Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.7 and 1.110

version 1.7, 2001/05/02 17:50:24 version 1.110, 2006/01/25 00:51:50
Line 1 Line 1
      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews  
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number  
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.    Gnuplot problem appeared...
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    To be fixed
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional  
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and  
   age", you should modify the program where the markup    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    Some cleaning and links added in html output
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.  
     Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the    *** empty log message ***
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some  
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   hPijx is the probability to be    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.  
     Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.  
      Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.  
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
   from the European Union.    Fix on curr_time
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and  
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   **********************************************************************/  
      Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
 #include <math.h>    *** empty log message ***
 #include <stdio.h>  
 #include <stdlib.h>    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
 #include <unistd.h>    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
     directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
 #define MAXLINE 256    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
 /*#define DEBUG*/    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 #define windows    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    from other sources like vital statistic data.
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */  
     The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */  
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
     former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  
 #define MAXN 20000    Current limitations:
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
 #define AGESUP 130    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
 #define AGEBASE 40    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   
     Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
 int nvar;    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
 static int cptcov;    suppressed.
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0;  
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
     Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    * imach.c (Repository):
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
 int mle, weightopt;    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */  
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    Just cleaning
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */  
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest;    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 FILE *ficreseij;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    (Module): Version 0.96b
  FILE  *ficresvij;  
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   
 #define NR_END 1    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
 #define FREE_ARG char*    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
     helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
 #define NRANSI    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
 #define ITMAX 200    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
     (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);  
     Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 #define GOLD 1.618034    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
      Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    Version 0.96
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  
     Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
 static double sqrarg;    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    routine fileappend.
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}  
     Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
 int imx;    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
 int stepm;    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
     was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
 int m,nb;    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    interview.
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
 double **pmmij;    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
     memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
 double *weight;    truncation)
 int **s; /* Status */    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
     parcimony.
 /**************** split *************************/    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name )  
 {    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    *** empty log message ***
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */  
     Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */  */
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */  /*
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */     Interpolated Markov Chain
       extern char       *getwd( );  
     Short summary of the programme:
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    
 #else    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
       extern char       *getcwd( );    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
     first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
 #endif    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
       }    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
    }    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    convergence.
 }  
     The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
     multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
 /******************************************/    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
     intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
 {  
   int i;    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
   int lg=20;    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   i=0;    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
   lg=strlen(t);    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
     (s[i] = t[i]);    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   }    hPijx.
 }  
     Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    of the life expectancies. It also computes the stable prevalence. 
 {    
   int i,j=0;    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
   int lg=20;             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   i=0;    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
   lg=strlen(s);    from the European Union.
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
   }    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
   return j;  
 }    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
     or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    
 {    **********************************************************************/
   int i,lg,j,p=0;  /*
   i=0;    main
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    read parameterfile
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    read datafile
   }    concatwav
     freqsummary
   lg=strlen(t);    if (mle >= 1)
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {      mlikeli
     (u[j] = t[j]);    print results files
   }    if mle==1 
      u[p]='\0';       computes hessian
     read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {        begin-prev-date,...
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    open gnuplot file
   }    open html file
 }    stable prevalence
      for age prevalim()
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    h Pij x
     variance of p varprob
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
 {    health expectancies
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    Variance-covariance of DFLE
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    prevalence()
   exit(1);     movingaverage()
 }    varevsij() 
 /*********************** vector *******************/    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    total life expectancies
 {    Variance of stable prevalence
   double *v;   end
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  */
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;  
 }  
    
 /************************ free vector ******************/  #include <math.h>
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)  #include <stdio.h>
 {  #include <stdlib.h>
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  #include <string.h>
 }  #include <unistd.h>
   
 /************************ivector *******************************/  #include <limits.h>
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)  #include <sys/types.h>
 {  #include <sys/stat.h>
   int *v;  #include <errno.h>
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  extern int errno;
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
 }  #include <time.h>
   #include "timeval.h"
 /******************free ivector **************************/  
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)  /* #include <libintl.h> */
 {  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }  #define MAXLINE 256
   
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
   int **m;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
    
   /* allocate pointers to rows */  #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;  #define NINTERVMAX 8
   m -= nrl;  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
    #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
    #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */  #define MAXN 20000
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  #define AGESUP 130
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  #define AGEBASE 40
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  #define AGEGOMP 10. /* Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
    #ifdef UNIX
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
    #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   return m;  #else
 }  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  #endif
       int **m;  
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  /* $Id$ */
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */  /* $State$ */
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  char version[]="Imach version 0.98a, January 2006, INED-EUROREVES ";
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
 }  int erreur, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
   int nvar;
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  int npar=NPARMAX;
 {  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
   double **m;  int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
   int popbased=0;
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   m += NR_END;  int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */
   m -= nrl;  int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   int ijmin, ijmax; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  int gipmx, gsw; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  int mle, weightopt;
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
   int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
   return m;             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
 }  double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
   double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
 /*************************free matrix ************************/  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
 {  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  int globpr; /* Global variable for printing or not */
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
 }  long ipmx; /* Number of contributions */
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
 {  FILE *ficresilk;
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   double ***m;  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
   FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  FILE *ficreseij;
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m += NR_END;  FILE  *ficresvij;
   m -= nrl;  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   FILE  *ficresvpl;
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  char title[MAXLINE];
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int  outcmd=0;
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
    char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {  
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
   }  struct timezone tzp;
   return m;  extern int gettimeofday();
 }  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
   long time_value;
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  extern long time();
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));  char *endptr;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  long lval;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }  #define NR_END 1
   #define FREE_ARG char*
 /***************** f1dim *************************/  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
 extern int ncom;  
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;  #define NRANSI 
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);  #define ITMAX 200 
    
 double f1dim(double x)  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
 {  
   int j;  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
   double f;  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
   double *xt;  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
    
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  #define GOLD 1.618034 
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);  
   return f;  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
 }  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
 /*****************brent *************************/    
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
 {  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   int iter;  
   double a,b,d,etemp;  static double sqrarg;
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   double ftemp;  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   double e=0.0;  
    int imx; 
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);  int stepm=1;
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   x=w=v=bx;  
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  int estepm;
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);  int m,nb;
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  long *num;
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
 #ifdef DEBUG  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  double **pmmij, ***probs;
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
 #endif  double dateintmean=0;
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  
       *xmin=x;  double *weight;
       return fx;  int **s; /* Status */
     }  double *agedc, **covar, idx;
     ftemp=fu;  int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
       q=2.0*(q-r);  
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;  /**************** split *************************/
       q=fabs(q);  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
       etemp=e;  {
       e=d;    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    */ 
       else {    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
         d=p/q;    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
         u=x+d;  
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
       }    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
     } else {    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
     }      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
     fu=(*f)(u);      /* get current working directory */
     if (fu <= fx) {      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)      }
         } else {      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
             v=w;      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
             w=u;      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
             fv=fw;      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
             fw=fu;      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
             v=u;      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
             fv=fu;      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
           }    }
         }    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
   }    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
   *xmin=x;      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
   return fx;      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
 }      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
     }
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
     if (ss >0){
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,      ss++;
             double (*func)(double))      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
 {      l1= strlen( name);
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
   double fu;      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
        finame[l1-l2]= 0;
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);    }
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  
   if (*fb > *fa) {    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  }
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  
       }  
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  /******************************************/
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  
   while (*fb > *fc) {  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  {
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);    int i;
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/    int lg=0;
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));    i=0;
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);    lg=strlen(t);
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       fu=(*func)(u);      (s[i] = t[i]);
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
       fu=(*func)(u);    }
       if (fu < *fc) {  }
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
           }  {
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {    int i,j=0;
       u=ulim;    int lg=20;
       fu=(*func)(u);    i=0;
     } else {    lg=strlen(s);
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       fu=(*func)(u);    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
     }    }
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)    return j;
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  }
       }  
 }  void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)
   {
 /*************** linmin ************************/    /* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
        and v starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
 int ncom;       gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */
 double *pcom,*xicom;    int i,lg,j,p=0;
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);    i=0;
      for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))      if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;
 {    }
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);    lg=strlen(t);
   double f1dim(double x);    for(j=0; j<p; j++) {
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,      (u[j] = t[j]);
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));    }
   int j;       u[p]='\0';
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  
   double fx,fb,fa;     for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {
        if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);
   ncom=n;    }
   pcom=vector(1,n);  }
   xicom=vector(1,n);  
   nrfunc=func;  /********************** nrerror ********************/
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
     pcom[j]=p[j];  void nrerror(char error_text[])
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  {
   }    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
   ax=0.0;    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
   xx=1.0;    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  }
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  /*********************** vector *******************/
 #ifdef DEBUG  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  {
 #endif    double *v;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     xi[j] *= xmin;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
     p[j] += xi[j];    return v-nl+NR_END;
   }  }
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  /************************ free vector ******************/
 }  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   {
 /*************** powell ************************/    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  }
             double (*func)(double []))  
 {  /************************ivector *******************************/
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
               double (*func)(double []));  {
   int i,ibig,j;    int *v;
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   double fp,fptt;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   double *xits;    return v-nl+NR_END;
   pt=vector(1,n);  }
   ptt=vector(1,n);  
   xit=vector(1,n);  /******************free ivector **************************/
   xits=vector(1,n);  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
   *fret=(*func)(p);  {
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  }
     fp=(*fret);  
     ibig=0;  /************************lvector *******************************/
     del=0.0;  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  {
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)    long *v;
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
     printf("\n");    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    return v-nl+NR_END;
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  }
       fptt=(*fret);  
 #ifdef DEBUG  /******************free lvector **************************/
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
 #endif  {
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  }
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
         ibig=i;  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
       }       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
 #ifdef DEBUG  { 
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    int **m; 
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);    
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
       }    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);    m += NR_END; 
       printf("\n");    m -= nrl; 
 #endif    
     }    
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
 #ifdef DEBUG    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
       int k[2],l;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
       k[0]=1;    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
       k[1]=-1;    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    
       printf("\n");    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {    return m; 
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  } 
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
         }  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));        int **m;
       }        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
 #endif       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
   { 
     free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
       free_vector(xit,1,n);    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  } 
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  /******************* matrix *******************************/
       return;  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     }  {
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    double **m;
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
       pt[j]=p[j];    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     }    m += NR_END;
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);    m -= nrl;
     if (fptt < fp) {  
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       if (t < 0.0) {    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    m[nrl] += NR_END;
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    m[nrl] -= ncl;
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
         }    return m;
 #ifdef DEBUG    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) 
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);     */
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  }
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  
         printf("\n");  /*************************free matrix ************************/
 #endif  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
       }  {
     }    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   }    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
 }  }
   
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  {
 {    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit    double ***m;
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */  
     m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
   int i, ii,j,k;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    m += NR_END;
   double **matprod2();    m -= nrl;
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();  
   double **newm;    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     m[nrl] += NR_END;
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    m[nrl] -= ncl;
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     }  
     m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
    cov[1]=1.;    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
      m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
     newm=savm;      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */    
      cov[2]=agefin;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
        m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
         /*printf("ij=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf\n",ij, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k]);*/    }
       }    return m; 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    */
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  }
   
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
   void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  {
     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
     free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
     savm=oldm;  }
     oldm=newm;  
     maxmax=0.;  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
       min=1.;  {
       max=0.;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
         sumnew=0;    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);    return tmpout;
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  }
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  
       }  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
       maxmin=max-min;  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);  {
     }    
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       return prlim;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     }    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   }    strcat(tmpout,preop);
 }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     return tmpout;
 /*************** transition probabilities **********/  }
   
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
 {  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
   double s1, s2;  {
   /*double t34;*/    
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){    strcat(tmpout,preop);
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    return tmpout;
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  }
       }  
       ps[i][j]=s2;  /***************** f1dim *************************/
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  extern int ncom; 
     }  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){   
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  double f1dim(double x) 
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  { 
       }    int j; 
       ps[i][j]=s2;    double f;
     }    double *xt; 
   }   
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
      s1=0;    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    return f; 
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  } 
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  /*****************brent *************************/
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  { 
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    int iter; 
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */    double a,b,d,etemp;
   } /* end i */    double fu,fv,fw,fx;
     double ftemp;
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    double e=0.0; 
       ps[ii][jj]=0;   
       ps[ii][ii]=1;    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
     }    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
   }    x=w=v=bx; 
     fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
    }      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
     printf("\n ");      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
     }      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  #ifdef DEBUG
 /*      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
   goto end;*/      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
     return ps;  #endif
 }      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
         *xmin=x; 
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/        return fx; 
       } 
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)      ftemp=fu;
 {      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
   /* Computes the matric product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns        q=2.0*(q-r); 
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
   long i, j, k;        q=fabs(q); 
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)        etemp=e; 
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)        e=d; 
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
         else { 
   return out;          d=p/q; 
 }          u=x+d; 
           if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
             d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/        } 
       } else { 
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
 {      } 
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
      duration (i.e. until      fu=(*f)(u); 
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.      if (fu <= fx) { 
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
      included manually here.          } else { 
             if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
      */            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
               v=w; 
   int i, j, d, h, k;              w=u; 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];              fv=fw; 
   double **newm;              fw=fu; 
             } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */              v=u; 
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)              fv=fu; 
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){            } 
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);          } 
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    } 
     }    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    *xmin=x; 
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){    return fx; 
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  } 
       newm=savm;  
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
       cov[1]=1.;  
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];              double (*func)(double)) 
 for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  { 
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
    for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)    double fu; 
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];   
     *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
     *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/    if (*fb > *fa) { 
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));        } 
       savm=oldm;    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
       oldm=newm;    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
     }    while (*fb > *fc) { 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
          */      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
       }      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
   } /* end h */        fu=(*func)(u); 
   return po;      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
 }        fu=(*func)(u); 
         if (fu < *fc) { 
           SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
 double func( double *x)            } 
 {      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;        u=ulim; 
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];        fu=(*func)(u); 
   double **out;      } else { 
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */        fu=(*func)(u); 
   long ipmx;      } 
   /*extern weight */      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/        } 
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  } 
 printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  
   */  /*************** linmin ************************/
   cov[1]=1.;  
   int ncom; 
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  double *pcom,*xicom;
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];   
        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  { 
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
             for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
               newm=savm;    double f1dim(double x); 
               cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
               for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
                  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];    int j; 
                  /*printf("%d %d",kk,Tage[kk]);*/    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
               }    double fx,fb,fa;
               /*cov[4]=covar[1][i]*cov[2];scanf("%d", i);*/   
               /*cov[3]=pow(cov[2],2)/1000.;*/    ncom=n; 
     pcom=vector(1,n); 
           out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,    xicom=vector(1,n); 
                        1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));    nrfunc=func; 
           savm=oldm;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
           oldm=newm;      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
       xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
     } 
       } /* end mult */    ax=0.0; 
        xx=1.0; 
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
       ipmx +=1;  #ifdef DEBUG
       sw += weight[i];    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     } /* end of wave */  #endif
   } /* end of individual */    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       xi[j] *= xmin; 
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];      p[j] += xi[j]; 
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */    } 
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
   return -l;    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
 }  } 
   
   char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  {
     long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
 {    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
   int i,j, iter;    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
   double **xi,*delti;    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
   double fret;    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    sprintf(ascdiff,"%d day(s) %d hour(s) %d minute(s) %d second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)    return ascdiff;
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  }
   printf("Powell\n");  
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  /*************** powell ************************/
   void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));              double (*func)(double [])) 
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));  { 
     void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
 }                double (*func)(double [])); 
     int i,ibig,j; 
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))    double fp,fptt;
 {    double *xits;
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    int niterf, itmp;
   double **hess;  
   int i, j,jk;    pt=vector(1,n); 
   int *indx;    ptt=vector(1,n); 
     xit=vector(1,n); 
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    xits=vector(1,n); 
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);    *fret=(*func)(p); 
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
       fp=(*fret); 
       ibig=0; 
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      del=0.0; 
       last_time=curr_time;
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);      /*    fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);      fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/      */
   }     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
         printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
       if (j>i) {      }
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);      printf("\n");
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
       }      if(*iter <=3){
     }        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
   }        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
   printf("\n");  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
         forecast_time=curr_time; 
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
          if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
   x=vector(1,npar);        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
   indx=ivector(1,npar);        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
           strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {          itmp = strlen(strfor);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
     x[j]=1;          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];        }
     }      }
   }      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");        fptt=(*fret); 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  #ifdef DEBUG
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
     }  #endif
     printf("\n");        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   }        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
   /* Recompute Inverse */        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];          ibig=i; 
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);        } 
   #ifdef DEBUG
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
     x[j]=1;          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){        }
       y[i][j]=x[i];        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
     }          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
     printf("\n");        }
   }        printf("\n");
   */        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   #endif
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);      } 
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
   free_vector(x,1,npar);  #ifdef DEBUG
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);        int k[2],l;
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);        k[0]=1;
         k[1]=-1;
         printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
 }        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
 {        }
   int i;        printf("\n");
   int l=1, lmax=20;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   double k1,k2;        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   double res;            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   double fx;            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   int k=0,kmax=10;          }
   double l1;          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
           fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   fx=func(x);        }
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  #endif
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  
     l1=pow(10,l);  
     delts=delt;        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
       k1=func(p2)-fx;        return; 
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;      } 
       k2=func(p2)-fx;      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
              xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
 #ifdef DEBUG        pt[j]=p[j]; 
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);      } 
 #endif      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */      if (fptt < fp) { 
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
         k=kmax;        if (t < 0.0) { 
       }          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
       }            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){          }
         delts=delt;  #ifdef DEBUG
       }          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
     }          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
   }          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
   delti[theta]=delts;            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
   return res;            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
            }
 }          printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)  #endif
 {        }
   int i;      } 
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    } 
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;  } 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  
   int k;  /**** Prevalence limit (stable prevalence)  ****************/
   
   fx=func(x);  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {  {
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  
     k1=func(p2)-fx;    int i, ii,j,k;
      double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    double **matprod2();
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();
     k2=func(p2)-fx;    double **newm;
      double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     k3=func(p2)-fx;      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
          oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;      }
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  
     k4=func(p2)-fx;     cov[1]=1.;
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */   
 #ifdef DEBUG   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
 #endif      newm=savm;
   }      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   return res;       cov[2]=agefin;
 }    
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)          /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
 {        }
   int i,imax,j,k;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
   double big,dum,sum,temp;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
   double *vv;          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
    
   vv=vector(1,n);        /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
   *d=1.0;        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
     big=0.0;      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;      savm=oldm;
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");      oldm=newm;
     vv[i]=1.0/big;      maxmax=0.;
   }      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {        min=1.;
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {        max=0.;
       sum=a[i][j];        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];          sumnew=0;
       a[i][j]=sum;          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
     }          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
     big=0.0;          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
       sum=a[i][j];        }
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)        maxmin=max-min;
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
       a[i][j]=sum;      }
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
         big=dum;        return prlim;
         imax=i;      }
       }    }
     }  }
     if (j != imax) {  
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
         dum=a[imax][k];  
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
         a[j][k]=dum;  {
       }    double s1, s2;
       *d = -(*d);    /*double t34;*/
       vv[imax]=vv[j];    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
     }  
     indx[j]=imax;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
     if (j != n) {          for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);            /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;            s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
     }  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
   }          }
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */          ps[i][j]=s2;
 ;  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
 }        }
         for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])          for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
 {            s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2); */
   double sum;          }
            ps[i][j]=s2;
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        }
     ip=indx[i];      }
     sum=b[ip];      /*ps[3][2]=1;*/
     b[ip]=b[i];      
     if (ii)      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];        s1=0;
     else if (sum) ii=i;        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
     b[i]=sum;          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
   }        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
     sum=b[i];        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   }        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
 }          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
         /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
 /************ Frequencies ********************/      } /* end i */
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)      
 {  /* Some frequencies */      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
          for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;          ps[ii][jj]=0;
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */          ps[ii][ii]=1;
   double *pp;        }
   double pos;      }
   FILE *ficresp;      
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];  
   /*        for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  /*       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
   /*         printf("ddd %lf ",ps[ii][jj]); */
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");  /*       } */
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);  /*       printf("\n "); */
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {  /*        } */
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);  /*        printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]); */
     exit(0);         /*
   }        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        goto end;*/
   j1=0;      return ps;
   }
   j=cptcoveff;  
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
   
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  {
        j1++;    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
        b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)         before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;    long i, j, k;
            for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
          bool=1;        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
          if  (cptcovn>0) {          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)  
              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) bool=0;    return out;
          }  }
           if (bool==1) {  
            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass-1; m++){  
              if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
              if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;  
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];  {
            }    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
          }       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
        }       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
         if  (cptcovn>0) {       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
        }       for the memory).
        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       included manually here. 
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);  
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");       */
          
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){    int i, j, d, h, k;
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];
       printf("Total");    double **newm;
     else  
       printf("Age %d", i);    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     }        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      }
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);        newm=savm;
       else        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        cov[1]=1.;
     }        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
       for(m=1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
     }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
       pos += pp[jk];  
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
       if(pos>=1.e-5)        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
       else        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       if( i <= (int) agemax){        savm=oldm;
         if(pos>=1.e-5)        oldm=newm;
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);      }
       else      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
       }          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
     }          /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)           */
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        }
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);    } /* end h */
     if(i <= (int) agemax)    return po;
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");  }
     printf("\n");  
     }  
     }  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
  }  double func( double *x)
    {
   fclose(ficresp);    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);    double **out;
     double sw; /* Sum of weights */
 }  /* End of Freq */    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     int s1, s2;
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/    double bbh, survp;
     long ipmx;
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)    /*extern weight */
 {    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]    */
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.    cov[1]=1.;
      */  
     for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   int i, mi, m;  
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;    if(mle==1){
 float sum=0.;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     mi=0;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     m=firstpass;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       if(s[m][i]>=1)              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         mw[++mi][i]=m;            }
       if(m >=lastpass)          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         break;            newm=savm;
       else            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         m++;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     }/* end while */              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){            }
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
          /* Only death is a correct wave */            savm=oldm;
       mw[mi][i]=m;            oldm=newm;
     }          } /* end mult */
         
     wav[i]=mi;          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
     if(mi==0)          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
   }           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
            * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
       if (stepm <=0)           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
         dh[mi][i]=1;           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
       else{           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
           if(j=0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */           */
         }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         else{          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           k=k+1;          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;           */
           sum=sum+j;          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
         }          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
         jk= j/stepm;            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
         jl= j -jk*stepm;               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
         if(jl <= -ju)               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
           dh[mi][i]=jk;               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
         else               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
       }          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
     }          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
   }          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,sum/k);          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
 }          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
 {          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
   int cptcode=0;          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
   cptcoveff=0;          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
            which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;          lower mortality.
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;            */
             lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {  
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);          } else if  (s2==-2) {
       Ndum[ij]++;            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;              survp += out[s1][j];
     }            lli= survp;
           }
     /*printf("cptcode=%d cptcovn=%d ",cptcode,cptcovn);*/          
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {          else if  (s2==-4) {
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
     }              survp += out[s1][j];
     ij=1;            lli= survp;
           }
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {          
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {          else if  (s2==-5) {
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++) 
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;              survp += out[s1][j];
           /*   printf("ij=%d ",nbcode[Tvar[2]][1]);*/            lli= survp;
           ij++;          }
         }  
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;  
       }            else{
     }            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   }              /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {          } 
       ij=Tvar[i];          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
       Ndum[ij]++;          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
     }          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
  ij=1;          ipmx +=1;
  for (i=1; i<=cptcovn; i++) {          sw += weight[i];
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncov)){          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
      Tvaraff[i]=ij;        } /* end of wave */
    ij++;      } /* end of individual */
    }    }  else if(mle==2){
  }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
  for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
    if ((Tvar[j]>= cptcoveff) && (Tvar[j] <=ncov)) cptcoveff=Tvar[j];          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
    /*printf("j=%d %d\n",j,Tvar[j]);*/            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
  }              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
  /* printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d %d\n",cptcoveff, Tvaraff[1],Tvaraff[2]);            }
     scanf("%d",i);*/          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
 }            newm=savm;
             cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)            }
 {            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   /* Health expectancies */                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;            savm=oldm;
   double age, agelim,hf;            oldm=newm;
   double ***p3mat;          } /* end mult */
          
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);          ipmx +=1;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */        } /* end of wave */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      } /* end of individual */
     }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   agelim=AGESUP;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            }
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */            newm=savm;
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);              cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            }
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];            savm=oldm;
         }            oldm=newm;
              } /* end mult */
     hf=1;        
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);          ipmx +=1;
       }          sw += weight[i];
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        } /* end of wave */
   }      } /* end of individual */
 }    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
 /************ Variance ******************/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
 {          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   /* Variance of health expectancies */            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double **newm;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   double **dnewm,**doldm;            }
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   int k, cptcode;            newm=savm;
    double *xp;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   double **gp, **gm;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   double ***p3mat;            }
   double age,agelim;          
   int theta;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");            savm=oldm;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");            oldm=newm;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          } /* end mult */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           if( s2 > nlstate){ 
   xp=vector(1,npar);            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          }else{
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
            }
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          ipmx +=1;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */          sw += weight[i];
   agelim = AGESUP;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        } /* end of wave */
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;      } /* end of individual */
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);            }
       }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);              newm=savm;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)            }
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];          
         }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
                savm=oldm;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */            oldm=newm;
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          } /* end mult */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);          
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)          ipmx +=1;
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];          sw += weight[i];
         }          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       }          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)        } /* end of wave */
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      } /* end of individual */
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];    } /* End of if */
         }    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     } /* End theta */    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    return -l;
   }
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  double funcone( double *x)
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];  {
     /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;    double **out;
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){    double llt;
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    int s1, s2;
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);    double bbh, survp;
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    /*extern weight */
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
       }    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     }      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     h=1;    */
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;    cov[1]=1.;
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       }      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          }
   } /* End age */        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
            newm=savm;
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           }
 }          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                        1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/          savm=oldm;
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)          oldm=newm;
 {        } /* end mult */
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */        
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   double **newm;        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;        /* bias is positive if real duration
   int k, cptcode;         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
   double *xp;         */
   double *gp, *gm;        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
   double **gradg, **trgradg;          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   double age,agelim;        } else if (mle==1){
   int theta;          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
            } else if(mle==2){
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
         } else{  /* ml>=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
   xp=vector(1,npar);          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);        } /* End of if */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        ipmx +=1;
          sw += weight[i];
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  /*       printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   agelim = AGESUP;        if(globpr){
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9d %6d %1d %1d %1d %1d %3d %10.6f %6.4f\
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */   %10.6f %10.6f %10.6f ", \
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
           }
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */        }
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      } /* end of wave */
       }    } /* end of individual */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
        if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */      gipmx=ipmx;
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      gsw=sw;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    }
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    return -l;
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];  }
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  /*************** function likelione ***********/
     } /* End theta */  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   {
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
        the selection of individuals/waves and
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)       Plotting could be done.
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];     */
     int k;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );      }
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);    }
   } /* End age */  
     *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    if(*globpri !=0){
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      fclose(ficresilk);
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
       fflush(fichtm); 
 }    } 
     return;
   }
   
 /***********************************************/  
 /**************** Main Program *****************/  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
 /***********************************************/  
   void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/  {
 int main()    int i,j, iter;
 {    double **xi;
     double fret;
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, aaa, cptcod;    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   double fret;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
   double **xi,tmp,delta;        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
   double ***p3mat;    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
   int *indx;    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
   char title[MAXLINE];      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];    }
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH];    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */  
   int c,  h , cpt,l;    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
   int ju,jl, mi;  
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;    fclose(ficrespow);
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
   int hstepm, nhstepm;    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;  
   double ftolpl=FTOL;  }
   double **prlim;  
   double *severity;  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
   double  *p;  {
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */    double **hess;
   double *delti; /* Scale */    int i, j,jk;
   double ***eij, ***vareij;    int *indx;
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */  
   double *epj, vepp;    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
   char version[80]="Imach version 62c, May 1999, INED-EUROREVES ";    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
   char z[1]="c", occ;    double gompertz(double p[]);
 #include <sys/time.h>    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
 #include <time.h>  
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   /* long total_usecs;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
      
        hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64a");      
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
           printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
 #ifdef windows    }
   scanf("%s",pathtot);    
   getcwd(pathcd, size);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/        if (j>i) { 
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
           fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
 split(pathtot, path,optionfile);          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
   chdir(path);          
   replace(pathc,path);          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
 #endif          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
 #ifdef unix        }
   scanf("%s",optionfile);      }
 #endif    }
     printf("\n");
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
   strcpy(fileres,"r");    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     
   /*---------arguments file --------*/    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {    x=vector(1,npar);
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);    indx=ivector(1,npar);
     goto end;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   }      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   strcpy(filereso,"o");  
   strcat(filereso,fileres);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;      x[j]=1;
   }      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     fputs(line,ficparo);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
   }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
         printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);      }
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);      printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);        }
   if (strlen(model)<=1) cptcovn=0;  
   else {    /* Recompute Inverse */
     j=0;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
     j=nbocc(model,'+');      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
     cptcovn=j+1;    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   }  
     /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;  
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
        for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
   /* Read guess parameters */      x[j]=1;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        y[i][j]=x[i];
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
     puts(line);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
     fputs(line,ficparo);      }
   }      printf("\n");
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
      }
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    */
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)  
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    free_vector(x,1,npar);
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);  
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);  
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);  }
       }  
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
       printf("\n");  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");  {
     }    int i;
      int l=1, lmax=20;
   npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;    double k1,k2;
   p=param[1][1];    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
      double res;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    double fx;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    int k=0,kmax=10;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    double l1;
     puts(line);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);    fx=func(x);
   }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
       l1=pow(10,l);
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);      delts=delt;
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        delt = delta*(l1*k);
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);        k1=func(p2)-fx;
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);        k2=func(p2)-fx;
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);        
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);  #ifdef DEBUG
       }        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       printf("\n");  #endif
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
     }        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
   }          k=kmax;
   delti=delti3[1][1];        }
          else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          delts=delt;
     puts(line);        }
     fputs(line,ficparo);      }
   }    }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    delti[theta]=delts;
      return res; 
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){  }
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);  
     printf("%s",str);  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);  {
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){    int i;
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
     }    int k;
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  
     printf("\n");    fx=func(x);
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
   }      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];      k1=func(p2)-fx;
        
   printf("\n");      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
       k2=func(p2)-fx;
     /*-------- data file ----------*/    
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
     }      k3=func(p2)-fx;
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);    
          p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;      k4=func(p2)-fx;
     }      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
   #ifdef DEBUG
     n= lastobs;      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);  #endif
     num=ivector(1,n);    }
     moisnais=vector(1,n);    return res;
     annais=vector(1,n);  }
     moisdc=vector(1,n);  
     andc=vector(1,n);  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
     agedc=vector(1,n);  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
     cod=ivector(1,n);  { 
     weight=vector(1,n);    int i,imax,j,k; 
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    double *vv; 
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);   
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    vv=vector(1,n); 
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        *d=1.0; 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);      big=0.0; 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
     i=1;        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
            } 
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
           strcpy(line,stra);        sum=a[i][j]; 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        a[i][j]=sum; 
         }      } 
              big=0.0; 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        a[i][j]=sum; 
         if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          big=dum; 
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){          imax=i; 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        } 
         }      } 
         num[i]=atol(stra);      if (j != imax) { 
         for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
         /*printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));*/          dum=a[imax][k]; 
           a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
         i=i+1;          a[j][k]=dum; 
       }        } 
     }        *d = -(*d); 
         vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
     /*scanf("%d",i);*/      } 
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */      indx[j]=imax; 
       if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/      if (j != n) { 
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);      } 
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);    } 
   Tage=ivector(1,15);          free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
      ;
   if (strlen(model) >1){  } 
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;  
     j=nbocc(model,'+');  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');  { 
     cptcovn=j+1;    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
     cptcovprod=j1;    double sum; 
       
     strcpy(modelsav,model);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
    if (j==0) {      ip=indx[i]; 
       if (j1==0){      sum=b[ip]; 
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'V');      b[ip]=b[i]; 
         Tvar[1]=atoi(strb);      if (ii) 
       }        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       else if (j1==1) {      else if (sum) ii=i; 
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'*');      b[i]=sum; 
         Tage[1]=1; cptcovage++;    } 
         if (strcmp(stra,"age")==0) {    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
           cptcovprod--;      sum=b[i]; 
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
           Tvar[1]=atoi(strc);      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
         }    } 
         else if (strcmp(strb,"age")==0) {  } 
           cptcovprod--;  
           cutv(strd,strc,stra,'V');  /************ Frequencies ********************/
           Tvar[1]=atoi(strc);  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
         }  {  /* Some frequencies */
         else {    
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
           cutv(stre,strd,stra,'V');    int first;
           Tvar[1]=ncov+1;    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)    double *pp, **prop;
               covar[ncov+1][k]=covar[atoi(strc)][k]*covar[atoi(strd)][k];    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
         }    FILE *ficresp;
         /*printf("%s %s %s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
 printf("%d ",Tvar[1]);    
 scanf("%d",i);*/    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
       }    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     }    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
    else {    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
       for(i=j; i>=1;i--){    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
         /*printf("%s %s %s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
           scanf("%d",i);*/      exit(0);
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {    }
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {    j1=0;
             cptcovprod--;    
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');    j=cptcoveff;
             Tvar[i+1]=atoi(stre);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
             cptcovage++;  
             Tage[cptcovage]=i+1;    first=1;
             printf("stre=%s ", stre);  
           }    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
           else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
             cptcovprod--;        j1++;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
             Tvar[i+1]=atoi(stre);          scanf("%d", i);*/
             cptcovage++;        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
             Tage[cptcovage]=i+1;          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
           }            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
           else {              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');  
             Tvar[i+1]=ncov+k1;      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');        for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
             Tprod[k1]=i+1;          prop[i][m]=0;
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);        
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);        dateintsum=0;
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];        k2cpt=0;
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
             for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)          bool=1;
               covar[ncov+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];          if  (cptcovn>0) {
             k1++;            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
             k2=k2+2;              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
           }                bool=0;
         }          }
         else {          if (bool==1){
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
           /* printf("%s %s %s", strd,strc,strb);*/              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
           Tvar[i+1]=atoi(strc);              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
         }                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);                  if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
       }                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
       cutv(strd,strc,stra,'V');                if (m<lastpass) {
       Tvar[1]=atoi(strc);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     }                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
   }                }
   /* for (i=1; i<=5; i++)                
      printf("i=%d %d ",i,Tvar[i]);*/                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
   /* printf("tvar=%d %d cptcovage=%d %d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],cptcovage,Tage[1]);*/                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
  /*printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);*/                  k2cpt++;
   /*  scanf("%d ",i);*/                }
     fclose(fic);                /*}*/
             }
     /*  if(mle==1){*/          }
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/        }
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;         
     }        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/  fprintf(ficresp, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);        if  (cptcovn>0) {
              fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){        }
         if(s[m][i] >0){        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
             if(agedc[i]>0)        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)        
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
             else{          if(i==iagemax+3){
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
               agev[m][i]=-1;          }else{
             }            if(first==1){
           }              first=0;
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */              printf("See log file for details...\n");
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);            }
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
               agev[m][i]=1;          }
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
               agemin=agev[m][i];            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
             }          }
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
               agemax=agev[m][i];            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
             }            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/              if(first==1){
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/              printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
           }              }
           else { /* =9 */              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
             agev[m][i]=1;            }else{
             s[m][i]=-1;              if(first==1)
           }                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
         }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
         else /*= 0 Unknown */            }
           agev[m][i]=1;          }
       }  
              for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     }            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){          }       
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");              pos += pp[jk];
           goto end;            posprop += prop[jk][i];
         }          }
       }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     }            if(pos>=1.e-5){
               if(first==1)
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);            }else{
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);              if(first==1)
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);            }
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);            if( i <= iagemax){
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);              if(pos>=1.e-5){
     free_vector(andc,1,n);                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
                 /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
                    /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
     wav=ivector(1,imx);              }
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);              else
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
                }
     /* Concatenates waves */          }
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);          
           for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
             for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
       nbcode=imatrix(1,nvar,1,8);              if(first==1)
       ncodemax[1]=1;                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
                    }
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);          if(i <= iagemax)
    h=0;            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);          if(first==1)
              printf("Others in log...\n");
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){        }
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){      }
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){    }
            h++;    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;   
          }    fclose(ficresp);
        }    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
      }    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
    }    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
     /* End of Freq */
   }
    /*for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){  
      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){  /************ Prevalence ********************/
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
      }  {  
      printf("\n");    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
    }       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
    scanf("%d",i);*/       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
        */
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age   
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     double *pp, **prop;
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    double pos,posprop; 
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    int iagemin, iagemax;
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    iagemin= (int) agemin;
        iagemax= (int) agemax;
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     j1=0;
     if(mle==1){    
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);    j=cptcoveff;
     }    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
        
     /*--------- results files --------------*/    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
            j1++;
    jk=1;        
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
    printf("# Parameters\n");          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){            prop[i][m]=0.0;
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){       
        if (k != i)        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
          {          bool=1;
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);                bool=0;
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);          } 
              jk++;          if (bool==1) { 
            }            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
            printf("\n");              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");              if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
          }                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
      }                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
    }                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
  if(mle==1){                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
  }                } 
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");              }
     printf("# Scales\n");            } /* end selection of waves */
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){          }
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){        }
         if (j!=i) {        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);          
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);          } 
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);  
             jk++;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
           }            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
           printf("\n");              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
         }              } 
       }            } 
       }          }/* end jk */ 
            }/* end i */ 
     k=1;      } /* end i1 */
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");    } /* end k1 */
     printf("# Covariance\n");    
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);  }  /* End of prevalence */
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/  
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
       printf("%3d",i);  
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);  {
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
       }       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
       printf("\n");       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
       k++;       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
     }       */
      
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    int i, mi, m;
       ungetc(c,ficpar);    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
       puts(line);    int first;
       fputs(line,ficparo);    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
     }    double sum=0.;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    first=0;
      jmin=1e+5;
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);    jmax=-1;
        jmean=0.;
     if (fage <= 2) {    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       bage = agemin;      mi=0;
       fage = agemax;      m=firstpass;
     }      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
         if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");          mw[++mi][i]=m;
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);        if(m >=lastpass)
           break;
            else
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/          m++;
 chdir(pathcd);      }/* end while */
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
   }        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
 #ifdef windows           /* Only death is a correct wave */
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);        mw[mi][i]=m;
 #endif      }
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);  
        wav[i]=mi;
  /* 1eme*/      if(mi==0){
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {        nbwarn++;
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        if(first==0){
           printf("Warning! None valid information for:%ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
 #ifdef windows          first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        }
 #endif        if(first==1){
 #ifdef unix          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! None valid information for:%ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);        }
 #endif      } /* end mi==0 */
     } /* End individuals */
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
 }        if (stepm <=0)
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          dh[mi][i]=1;
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {        else{
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
 }              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {              else if(j<0){
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");                nberr++;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
 }                  j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
 #ifdef unix                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
 #endif              }
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);              k=k+1;
    }              if (j >= jmax){
   }                jmax=j;
   /*2 eme*/                ijmax=i;
               }
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {              if (j <= jmin){
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);                jmin=j;
                    ijmin=i;
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {              }
       k=2*i;              sum=sum+j;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");            }
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          }
 }            else{
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {            k=k+1;
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");            if (j >= jmax) {
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");              jmax=j;
 }                ijmax=i;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");            }
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);            else if (j <= jmin){
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {              jmin=j;
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");              ijmin=i;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");            }
 }              /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");            if(j<0){
     }              nberr++;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   }              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
              }
   /*3eme*/            sum=sum+j;
           }
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          jk= j/stepm;
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {          jl= j -jk*stepm;
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {            if(jl==0){
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);              dh[mi][i]=jk;
       }              bh[mi][i]=0;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
     }                    * at the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
   }              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
                bh[mi][i]=ju;
   /* CV preval stat */            }
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          }else{
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {            if(jl <= -ju){
       k=3;              dh[mi][i]=jk;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);                                   */
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);            }
                  else{
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);              bh[mi][i]=ju;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {            }
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
       }              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);                /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);            }
     }          } /* end if mle */
   }        }
       } /* end wave */
   /* proba elementaires */    }
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    jmean=sum/k;
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
       if (k != i) {    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){   }
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);*/  
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s",alph[1]);*/  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
           jk++;  {
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");    
         }    int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i, maxncov=19;
       }    int cptcode=0;
     }    cptcoveff=0; 
     }   
     for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {    for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);  
    i=1;    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum 
      k3=i;                                 modality*/ 
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij is the modality of this individual*/
        if (k != k2){        Ndum[ij]++; /*store the modality */
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
 ij=1;        if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij; /* getting the maximum of covariable 
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {                                         Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is 0 and 
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {                                         female is 1, then  cptcode=1.*/
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);      }
             ij++;  
           }      for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {
           else        if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++; /* Nomber of modalities of the j th covariates. In fact ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables) but it can be more */
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);      }
         }  
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");      ij=1; 
              for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){          for (k=0; k<= maxncov; k++) {
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);          if (Ndum[k] != 0) {
 ij=1;            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k; 
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){            /* store the modality in an array. k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {            
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);            ij++;
             ij++;          }
           }          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
           else        }  
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);      } 
           }    }  
           fprintf(ficgp,")");  
         }   for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);  
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");   for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { 
         i=i+ncovmodel;     /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
        }     ij=Tvar[i];
      }     Ndum[ij]++;
    }   }
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);  
   }   ij=1;
       for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) {
   fclose(ficgp);     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
           Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
 chdir(path);       ij++;
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);     }
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);   }
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   cptcoveff=ij-1; /*Number of simple covariates*/
      }
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);  
      /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
      
     free_ivector(num,1,n);  void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);  
     free_vector(weight,1,n);  {
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/    /* Health expectancies */
     fclose(ficparo);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;
     fclose(ficres);    double age, agelim, hf;
     /*  }*/    double ***p3mat,***varhe;
        double **dnewm,**doldm;
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/    double *xp;
        double **gp, **gm;
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
      int theta;
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */  
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    xp=vector(1,npar);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     puts(line);    
     fputs(line,ficparo);    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Local time at start: %s", strstart);
   }    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);        fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/  
     if(estepm < stepm){
   if((fichtm=fopen("index.htm","w"))==NULL)    {      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     printf("Problem with index.htm \n");goto end;    }
   }    else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> Imach, Version 0.64a<hr> <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br><br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);  
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li>\n<p>");    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
  m=cptcoveff;       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
  j1=0;    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        j1++;       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        if (cptcovn > 0) {       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr>************ Results for covariates");    */
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);  
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr>");    agelim=AGESUP;
        }    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>      /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);          nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); 
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
        }      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);    
      }      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);  
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);   
      }  
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>  
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);      /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");  
    }       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
  }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
 fclose(fichtm);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
      
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");        cptj=0;
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;            cptj=cptj+1;
   }            for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);              gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");            }
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");          }
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);        }
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");       
         
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) 
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        cptj=0;
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   k=0;          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
   agebase=agemin;            cptj=cptj+1;
   agelim=agemax;            for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   ftolpl=1.e-10;  
   i1=cptcoveff;              gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}            }
           }
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        }
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        for(j=1; j<= nlstate*nlstate; j++)
         k=k+1;          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");          }
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)       } 
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);     
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");  /* End theta */
          
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);  
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
         }       
       }  
     }       for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
   fclose(ficrespl);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/          varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
    
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
   }        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
            matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;          for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;            for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
               varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
   agelim=AGESUP;        }
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      }
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      /* Computing expectancies */
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   k=0;        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
       k=k+1;            
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");  /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          }
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");  
              fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */      cptj=0;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          cptj++;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);          }
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)     
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    }
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    printf("\n");
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");  
           }    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         }    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     }  }
   }  
   /************ Variance ******************/
   fclose(ficrespij);  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
   {
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    /* Variance of health expectancies */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
   strcpy(filerest,"t");    /* double **newm;*/
   strcat(filerest,fileres);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
   }    int k, cptcode;
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);    double *xp;
     double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
   strcpy(filerese,"e");    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    double ***p3mat;
   }    double age,agelim, hf;
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);    double ***mobaverage;
     int theta;
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");    char digit[4];
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);    char digitp[25];
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }  
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    if(popbased==1){
       if(mobilav!=0)
   k=0;        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    }
       k=k+1;    else 
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    if (mobilav!=0) {
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);      }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");    }
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    }
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
         
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
            fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
       hf=1;    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);    }  
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {    /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
           }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];  /*   } */
         }    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)   fprintf(ficresvij, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);
         }    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");  
       }    xp=vector(1,npar);
     }    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   }    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
            dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
  fclose(ficreseij);    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
  fclose(ficresvij);  
   fclose(ficrest);    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   fclose(ficpar);    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   /*  scanf("%d ",i); */    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/      if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");    }
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);    else  hstepm=estepm;   
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
     exit(0);       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
   }       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like k years */
  k=0;    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
      k=k+1;       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
      for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    */
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");    agelim = AGESUP;
          for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    }      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
  }      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   fclose(ficresvpl);  
   
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
            xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);        }
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
          prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        if (popbased==1) {
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          if(mobilav ==0){
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
            }else{ /* mobilav */ 
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
            }
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        }
     
   printf("End of Imach\n");        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/          }
   /*------ End -----------*/        }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
  end:           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
 #ifdef windows           as a weighted average of prlim.
  chdir(pathcd);        */
 #endif        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
  system("wgnuplot graph.plt");          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
 #ifdef windows        }    
   while (z[0] != 'q') {        /* end probability of death */
     chdir(pathcd);  
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
     scanf("%s",z);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
       chdir(path);   
       system("index.htm");        if (popbased==1) {
     }          if(mobilav ==0){
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
 #endif          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
 }            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
           }
   
         for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
           gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
         }
   
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
     
   
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
               vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
     
       /* pptj */
       matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
       /* end ppptj */
       /*  x centered again */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
       if (popbased==1) {
         if(mobilav ==0){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }
       }
                
       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          as a weighted average of prlim.
       */
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
       }    
       /* end probability of death */
   
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         }
       } 
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
     /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtm); 
   }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
     double **newm;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     int k, cptcode;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     fprintf(ficresvpl, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart); 
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of stable prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0,l, cptcode;
     int first=1, first1;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprob, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
    xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     tj=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
       for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ 
         j1++;
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
           gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
           free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i=i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
   
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
       } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: %s%d1.png<br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: %s%d2.png<br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Stable prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2): %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
      for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stable prevalence\" w l 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);
           
         } 
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
   
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small\n set log y\n"); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double *severity;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];
     char strstart[80], *strt, strtend[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       scanf("%s",pathtot);
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement*/
     if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
   
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables = cptcovn + intercept + age */
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/
   
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guess parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
     }
   
     n= lastobs;
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)))    {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
           if(line[j] == '\t')
             line[j] = ' ';
         }
         for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
           ;
         };
         line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
         if(line[0]=='#'){
           fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
           printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
           continue;
         }
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           /*      if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %d %s for individual %d\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei,j,maxwav);
             exit(1);
           }
           s[j][i]=lval;
   
           strcpy(line,stra);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
           if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
           }
           else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,".") != 0){
             month=99;
             year=9999;
           }else{
             printf("Error reading data around '%s'.at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a year of exam at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, i,line,linei,j);
             exit(1);
           }
           anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
           mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
           strcpy(line,stra);
         } /* ENd Waves */
           
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,".") != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s'.at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a year of exam at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, i,line,linei,j);
           exit(1);
         }
         andc[i]=(double) year; 
         moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,".") != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s'.at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a year of exam at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, i,line,linei,j);
           exit(1);
         }
         annais[i]=(double)(year);
         moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
         strcpy(line,stra);
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         errno=0;
         lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei);
           exit(1);
         }
         weight[i]=(double)(lval); 
         strcpy(line,stra);
   
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a covar (meaning 0 for the reference or 1).  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei);
             exit(1);
           }
           if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
             printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a value of the %d covar (meaning 0 for the reference or 1. IMaCh does not build design variables, do it your self).  Exiting.\n",lval,i,line,linei,j);
             exit(1);
           }
           covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
           strcpy(line,stra);
         } 
         lstra=strlen(stra);
   
         if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
           stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
           num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
         }
         else
           num[i]=atol(stra);
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
           printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
   
         i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);
        scanf("%d",i);*/
     imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
   
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;
       if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;
       if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;
       }*/
      /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1; 
        printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/
     
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) */
    
      /*if ((s[3][i]==3) ||  (s[4][i]==3)) weight[i]=0.08;
        else weight[i]=1;*/
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
     Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */
     Tprod=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);
     Tage=ivector(1,15);      
      
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovn=j+1; 
       cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products */
       
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){
         printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         goto end;
       }
       
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
   
       for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/
             cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=i;
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           }
           else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;
           }
           else {  /* Age is not in the model */
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/
             Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=i;
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2]; 
             for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++) 
               covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           }
         }
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
         Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);
     fclose(fic);*/
   
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;
     }
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){ 
               agemin=agev[m][i];
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){
               agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           goto end;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax); 
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     Tcode=ivector(1,100);
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
         
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of 
                                    the estimations*/
     h=0;
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){
       for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){
             h++;
             if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
             /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       p[1]=0.1; p[NDIM]=0.1;
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
       
       powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,path); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
     
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
       /*  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);*/
       /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,path); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (stable prevalence) --------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Stable prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
       ftolpl=1.e-10;
       i1=cptcoveff;
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       fprintf(ficrespij, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
           
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   
             /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
   
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0, mobilav, strstart);
           if(popbased==1){
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased,mobilav, strstart);
           }
   
           fprintf(ficrest, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
           fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");
           for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
           epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
           for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             if (popbased==1) {
               if(mobilav ==0){
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
               }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
               }
             }
           
             fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
             for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
               for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                 epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                 /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
               }
               epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
             }
   
             for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                 vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
             }
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         }
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficreseij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of stable prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of stable prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of stable prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tcode,1,100);
   
   
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
     chdir(path);
   #ifndef UNIX
     /*  strcpy(plotcmd,"\""); */
   #endif
     strcpy(plotcmd,pathimach);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     strcat(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
   #ifndef UNIX
     strcat(plotcmd,".exe");
     /*  strcat(plotcmd,"\"");*/
   #endif
     if(stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
     }
   
   #ifndef UNIX
     strcpy(plotcmd,"\"");
   #endif
     strcat(plotcmd,pathimach);
     strcat(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
   #ifndef UNIX
     strcat(plotcmd,".exe");
     strcat(plotcmd,"\"");
   #endif
     strcat(plotcmd," ");
     strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.7  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.110


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