; k<=79; k++) {          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;        }
           ij++;        printf("\n");
         }        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
       }            for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     }            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   }              printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
             fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   }          }
           printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
         }
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)  #endif
 {  
   /* Health expectancies */  
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
   double age, agelim,hf;        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
   double ***p3mat;        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
          free_vector(pt,1,n); 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");        return; 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");      } 
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
         pt[j]=p[j]; 
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */      } 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
       if (fptt < fp) { 
   agelim=AGESUP;        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        if (t < 0.0) { 
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */          }
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  #ifdef DEBUG
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);            for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
             printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          }
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          printf("\n");
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];  #endif
         }        }
          } 
     hf=1;    } 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;  } 
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
       }  {
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
   }  
 }    int i, ii,j,k;
     double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
 /************ Variance ******************/    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
 {    double **newm;
   /* Variance of health expectancies */    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/  
   double **newm;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   double **dnewm,**doldm;      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int k, cptcode;      }
    double *xp;  
   double **gp, **gm;     cov[1]=1.;
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;   
   double ***p3mat;   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   double age,agelim;    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
   int theta;      newm=savm;
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");      cov[2]=agefin;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");      
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);        /*printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[%d][Tvar[%d]]=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");      }
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
   xp=vector(1,npar);      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /\* Useless *\/ */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);      /*   cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]]; */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      
        /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
   agelim = AGESUP;      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;      
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */      savm=oldm;
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      oldm=newm;
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      maxmax=0.;
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        min=1.;
         max=0.;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          sumnew=0;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
       }          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            /*printf(" prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d \n", i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin);*/
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        }
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)        maxmin=max-min;
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
         }      }
       }      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
            return prlim;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */      }
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    }
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    }
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];  {
         }    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
       }       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
         }       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
     } /* End theta */       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
        j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
        sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    */
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];    double s1, lnpijopii;
     /*double t34;*/
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)  
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)          }
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
       }  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
     }        }
     h=1;        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);          }
       }          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        }
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        s1=0;
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
   } /* End age */          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
            /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        }
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
           /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
 }        }
         /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)        /* Computing other pijs */
 {        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   double **newm;          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;      } /* end i */
   int k, cptcode;      
   double *xp;      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
   double *gp, *gm;        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
   double **gradg, **trgradg;          ps[ii][jj]=0;
   double age,agelim;          ps[ii][ii]=1;
   int theta;        }
          }
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");      
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");      
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);      /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
       /*   } */
   xp=vector(1,npar);      /*   printf("\n "); */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);      /* } */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
        /*
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        goto end;*/
   agelim = AGESUP;      return ps;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  }
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */  
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */  
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);  {
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
        b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
       }    int i, j, k;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];        out[i][k]=0.;
            for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      }
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    return out;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  }
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];  
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  
     } /* End theta */  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
   {
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
        'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
        (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)       for the memory).
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);       included manually here. 
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);  
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)       */
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */  
     int i, j, d, h, k;
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double **newm;
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));  
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   } /* End age */      }
     /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        newm=savm;
         /* Covariates have to be included here again */
 }        cov[1]=1.;
         cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
 /***********************************************/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
 /**************** Main Program *****************/          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
 /***********************************************/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/  
 int main()  
 {        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
         /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, aaa, cptcod;        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;        savm=oldm;
         oldm=newm;
   double fret;      }
   double **xi,tmp,delta;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   double ***p3mat;          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
   int *indx;        }
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
   char title[MAXLINE];    } /* end h */
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH];    return po;
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];  }
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];  
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];  
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */  double func( double *x)
   int c,  h , cpt,l;  {
   int ju,jl, mi;    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   int i1,j1, k1,jk,aa,bb, stepsize;    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;    double **out;
      double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   int hstepm, nhstepm;    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;    int s1, s2;
   double ftolpl=FTOL;    double bbh, survp;
   double **prlim;    long ipmx;
   double *severity;    /*extern weight */
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   double  *p;    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   double *delti; /* Scale */    */
   double ***eij, ***vareij;    cov[1]=1.;
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */  
   double *epj, vepp;    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.64, May 2000, INED-EUROREVES ";  
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];    if(mle==1){
   char z[1]="c", occ;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
 #include <sys/time.h>        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
 #include <time.h>           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
   /* long total_usecs;           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;         */
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */          cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         }
         /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64a");           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");           has been calculated etc */
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
 #ifdef windows          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   scanf("%s",pathtot);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
      printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
      chdir(path);            }
            for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   /*size=30;            newm=savm;
   getcwd(pathcd, size);              cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   printf("pathcd=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathcd,path,optionfile);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
   chdir(path);            }
   replace(pathc,path);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   */            savm=oldm;
 #endif            oldm=newm;
 #ifdef unix          } /* end mult */
   scanf("%s",optionfile);        
 #endif          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
           /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
            * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
   strcpy(fileres,"r");           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
            * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
   /*---------arguments file --------*/           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
            * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
     goto end;           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
   }           */
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   strcpy(filereso,"o");          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   strcat(filereso,fileres);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   }           */
           /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
     puts(line);               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
     fputs(line,ficparo);               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
   }               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
           health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
           introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   covar=matrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,n);              the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
   if (strlen(model)<=1) cptcovn=0;          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
   else {          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
     j=0;          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
     j=nbocc(model,'+');          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
     cptcovn=j+1;          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
   }          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
           mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */          lower mortality.
              */
   /* Read guess parameters */            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */  
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          } else if  (s2==-2) {
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
     puts(line);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     fputs(line,ficparo);            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
   }            lli= log(survp);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          }
            
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);          else if  (s2==-4) { 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);            lli= log(survp); 
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);          } 
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);  
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){          else if  (s2==-5) { 
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);            lli= log(survp); 
       }          } 
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          
       printf("\n");          else{
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
     }            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
            } 
   npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
   p=param[1][1];          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
            /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          ipmx +=1;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          sw += weight[i];
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        } /* end of wave */
     puts(line);      } /* end of individual */
     fputs(line,ficparo);    }  else if(mle==2){
   }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);            }
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);            newm=savm;
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);            }
       }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       printf("\n");            savm=oldm;
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");            oldm=newm;
     }          } /* end mult */
   }        
   delti=delti3[1][1];          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
            s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          ipmx +=1;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          sw += weight[i];
     puts(line);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     fputs(line,ficparo);        } /* end of wave */
   }      } /* end of individual */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
        for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     printf("%s",str);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);            }
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);            newm=savm;
     }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     printf("\n");              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");            }
   }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)            savm=oldm;
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];            oldm=newm;
              } /* end mult */
   printf("\n");        
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
    if(mle==1){          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     /*-------- data file ----------*/          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {          ipmx +=1;
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;          sw += weight[i];
     }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);        } /* end of wave */
          } /* end of individual */
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     n= lastobs;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     num=ivector(1,n);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);            }
     annais=vector(1,n);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     moisdc=vector(1,n);            newm=savm;
     andc=vector(1,n);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     agedc=vector(1,n);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     cod=ivector(1,n);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     weight=vector(1,n);            }
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */          
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);            savm=oldm;
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);                oldm=newm;
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);          } /* end mult */
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);        
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     i=1;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
                  }else{
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);          }
           strcpy(line,stra);          ipmx +=1;
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          sw += weight[i];
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         }  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
                } /* end of wave */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      } /* end of individual */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         }            }
         num[i]=atol(stra);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
         /*printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]),  (mint[5][i]), (anint[5][i]), (s[5][i]),  (mint[6][i]), (anint[6][i]), (s[6][i]));*/            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         i=i+1;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
       }            }
     }          
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     /*scanf("%d",i);*/                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */            savm=oldm;
             oldm=newm;
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/          } /* end mult */
   Tvar=ivector(1,8);            
              s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   if (strlen(model) >1){          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     j=0;          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
     j=nbocc(model,'+');          ipmx +=1;
     cptcovn=j+1;          sw += weight[i];
              ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     strcpy(modelsav,model);          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
     if (j==0) {        } /* end of wave */
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'V'); Tvar[1]=atoi(strb);      } /* end of individual */
     }    } /* End of if */
     else {    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       for(i=j; i>=1;i--){    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {    return -l;
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');  }
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');Tvar[i+1]=ncov+1;  
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)  double funcone( double *x)
             covar[ncov+1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];  {
         }    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
         else {cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
         Tvar[i+1]=atoi(strc);    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
         }    double **out;
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);      double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
       }    double llt;
       cutv(strd,strc,stra,'V');    int s1, s2;
       Tvar[1]=atoi(strc);    double bbh, survp;
     }    /*extern weight */
   }    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   /*printf("tvar=%d ",Tvar[1]);    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   scanf("%d ",i);*/    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     fclose(fic);      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     */
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/    cov[1]=1.;
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;  
     }    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/  
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         if(s[m][i] >0){            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             if(agedc[i]>0)          }
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];          newm=savm;
             else{          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               agev[m][i]=-1;            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
             }          }
           }          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)          /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
               agev[m][i]=1;          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){          savm=oldm;
               agemin=agev[m][i];          oldm=newm;
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/        } /* end mult */
             }        
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
               agemax=agev[m][i];        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
             }        /* bias is positive if real duration
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/         */
           }        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
           else { /* =9 */          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
             agev[m][i]=1;        } else if  (s2==-2) {
             s[m][i]=-1;          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
           }            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         }          lli= log(survp);
         else /*= 0 Unknown */        }else if (mle==1){
           agev[m][i]=1;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
       }        } else if(mle==2){
              lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
     }        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");          } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
           goto end;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
         }          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
       }        } /* End of if */
     }        ipmx +=1;
         sw += weight[i];
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);        if(globpr){
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
     free_vector(annais,1,n);                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
     free_vector(andc,1,n);            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
           }
              fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
     wav=ivector(1,imx);        }
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      } /* end of wave */
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    } /* end of individual */
        for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     /* Concatenates waves */    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
       gipmx=ipmx;
 Tcode=ivector(1,100);      gsw=sw;
    nbcode=imatrix(1,nvar,1,8);      }
    ncodemax[1]=1;    return -l;
    if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);  }
    
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);  
    h=0;  /*************** function likelione ***********/
    m=pow(2,cptcovn);  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
    {
    for(k=1;k<=cptcovn; k++){    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){       the selection of individuals/waves and
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcovn+1-k)); cpt++){       Plotting could be done.
            h++;     */
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;    int k;
          }  
        }    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
      }      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
    }      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
       if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
    /*for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k]);      }
      }      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
      printf("\n");      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
    }*/      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
    /*scanf("%d",i);*/      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
            fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */    }
   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);  
     *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
     if(*globpri !=0){
   /*scanf("%d ",i);*/      fclose(ficresilk);
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
       fflush(fichtm); 
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    } 
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    return;
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  }
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */  
      /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]  
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */  {
        int i,j, iter;
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);    double **xi;
     double fret;
        double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
        for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
    jk=1;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
    printf("# Parameters\n");    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
        if (k != i)    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
          {      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);    }
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
              jk++;        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
            }    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
            printf("\n");  
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
          }  
      }    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
    }    fclose(ficrespow);
     printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);  
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");  }
     printf("# Scales\n");  
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
         if (j!=i) {  {
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    double **hess;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    int i, j,jk;
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    int *indx;
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);  
             jk++;    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
           }    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
           printf("\n");    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
         }    double gompertz(double p[]);
       }    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       }  
        printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     k=1;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
     printf("# Covariance\n");      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;     
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);      
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
       printf("%3d",i);    }
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){    
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
       }        if (j>i) { 
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
       printf("\n");          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
       k++;          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
     }          
              hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
       ungetc(c,ficpar);        }
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      }
       puts(line);    }
       fputs(line,ficparo);    printf("\n");
     }    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
      printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
        
     if (fage <= 2) {    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       bage = agemin;    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       fage = agemax;    x=vector(1,npar);
     }    indx=ivector(1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/  
 chdir(pathcd);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     printf("Problem with file graph.plt");goto end;      x[j]=1;
   }      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
 #ifdef windows      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
 #endif      }
 m=pow(2,cptcovn);    }
    
  /* 1eme*/    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
 #ifdef windows        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
 #endif      }
 #ifdef unix      printf("\n");
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 #endif    }
   
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    /* Recompute Inverse */
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
 }    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
 }      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      x[j]=1;
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        y[i][j]=x[i];
 }          printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
 #ifdef unix      }
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");      printf("\n");
 #endif      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    }
    }    */
   }  
   /*2 eme*/    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    free_vector(x,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
        free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {  
       k=2*i;  
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  }
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
 }    {
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");    int i;
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);    int l=1, lmax=20;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    double k1,k2;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    double res;
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
 }      double fx;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    int k=0,kmax=10;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    double l1;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    fx=func(x);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
 }      for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");      l1=pow(10,l);
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");      delts=delt;
     }      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);        delt = delta*(l1*k);
   }        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
          k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
   /*3eme*/        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
         k2=func(p2)-fx;
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);        
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       }  #endif
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
     }        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
    }          k=kmax;
          }
   /* CV preval stat */        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {        }
       k=3;        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);          delts=delt;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)        }
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);      }
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);    }
          delti[theta]=delts;
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    return res; 
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);    
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {  }
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;  
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
       }  {
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);      int i;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
     }    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
   }    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
      int k;
   /* proba elementaires */  
   for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    fx=func(x);
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
       if (k != i) {      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
         /*  fprintf(ficgp,"%1d%1d ",i,k);*/      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
           fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);      k1=func(p2)-fx;
           jk++;    
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
         }      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
       }      k2=func(p2)-fx;
     }    
   }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);      k3=func(p2)-fx;
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++) {    
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
       if (k != i) {      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(a%d%d+b%d%d*x",i,k,i,k);      k4=func(p2)-fx;
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++)      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
           fprintf(ficgp,"+%s%d%d*%d",alph[j],i,k,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);  #ifdef DEBUG
         fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
         for(k1=1; k1 <=(nlstate+ndeath); k1++)      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
           if (k1 != i) {  #endif
             fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(a%d%d+b%d%d*x",i,k1,i,k1);    }
             for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++)    return res;
               fprintf(ficgp,"+%s%d%d*%d",alph[j],i,k,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);  }
             fprintf(ficgp,")");  
           }  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", i,k);  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
       if ((i+k)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");  { 
       }    int i,imax,j,k; 
     }    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
   }    double *vv; 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);     
   }    vv=vector(1,n); 
      *d=1.0; 
  fclose(ficgp);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       big=0.0; 
     chdir(path);      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    } 
        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
            sum=a[i][j]; 
            for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
     free_ivector(num,1,n);        a[i][j]=sum; 
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);      } 
     free_vector(weight,1,n);      big=0.0; 
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
     fclose(ficparo);        sum=a[i][j]; 
     fclose(ficres);        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
    }          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
            a[i][j]=sum; 
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
              big=dum; 
           imax=i; 
          } 
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */      } 
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      if (j != imax) { 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          dum=a[imax][k]; 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
     puts(line);          a[j][k]=dum; 
     fputs(line,ficparo);        } 
   }        *d = -(*d); 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
        } 
       indx[j]=imax; 
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);      if (j != n) { 
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
       } 
   if((fichtm=fopen("index.htm","w"))==NULL)    {    } 
     printf("Problem with index.htm \n");goto end;    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   }  ;
   } 
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> Imach, Version 0.63<hr> <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n  
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>  { 
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>    double sum; 
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>   
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>      ip=indx[i]; 
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>      sum=b[ip]; 
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br><br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);      b[ip]=b[i]; 
       if (ii) 
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li>\n<p>");        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       else if (sum) ii=i; 
  m=cptcovn;      b[i]=sum; 
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    } 
     for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
  j1=0;      sum=b[i]; 
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
        j1++;    } 
        if (cptcovn > 0) {  } 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr>************ Results for covariates");  
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcovn;cpt++)  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvar[cpt],nbcode[Tvar[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);  {
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr>");    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
        }  }
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>  
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);      /************ Frequencies ********************/
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>  {  /* Some frequencies */
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);    
        }    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {    int first;
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>    double *pp, **prop;
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);      double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
      }    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {    
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
 <img src=\"ex%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
      }    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
    }      exit(0);
  }    }
 fclose(fichtm);    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     j1=0;
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/    
      j=cptcoveff;
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);  
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {    first=1;
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;  
   }    /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){   /* Loop on covariates */
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);    /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ /* Now it is 2 */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");    /*    j1++;
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");  */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);    for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
            scanf("%d", i);*/
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   k=0;          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   agebase=agemin;            prop[i][m]=0;
   agelim=agemax;        
   ftolpl=1.e-10;        dateintsum=0;
   i1=cptcovn;        k2cpt=0;
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
           bool=1;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
         k=k+1;              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]){
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/                  /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#****** ");                bool=0;
         for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)                /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtab[%d][%d]=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtab[%d][%d]=%d, j1=%d\n", 
           fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d=%d ",Tvar[j],nbcode[Tvar[j]][codtab[k][j]]);                  bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtab[j1][z1],
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");                  j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]],j1);*/
                        /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtab[7][3]=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){              } 
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);          }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );   
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          if (bool==1){
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
         }              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
       }                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
     }                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
   fclose(ficrespl);                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/                if (m<lastpass) {
                    freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {                }
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;                
   }                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
                    k2cpt++;
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;                }
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;                /*}*/
             }
   agelim=AGESUP;          }
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        } /* end i */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */         
          /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
   k=0;        pstamp(ficresp);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        if  (cptcovn>0) {
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
       k=k+1;          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)          fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvar[j],nbcode[Tvar[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");          fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
                }
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);            if(i==iagemax+3){
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          }else{
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)            if(first==1){
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);              first=0;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");              printf("See log file for details...\n");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            }
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          }
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
           }          }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
         }              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
     }            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
   }              if(first==1){
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   fclose(ficrespij);              }
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/            }else{
               if(first==1)
   strcpy(filerest,"t");                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   strcat(filerest,fileres);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {            }
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;          }
   }  
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
   strcpy(filerese,"e");          }       
   strcat(filerese,fileres);          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {            pos += pp[jk];
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);            posprop += prop[jk][i];
   }          }
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             if(pos>=1.e-5){
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");              if(first==1)
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);            }else{
   }              if(first==1)
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   k=0;            }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            if( i <= iagemax){
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){              if(pos>=1.e-5){
       k=k+1;                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
       for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvar[j],nbcode[Tvar[j]][codtab[k][j]]);              }
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");              else
                 fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");            }
       for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)          }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);          
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
             for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
       for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)              if(first==1)
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
               }
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          if(i <= iagemax)
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);            if(first==1)
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);            printf("Others in log...\n");
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);        }
              /*}*/
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");    }
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");   
            fclose(ficresp);
       hf=1;    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){    /* End of Freq */
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);  }
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);  
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){  /************ Prevalence ********************/
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];  {  
           }    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
         }       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)    */
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)   
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){    double *pp, **prop;
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));    double pos,posprop; 
         }    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");    int iagemin, iagemax;
       }    int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
     }  
   }    iagemin= (int) agemin;
            iagemax= (int) agemax;
  fclose(ficreseij);    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
  fclose(ficresvij);    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
   fclose(ficrest);    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
   fclose(ficpar);    j1=0;
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);    
   /*scanf("%d ",i); */    /*j=cptcoveff;*/
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/      
     first=1;
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");    for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);      /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {        j1++;*/
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);        
     exit(0);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   }          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);            prop[i][m]=0.0;
        
  k=0;        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          bool=1;
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){          if  (cptcovn>0) {
      k=k+1;            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
      for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)                bool=0;
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvar[j],nbcode[Tvar[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          } 
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");          if (bool==1) { 
                  for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
    }                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
  }                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
   fclose(ficresvpl);                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
                   prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);                } 
                }
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);            } /* end selection of waves */
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          }
          }
          for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          } 
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          
            for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
                  probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);              } else{
                 if(first==1){
   printf("End of Imach\n");                  first=0;
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */                  printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
                  }
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/              }
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/            } 
   /*------ End -----------*/          }/* end jk */ 
         }/* end i */ 
  end:      /*} *//* end i1 */
 #ifdef windows    } /* end j1 */
  chdir(pathcd);    
 #endif    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
  system("wgnuplot graph.plt");    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
     free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
 #ifdef windows  }  /* End of prevalence */
   while (z[0] != 'q') {  
     chdir(pathcd);  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");  
     scanf("%s",z);  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");  {
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
       chdir(path);       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
       system("index.htm");       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
     }       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
   }       */
 #endif  
 }    int i, mi, m;
     /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
        double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
     int first;
     int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
     double sum=0.;
     first=0;
     jmin=1e+5;
     jmax=-1;
     jmean=0.;
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       mi=0;
       m=firstpass;
       while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
         if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
           mw[++mi][i]=m;
         if(m >=lastpass)
           break;
         else
           m++;
       }/* end while */
       if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
         mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
         /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
            /* Only death is a correct wave */
         mw[mi][i]=m;
       }
   
       wav[i]=mi;
       if(mi==0){
         nbwarn++;
         if(first==0){
           printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
           first=1;
         }
         if(first==1){
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
         }
       } /* end mi==0 */
     } /* End individuals */
   
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
         if (stepm <=0)
           dh[mi][i]=1;
         else{
           if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
             if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
               j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
               if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
               else if(j<0){
                 nberr++;
                 printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
                 printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
               }
               k=k+1;
               if (j >= jmax){
                 jmax=j;
                 ijmax=i;
               }
               if (j <= jmin){
                 jmin=j;
                 ijmin=i;
               }
               sum=sum+j;
               /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
               /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
             }
           }
           else{
             j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
   /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   
             k=k+1;
             if (j >= jmax) {
               jmax=j;
               ijmax=i;
             }
             else if (j <= jmin){
               jmin=j;
               ijmin=i;
             }
             /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
             /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
             if(j<0){
               nberr++;
               printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
             }
             sum=sum+j;
           }
           jk= j/stepm;
           jl= j -jk*stepm;
           ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
           if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
             if(jl==0){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=0;
             }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
                     * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
           }else{
             if(jl <= -ju){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
                                    * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
                                    */
             }
             else{
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
             if(dh[mi][i]==0){
               dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
               bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
               /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
             }
           } /* end if mle */
         }
       } /* end wave */
     }
     jmean=sum/k;
     printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
    }
   
   /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
   {
     /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
     /* Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
      * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
     /* nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
     */
   
     int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
     int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   
   
     cptcoveff=0; 
    
     for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
   
     /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
     for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 : V1 + V3 = 2 only */
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Lopp on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
                                  modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
         ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
                                       * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
                                       * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
                                       * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
         /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
                                         modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
         if (ij > modmaxcovj)
           modmaxcovj=ij; 
         else if (ij < modmincovj) 
           modmincovj=ij; 
         if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
           printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
           exit(1);
         }else
         Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
         /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
         /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
         /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
            (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
            female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
       }
       printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
       cptcode=modmaxcovj;
       /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
      /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
       for (i=modmincovj;  i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value of the modality of model-cov j */
         printf("Frequencies of covariates %d V%d %d\n", j, Tvar[j], Ndum[i]);
         if( Ndum[i] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered, empty modality */
           ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of non-null modalities of the j th covariate. */
         }
         /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
            historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
       } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
   
       /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
       /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4. If Ndum[2]=0 ncodemax[j] is not 4 but 3 */
       /* If Ndum[3}= 635; Ndum[4]=0; Ndum[5]=0; Ndum[6]=27; Ndum[7]=125;
          modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
          There are only 3 modalities non empty (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
          which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10; defining two dummy 
          variables V1_1 and V1_2.
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
       */
       ij=1; /* ij is similar to i but can jumps over null modalities */
       for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 */
         for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *//* Could be 1 to 4 */
           /*recode from 0 */
           if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
             nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
                                        k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
                                        then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
             ij++;
           }
           if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
         }  /* end of loop on */
       } /* end of loop on modality */ 
     } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     
    for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
     
     for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */ 
      /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
      ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
      Ndum[ij]++; 
    } 
   
    ij=1;
    for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
      /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
      if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
        /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
        Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
        ij++;
      }else
          Tvaraff[ij]=0;
    }
    ij--;
    cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
   
   }
   
   
   /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   
   void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3mat;
     double eip;
   
     pstamp(ficreseij);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
   /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       
       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       
       /* Computing expectancies */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       
     }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     
   }
   
   void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
      to initial status i, ei. .
     */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp, *xm;
     double **gp, **gm;
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     int theta;
   
     double eip, vip;
   
     varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     xm=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     
     pstamp(ficresstdeij);
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
       fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
     pstamp(ficrescveij);
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
           for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
             cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
             if(cptj2 <= cptj)
               fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
           }
       }
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     /* If stepm=6 months */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     
     p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   
       /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
          decrease memory allocation */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
         hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }
           }
         }
        
         for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
           }
       }/* End theta */
       
       
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       
   
        for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
         for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
           varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
   
        printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
   
       /* Computing expectancies */
       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0.;
         vip=0.;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
           for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
             vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
       }
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
             for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
               cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
               if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                 fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
             }
         }
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
      
     }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
     free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
   
   /************ Variance ******************/
   void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of health expectancies */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     /* double **newm;*/
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
     int k, cptcode;
     double *xp;
     double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
     double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
     double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
     double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
     double ***p3mat;
     double age,agelim, hf;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int theta;
     char digit[4];
     char digitp[25];
   
     char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     if(popbased==1){
       if(mobilav!=0)
         strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
       else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
     }
     else 
       strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
     sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
     /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
     if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     }
     printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
    
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     }  
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
     /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
   /*   } */
     varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     pstamp(ficresvij);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
     if(popbased==1)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     else
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
     gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
           }
   
         for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
           gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
         }
   
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
     
   
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
               vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
     
       /* pptj */
       matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
       /* end ppptj */
       /*  x centered again */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
       if (popbased==1) {
         if(mobilav ==0){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }
       }
                
       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          as a weighted average of prlim.
       */
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
       }    
       /* end probability of death */
   
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         }
       } 
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240");
     /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtm); 
   }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
     double **newm;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     int k, cptcode;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0,l, cptcode;
     int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];/* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d_1.png\">%s%d_1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d_2.png\">%s%d_2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Period (stable) prevalence in each health state : <a href=\"%s%d_%d.png\">%s%d_%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m0,cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d_%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small size 320, 240\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
     /*goto avoid;*/
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { /\* Bug valgrind *\/ */
                  /*        /\*fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);*\/ */
                  /*        ij++; */
                  /* } */
                  /* else */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    /* if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { */
                    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]); */
                    /*   ij++; */
                    /* } */
                    /* else */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    avoid:
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small size 320, 240\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i, j, n;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       for (j=0; line[j]!='\0';j++){
         line[j]=linetmp[j];
       }
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ = *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int i1, j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V2*age+V3 +V3*V4=> V1 + V3 =2  */
       cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     /* but the covariates which are products must be treated separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
       cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /*   Design
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
        *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
        *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
        *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
        *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
        *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
        *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
        *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
        *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
        *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
        *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
        *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
        *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
        *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
        *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
        *  <          ncovcol=8                >
        *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
        *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
        *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
        * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
        *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
        * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
        *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
        *How to reorganize?
        * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
        * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
        *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
        * Struct []
        */
   
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       /*
        * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
       for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
       cptcovage=0;
       for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
         cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
             /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cptcovn++;
             cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
             cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             k2=k2+2;
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
           cptcovn++;
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     endread:
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2;
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel > 2)
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
   
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtab[100][10]);*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*/
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              *     h     1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     1
              *    10     2     1     1     1
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     1
              *    12     2     2     1     1
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     1    
              *    14     2     1     2     1
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     1
              *    16     2     2     2     1
              */
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             /*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*/
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #elsedef
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #elsedef
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
   #include "prevlim.h"  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   #include "hpijx.h"
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
           /*
            */
           /* goto endfree; */
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
   
   
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* Segmentation fault */
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart);
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         /*}*/
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    endfree:
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.4  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.147


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