Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.52 and 1.194

version 1.52, 2002/07/19 18:49:30 version 1.194, 2015/08/18 13:32:00
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.194  2015/08/18 13:32:00  brouard
      Summary:  Adding error when the covariance matrix doesn't contain the exact number of lines required by the model line.
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    Revision 1.193  2015/08/04 07:17:42  brouard
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    Summary: 0.98q4
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the  
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a    Revision 1.192  2015/07/16 16:49:02  brouard
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    Summary: Fixing some outputs
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are  
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a    Revision 1.191  2015/07/14 10:00:33  brouard
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    Summary: Some fixes
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The  
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the    Revision 1.190  2015/05/05 08:51:13  brouard
   probability to be observed in state j at the second wave    Summary: Adding digits in output parameters (7 digits instead of 6)
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore  
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where    Fix 1+age+.
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more  
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    Revision 1.189  2015/04/30 14:45:16  brouard
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    Summary: 0.98q2
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the  
   convergence.    Revision 1.188  2015/04/30 08:27:53  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple  
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    Revision 1.187  2015/04/29 09:11:15  brouard
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an    *** empty log message ***
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into  
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      Revision 1.186  2015/04/23 12:01:52  brouard
     Summary: V1*age is working now, version 0.98q1
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h  
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be    Some codes had been disabled in order to simplify and Vn*age was
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    working in the optimization phase, ie, giving correct MLE parameters,
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    but, as usual, outputs were not correct and program core dumped.
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx  
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Revision 1.185  2015/03/11 13:26:42  brouard
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply    Summary: Inclusion of compile and links command line for Intel Compiler
   hPijx.  
     Revision 1.184  2015/03/11 11:52:39  brouard
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Summary: Back from Windows 8. Intel Compiler
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.  
      Revision 1.183  2015/03/10 20:34:32  brouard
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Summary: 0.98q0, trying with directest, mnbrak fixed
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.  
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    We use directest instead of original Powell test; probably no
   from the European Union.    incidence on the results, but better justifications;
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    We fixed Numerical Recipes mnbrak routine which was wrong and gave
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    wrong results.
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .  
   **********************************************************************/    Revision 1.182  2015/02/12 08:19:57  brouard
      Summary: Trying to keep directest which seems simpler and more general
 #include <math.h>    Author: Nicolas Brouard
 #include <stdio.h>  
 #include <stdlib.h>    Revision 1.181  2015/02/11 23:22:24  brouard
 #include <unistd.h>    Summary: Comments on Powell added
   
 #define MAXLINE 256    Author:
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"  
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/    Revision 1.180  2015/02/11 17:33:45  brouard
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    Summary: Finishing move from main to function (hpijx and prevalence_limit)
 /*#define DEBUG*/  
 #define windows    Revision 1.179  2015/01/04 09:57:06  brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Summary: back to OS/X
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */  
     Revision 1.178  2015/01/04 09:35:48  brouard
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    *** empty log message ***
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */  
     Revision 1.177  2015/01/03 18:40:56  brouard
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    Summary: Still testing ilc32 on OSX
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */  
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Revision 1.176  2015/01/03 16:45:04  brouard
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    *** empty log message ***
 #define MAXN 20000  
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    Revision 1.175  2015/01/03 16:33:42  brouard
 #define AGESUP 130    *** empty log message ***
 #define AGEBASE 40  
 #ifdef windows    Revision 1.174  2015/01/03 16:15:49  brouard
 #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'    Summary: Still in cross-compilation
 #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'  
 #else    Revision 1.173  2015/01/03 12:06:26  brouard
 #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'    Summary: trying to detect cross-compilation
 #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'  
 #endif    Revision 1.172  2014/12/27 12:07:47  brouard
     Summary: Back from Visual Studio and Intel, options for compiling for Windows XP
 char version[80]="Imach version 0.8i, June 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";  
 int erreur; /* Error number */    Revision 1.171  2014/12/23 13:26:59  brouard
 int nvar;    Summary: Back from Visual C
 int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;  
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Still problem with utsname.h on Windows
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */  
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    Revision 1.170  2014/12/23 11:17:12  brouard
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    Summary: Cleaning some \%% back to %%
 int popbased=0;  
     The escape was mandatory for a specific compiler (which one?), but too many warnings.
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */  
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    Revision 1.169  2014/12/22 23:08:31  brouard
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    Summary: 0.98p
 int mle, weightopt;  
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    Outputs some informations on compiler used, OS etc. Testing on different platforms.
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */  
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    Revision 1.168  2014/12/22 15:17:42  brouard
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    Summary: update
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */  
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;    Revision 1.167  2014/12/22 13:50:56  brouard
 FILE *ficlog;    Summary: Testing uname and compiler version and if compiled 32 or 64
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;  
 FILE *ficresprobmorprev;    Testing on Linux 64
 FILE *fichtm; /* Html File */  
 FILE *ficreseij;    Revision 1.166  2014/12/22 11:40:47  brouard
 char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    *** empty log message ***
 FILE  *ficresvij;  
 char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.165  2014/12/16 11:20:36  brouard
 FILE  *ficresvpl;    Summary: After compiling on Visual C
 char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 char title[MAXLINE];    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.164  2014/12/16 10:52:11  brouard
     Summary: Merging with Visual C after suppressing some warnings for unused variables. Also fixing Saito's bug 0.98Xn
 char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];  
 char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.163  2014/12/16 10:30:11  brouard
 char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   
 char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.162  2014/09/25 11:43:39  brouard
     Summary: temporary backup 0.99!
 #define NR_END 1  
 #define FREE_ARG char*    Revision 1.1  2014/09/16 11:06:58  brouard
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    Summary: With some code (wrong) for nlopt
   
 #define NRANSI    Author:
 #define ITMAX 200  
     Revision 1.161  2014/09/15 20:41:41  brouard
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    Summary: Problem with macro SQR on Intel compiler
   
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    Revision 1.160  2014/09/02 09:24:05  brouard
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    *** empty log message ***
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);  
     Revision 1.159  2014/09/01 10:34:10  brouard
 #define GOLD 1.618034    Summary: WIN32
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    Author: Brouard
 #define TINY 1.0e-20  
     Revision 1.158  2014/08/27 17:11:51  brouard
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    *** empty log message ***
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Revision 1.157  2014/08/27 16:26:55  brouard
      Summary: Preparing windows Visual studio version
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    Author: Brouard
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  
     In order to compile on Visual studio, time.h is now correct and time_t
 static double sqrarg;    and tm struct should be used. difftime should be used but sometimes I
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    just make the differences in raw time format (time(&now).
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Trying to suppress #ifdef LINUX
     Add xdg-open for __linux in order to open default browser.
 int imx;  
 int stepm;    Revision 1.156  2014/08/25 20:10:10  brouard
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    *** empty log message ***
   
 int estepm;    Revision 1.155  2014/08/25 18:32:34  brouard
 /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/    Summary: New compile, minor changes
     Author: Brouard
 int m,nb;  
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;  
 double dateintmean=0;    Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
     Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
 double *weight;    Author: Brouard
 int **s; /* Status */  
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
   
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    *** empty log message ***
   
 /**************** split *************************/    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )    Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
 {    Author: brouard
    char *s;                             /* pointer */  
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
     Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Author: Nicolas Brouard
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
    s= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */    Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    Summary: Nothing new
      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)    Author: Brouard
        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/  
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
       extern char       *getwd( );  
     Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    *** empty log message ***
 #else  
       extern char       *getcwd( );    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
     Summary: Merge
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    Author: Brouard
 #endif  
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    Merge, before building revised version.
       }  
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    Summary: Debugging with valgrind
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    Author: Nicolas Brouard
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */  
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    improve the code.
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
    }    continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
 #ifdef windows    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    the source code.
 #else  
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
 #endif    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */  
    s++;    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
    l1= strlen( name);  
    l2= strlen( s)+1;    Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;  
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 }  
     Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
     * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
 /******************************************/  
     Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
 {  
   int i;    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
   int lg=20;    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
   i=0;    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
   lg=strlen(t);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
     (s[i] = t[i]);    *** empty log message ***
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  
   }    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
 }    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
     than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
   int i,j=0;    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
   int lg=20;    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
   i=0;    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
   lg=strlen(s);    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
   }    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   return j;  
 }    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
     (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
   /* cuts string t into u and v where u is ended by char occ excluding it    just nforces
      and v is after occ excluding it too : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",2)  
      gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    Many tings
   i=0;  
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    Some dimensions resccaled
   }  
     Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
   lg=strlen(t);    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
     (u[j] = t[j]);    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
   }  
      u[p]='\0';    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
     Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {  
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
   }    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
 }  
     Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
     imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 {    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
   exit(1);    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 }    computation.
 /*********************** vector *******************/    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 {  
   double *v;    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
   return v-nl+NR_END;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 }    Version 0.98h
   
 /************************ free vector ******************/    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
 {    Forecasting file added.
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
     Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 /************************ivector *******************************/    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)  
 {    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
   int *v;    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    name. <head> headers where missing.
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 }    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
     otherwise the weight is truncated).
 /******************free ivector **************************/    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    1.
 {    Version 0.98g
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
     (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    otherwise the weight is truncated).
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 {    1.
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Version 0.98g
   int **m;  
      Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   m += NR_END;    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
   m -= nrl;    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
    
      Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
      (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
    
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
   return m;    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 }    table of variances if popbased=1 .
     (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    (Module): Function pstamp added
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    (Module): Version 0.98d
       int **m;  
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 {    table of variances if popbased=1 .
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    (Module): Function pstamp added
 }    (Module): Version 0.98d
   
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
 {    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  
   double **m;    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
     (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
   m += NR_END;    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
   m -= nrl;    filename with strsep.
   
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    allocation too.
   
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
   return m;    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
 }  
     Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
 {    can be a simple dot '.'.
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
 }    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
 {  
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   double ***m;    Gnuplot problem appeared...
     To be fixed
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
   m += NR_END;    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   m -= nrl;  
     Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Some cleaning and links added in html output
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    *** empty log message ***
   
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
     (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
    
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
   }    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
   return m;  
 }    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
     Fix on curr_time
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
 {    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    *** empty log message ***
 }  
     Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
 extern int ncom;    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
      other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 double f1dim(double x)    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 {    from other sources like vital statistic data.
   int j;  
   double f;    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   double *xt;  
      Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
   xt=vector(1,ncom);    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];  
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
   return f;  
 }    Current limitations:
     A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
 /*****************brent *************************/    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
 {  
   int iter;    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
   double a,b,d,etemp;    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;    suppressed.
   double ftemp;  
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
   double e=0.0;    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
      rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);  
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
   x=w=v=bx;    * imach.c (Repository):
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    Just cleaning
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  
     fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
 #ifdef DEBUG    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
     fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    (Module): Version 0.96b
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  
 #endif    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
       *xmin=x;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
       return fx;  
     }    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
     ftemp=fu;    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
       q=2.0*(q-r);  
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
       q=fabs(q);    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
       etemp=e;    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
       e=d;    of the covariance matrix to be input.
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
       else {    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
         d=p/q;    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
         u=x+d;    of the covariance matrix to be input.
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
       }    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
     } else {  
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
     }    Version 0.96
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  
     fu=(*f)(u);    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
     if (fu <= fx) {    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;    routine fileappend.
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
         } else {    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
             v=w;    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
             w=u;    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
             fv=fw;    interview.
             fw=fu;    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
             v=u;    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
             fv=fu;    truncation)
           }    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
         }  
   }    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   *xmin=x;    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
   return fx;    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
 }    parcimony.
     Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  
     Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    *** empty log message ***
             double (*func)(double))  
 {    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
   double fu;  
    */
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  /*
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);     Interpolated Markov Chain
   if (*fb > *fa) {  
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)    Short summary of the programme:
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)    
       }    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   while (*fb > *fc) {    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
       fu=(*func)(u);    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
       fu=(*func)(u);    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
       if (fu < *fc) {    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
           }    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
       u=ulim;    convergence.
       fu=(*func)(u);  
     } else {    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
       fu=(*func)(u);    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
     }    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  
       }    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
 }    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
     split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
 /*************** linmin ************************/    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
     semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
 int ncom;    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
 double *pcom,*xicom;    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);    hPijx.
    
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
 {    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
   double f1dim(double x);             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));    from the European Union.
   int j;    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
   double fx,fb,fa;    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
    
   ncom=n;    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   pcom=vector(1,n);    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   xicom=vector(1,n);    
   nrfunc=func;    **********************************************************************/
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /*
     pcom[j]=p[j];    main
     xicom[j]=xi[j];    read parameterfile
   }    read datafile
   ax=0.0;    concatwav
   xx=1.0;    freqsummary
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);    if (mle >= 1)
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);      mlikeli
 #ifdef DEBUG    print results files
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    if mle==1 
   fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);       computes hessian
 #endif    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {        begin-prev-date,...
     xi[j] *= xmin;    open gnuplot file
     p[j] += xi[j];    open html file
   }    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
 }      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
   
 /*************** powell ************************/    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
             double (*func)(double []))         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
 {         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  
               double (*func)(double []));         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
   int i,ibig,j;         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
   double fp,fptt;     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
   double *xits;     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
   pt=vector(1,n);  
   ptt=vector(1,n);    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
   xit=vector(1,n);    health expectancies
   xits=vector(1,n);    Variance-covariance of DFLE
   *fret=(*func)(p);    prevalence()
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];     movingaverage()
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {    varevsij() 
     fp=(*fret);    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
     ibig=0;    total life expectancies
     del=0.0;    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);   end
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  */
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  /* #define DEBUG */
     fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  /* #define DEBUGBRENT */
     printf("\n");  #define POWELL /* Instead of NLOPT */
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  #define POWELLF1F3 /* Skip test */
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  /* #define POWELLORIGINAL /\* Don't use Directest to decide new direction but original Powell test *\/ */
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  /* #define MNBRAKORIGINAL /\* Don't use mnbrak fix *\/ */
       fptt=(*fret);  
 #ifdef DEBUG  #include <math.h>
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  #include <stdio.h>
       fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);  #include <stdlib.h>
 #endif  #include <string.h>
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);  #ifdef _WIN32
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  #include <io.h>
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  #include <windows.h>
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  #include <tchar.h>
         ibig=i;  #else
       }  #include <unistd.h>
 #ifdef DEBUG  #endif
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  #include <limits.h>
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #include <sys/types.h>
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  #if defined(__GNUC__)
         fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  #include <sys/utsname.h> /* Doesn't work on Windows */
       }  #endif
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  #include <sys/stat.h>
         fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);  #include <errno.h>
       }  /* extern int errno; */
       printf("\n");  
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  /* #ifdef LINUX */
 #endif  /* #include <time.h> */
     }  /* #include "timeval.h" */
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  /* #else */
 #ifdef DEBUG  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
       int k[2],l;  /* #endif */
       k[0]=1;  
       k[1]=-1;  #include <time.h>
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  
       fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  #ifdef GSL
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
         fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);  #endif
       }  
       printf("\n");  
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  #ifdef NLOPT
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  #include <nlopt.h>
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  typedef struct {
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];    double (* function)(double [] );
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  } myfunc_data ;
           fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  #endif
         }  
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  /* #include <libintl.h> */
         fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
       }  
 #endif  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
   
   #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
       return;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
     }  
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  #define NINTERVMAX 8
       pt[j]=p[j];  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
     }  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
     if (fptt < fp) {  #define codtabm(h,k)  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  #define MAXN 20000
       if (t < 0.0) {  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  #define AGESUP 130
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #define AGEBASE 40
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  #define AGEOVERFLOW 1.e20
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  #define AGEGOMP 10 /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
         }  #ifdef _WIN32
 #ifdef DEBUG  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
         fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++){  #else
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
           fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
         }  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
         printf("\n");  #endif
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  
 #endif  /* $Id$ */
       }  /* $State$ */
     }  
   }  char version[]="Imach version 0.98q5, August 2015,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121), Intel Software 2015";
 }  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
   char strstart[80];
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  int nagesqr=0, nforce=0; /* nagesqr=1 if model is including age*age, number of forces */
 {  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
   int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
   int i, ii,j,k;  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
   double **matprod2();  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
   double **newm;  int npar=NPARMAX;
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
   int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  int popbased=0;
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
     }  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
    cov[1]=1.;  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
    int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
     newm=savm;  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
      cov[2]=agefin;  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
    int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  int countcallfunc=0;  /* Count the number of calls to func */
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
       }  double **matprod2(); /* test */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
   FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */
     savm=oldm;  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
     oldm=newm;  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
     maxmax=0.;  FILE *ficresilk;
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
       min=1.;  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
       max=0.;  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  FILE *ficreseij;
         sumnew=0;  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  FILE *ficresstdeij;
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  FILE *ficrescveij;
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
       }  FILE  *ficresvij;
       maxmin=max-min;  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  FILE  *ficresvpl;
     }  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){  char title[MAXLINE];
       return prlim;  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
     }  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
 }  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int  outcmd=0;
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/  
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )  
 {  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   double s1, s2;  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   /*double t34;*/  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){  
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  /* struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time; */
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  /* struct timezone tzp; */
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  /* extern int gettimeofday(); */
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  struct tm tml, *gmtime(), *localtime();
       }  
       ps[i][j]=s2;  extern time_t time();
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  
     }  struct tm start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  time_t  rstart_time, rend_time, rcurr_time, rlast_time, rforecast_time; /* raw time */
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  struct tm tm;
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
       }  
       ps[i][j]=s2;  char *endptr;
     }  long lval;
   }  double dval;
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/  
   #define NR_END 1
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  #define FREE_ARG char*
      s1=0;  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  #define NRANSI 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  #define ITMAX 200 
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  
   } /* end i */  #define GOLD 1.618034 
   #define GLIMIT 100.0 
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
     }  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   }    
   #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
   #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/myutils_8h-source.html */
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  #define mytinydouble 1.0e-16
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);  /* #define DEQUAL(a,b) (fabs((a)-(b))<mytinydouble) */
    }  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/mynrutils_8h-source.html */
     printf("\n ");  /* static double dsqrarg; */
     }  /* #define DSQR(a) (DEQUAL((dsqrarg=(a)),0.0) ? 0.0 : dsqrarg*dsqrarg) */
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  static double sqrarg;
 /*  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   goto end;*/  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
     return ps;  
 }  int imx; 
   int stepm=1;
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  int estepm;
 {  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  int m,nb;
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  long *num;
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *Tage,*cens;
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  int *ncodemax;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
   long i, j, k;                     covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)                     undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  int *ncodemaxwundef;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)                               covariate for which somebody answered including 
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];                               undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
   double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
   return out;  double **pmmij, ***probs;
 }  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
   double dateintmean=0;
   
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  double *weight;
   int **s; /* Status */
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  double *agedc;
 {  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
      duration (i.e. until                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*age; */
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  double  idx; 
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
      included manually here.  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
   double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
      */  
   double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
   int i, j, d, h, k;  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  
   double **newm;  /**************** split *************************/
   static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  {
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    */ 
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
     }    int   l1=0, l2=0;                             /* length counters */
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
       newm=savm;    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
       cov[1]=1.;      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)      /* get current working directory */
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  #ifdef WIN32
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];      if (_getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
   #else
           if (getcwd(dirc, FILENAME_MAX) == NULL) {
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  #endif
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,      }
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
       savm=oldm;      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
       oldm=newm;    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
     }      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
          */      dirc[l1-l2] = '\0';                 /* add zero */
       }      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
   } /* end h */    }
   return po;    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
 }    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
     if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
       dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
 double func( double *x)      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
 {    }
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];    if (ss >0){
   double **out;      ss++;
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */      l1= strlen( name);
   long ipmx;      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
   /*extern weight */      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/    }
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
   */  }
   cov[1]=1.;  
   
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  /******************************************/
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  {
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    int i;
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    int lg=0;
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){    i=0;
         newm=savm;    lg=strlen(t);
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {      (s[i] = t[i]);
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
         }    }
          }
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
         savm=oldm;  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
         oldm=newm;    char *s;
            s=out;
            while (*in != '\0'){
       } /* end mult */      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
              in++;
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);      }
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/      *out++ = *in++;
       ipmx +=1;    }
       sw += weight[i];    *out='\0';
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    return s;
     } /* end of wave */  }
   } /* end of individual */  
   /* char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain) */
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  /* { */
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  /*   /\* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' *\/ */
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  /*   char *s, *t; */
   return -l;  /*   t=in;s=out; */
 }  /*   while ((*in != *chain) && (*in != '\0')){ */
   /*     *out++ = *in++; */
   /*   } */
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  
   /*   /\* *in matches *chain *\/ */
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  /*   while ((*in++ == *chain++) && (*in != '\0')){ */
 {  /*     printf("*in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
   int i,j, iter;  /*   } */
   double **xi,*delti;  /*   in--; chain--; */
   double fret;  /*   while ( (*in != '\0')){ */
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  /*     printf("Bef *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  /*     *out++ = *in++; */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  /*     printf("Aft *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  /*   } */
   printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");  /*   *out='\0'; */
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  /*   out=s; */
   /*   return out; */
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  /* } */
   fprintf(ficlog,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain)
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));  {
     /* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' */
 }    /* in="V1+V1*age+age*age+V2", chain="age*age" */
   
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/    char *strloc;
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  
 {    strcpy (out, in); 
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    strloc = strstr(out, chain); /* strloc points to out at age*age+V2 */
   double **hess;    printf("Bef strloc=%s chain=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, out);
   int i, j,jk;    if(strloc != NULL){ 
   int *indx;      /* will affect out */ /* strloc+strlenc(chain)=+V2 */ /* Will also work in Unicode */
       memmove(strloc,strloc+strlen(chain), strlen(strloc+strlen(chain))+1);
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);      /* strcpy (strloc, strloc +strlen(chain));*/
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);    }
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;    printf("Aft strloc=%s chain=%s in=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, in, out);
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    return out;
   }
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  {
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before FIRST occurence of char 'occ' 
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);       gives blocc="abcdef" and alocc="ghi2j".
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/    */
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/    char *s, *t;
   }    t=in;s=in;
      while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {      *alocc++ = *in++;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {    }
       if (j>i) {    if( *in == occ){
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);      *(alocc)='\0';
         fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);      s=++in;
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);    }
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];       
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
       }      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
     }      in=s;
   }    }
   printf("\n");    while ( *in != '\0'){
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");      *blocc++ = *in++;
     }
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");  
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");    *blocc='\0';
      return t;
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  }
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
   x=vector(1,npar);  {
   indx=ivector(1,npar);    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before LAST occurence of char 'occ' 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
     */
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    char *s, *t;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    t=in;s=in;
     x[j]=1;    while (*in != '\0'){
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);      while( *in == occ){
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){        *blocc++ = *in++;
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];        s=in;
     }      }
   }      *blocc++ = *in++;
     }
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    else
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);    in=s;
       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);    while ( *in != '\0'){
     }      *alocc++ = *in++;
     printf("\n");    }
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  
   }    *alocc='\0';
     return s;
   /* Recompute Inverse */  }
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  {
     int i,j=0;
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");    int lg=20;
     i=0;
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    lg=strlen(s);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     x[j]=1;    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    }
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    return j;
       y[i][j]=x[i];  }
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  
       fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
     }  /* { */
     printf("\n");  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
   }  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
   */  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
   /*   i=0; */
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
   free_vector(x,1,npar);  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);  /*   } */
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);  
   /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
   /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
 }  /*   } */
   /*      u[p]='\0'; */
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/  
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
 {  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
   int i;  /*   } */
   int l=1, lmax=20;  /* } */
   double k1,k2;  
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  #ifdef _WIN32
   double res;  char * strsep(char **pp, const char *delim)
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  {
   double fx;    char *p, *q;
   int k=0,kmax=10;           
   double l1;    if ((p = *pp) == NULL)
       return 0;
   fx=func(x);    if ((q = strpbrk (p, delim)) != NULL)
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    {
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){      *pp = q + 1;
     l1=pow(10,l);      *q = '\0';
     delts=delt;    }
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){    else
       delt = delta*(l1*k);      *pp = 0;
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;    return p;
       k1=func(p2)-fx;  }
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  #endif
       k2=func(p2)-fx;  
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */  /********************** nrerror ********************/
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */  
        void nrerror(char error_text[])
 #ifdef DEBUG  {
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
 #endif    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */  }
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){  /*********************** vector *******************/
         k=kmax;  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
       }  {
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    double *v;
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       }    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){    return v-nl+NR_END;
         delts=delt;  }
       }  
     }  /************************ free vector ******************/
   }  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   delti[theta]=delts;  {
   return res;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
    }
 }  
   /************************ivector *******************************/
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
 {  {
   int i;    int *v;
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];    return v-nl+NR_END;
   int k;  }
   
   fx=func(x);  /******************free ivector **************************/
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  {
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  }
     k1=func(p2)-fx;  
    /************************lvector *******************************/
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  {
     k2=func(p2)-fx;    long *v;
      v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    return v-nl+NR_END;
     k3=func(p2)-fx;  }
    
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  /******************free lvector **************************/
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
     k4=func(p2)-fx;  {
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
 #ifdef DEBUG  }
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
 #endif  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
   }       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
   return res;  { 
 }    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
     int **m; 
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/    
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
 {    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
   int i,imax,j,k;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
   double big,dum,sum,temp;    m += NR_END; 
   double *vv;    m -= nrl; 
      
   vv=vector(1,n);    
   *d=1.0;    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
     big=0.0;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");    
     vv[i]=1.0/big;    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
   }    
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {    return m; 
       sum=a[i][j];  } 
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  
       a[i][j]=sum;  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
     }  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
     big=0.0;        int **m;
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
       sum=a[i][j];       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)  { 
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
       a[i][j]=sum;    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {  } 
         big=dum;  
         imax=i;  /******************* matrix *******************************/
       }  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     }  {
     if (j != imax) {    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {    double **m;
         dum=a[imax][k];  
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
         a[j][k]=dum;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
       }    m += NR_END;
       *d = -(*d);    m -= nrl;
       vv[imax]=vv[j];  
     }    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     indx[j]=imax;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
     if (j != n) {    m[nrl] -= ncl;
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);  
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     }    return m;
   }    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
 ;  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
 }     */
   }
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])  
 {  /*************************free matrix ************************/
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   double sum;  {
      free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
     ip=indx[i];  }
     sum=b[ip];  
     b[ip]=b[i];  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
     if (ii)  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  {
     else if (sum) ii=i;    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
     b[i]=sum;    double ***m;
   }  
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     sum=b[i];    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    m += NR_END;
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];    m -= nrl;
   }  
 }    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
 /************ Frequencies ********************/    m[nrl] += NR_END;
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)    m[nrl] -= ncl;
 {  /* Some frequencies */  
      for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;  
   int first;    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
   double *pp;    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
   FILE *ficresp;    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
      
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {    }
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    return m; 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
     exit(0);             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
   }    */
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);  }
   j1=0;  
    /*************************free ma3x ************************/
   j=cptcoveff;  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  {
     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
   first=1;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
     free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){  }
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  
       j1++;  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
         scanf("%d", i);*/  {
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)      strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
          return tmpout;
       dateintsum=0;  }
       k2cpt=0;  
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
         bool=1;  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
         if  (cptcovn>0) {  {
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
               bool=0;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
         }    strcat(tmpout,"/");
         if (bool==1) {    strcat(tmpout,preop);
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);    return tmpout;
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {  }
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
               if (m<lastpass) {  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];  {
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];    
               }    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
                  strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {    strcat(tmpout,"/");
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
                 k2cpt++;    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
               }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
             }    return tmpout;
           }  }
         }  
       }  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
          {
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
     days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
       if  (cptcovn>0) {    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
       }    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);    return ascdiff;
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");  }
        
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  /***************** f1dim *************************/
         if(i==(int)agemax+3){  extern int ncom; 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Total");  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
         }else{  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
           if(first==1){   
             first=0;  double f1dim(double x) 
             printf("See log file for details...\n");  { 
           }    int j; 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);    double f;
         }    double *xt; 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){   
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
         }    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)    return f; 
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];  } 
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){  
             if(first==1){  /*****************brent *************************/
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
             }  {
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);    /* Given a function f, and given a bracketing triplet of abscissas ax, bx, cx (such that bx is
           }else{     * between ax and cx, and f(bx) is less than both f(ax) and f(cx) ), this routine isolates
             if(first==1)     * the minimum to a fractional precision of about tol using Brent’s method. The abscissa of
               printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);     * the minimum is returned as xmin, and the minimum function value is returned as brent , the
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);     * returned function value. 
           }    */
         }    int iter; 
     double a,b,d,etemp;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    double fu=0,fv,fw,fx;
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    double ftemp=0.;
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
         }    double e=0.0; 
    
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
           pos += pp[jk];    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    x=w=v=bx; 
           if(pos>=1.e-5){    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
             if(first==1)    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
           }else{      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
             if(first==1)      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
               printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
             fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  #ifdef DEBUGBRENT
           }      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
           if( i <= (int) agemax){      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
             if(pos>=1.e-5){      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);  #endif
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/        *xmin=x; 
             }        return fx; 
             else      } 
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);      ftemp=fu;
           }      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
         }        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
                q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        q=2.0*(q-r); 
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
             if(first==1)        q=fabs(q); 
               printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);        etemp=e; 
               fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);        e=d; 
             }        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
         if(i <= (int) agemax)          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");        else { 
         if(first==1)          d=p/q; 
           printf("Others in log...\n");          u=x+d; 
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
       }            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
     }        } 
   }      } else { 
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
        } 
   fclose(ficresp);      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);      fu=(*f)(u); 
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      if (fu <= fx) { 
          if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
   /* End of Freq */        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
 }        SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
       } else { 
 /************ Prevalence ********************/        if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)        if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
 {  /* Some frequencies */          v=w; 
            w=u; 
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;          fv=fw; 
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */          fw=fu; 
   double *pp;        } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
   double pos, k2;          v=u; 
           fv=fu; 
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);        } 
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      } 
      } 
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
   j1=0;    *xmin=x; 
      return fx; 
   j=cptcoveff;  } 
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  
    /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){  
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
       j1++;              double (*func)(double)) 
        { /* Given a function func , and given distinct initial points ax and bx , this routine searches in
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    the downhill direction (defined by the function as evaluated at the initial points) and returns
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    new points ax , bx , cx that bracket a minimum of the function. Also returned are the function
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)  values at the three points, fa, fb , and fc such that fa > fb and fb < fc.
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;     */
          double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    double fu; 
         bool=1;  
         if  (cptcovn>0) {    double scale=10.;
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    int iterscale=0;
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])  
               bool=0;    *fa=(*func)(*ax); /*  xta[j]=pcom[j]+(*ax)*xicom[j]; fa=f(xta[j])*/
         }    *fb=(*func)(*bx); /*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) */
         if (bool==1) {  
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){  
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);    /* while(*fb != *fb){ /\* *ax should be ok, reducing distance to *ax *\/ */
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {    /*   printf("Warning mnbrak *fb = %lf, *bx=%lf *ax=%lf *fa==%lf iter=%d\n",*fb, *bx, *ax, *fa, iterscale++); */
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;    /*   *bx = *ax - (*ax - *bx)/scale; */
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;    /*   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  /\*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) *\/ */
               if (m<lastpass) {    /* } */
                 if (calagedate>0)  
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];    if (*fb > *fa) { 
                 else      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];      SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];    } 
               }    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
             }    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
           }  #ifdef DEBUG
         }    printf("mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
       }    fprintf(ficlog,"mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  #endif
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining a,b,c with fa> fb > fc */
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
         }      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); /* Minimum abscissa of a parabolic estimated from (a,fa), (b,fb) and (c,fc). */
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); /* Maximum abscissa where function should be evaluated */
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { /* if u_p is between b and c */
         }        fu=(*func)(u); 
          #ifdef DEBUG
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        /* f(x)=A(x-u)**2+f(u) */
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        double A, fparabu; 
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
         }        fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
                printf("mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
                /* And thus,it can be that fu > *fc even if fparabu < *fc */
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){            /* mnbrak (*ax=7.666299858533, *fa=299039.693133272231), (*bx=8.595447774979, *fb=298976.598289369489),
           if( i <= (int) agemax){          (*cx=10.098840694817, *fc=298946.631474258087),  (*u=9.852501168332, fu=298948.773013752128, fparabu=298945.434711494134) */
             if(pos>=1.e-5){        /* In that case, there is no bracket in the output! Routine is wrong with many consequences.*/
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;  #endif 
             }  #ifdef MNBRAKORIGINAL
           }  #else
         }/* end jk */  /*       if (fu > *fc) { */
       }/* end i */  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
     } /* end i1 */  /*       printf("mnbrak4  fu > fc \n"); */
   } /* end k1 */  /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak4 fu > fc\n"); */
   /* #endif */
    /*      /\* SHFT(u,*cx,*cx,u) /\\* ie a=c, c=u and u=c; in that case, next SHFT(a,b,c,u) will give a=b=b, b=c=u, c=u=c and *\\/  *\/ */
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  /*      /\* SHFT(*fa,*fc,fu,*fc) /\\* (b, u, c) is a bracket while test fb > fc will be fu > fc  will exit *\\/ *\/ */
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
    /*      u = *cx; */
 }  /* End of Freq */  /*      *cx = dum; */
   /*      dum = fu; */
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/  /*      fu = *fc; */
   /*      *fc =dum; */
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)  /*       } else { /\* end *\/ */
 {  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.  /*       printf("mnbrak3  fu < fc \n"); */
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).  /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak3 fu < fc\n"); */
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i  /* #endif */
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.  /*      u = *cx; */
      */  /*      *cx = dum; */
   /*      dum = fu; */
   int i, mi, m;  /*      fu = *fc; */
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;  /*      *fc =dum; */
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/  /*       } */
   int first;  #ifdef DEBUG
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;        printf("mnbrak34  fu < or >= fc \n");
   double sum=0.;        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak34 fu < fc\n");
   first=0;  #endif
   jmin=1e+5;        dum=u; /* Shifting c and u */
   jmax=-1;        u = *cx;
   jmean=0.;        *cx = dum;
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){        dum = fu;
     mi=0;        fu = *fc;
     m=firstpass;        *fc =dum;
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){  #endif
       if(s[m][i]>=1)      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { /* u is after c but before ulim */
         mw[++mi][i]=m;  #ifdef DEBUG
       if(m >=lastpass)        printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim\n");
         break;        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim\n");
       else  #endif
         m++;        fu=(*func)(u); 
     }/* end while */        if (fu < *fc) { 
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  #ifdef DEBUG
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */        printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim AND fu < fc\n");
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim AND fu <fc \n");
          /* Only death is a correct wave */  #endif
       mw[mi][i]=m;          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
     }          SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
         } 
     wav[i]=mi;      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { /* u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c) */
     if(mi==0){  #ifdef DEBUG
       if(first==0){        printf("mnbrak2  u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
         printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
         first=1;  #endif
       }        u=ulim; 
       if(first==1){        fu=(*func)(u); 
         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);      } else { /* u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum) */
       }  #ifdef DEBUG
     } /* end mi==0 */        printf("mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
   }        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
   #endif
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){        fu=(*func)(u); 
       if (stepm <=0)      } /* end tests */
         dh[mi][i]=1;      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
       else{      SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {  #ifdef DEBUG
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {        printf("mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */  #endif
           k=k+1;    } /* end while; ie return (a, b, c, fa, fb, fc) such that a < b < c with f(a) > f(b) and fb < f(c) */
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  } 
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;  
           sum=sum+j;  /*************** linmin ************************/
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */  /* Given an n -dimensional point p[1..n] and an n -dimensional direction xi[1..n] , moves and
           }  resets p to where the function func(p) takes on a minimum along the direction xi from p ,
         }  and replaces xi by the actual vector displacement that p was moved. Also returns as fret
         else{  the value of func at the returned location p . This is actually all accomplished by calling the
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));  routines mnbrak and brent .*/
           k=k+1;  int ncom; 
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  double *pcom,*xicom;
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */   
           sum=sum+j;  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
         }  { 
         jk= j/stepm;    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
         jl= j -jk*stepm;                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;    double f1dim(double x); 
         if(jl <= -ju)    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
           dh[mi][i]=jk;                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
         else    int j; 
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)    double fx,fb,fa;
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */  
       }    double scale=10., axs, xxs, xxss; /* Scale added for infinity */
     }   
   }    ncom=n; 
   jmean=sum/k;    pcom=vector(1,n); 
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);    xicom=vector(1,n); 
   fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);    nrfunc=func; 
  }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       pcom[j]=p[j]; 
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)    } 
 {  
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;    /* axs=0.0; */
   int cptcode=0;    /* xxss=1; /\* 1 and using scale *\/ */
   cptcoveff=0;    xxs=1;
      /* do{ */
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;      ax=0.;
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;      xx= xxs;
       mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  /* Outputs: xtx[j]=pcom[j]+(*xx)*xicom[j]; fx=f(xtx[j]) */
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {      /* brackets with inputs ax=0 and xx=1, but points, pcom=p, and directions values, xicom=xi, are sent via f1dim(x) */
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      /* xt[x,j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]  f(ax) = f(xt(a,j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 0 * xi(j)) and  f(xx) = f(xt(x, j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 1 * xi(j))   */
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);      /* Outputs: fa=f(p(j)) and fx=f(p(j) + xxs * xi(j) ) and f(bx)= f(p(j)+ bx* xi(j)) */
       Ndum[ij]++;      /* Given input ax=axs and xx=xxs, xx might be too far from ax to get a finite f(xx) */
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/      /* Searches on line, outputs (ax, xx, bx) such that fx < min(fa and fb) */
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;      /* Find a bracket a,x,b in direction n=xi ie xicom, order may change. Scale is [0:xxs*xi[j]] et non plus  [0:xi[j]]*/
     }    /*   if (fx != fx){ */
     /*    xxs=xxs/scale; /\* Trying a smaller xx, closer to initial ax=0 *\/ */
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {    /*    printf("\nLinmin NAN : input [axs=%lf:xxs=%lf], mnbrak outputs fx=%lf <(fb=%lf and fa=%lf) with xx=%lf in [ax=%lf:bx=%lf] \n",  axs, xxs, fx,fb, fa, xx, ax, bx); */
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;    /*   } */
     }    /* }while(fx != fx); */
     ij=1;  
   #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     printf("\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {  #endif
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); /* Giving a bracketting triplet (ax, xx, bx), find a minimum, xmin, according to f1dim, *fret(xmin),*/
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {    /* fa = f(p[j] + ax * xi[j]), fx = f(p[j] + xx * xi[j]), fb = f(p[j] + bx * xi[j]) */
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;    /* fmin = f(p[j] + xmin * xi[j]) */
              /* P+lambda n in that direction (lambdamin), with TOL between abscisses */
           ij++;    /* f1dim(xmin): for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+xmin*xicom[j]; */
         }  #ifdef DEBUG
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
       }      fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     }  #endif
   }    #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     printf("linmin end ");
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;  #endif
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {      /* printf(" before xi[%d]=%12.8f", j,xi[j]); */
    ij=Tvar[i];      xi[j] *= xmin; /* xi rescaled by xmin: if xmin=-1.237 and xi=(1,0,...,0) xi=(-1.237,0,...,0) */
    Ndum[ij]++;      /* if(xxs <1.0) */
  }      /*   printf(" after xi[%d]=%12.8f, xmin=%12.8f, ax=%12.8f, xx=%12.8f, bx=%12.8f, xxs=%12.8f", j,xi[j], xmin, ax, xx, bx,xxs ); */
       p[j] += xi[j]; /* Parameters values are updated accordingly */
  ij=1;    } 
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {    /* printf("\n"); */
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;    printf("Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
      ij++;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
    }      printf(" xi[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
  }      if(j % ncovmodel == 0)
          printf("\n");
  cptcoveff=ij-1;    }
 }  #endif
     free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
   } 
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )  
   
 {  /*************** powell ************************/
   /* Health expectancies */  /*
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;  Minimization of a function func of n variables. Input consists of an initial starting point
   double age, agelim, hf;  p[1..n] ; an initial matrix xi[1..n][1..n] , whose columns contain the initial set of di-
   double ***p3mat,***varhe;  rections (usually the n unit vectors); and ftol , the fractional tolerance in the function value
   double **dnewm,**doldm;  such that failure to decrease by more than this amount on one iteration signals doneness. On
   double *xp;  output, p is set to the best point found, xi is the then-current direction set, fret is the returned
   double **gp, **gm;  function value at p , and iter is the number of iterations taken. The routine linmin is used.
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;   */
   int theta;  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
               double (*func)(double [])) 
   varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);  { 
   xp=vector(1,npar);    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);                double (*func)(double [])); 
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);    int i,ibig,j; 
      double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");    double directest;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");    double fp,fptt;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double *xits;
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    int niterf, itmp;
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);  
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");    pt=vector(1,n); 
     ptt=vector(1,n); 
   if(estepm < stepm){    xit=vector(1,n); 
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);    xits=vector(1,n); 
   }    *fret=(*func)(p); 
   else  hstepm=estepm;      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
   /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
    * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
    * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them      fp=(*fret); /* From former iteration or initial value */
    * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear      ibig=0; 
    * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according      del=0.0; 
    * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we      rlast_time=rcurr_time;
    * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months      /* (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
    * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
    * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise      curr_time = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
    * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret,rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time); fflush(ficlog);
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec); */
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
      and note for a fixed period like estepm months */      }
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the      printf("\n");
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same      if(*iter <=3){
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.        tml = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
   */        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tml));
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */        rforecast_time=rcurr_time; 
         itmp = strlen(strcurr);
   agelim=AGESUP;        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for the last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/          rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */          forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);          itmp = strlen(strfor);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
           printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */        }
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);        }
        for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { /* For each direction i */
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; /* Directions stored from previous iteration with previous scales */
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */        fptt=(*fret); 
   #ifdef DEBUG
     /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */            printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
             fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){  #endif
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){            printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout); /* print direction (parameter) i */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
       }        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);                                        /* Outputs are fret(new point p) p is updated and xit rescaled */
          if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { /* We are keeping the max gain on each of the n directions */
       cptj=0;          /* because that direction will be replaced unless the gain del is small */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          /* in comparison with the 'probable' gain, mu^2, with the last average direction. */
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){          /* Unless the n directions are conjugate some gain in the determinant may be obtained */
           cptj=cptj+1;          /* with the new direction. */
           for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
             gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;          ibig=i; 
           }        } 
         }  #ifdef DEBUG
       }        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
              fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
              for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);            fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
              }
       cptj=0;        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          printf(" p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){          fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
           cptj=cptj+1;        }
           for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){        printf("\n");
             gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           }  #endif
         }      } /* end loop on each direction i */
       }      /* Convergence test will use last linmin estimation (fret) and compare former iteration (fp) */ 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)      /* But p and xit have been updated at the end of linmin, *fret corresponds to new p, xit  */
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){      /* New value of last point Pn is not computed, P(n-1) */
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) { /* Did we reach enough precision? */
         }        /* We could compare with a chi^2. chisquare(0.95,ddl=1)=3.84 */
      }        /* By adding age*age in a model, the new -2LL should be lower and the difference follows a */
            /* a chisquare statistics with 1 degree. To be significant at the 95% level, it should have */
 /* End theta */        /* decreased of more than 3.84  */
         /* By adding age*age and V1*age the gain (-2LL) should be more than 5.99 (ddl=2) */
      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);        /* By using V1+V2+V3, the gain should be  7.82, compared with basic 1+age. */
         /* By adding 10 parameters more the gain should be 18.31 */
      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)        /* Starting the program with initial values given by a former maximization will simply change */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        /* the scales of the directions and the directions, because the are reset to canonical directions */
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];        /* Thus the first calls to linmin will give new points and better maximizations until fp-(*fret) is */
              /* under the tolerance value. If the tolerance is very small 1.e-9, it could last long.  */
   #ifdef DEBUG
      for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)        int k[2],l;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)        k[0]=1;
         varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;        k[1]=-1;
         printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        }
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);        printf("\n");
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
             varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       }            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
     }            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
     /* Computing expectancies */            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          }
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;        }
            #endif
 /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/  
   
         }        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
         free_vector(xits,1,n); 
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
     cptj=0;        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        return; 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){      } /* enough precision */ 
         cptj++;      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { /* Computes the extrapolated point P_0 + 2 (P_n-P_0) */
       }        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
            pt[j]=p[j]; 
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);      } 
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);      fptt=(*func)(ptt); /* f_3 */
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);  #ifdef POWELLF1F3
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);  #else
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
   }  #endif
   printf("\n");        /* (x1 f1=fp), (x2 f2=*fret), (x3 f3=fptt), (xm fm) */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");        /* From x1 (P0) distance of x2 is at h and x3 is 2h */
         /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere.  */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        /* Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3) */
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);        /* will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f"m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);        /* Conditional for using this new direction is that mu^2 = (f1-2f2+f3)^2 /2 < del */
   free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);        /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
 }  #ifdef NRCORIGINAL
         t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)- del*SQR(fp-fptt); /* Original Numerical Recipes in C*/
 /************ Variance ******************/  #else
 void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased)        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del); /* Intel compiler doesn't work on one line; bug reported */
 {        t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
   /* Variance of health expectancies */  #endif
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/        directest = fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt - 2.0 * del; /* If del was big enough we change it for a new direction */
   /* double **newm;*/  #ifdef DEBUG
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf  directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
   double **dnewmp,**doldmp;        fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;        printf("t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
   int k, cptcode;               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
   double *xp;        fprintf(ficlog,"t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
   double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */        printf("tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
   double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */        fprintf(ficlog, "tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
   double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */  #endif
   double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */  #ifdef POWELLORIGINAL
   double ***p3mat;        if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
   double age,agelim, hf;  #else
   int theta;        if (directest*t < 0.0) { /* Contradiction between both tests */
   char digit[4];          printf("directest= %.12lf, t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt,del);
   char digitp[16];          printf("f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
           fprintf(ficlog,"directest= %.12lf, t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt, del);
   char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];          fprintf(ficlog,"f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
         } 
   if(popbased==1)        if (directest < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
     strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-");  #endif
   else  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");          printf("Before linmin in direction P%d-P0\n",n);
           for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev");            printf("Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
   sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);            if(j % ncovmodel == 0)
   /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/              printf("\n");
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */          }
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not */  #endif
   strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
   if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);            printf("After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
   }            if(j % ncovmodel == 0)
   printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);              printf("\n");
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);          }
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying during a year and weighted mean w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n");  #endif
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace direction with biggest decrease by last direction n */
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);            xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and this nth direction by the by the average p_0 p_n */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          }
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);          printf("Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
   }            fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
   fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");  
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {  #ifdef DEBUG
     printf("Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
     exit(0);          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
   }            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
   else{            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");          }
   }          printf("\n");
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL) {          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     printf("Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);  #endif
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);        } /* end of t or directest negative */
     exit(0);  #ifdef POWELLF1F3
   }  #else
   else{      } /* end if (fptt < fp)  */
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");  #endif
   }    } /* loop iteration */ 
   varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);  } 
   
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  {
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
     
   xp=vector(1,npar);    int i, ii,j,k;
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
   dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
   doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);    double **newm;
     double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
   gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);    
   gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
        }
   if(estepm < stepm){    
     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);    cov[1]=1.;
   }    
   else  hstepm=estepm;      /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
   /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.      newm=savm;
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.      cov[2]=agefin;
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size      if(nagesqr==1)
      and note for a fixed period like k years */        cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it        cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if        /*printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[%d][Tvar[%d]]=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same      }
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.      /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
   */      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]*cov[2];
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
   agelim = AGESUP;        cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
       
       savm=oldm;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      oldm=newm;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */      maxmax=0.;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
       }        min=1.;
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          max=0.;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
           sumnew=0;
       if (popbased==1) {          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];          /*printf(" prevalim i=%d, j=%d, prmlim[%d][%d]=%f, agefin=%d \n", i, j, i, j, prlim[i][j],(int)agefin);*/
       }          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
            min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){        }
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        maxmin=max-min;
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];      } /* j loop */
         }      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
       }        return prlim;
       /* This for computing forces of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */      }
       for(j=nlstate+1,gpp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    } /* age loop */
         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)    return prlim; /* should not reach here */
           gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];  }
       }      
       /* end force of mortality */  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
   
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  {
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
         model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
       if (popbased==1) {       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
       }       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
        j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
         }    */
       }    double s1, lnpijopii;
       /* This for computing force of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */    /*double t34;*/
       for(j=nlstate+1,gmp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
         for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)  
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
       }            for(j=1; j<i;j++){
       /* end force of mortality */          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
             /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];          }
         }          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
         gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];        }
       }        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     } /* End theta */            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
             lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
           }
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        }
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      }
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];      
       for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */        s1=0;
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
         trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
           /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */        }
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
         }
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        /* Computing other pijs */
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
       }        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
     }      } /* end i */
       
     /* pptj */      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
     matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
     matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);          ps[ii][jj]=0;
     for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)          ps[ii][ii]=1;
       for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)        }
         varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];      }
     /* end ppptj */      
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);        
     prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
        /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
     if (popbased==1) {      /*  printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      /*   } */
         prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];      /*   printf("\n "); */
     }      /* } */
          /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
     /* This for computing force of mortality (h=1)as a weighted average */      /*
     for(j=nlstate+1,gmp[j]=0.;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
       for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++)        goto end;*/
         gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];      return ps;
     }      }
     /* end force of mortality */  
   /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);  
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));  {
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
       }    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
     }       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
     int i, j, k;
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){        out[i][k]=0.;
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
       }          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");      }
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    return out;
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  }
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);  
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
   } /* End age */  
   free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
   free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);  {
   free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
   free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
   /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);       for the memory).
   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm);       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",fileresprobmorprev,fileresprobmorprev);       included manually here. 
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,digitp,digit);  
   /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);       */
 */  
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,digit);    int i, j, d, h, k;
     double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    double **newm;
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    double agexact;
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  
   free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
   free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
   free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   fclose(ficresprobmorprev);        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   fclose(ficgp);        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   fclose(fichtm);      }
     /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
 }    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
       for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/        newm=savm;
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
 {        cov[1]=1.;
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */        agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/        cov[2]=agexact;
   double **newm;        if(nagesqr==1)
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
   int k, cptcode;          cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
   double *xp;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
   double *gp, *gm;          /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
   double **gradg, **trgradg;          cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtab[ij][Tvar[Tage[k]]]]*cov[2];
   double age,agelim;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
   int theta;          cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
      
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalence's limit\n");  
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         savm=oldm;
   xp=vector(1,npar);        oldm=newm;
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);      }
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
   agelim = AGESUP;        }
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    } /* end h */
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    return po;
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);  }
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);  
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);  #ifdef NLOPT
     double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    double fret;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */    double *xt;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    int j;
       }    myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  /* xt = (p1-1); */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    xt=vector(1,n); 
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];    for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   xt[j]=p1[j-1]; /* xt[1]=p1[0] */
      
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */    fret=(d2->function)(xt); /*  p xt[1]@8 is fine */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    /* fret=(*func)(xt); /\*  p xt[1]@8 is fine *\/ */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    printf("Function = %.12lf ",fret);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) printf(" %d %.8lf", j, xt[j]); 
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];    printf("\n");
    free_vector(xt,1,n);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    return fret;
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  }
     } /* End theta */  #endif
   
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   double func( double *x)
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  {
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double **out;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    int s1, s2;
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);    double bbh, survp;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    long ipmx;
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */    double agexact;
     /*extern weight */
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);    */
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);  
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);    ++countcallfunc;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);  
   } /* End age */    cov[1]=1.;
   
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    if(mle==1){
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
 }        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
            depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
 void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
 {         */
   int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
   int k2, l2, j1,  z1;            cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   int k=0,l, cptcode;        }
   int first=1, first1;        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
   double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
   double **dnewm,**doldm;           has been calculated etc */
   double *xp;        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   double *gp, *gm;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   double **gradg, **trgradg;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   double **mu;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */            }
   int theta;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];            newm=savm;
   char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];            cov[2]=agexact;
             if(nagesqr==1)
   double ***varpij;              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
             for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);            }
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);            savm=oldm;
   }            oldm=newm;
   strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov");          } /* end mult */
   strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);        
   if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
   }           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
   strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor");           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
   strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
   if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
   }           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
   printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
   printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);           */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
            /* bias bh is positive if real duration
   fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");           */
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
                die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
                which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
     for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
       fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
       fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
       fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
     }            to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
   fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
   xp=vector(1,npar);          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
   mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
   varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
   first=1;          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
     printf("Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with gnuplot file: %s\n", optionfilegnuplot);          lower mortality.
     exit(0);            */
   }          /* If, at the beginning of the maximization mostly, the
   else{             cumulative probability or probability to be dead is
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");             constant (ie = 1) over time d, the difference is equal to
   }             0.  out[s1][3] = savm[s1][3]: probability, being at state
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL) {             s1 at precedent wave, to be dead a month before current
     printf("Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);             wave is equal to probability, being at state s1 at
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with html file: %s\n", optionfilehtm);             precedent wave, to be dead at mont of the current
     exit(0);             wave. Then the observed probability (that this person died)
   }             is null according to current estimated parameter. In fact,
   else{             it should be very low but not zero otherwise the log go to
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");             infinity.
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");          */
   /* #ifdef INFINITYORIGINAL */
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing matrix of variance-covariance of step probabilities</h4></li>\n");  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
     fprintf(fichtm,"\nWe have drawn ellipsoids of confidence around the p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf> to understand the covariance between two incidences. They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");  /* #else */
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> We have drawn x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 where x is the column vector (pij,pkl). It means that if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2X2) matrix would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 standard deviations wide on each axis. <br> When both incidences are correlated we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix and made the appropriate rotation.<br> \n");  /*        if ((out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]) < mytinydouble)  */
   /*          lli=log(mytinydouble); */
   }  /*        else */
   /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
    /* #endif */
   cov[1]=1;              lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   tj=cptcoveff;  
   if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}          } else if  (s2==-2) {
   j1=0;            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
   for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
       j1++;            lli= log(survp);
                }
       if  (cptcovn>0) {          
         fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");          else if  (s2==-4) { 
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
         fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable ");            lli= log(survp); 
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);          } 
         fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#");  
                  else if  (s2==-5) { 
         fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable ");            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, "# V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#");            lli= log(survp); 
                  } 
                  
         fprintf(fichtm, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable ");          else{
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
         fprintf(fichtm, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
                  } 
         fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");              /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
         fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#");              /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
       }          ipmx +=1;
                sw += weight[i];
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         cov[2]=age;          /* if (lli < log(mytinydouble)){ */
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {          /*   printf("Close to inf lli = %.10lf <  %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[%d][i]=%d s1=%d s2=%d\n", lli,log(mytinydouble), i, mi,mw[mi][i], s[mw[mi][i]][i], s1,s2); */
           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];          /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Close to inf lli = %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[mw[mi][i]][i]=%d\n", lli, i, mi,s[mw[mi][i]][i]); */
         }          /* } */
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];        } /* end of wave */
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)      } /* end of individual */
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];    }  else if(mle==2){
              for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                  oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)            }
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
                      newm=savm;
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
                      cov[2]=agexact;
           k=0;            if(nagesqr==1)
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               k=k+1;              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
               gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];            }
             }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
           }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
                      savm=oldm;
           for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)            oldm=newm;
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          } /* end mult */
            
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           k=0;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
               k=k+1;          ipmx +=1;
               gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];          sw += weight[i];
             }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           }        } /* end of wave */
            } /* end of individual */
           for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
             gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];        for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                      savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov);            }
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
                    newm=savm;
         pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
                    cov[2]=agexact;
         k=0;            if(nagesqr==1)
         for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
             k=k+1;              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
             mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];            }
           }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
         }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
         for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)            savm=oldm;
           for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)            oldm=newm;
             varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];          } /* end mult */
         
         /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
        fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
      }*/          ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
         fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);        } /* end of wave */
         fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);      } /* end of individual */
     }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
           fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         }              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         i=0;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){            }
           for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             i=i++;            newm=savm;
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);            cov[2]=agexact;
             for (j=1; j<=i;j++){            if(nagesqr==1)
               fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
               fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
             }              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
           }            }
         }/* end of loop for state */          
       } /* end of loop for age */            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */            savm=oldm;
       /*            oldm=newm;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");          } /* end mult */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");        
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);          }else{
       */            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           }
       /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/          ipmx +=1;
       first1=1;          sw += weight[i];
       for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
           if(l2==k2) continue;        } /* end of wave */
           j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;      } /* end of individual */
           for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
             for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
               if(l1==k1) continue;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
               i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
               if(i<=j) continue;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
               for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                 if ((int)age %5==0){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                   v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                   v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;            }
                   cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
                   mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;            newm=savm;
                   mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
                   c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);            cov[2]=agexact;
                   /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */            if(nagesqr==1)
                   lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
                   lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                   /* Eigen vectors */              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
                   v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));            }
                   /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */          
                   v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                   v12=-v21;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
                   v22=v11;            savm=oldm;
                   tnalp=v21/v11;            oldm=newm;
                   if(first1==1){          } /* end mult */
                     first1=0;        
                     printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
                   }          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
                   fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
                   /*printf(fignu*/          ipmx +=1;
                   /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */          sw += weight[i];
                   /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
                   if(first==1){          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
                     first=0;        } /* end of wave */
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");      } /* end of individual */
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);    } /* End of if */
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
                     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
                     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
                     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);    return -l;
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);  }
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);  
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\  double funcone( double *x)
                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\  {
                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
                   }else{    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
                     first=0;    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
                     fprintf(fichtm," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);    double **out;
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);    double llt;
                     fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\    int s1, s2;
                             mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\    double bbh, survp;
                             mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));    double agexact;
                   }/* if first */    /*extern weight */
                 } /* age mod 5 */    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
               } /* end loop age */    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
               fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varpijgr%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",optionfilefiname, j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
               first=1;      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
             } /*l12 */    */
           } /* k12 */    cov[1]=1.;
         } /*l1 */  
       }/* k1 */    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     } /* loop covariates */  
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   }            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          }
   fclose(ficresprob);        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   fclose(ficresprobcov);          newm=savm;
   fclose(ficresprobcor);          agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   fclose(ficgp);          cov[2]=agexact;
   fclose(fichtm);          if(nagesqr==1)
 }            cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
           for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
             cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/          }
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \  
                   int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\          /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
                   int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                   int popforecast, int estepm ,\                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
                   double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \          /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
                   double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){          /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;          savm=oldm;
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/          oldm=newm;
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"a"))==NULL)    {        } /* end mult */
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);        
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   }        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
    fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files (first order: no variance)</h4>\n        /* bias is positive if real duration
  - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
  - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n         */
  - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months):          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
    <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n</li>", \        } else if  (s2==-2) {
   jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,fileres,fileres,stepm,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
             survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
 fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");          lli= log(survp);
         }else if (mle==1){
  m=cptcoveff;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        } else if(mle==2){
           lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
  jj1=0;        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
      jj1++;          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
      if (cptcovn > 0) {        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)          /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);        } /* End of if */
        fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");        ipmx +=1;
      }        sw += weight[i];
      /* Pij */        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months before: pe%s%d1.png<br>        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
 <img src=\"pe%s%d1.png\">",stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);            if(globpr){
      /* Quasi-incidences */          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
      fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: pe%s%d2.png<br>   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
 <img src=\"pe%s%d2.png\">",stepm,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
        /* Stable prevalence in each health state */                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br>            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
        }          }
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.png <br>        }
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      } /* end of wave */
      }    } /* end of individual */
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.png<br>    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
 <img src=\"e%s%d.png\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
    } /* end i1 */    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
  }/* End k1 */      gipmx=ipmx;
  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");      gsw=sw;
     }
     return -l;
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><li><h4> Result files (second order: variances)</h4>\n  }
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n  
  - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n  
  - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"probcov%s\">probcov%s</a> <br>\n  /*************** function likelione ***********/
  - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"probcor%s\">probcor%s</a> <br>\n  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
  - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n  {
  - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
  - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);       the selection of individuals/waves and
        to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n       Plotting could be done.
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n     */
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n    int k;
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);  
  else    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
 fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
       if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
  m=cptcoveff;        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
       }
  jj1=0;      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
      jj1++;      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
      if (cptcovn > 0) {        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
        fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
        for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)    }
          fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);  
        fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
      }    if(*globpri !=0){
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {      fclose(ficresilk);
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.png <br>      fflush(fichtm); 
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      } 
      }    return;
    } /* end i1 */  }
  }/* End k1 */  
  fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");  
 fclose(fichtm);  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
 }  
   void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/  {
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){    int i,j, iter=0;
     double **xi;
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;    double fret;
   int ng;    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) {    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);  #ifdef NLOPT
   }    int creturn;
     nlopt_opt opt;
 #ifdef windows    /* double lb[9] = { -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL }; /\* lower bounds *\/ */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);    double *lb;
 #endif    double minf; /* the minimum objective value, upon return */
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    double * p1; /* Shifted parameters from 0 instead of 1 */
      myfunc_data dinst, *d = &dinst;
  /* 1eme*/  #endif
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {  
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {  
     xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
 #ifdef windows    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
      fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 #endif    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
 #ifdef unix    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres);    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
 #endif      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    }
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
 }      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  #ifdef POWELL
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
 }  #endif
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  #ifdef NLOPT
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  #ifdef NEWUOA
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_NEWUOA,npar);
 }    #else
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));    opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_BOBYQA,npar);
 #ifdef unix  #endif
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n");    lb=vector(0,npar-1);
 #endif    for (i=0;i<npar;i++) lb[i]= -HUGE_VAL;
    }    nlopt_set_lower_bounds(opt, lb);
   }    nlopt_set_initial_step1(opt, 0.1);
   /*2 eme*/    
     p1= (p+1); /*  p *(p+1)@8 and p *(p1)@8 are equal p1[0]=p[1] */
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    d->function = func;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);    printf(" Func %.12lf \n",myfunc(npar,p1,NULL,d));
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);    nlopt_set_min_objective(opt, myfunc, d);
        nlopt_set_xtol_rel(opt, ftol);
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {    if ((creturn=nlopt_optimize(opt, p1, &minf)) < 0) {
       k=2*i;      printf("nlopt failed! %d\n",creturn); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    }
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    else {
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      printf("found minimum after %d evaluations (NLOPT=%d)\n", countcallfunc ,NLOPT);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      printf("found minimum at f(%g,%g) = %0.10g\n", p[0], p[1], minf);
 }        iter=1; /* not equal */
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");    }
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);    nlopt_destroy(opt);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  #endif
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    fclose(ficrespow);
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    printf("#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
 }      fprintf(ficlog,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  }
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
 }    void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");  {
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
     }    double **hess;
   }    int i, j;
      int *indx;
   /*3eme*/  
     double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    double gompertz(double p[]);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);  
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
  for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
      
 */       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
           printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
       }    }
     }    
   }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
        for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
   /* CV preval stat */        if (j>i) { 
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
       k=3;          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"p%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
           /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)        }
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);      }
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);    }
          printf("\n");
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);  
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);    
       }    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);      y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }    x=vector(1,npar);
   }      indx=ivector(1,npar);
      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   /* proba elementaires */      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){  
       if (k != i) {    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);      x[j]=1;
           jk++;      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         }        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
       }      }
     }    }
    }  
     printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
    for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
      for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d%d.png\" \n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk,ng);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
        if (ng==2)        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
        else      }
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");      printf("\n");
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        i=1;    }
        for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {  
          k3=i;    /* Recompute Inverse */
          for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
            if (k != k2){      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
              if(ng==2)    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
                fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);  
              else    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
                fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);  
              ij=1;    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
              for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
                if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {      x[j]=1;
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
                  ij++;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
                }        y[i][j]=x[i];
                else        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
              }      }
              fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");      printf("\n");
                    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
              for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){      }
                fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);    */
                ij=1;  
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    free_vector(x,1,npar);
                    ij++;    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
                  }    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
                  else  
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);  
                }  }
                fprintf(ficgp,")");  
              }  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
              fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
              if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");  {
              i=i+ncovmodel;    int i;
            }    int l=1, lmax=20;
          } /* end k */    double k1,k2;
        } /* end k2 */    double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
      } /* end jk */    double res;
    } /* end ng */    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
    fclose(ficgp);    double fx;
 }  /* end gnuplot */    int k=0,kmax=10;
     double l1;
   
 /*************** Moving average **************/    fx=func(x);
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
     for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
   int i, cpt, cptcod;      l1=pow(10,l);
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)      delts=delt;
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)        delt = delta*(l1*k);
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
            k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){        k2=func(p2)-fx;
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];        
           }  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
         }        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       }  #endif
     }        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
            if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
 }          k=kmax;
         }
         else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
 /************** Forecasting ******************/          k=kmax; l=lmax*10;
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){        }
          else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;          delts=delt;
   int *popage;        }
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;      }
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;    }
   double ***p3mat;    delti[theta]=delts;
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];    return res; 
     
  agelim=AGESUP;  }
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;  
   double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);  {
      int i;
      int l=1, lmax=20;
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {    int k;
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);    fx=func(x);
   }    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;      k1=func(p2)-fx;
     
   if (mobilav==1) {      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);      k2=func(p2)-fx;
   }    
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;      k3=func(p2)-fx;
      
   agelim=AGESUP;      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
        p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
   hstepm=1;      k4=func(p2)-fx;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);  #ifdef DEBUG
   anprojmean=yp;      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   mprojmean=yp;  #endif
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);    }
   jprojmean=yp;    return res;
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;  }
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;  
    /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
    { 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){    int i,imax,j,k; 
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
       k=k+1;    double *vv; 
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");   
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {    vv=vector(1,n); 
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    *d=1.0; 
       }    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");      big=0.0; 
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
            if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
            vv[i]=1.0/big; 
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {    } 
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);        for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);        a[i][j]=sum; 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;      } 
                big=0.0; 
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        sum=a[i][j]; 
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);          for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
                  sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        a[i][j]=sum; 
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);          big=dum; 
             }          imax=i; 
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {        } 
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;      } 
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                    if (j != imax) { 
                 if (mobilav==1)        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];          dum=a[imax][k]; 
                 else {          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];          a[j][k]=dum; 
                 }        } 
                        *d = -(*d); 
               }        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){      } 
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);      indx[j]=imax; 
                              if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
               }      if (j != n) { 
             }        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
           }        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      } 
         }    } 
       }    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
     }  ;
   }  } 
          
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
   { 
   fclose(ficresf);    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
 }    double sum; 
 /************** Forecasting ******************/   
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
        ip=indx[i]; 
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;      sum=b[ip]; 
   int *popage;      b[ip]=b[i]; 
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;      if (ii) 
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;      else if (sum) ii=i; 
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];      b[i]=sum; 
     } 
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      sum=b[i]; 
   agelim=AGESUP;      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
      } 
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);  } 
    
    void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");  {
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {  }
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);  /************ Frequencies ********************/
   }  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);  {  /* Some frequencies */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);    
     int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;    int first;
     double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
   if (mobilav==1) {    double *pp, **prop;
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }    
     pp=vector(1,nlstate);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
      strcat(fileresp,fileres);
   agelim=AGESUP;    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   hstepm=1;      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;      exit(0);
      }
   if (popforecast==1) {    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {    j1=0;
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);    
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);    j=cptcoveff;
     }    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);  
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);    first=1;
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);  
        /* for(k1=1; k1<=j ; k1++){ */  /* Loop on covariates */
     i=1;      /*  for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */ /* Now it is 2 */
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;    /*    j1++; */
        for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){
     imx=i;        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];          scanf("%d", i);*/
   }        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
           for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
       k=k+1;        
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);            prop[i][m]=0;
       }        
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");        dateintsum=0;
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");        k2cpt=0;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");          bool=1;
                if  (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);                if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]){
                          /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){                bool=0;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);                /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtab[%d][%d]=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtab[%d][%d]=%d, j1=%d\n", 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;                  bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtab[j1][z1],
                            j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]],j1);*/
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtab[7][3]=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              } 
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);            }
           
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          if (bool==1){
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
             }              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                              if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                 if (mobilav==1)                if (m<lastpass) {
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                 else {                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];                }
                 }                
               }                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;                  k2cpt++;
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);                }
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/                /*}*/
               }            }
             }          }
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){        } /* end i */
               kk1=0.;         
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];        pstamp(ficresp);
                 }        if  (cptcovn>0) {
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
             }          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           }          fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n#");
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        }
         }        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
       }          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
   /******/        
         for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {          if(i==iagemax+3){
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);              fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){          }else{
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);            if(first==1){
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;              first=0;
                        printf("See log file for details...\n");
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            }
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);            }
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
             }          }
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                            pos += freq[jk][m][i];
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];                if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
               }              if(first==1){
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
             }              }
           }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            }else{
         }              if(first==1)
       }                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
    }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   }            }
            }
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   if (popforecast==1) {            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);          }       
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   }            pos += pp[jk];
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            posprop += prop[jk][i];
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          }
   fclose(ficrespop);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
 }            if(pos>=1.e-5){
               if(first==1)
 /***********************************************/                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
 /**************** Main Program *****************/              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
 /***********************************************/            }else{
               if(first==1)
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
 {              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             }
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;            if( i <= iagemax){
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;              if(pos>=1.e-5){
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
                 /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
   double fret;                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
   double **xi,tmp,delta;              }
               else
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
   double ***p3mat;            }
   int *indx;          }
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];          
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[80];          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
   int c,  h , cpt,l;              if(first==1)
   int ju,jl, mi;                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;              }
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;          if(i <= iagemax)
   int hstepm, nhstepm;            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;          if(first==1)
             printf("Others in log...\n");
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   double ftolpl=FTOL;        }
   double **prlim;        /*}*/
   double *severity;    }
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
   double  *p;   
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */    fclose(ficresp);
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
   double *delti; /* Scale */    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
   double ***eij, ***vareij;    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */    /* End of Freq */
   double *epj, vepp;  }
   double kk1, kk2;  
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;  /************ Prevalence ********************/
    void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
   {  
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
        in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
        We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
   char z[1]="c", occ;    */
 #include <sys/time.h>   
 #include <time.h>    int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];  
      double **prop;
   /* long total_usecs;    double posprop; 
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
      int iagemin, iagemax;
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */    int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
   getcwd(pathcd, size);  
     iagemin= (int) agemin;
   printf("\n%s",version);    iagemax= (int) agemax;
   if(argc <=1){    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
     scanf("%s",pathtot);    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
   }    j1=0;
   else{    
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);    /*j=cptcoveff;*/
   }    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/    
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);    first=1;
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/    for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/      /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
         j1++;*/
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);        
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   chdir(path);          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   replace(pathc,path);            prop[i][m]=0.0;
        
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
           bool=1;
   /* Log file */          if  (cptcovn>0) {
   strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
   if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {                bool=0;
     printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);          } 
     goto end;          if (bool==1) { 
   }            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
   fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s",version);              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
   fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: ");                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
   fprintf(ficlog,"pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
   fflush(ficlog);                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
   /* */                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
   strcpy(fileres,"r");                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */                } 
               }
   /*---------arguments file --------*/            } /* end selection of waves */
           }
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {        }
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
     goto end;            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
   }          } 
           
   strcpy(filereso,"o");          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
   strcat(filereso,fileres);            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);              } else{
     goto end;                if(first==1){
   }                  first=0;
                   printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */                }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            } 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          }/* end jk */ 
     puts(line);        }/* end i */ 
     fputs(line,ficparo);      /*} *//* end i1 */
   }    } /* end j1 */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    
     /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);  }  /* End of prevalence */
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
     fputs(line,ficparo);  {
   }    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
   ungetc(c,ficpar);       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
         mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
           dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
   cptcovn=0;       */
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;  
     int i, mi, m;
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
      int first;
   /* Read guess parameters */    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    double sum=0.;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    first=0;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    jmin=100000;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    jmax=-1;
     puts(line);    jmean=0.;
     fputs(line,ficparo);    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
   }      mi=0;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      m=firstpass;
        while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)          mw[++mi][i]=m;
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){        if(m >=lastpass)
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          break;
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);        else
       if(mle==1)          m++;
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      }/* end while */
       fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
         if(mle==1){           /* Only death is a correct wave */
           printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);        mw[mi][i]=m;
           fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);      }
         }  
         else      wav[i]=mi;
           fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);      if(mi==0){
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);        nbwarn++;
       }        if(first==0){
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
       if(mle==1)          first=1;
         printf("\n");        }
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");        if(first==1){
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
     }        }
        } /* end mi==0 */
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;    } /* End individuals */
   
   p=param[1][1];    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        if (stepm <=0)
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          dh[mi][i]=1;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        else{
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
     puts(line);            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
     fputs(line,ficparo);              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   }              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              else if(j<0){
                 nberr++;
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);              }
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);              k=k+1;
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){              if (j >= jmax){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);                jmax=j;
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);                ijmax=i;
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);              }
       }              if (j <= jmin){
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");                jmin=j;
       printf("\n");                ijmin=i;
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");              }
     }              sum=sum+j;
   }              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
   delti=delti3[1][1];              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
              }
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          else{
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
     puts(line);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);            k=k+1;
   }            if (j >= jmax) {
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              jmax=j;
                ijmax=i;
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);            }
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){            else if (j <= jmin){
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);              jmin=j;
     if(mle==1)              ijmin=i;
       printf("%s",str);            }
     fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){            if(j<0){
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);              nberr++;
       if(mle==1){              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
         printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
         fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);            }
       }            sum=sum+j;
       else          }
         fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);          jk= j/stepm;
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);          jl= j -jk*stepm;
     }          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
     if(mle==1)            if(jl==0){
       printf("\n");              dh[mi][i]=jk;
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");              bh[mi][i]=0;
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
   }                    * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)              bh[mi][i]=ju;
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];            }
              }else{
   if(mle==1)            if(jl <= -ju){
     printf("\n");              dh[mi][i]=jk;
   fprintf(ficlog,"\n");              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
                                    * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
                                    */
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/            }
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */            else{
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */              bh[mi][i]=ju;
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */            }
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
     }              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);            }
              } /* end if mle */
     /*-------- data file ----------*/        }
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {      } /* end wave */
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;    }
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;    jmean=sum/k;
     }    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
     n= lastobs;   }
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);  
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
     num=ivector(1,n);  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
     moisnais=vector(1,n);  {
     annais=vector(1,n);    /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     moisdc=vector(1,n);    /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
     andc=vector(1,n);     * Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
     agedc=vector(1,n);     * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
     cod=ivector(1,n);     * nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
     weight=vector(1,n);    */
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */  
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);  
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);  
     cptcoveff=0; 
     i=1;   
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {    for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {  
            /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* From model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);      for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
           strcpy(line,stra);      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Loop on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);                                 modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
         }                                      * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
                                              * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);                                      * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
                                         modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        if (ij > modmaxcovj)
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          modmaxcovj=ij; 
         else if (ij < modmincovj) 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          modmincovj=ij; 
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){        if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
         }          exit(1);
         num[i]=atol(stra);        }else
                Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){        /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
         /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
         i=i+1;           (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
       }           female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
     }      } /* end for loop on individuals i */
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);      printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
        scanf("%d",i);*/      fprintf(ficlog," Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */      cptcode=modmaxcovj;
       /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){     /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;      for (k=modmincovj;  k<=modmaxcovj; k++) { /* k=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value k of the modality of model-cov j */
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;        printf("Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;        fprintf(ficlog, "Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
     }*/        if( Ndum[k] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered modality k ie empty modality, we skip it and reorder */
    /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){          if( k != -1){
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;            ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/                               covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
                                 undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
            }
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/          ncodemaxwundef[j]++; /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
   Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */                               covariate for which somebody answered including 
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);                               undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);        }
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);        /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
   Tage=ivector(1,15);                 historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
          } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
   if (strlen(model) >1){  
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;      /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
     j=nbocc(model,'+');      /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');         If Ndum[1]=0, Ndum[2]=0, Ndum[3]= 635, Ndum[4]=0, Ndum[5]=0, Ndum[6]=27, Ndum[7]=125;
     cptcovn=j+1;         modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
     cptcovprod=j1;         There are only 3 modalities non empty 3, 6, 7 (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
             which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 2=3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10;
     strcpy(modelsav,model);         defining two dummy variables: variables V1_1 and V1_2.
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){         nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);         nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);         nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
       goto end;         nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
     }      */
          ij=0; /* ij is similar to i but can jumps over null modalities */
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){      for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 or from -1 to 1*/
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */          if (Ndum[i] == 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyze it */            break;
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/          }
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/          ij++;
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */          nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=i;  /* stores the original modality i in an array nbcode, ij modality from 1 to last non-nul modality.*/
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/          cptcode = ij; /* New max modality for covar j */
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */      } /* end of loop on modality i=-1 to 1 or more */
           cptcovprod--;        
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');      /*   for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /\* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *\//\* Could be 1 to 4 *\//\* cptcode=modmaxcovj *\/ */
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/      /*  /\*recode from 0 *\/ */
           cptcovage++;      /*                               k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex  */
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;      /*                               then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/      /*                            But if some modality were not used, it is recoded from 0 to a newer modmaxcovj=cptcode *\/ */
         }      /*  } */
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */      /*  /\* cptcode = ij; *\/ /\* New max modality for covar j *\/ */
           cptcovprod--;      /*  if (ij > ncodemax[j]) { */
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');      /*    printf( " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]);  */
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);      /*    fprintf(ficlog, " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]); */
           cptcovage++;      /*    break; */
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;      /*  } */
         }      /*   }  /\* end of loop on modality k *\/ */
         else {  /* Age is not in the model */    } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/    
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;   for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */    
           Tprod[k1]=i;    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2-nagesqr; i++) { /* -2, cste and age and eventually age*age */ 
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */     ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];     Ndum[ij]++; /* Might be supersed V1 + V1*age */
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];   } 
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)  
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];   ij=0;
           k1++;   for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
           k2=k2+2;     /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
         }     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
       }       ij++;
       else { /* no more sum */       /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/     }else{
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');         /* Tvaraff[ij]=0; */
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);     }
       }   }
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);     /* ij--; */
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);   cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
         scanf("%d",i);*/  
     } /* end of loop + */  }
   } /* end model */  
    
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);  
   fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);  void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   scanf("%d ",i);*/  
     fclose(fic);  {
     /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     /*  if(mle==1){*/    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm;
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;    double age, agelim, hf;
     }    double ***p3mat;
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/    double eip;
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);  
     pstamp(ficreseij);
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
          anint[m][i]=9999;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
          s[m][i]=-1;        fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
        }      }
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
       }    }
     }    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);    if(estepm < stepm){
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
         if(s[m][i] >0){    }
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {    else  hstepm=estepm;   
             if(agedc[i]>0)    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
            else {     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
               if (andc[i]!=9999){     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
               fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
               agev[m][i]=-1;     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
               }     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
             }  
           }    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
               agev[m][i]=1;       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
               agemin=agev[m][i];    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
             }       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
               agemax=agev[m][i];       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/    */
             }    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/  
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/    agelim=AGESUP;
           }    /* If stepm=6 months */
           else { /* =9 */      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
             agev[m][i]=1;         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
             s[m][i]=-1;      
           }  /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
         }    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
         else /*= 0 Unknown */    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
           agev[m][i]=1;    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       }    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
        p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     }  
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);        /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);        nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
           goto end;  
         }      /* If stepm=6 months */
       }      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
     }         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
  fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);      
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);      
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);      
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);      /* Computing expectancies */
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     free_vector(andc,1,n);          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
                
     wav=ivector(1,imx);            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);  
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);          }
      
     /* Concatenates waves */      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);          eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);          fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
       ncodemax[1]=1;        }
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);        fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
            }
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
    h=0;      
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    }
      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){    printf("\n");
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){    
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){  }
            h++;  
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;  void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/  
          }  {
        }    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
      }     to initial status i, ei. .
    }    */
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */    int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){    double age, agelim, hf;
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){    double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
       }    double *xp, *xm;
       printf("\n");    double **gp, **gm;
       }    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
       scanf("%d",i);*/    int theta;
      
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age    double eip, vip;
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */  
     varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
        xp=vector(1,npar);
        xm=vector(1,npar);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    pstamp(ficresstdeij);
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
          fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */        fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
       fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     if(mle==1){    }
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
     }  
        pstamp(ficrescveij);
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
    jk=1;        cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");        for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");          for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");            cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){            if(cptj2 <= cptj)
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
        if (k != i)          }
          {      }
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
            fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);    
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);    if(estepm < stepm){
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);    }
              fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
              jk++;     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
            }     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
            printf("\n");     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
            fprintf(ficlog,"\n");     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
          }     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      }     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
    }     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
    if(mle==1){     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
      /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */  
      ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
      hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
    }       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
    fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
    printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
      for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        if (j!=i) {       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
          fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
          printf("%1d%1d",i,j);       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
          fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);    */
          for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
            printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);  
            fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);    /* If stepm=6 months */
            fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
            jk++;    agelim=AGESUP;
          }    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
          printf("\n");    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
          fprintf(ficres,"\n");    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
        }    
      }    p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    }    p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
        gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
    k=1;    trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
    fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");    gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
    if(mle==1)    gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
      printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");  
    fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
    for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){      nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
      /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
          i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
          fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);      nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
          printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/  
      fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);      /* If stepm=6 months */
      if(mle==1)      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
        printf("%3d",i);         in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
      fprintf(ficlog,"%3d",i);      
      for(j=1; j<=i;j++){      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
        fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);  
        if(mle==1)      /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
          printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
        fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);         decrease memory allocation */
      }      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
      fprintf(ficres,"\n");        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
      if(mle==1)          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
        printf("\n");          xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");        }
      k++;        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
    }        hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
        
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
      ungetc(c,ficpar);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
      puts(line);              gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
      fputs(line,ficparo);              gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
    }            }
    ungetc(c,ficpar);          }
    estepm=0;        }
    fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);       
    if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;        for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
    if (fage <= 2) {          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
      bage = ageminpar;            gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
      fage = agemaxpar;          }
    }      }/* End theta */
          
    fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");      
    fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
    fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
              for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
      ungetc(c,ficpar);      
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
      puts(line);       for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
      fputs(line,ficparo);        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
    }          varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
    ungetc(c,ficpar);  
         printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
    fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
    fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
    fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
              matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
    while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
      ungetc(c,ficpar);          for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
      fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
      puts(line);              varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
      fputs(line,ficparo);        }
    }      }
    ungetc(c,ficpar);  
        /* Computing expectancies */
       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);              
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);              /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
    
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
     puts(line);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     fputs(line,ficparo);        eip=0.;
   }        vip=0.;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);          for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);            vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);          fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);      fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
     fputs(line,ficparo);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);            for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);              if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                 fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);            }
         }
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/      fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);     
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");    }
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {    free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   }    free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   fclose(ficgp);    free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
  printinggnuplot(fileres, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);    free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/    free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");  
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {    free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   }    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n  }
 \n  
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n  /************ Variance ******************/
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">  {
  <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n    /* Variance of health expectancies */
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
  - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n    /* double **newm;*/
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a></ul>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot);    /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav)*/
   fclose(fichtm);    
     int movingaverage();
  printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
      double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
  chdir(path);    int k;
      double *xp;
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
  free_ivector(num,1,n);    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/    double ***p3mat;
  fclose(ficparo);    double age,agelim, hf;
  fclose(ficres);    double ***mobaverage;
     int theta;
     char digit[4];
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/    char digitp[25];
    
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);  
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {    if(popbased==1){
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;      if(mobilav!=0)
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
   }      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);    }
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);    else 
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);    if (mobilav!=0) {
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
        if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      }
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    }
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
   k=0;    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
   agebase=ageminpar;    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
   agelim=agemaxpar;    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
   ftolpl=1.e-10;    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
   i1=cptcoveff;    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    }
         k=k+1;    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/   
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
         printf("\n#******");    pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
           printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
           fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         }        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");    }  
         printf("******\n");    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
            /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );  /*   } */
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);    pstamp(ficresvij);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
         }    if(popbased==1)
       }      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     }    else
   fclose(ficrespl);      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;    xp=vector(1,npar);
   }    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
      doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;  
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   agelim=AGESUP;    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    
     if(estepm < stepm){
   /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
   k=0;    else  hstepm=estepm;   
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
       k=k+1;       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)       Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
               means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
           /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/    agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");  
            for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %f %f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)        }
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
              }  
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        if (popbased==1) {
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");          if(mobilav ==0){
         }            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     }              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
   }          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
   fclose(ficrespij);        }
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);          }
   }        }
   else{        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
     erreur=108;           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);           as a weighted average of prlim.
     fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);        */
   }        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/        }    
         /* end probability of death */
   strcpy(filerest,"t");  
   strcat(filerest,fileres);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   }   
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);        if (popbased==1) {
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);          if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
   strcpy(filerese,"e");          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
   strcat(filerese,fileres);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);          }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);        }
   }  
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
   strcpy(fileresv,"v");              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);          }
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {        }
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   }           as a weighted average of prlim.
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);        */
   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   calagedate=-1;          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
   k=0;        /* end probability of death */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){  
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
       k=k+1;          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          }
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);  
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
           gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");        }
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      } /* End theta */
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");  
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);  
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
            trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  
       varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       if(popbased==1){      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
        }          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);        }
         if (popbased==1) {      }
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];      /* pptj */
         }      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
              matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];      /* end ppptj */
             /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/      /*  x centered again */
           }      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         }   
       if (popbased==1) {
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)        if(mobilav ==0){
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }        }
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");      }
       }               
     }      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   }         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
 free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);         as a weighted average of prlim.
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);      */
     free_vector(weight,1,n);      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   fclose(ficreseij);        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
   fclose(ficresvij);          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
   fclose(ficrest);      }    
   fclose(ficpar);      /* end probability of death */
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);  
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/        for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {        }
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);      } 
     exit(0);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   }  
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   k=0;        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        }
       k=k+1;      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
            free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    } /* End age */
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     }    free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
  }    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240");
   fclose(ficresvpl);    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
    /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  */
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);  
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
   fclose(fichtm);    free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   fclose(ficgp);    if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
      fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
   if(erreur >0){    fflush(fichtm); 
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);  }  /* end varevsij */
     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);  
   }else{  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
    printf("End of Imach\n");  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
    fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");  {
   }    /* Variance of prevalence limit */
   printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
   fclose(ficlog);  
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */    double **dnewm,**doldm;
      int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/    double *xp;
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/    double *gp, *gm;
   /*------ End -----------*/    double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
  end:    
 #ifdef windows    pstamp(ficresvpl);
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
 #endif    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/    fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/  
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);    xp=vector(1,npar);
  strcat(plotcmd," ");    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
  system(plotcmd);    
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
 #ifdef windows    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   while (z[0] != 'q') {    agelim = AGESUP;
     /* chdir(path); */    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
     scanf("%s",z);      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   }  
 #endif      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
 }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0, l;
     int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           if(nagesqr==1)
             cov[3]= age*age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];/* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtab[ij][Tvar[Tage[k]]]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } */ /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++){ 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
            printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);fflush(stdout);
          }
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d_1.png\">%s%d_1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d_2.png\">%s%d_2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.png\">%s%d_%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br> \
    - 95%% confidence intervals and T statistics are in the log file.<br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Standard deviation of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d_%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d_%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'vpl' files\n");
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d_%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files\n");
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small size 320, 240\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small size 320, 240\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=1; j<= (nlstate-1) ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#MLE estimated parameters\n#############\n");
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       fprintf(ficgp,"# initial state %d\n",i);
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           fprintf(ficgp,"#   current state %d\n",k);
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f; ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
         }
       }
      }
     fprintf(ficgp,"##############\n#\n");
   
     /*goto avoid;*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#Graphics of of probabilities or incidences\n#############\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=p1 +p2*age +p3*age*age+ p4*V1+ p5*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=p6 +p7*age +p8*age*age+ p9*V1+ p10*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12+p13+p14+p11=1=p11(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p11=1/(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12=exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)/\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#     (1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age))\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a14+b14*age+c14age*age+d14*V1+e14*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#\n");
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        fprintf(ficgp,"# ng=%d\n",ng);
        fprintf(ficgp,"#   jk=1 to 2^%d=%d\n",cptcoveff,m);
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"#    jk=%d\n",jk);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d_%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small size 320, 240\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                    fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                else
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                    fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) { /* Bug valgrind */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){ 
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+nagesqr);
     
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    /* avoid: */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   void prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   void populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     int i,j, k, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
   
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small size 320, 240\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i=0, j=0, n=0;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[MAXLINE], strb[MAXLINE];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       strcpy(line, linetmp);
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
         }
         else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     /* endread: */
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ == *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age+age*age
      * - nagesqr = 1 if age*age in the model, otherwise 0.
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8 excepting constant and age and age*age
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6 and age*age
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int  j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
     char *strpt;
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=1+age+%s. ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=1+age+%s. ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strpt=strstr(model,"age*age")) !=0){
         printf(" strpt=%s, model=%s\n",strpt, model);
         if(strpt != model){
         printf("Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model); fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
   
         nagesqr=1;
         if (strstr(model,"+age*age") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "+age*age");
         else if (strstr(model,"age*age+") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age+");
         else 
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age");
       }else
         nagesqr=0;
       if (strlen(modelsav) >1){
         j=nbocc(modelsav,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
         j1=nbocc(modelsav,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
         cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V1*age+V3 +V3*V4+age*age=> V1 + V3 =2  */
         cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model, not including
                      * cst, age and age*age 
                      * V1+V1*age+ V3 + V3*V4+age*age=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     * but the covariates which are products must be treated 
                     * separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
         cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
         cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
   
       
         /*   Design
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
          *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
          *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
          *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
          *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
          *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
          *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
          *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
          *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
          *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
          *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
          *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
          *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
          *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
          *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
          *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
          * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
          *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
          * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
          *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
          *How to reorganize?
          * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
          * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
          * Struct []
          */
   
         /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
         /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
         /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
         /*        k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
         /*        k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
         /*        k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
         /*        k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
         /*        k=5 Tvar[5] */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
         /*        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
         /*        } */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtab[ij][Tvar[Tage[k]]]]*cov[2]; */
         /*
          * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
         for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
         cptcovage=0;
         for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
           cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                            modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
           if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
           /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
           /*scanf("%d",i);*/
           if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
             cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
             if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
               /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2; V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1 */
               cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tvar[4]=3, Tage[1] = 4 or V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1, Tage[1]=2 */
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
             } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
               cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;
             } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
               /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
               cptcovn++;
               cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
               Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                      because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                      ncovcol + k1
                                      If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                      Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
               cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
               Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
               Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
               Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
               k2=k2+2;
               Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
               Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
               for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
                 /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                    covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
                 covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
               }
             } /* End age is not in the model */
           } /* End if model includes a product */
           else { /* no more sum */
             /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
             /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
             cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
             ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
             cptcovn++;
             Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
           }
           strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
           /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
             scanf("%d",i);*/
         } /* end of loop + on total covariates */
       } /* end if strlen(modelsave == 0) age*age might exist */
     } /* end if strlen(model == 0) */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     /*endread:*/
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr = *nberr + 1;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased (%d)\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased (%d)\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0){
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999){
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               }else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
             } /* agedc > 0 */
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
    /* endread:*/
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
   /*printf("Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   /*fprintf(ficlog, "Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   //#include "stdafx.h"
   //#include <stdio.h>
   //#include <tchar.h>
   //#include <windows.h>
   //#include <iostream>
   typedef BOOL(WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
   LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
   BOOL IsWow64()
   {
           BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
   
           //typedef BOOL (APIENTRY *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
           //  (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
           //LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
           HMODULE module = GetModuleHandle(_T("kernel32"));
           const char funcName[] = "IsWow64Process";
           fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
                   GetProcAddress(module, funcName);
   
           if (NULL != fnIsWow64Process)
           {
                   if (!fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(),
                           &bIsWow64))
                           //throw std::exception("Unknown error");
                           printf("Unknown error\n");
           }
           return bIsWow64 != FALSE;
   }
   #endif
   
   void syscompilerinfo(int logged)
    {
      /* #include "syscompilerinfo.h"*/
      /* command line Intel compiler 32bit windows, XP compatible:*/
      /* /GS /W3 /Gy
         /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D
         "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_USING_V110_SDK71_" /D "_UNICODE" /D
         "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope /Gd /Oi /MT /Fa"Release\" /EHsc /nologo
         /Fo"Release\" /Qprof-dir "Release\" /Fp"Release\IMaCh.pch"
      */ 
      /* 64 bits */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy
        /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG"
        /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope
        /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir
        "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" */
      /* Optimization are useless and O3 is slower than O2 */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O3 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" 
        /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo 
        /Zc:forScope /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Qparallel 
        /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" 
      */
      /* Link is */ /* /OUT:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.exe" /MANIFEST /NXCOMPAT
         /PDB:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.pdb" /DYNAMICBASE
         "kernel32.lib" "user32.lib" "gdi32.lib" "winspool.lib"
         "comdlg32.lib" "advapi32.lib" "shell32.lib" "ole32.lib"
         "oleaut32.lib" "uuid.lib" "odbc32.lib" "odbccp32.lib"
         /MACHINE:X86 /OPT:REF /SAFESEH /INCREMENTAL:NO
         /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE",5.01" /MANIFESTUAC:"level='asInvoker'
         uiAccess='false'"
         /ManifestFile:"Release\IMaCh.exe.intermediate.manifest" /OPT:ICF
         /NOLOGO /TLBID:1
      */
   #if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
           struct utsname sysInfo;  /* For Intel on Linux and OS/X */
   #endif
   #elif defined(__GNUC__) 
   #ifndef  __APPLE__
   #include <gnu/libc-version.h>  /* Only on gnu */
   #endif
      struct utsname sysInfo;
      int cross = CROSS;
      if (cross){
              printf("Cross-");
              if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, "Cross-");
      }
   #endif
   
   #include <stdint.h>
   
      printf("Compiled with:");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog,"Compiled with:");
   #if defined(__clang__)
      printf(" Clang/LLVM");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Clang/LLVM");       /* Clang/LLVM. ---------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
      printf(" Intel ICC/ICPC");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Intel ICC/ICPC");/* Intel ICC/ICPC. ------------------------------------------ */
   #endif
   #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
      printf(" GNU GCC/G++");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," GNU GCC/G++");/* GNU GCC/G++. --------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
      printf(" Hewlett-Packard C/aC++");if(logged)fprintf(fcilog," Hewlett-Packard C/aC++"); /* Hewlett-Packard C/aC++. ---------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)
      printf(" IBM XL C/C++"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," IBM XL C/C++");/* IBM XL C/C++. -------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      printf(" Microsoft Visual Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Microsoft Visual Studio");/* Microsoft Visual Studio. --------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__PGI)
      printf(" Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");/* Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP. ------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
      printf(" Oracle Solaris Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Oracle Solaris Studio\n");/* Oracle Solaris Studio. ----------------------------------- */
   #endif
      printf(" for "); if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, " for ");
      
   // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605842/how-to-identify-platform-compiler-from-preprocessor-macros
   #ifdef _WIN32 // note the underscore: without it, it's not msdn official!
       // Windows (x64 and x86)
      printf("Windows (x64 and x86) ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Windows (x64 and x86) ");
   #elif __unix__ // all unices, not all compilers
       // Unix
      printf("Unix ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Unix ");
   #elif __linux__
       // linux
      printf("linux ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"linux ");
   #elif __APPLE__
       // Mac OS, not sure if this is covered by __posix__ and/or __unix__ though..
      printf("Mac OS ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Mac OS ");
   #endif
   
   /*  __MINGW32__   */
   /*  __CYGWIN__   */
   /* __MINGW64__  */
   // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/b0084kay.aspx
   /* _MSC_VER  //the Visual C++ compiler is 17.00.51106.1, the _MSC_VER macro evaluates to 1700. Type cl /?  */
   /* _MSC_FULL_VER //the Visual C++ compiler is 15.00.20706.01, the _MSC_FULL_VER macro evaluates to 150020706 */
   /* _WIN64  // Defined for applications for Win64. */
   /* _M_X64 // Defined for compilations that target x64 processors. */
   /* _DEBUG // Defined when you compile with /LDd, /MDd, and /MTd. */
   
   #if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffff
      printf(" 32-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 32-bit");/* 32-bit */
   #elif UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffffffffffff
      printf(" 64-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 64-bit");/* 64-bit */
   #else
      printf(" wtf-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," wtf-bit");/* wtf */
   #endif
   
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
   # if defined(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
                               + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   # else
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100)
   # endif
      printf(" using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, " using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
   
      if (uname(&sysInfo) != -1) {
        printf("Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
            if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n ",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
      }
      else
         perror("uname() error");
      //#ifndef __INTEL_COMPILER 
   #if !defined (__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(__APPLE__)
      printf("GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version()); 
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version());
   #endif
   #endif
   
      //   void main()
      //   {
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      if (IsWow64()){
              printf("\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
      }
      else{
              printf("\nThe program is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe programm is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
      }
      //      printf("\nPress Enter to continue...");
      //      getchar();
      //   }
   
   #endif
      
   
    }
   
   int prevalence_limit(double *p, double **prlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar){
     /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     int i, j, k, i1 ;
     double ftolpl = 1.e-10;
     double age, agebase, agelim;
   
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
       }
       printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       pstamp(ficrespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
   
       i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
         //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /* to clean */
           //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
           /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           } /* Age */
           /* was end of cptcod */
       } /* cptcov */
           return 0;
   }
   
   int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage){
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   
     int stepsize;
     int agelim;
     int hstepm;
     int nhstepm;
     int h, i, i1, j, k;
   
     double agedeb;
     double ***p3mat;
   
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
      /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
      /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
      /*   k=k+1;  */
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
         
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
           
           /*        nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
           
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
         }
         /*}*/
       }
           return 0;
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter=0,m,size=100, cptcod;
   
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb=0.;
   
     double ageminpar=AGEOVERFLOW,agemin=AGEOVERFLOW, agemaxpar=-AGEOVERFLOW, agemax=-AGEOVERFLOW;
   
     double fret;
     double dum=0.; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
   
     char line[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int c,  h , cpt;
     int jl=0;
     int i1, j1, jk, stepsize=0;
     int count=0;
   
     int *tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm=0, nhstepm=0;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage=0, fage=110., age, agelim=0., agebase=0.;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
   
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c";
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
   
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     rstart_time = time(NULL);  
     /*  (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);*/
     start_time = *localtime(&rstart_time);
     curr_time=start_time;
     /*tml = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec);*/
     /* strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tml)); */
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&start_time));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tm_sec = tp.tm_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tm_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
   #ifdef WIN32
     _getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #else
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #endif
     syscompilerinfo(0);
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]==' ') /* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #else
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #endif
     printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Directory already exists (or can't create it) %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Main Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname='%s'\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     syscompilerinfo(0);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /* Main ---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=1+age+%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar=numlinepar+3; /* In general */
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     if(model[strlen(model)-1]=='.') /* Suppressing leading dot in the model */
       model[strlen(model)-1]='\0';
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     /* if(model[0]=='#'|| model[0]== '\0'){ */
     if(model[0]=='#'){
       printf("Error in 'model' line: model should start with 'model=1+age+' and end with '.' \n \
    'model=1+age+.' or 'model=1+age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.' or \n \
    'model=1+age+V1+V2.' or 'model=1+age+V1+V2+V1*V2.' etc. \n");          \
       if(mle != -1){
         printf("Fix the model line and run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n");
         exit(1);
       }
     }
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7,age*age makes 3*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2; /* Constant and age */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) { /* Main Wizard */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) || (j1 != jj)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,jj);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,jj);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       /* Scans npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         count=fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d%1d",&i1,&j1,&jk);
         if(count != 3){
           printf("Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           exit(1);
         }else
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       /* End of read covariance matrix npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
     /*  Main data
      */
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
     ncodemaxwundef=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if - 1 O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
   /* Main decodemodel */
   
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel-nagesqr > 2 ) /* That is if covariate other than cst, age and age*age */
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
     /* Nbcode gives the value of the lth modality of jth covariate, in
        V2+V1*age, there are 3 covariates Tvar[2]=1 (V1).*/
     /* 1 to ncodemax[j] is the maximum value of this jth covariate */
   
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtab[100][10]);*/
     /* codtab gives the value 1 or 2 of the hth combination of k covariates (1 or 2).*/
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*/
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              * For k=4 covariates, h goes from 1 to 2**k
              * codtabm(h,k)=  1 & (h-1) >> (k-1) ;
              *     h\k   1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     1
              *    10     2     1     1     1
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     1
              *    12     2     2     1     1
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     1    
              *    14     2     1     2     1
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     1
              *    16     2     2     2     1
              */
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             /* codtab[12][3]=1; */
             /*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*/
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /* Initialisation of ----------- gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
   
   
     /* Initialisation of --------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #else
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #endif
             
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
     /* For mortality only */
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
       /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #else
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #else
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
         fprintf(ficlog,"%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
       }
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == AGEOVERFLOW){
           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else
         printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 mortality only */
     /* Standard maximisation */
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* again, to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2, Real Maximisation */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       printf("Parameters and 95%% confidence intervals\n");
       fprintf(ficlog, "Parameters, T and confidence intervals\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%12.7f T=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-2*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+2*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
               fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f T=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-2*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+2*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
   
       /* Other stuffs, more or less useful */    
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficlog,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == -AGEOVERFLOW){
           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else
         printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /* Other results (useful)*/
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
       /*#include "prevlim.h"*/  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       prevalence_limit(p, prlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar);
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
   #ifdef FREEEXIT2
   #include "freeexit2.h"
   #endif
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
       /*#include "hpijx.h"*/
       hPijx(p, bage, fage);
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
     /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
    
       /* ------ Other prevalence ratios------------ */
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
           /*
            */
           /* goto endfree; */
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
   
   
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* Segmentation fault */
             cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         /*}*/
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    /* endfree:*/
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(ncodemaxwundef,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     /*(void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);*/
     rend_time = time(NULL);  
     end_time = *localtime(&rend_time);
     /* tml = *localtime(&end_time.tm_sec); */
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&end_time));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
   #ifdef WIN32
      if (_chdir(pathcd) != 0)
              printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
      if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
   #else
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
              printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n", path);
      if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0)
   #endif 
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifdef _WIN32
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s' Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef __unix
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: '%s', err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
       printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
     }
     printf(" Successful, please wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
   #ifdef __APPLE__
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #elif __linux
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "xdg-open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #else
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
   #endif
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
         system(pplotcmd);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }

Removed from v.1.52  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.194


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