Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.21 and 1.110

version 1.21, 2002/02/21 18:42:24 version 1.110, 2006/01/25 00:51:50
Line 1 Line 1
      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews  
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number  
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.    Gnuplot problem appeared...
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    To be fixed
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional  
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and  
   age", you should modify the program where the markup    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    Some cleaning and links added in html output
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.  
     Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the    *** empty log message ***
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some  
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   hPijx is the probability to be    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.  
     Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.  
      Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.  
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
   from the European Union.    Fix on curr_time
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and  
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   **********************************************************************/  
      Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
 #include <math.h>    *** empty log message ***
 #include <stdio.h>  
 #include <stdlib.h>    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
 #include <unistd.h>    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
     directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
 #define MAXLINE 256    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
 /*#define DEBUG*/    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 #define windows    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    from other sources like vital statistic data.
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */  
     The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */  
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
     former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  
 #define MAXN 20000    Current limitations:
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
 #define AGESUP 130    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
 #define AGEBASE 40    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
   
     Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
 int erreur; /* Error number */    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
 int nvar;    suppressed.
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;  
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
 int popbased=0;    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository):
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */  
 int mle, weightopt;    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    Just cleaning
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */  
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf;    (Module): Version 0.96b
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm,*ficresprob,*ficpop;  
 FILE *ficreseij;    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
  FILE  *ficresvij;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];  
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
     (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
 #define NR_END 1    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
 #define FREE_ARG char*    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
   
 #define NRANSI    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
 #define ITMAX 200    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
     mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    of the covariance matrix to be input.
   
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
     of the covariance matrix to be input.
 #define GOLD 1.618034  
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
   
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Version 0.96
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
      Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    routine fileappend.
   
 static double sqrarg;    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
     prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
 int imx;    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
 int stepm;    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    interview.
     (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
 int m,nb;    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    truncation)
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
 double dateintmean=0;  
     Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
 double *weight;    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
 int **s; /* Status */    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    parcimony.
     Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */  
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
     *** empty log message ***
 /**************** split *************************/  
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name )    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
 {    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
    char *s;                             /* pointer */  
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */  */
   /*
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */     Interpolated Markov Chain
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    Short summary of the programme:
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
       extern char       *getwd( );    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
     first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
 #else    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
       extern char       *getcwd( );    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
     (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
 #endif    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
       }    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    convergence.
    }  
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
 }    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
     account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   
 /******************************************/    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
     conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
 {    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
   int i;    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
   int lg=20;    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   i=0;    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   lg=strlen(t);    hPijx.
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
     (s[i] = t[i]);    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    of the life expectancies. It also computes the stable prevalence. 
   }    
 }    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
              Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
 {    from the European Union.
   int i,j=0;    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
   int lg=20;    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
   i=0;    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
   lg=strlen(s);  
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   }    
   return j;    **********************************************************************/
 }  /*
     main
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    read parameterfile
 {    read datafile
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    concatwav
   i=0;    freqsummary
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    if (mle >= 1)
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;      mlikeli
   }    print results files
     if mle==1 
   lg=strlen(t);       computes hessian
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
     (u[j] = t[j]);        begin-prev-date,...
   }    open gnuplot file
      u[p]='\0';    open html file
     stable prevalence
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {     for age prevalim()
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    h Pij x
   }    variance of p varprob
 }    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
     health expectancies
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    Variance-covariance of DFLE
     prevalence()
 void nrerror(char error_text[])     movingaverage()
 {    varevsij() 
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    total life expectancies
   exit(1);    Variance of stable prevalence
 }   end
 /*********************** vector *******************/  */
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)  
 {  
   double *v;  
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));   
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");  #include <math.h>
   return v-nl+NR_END;  #include <stdio.h>
 }  #include <stdlib.h>
   #include <string.h>
 /************************ free vector ******************/  #include <unistd.h>
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)  
 {  #include <limits.h>
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  #include <sys/types.h>
 }  #include <sys/stat.h>
   #include <errno.h>
 /************************ivector *******************************/  extern int errno;
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)  
 {  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
   int *v;  #include <time.h>
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  #include "timeval.h"
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");  
   return v-nl+NR_END;  /* #include <libintl.h> */
 }  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
   
 /******************free ivector **************************/  #define MAXLINE 256
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)  
 {  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
 }  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
   
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */  
 {  #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   int **m;  
    #define NINTERVMAX 8
   /* allocate pointers to rows */  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */
   m += NR_END;  #define MAXN 20000
   m -= nrl;  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
    #define AGESUP 130
    #define AGEBASE 40
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */  #define AGEGOMP 10. /* Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  #ifdef UNIX
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
    #else
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
    #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
   return m;  #endif
 }  
   /* $Id$ */
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/  /* $State$ */
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  
       int **m;  char version[]="Imach version 0.98a, January 2006, INED-EUROREVES ";
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */  int erreur, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
 {  int nvar;
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  int npar=NPARMAX;
 }  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
   int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  int popbased=0;
 {  
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   double **m;  int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */
   int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  int ijmin, ijmax; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  int gipmx, gsw; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
   m += NR_END;                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
   m -= nrl;  int mle, weightopt;
   int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
   m[nrl] += NR_END;             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
   double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
   return m;  FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
 }  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
   int globpr; /* Global variable for printing or not */
 /*************************free matrix ************************/  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  long ipmx; /* Number of contributions */
 {  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
 }  FILE *ficresilk;
   FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
 {  FILE *ficreseij;
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double ***m;  FILE  *ficresvij;
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m += NR_END;  char title[MAXLINE];
   m -= nrl;  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  int  outcmd=0;
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
   char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;  
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;  
    struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {  struct timezone tzp;
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;  extern int gettimeofday();
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  long time_value;
   }  extern long time();
   return m;  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
 }  
   char *endptr;
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  long lval;
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)  
 {  #define NR_END 1
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));  #define FREE_ARG char*
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }  #define NRANSI 
   #define ITMAX 200 
 /***************** f1dim *************************/  
 extern int ncom;  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;  
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
    #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
 double f1dim(double x)  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
 {  
   int j;  #define GOLD 1.618034 
   double f;  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
   double *xt;  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
    
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    
   return f;  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
 }  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
   
 /*****************brent *************************/  static double sqrarg;
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
 {  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   int iter;  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
   double a,b,d,etemp;  
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  int imx; 
   double ftemp;  int stepm=1;
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   double e=0.0;  
    int estepm;
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  
   x=w=v=bx;  int m,nb;
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  long *num;
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);  double **pmmij, ***probs;
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  double dateintmean=0;
 #ifdef DEBUG  
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  double *weight;
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  int **s; /* Status */
 #endif  double *agedc, **covar, idx;
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
       *xmin=x;  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
       return fx;  
     }  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
     ftemp=fu;  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  /**************** split *************************/
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;  {
       q=2.0*(q-r);    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
       q=fabs(q);    */ 
       etemp=e;    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
       e=d;    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
       else {    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
         d=p/q;    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
         u=x+d;    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
       }        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
     } else {      /* get current working directory */
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
     }      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
     fu=(*f)(u);      }
     if (fu <= fx) {      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
         } else {      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
             v=w;      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
             w=u;      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
             fv=fw;      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
             fw=fu;    }
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
             v=u;    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
             fv=fu;    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
           }      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
         }      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
   }      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");    }
   *xmin=x;    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
   return fx;    if (ss >0){
 }      ss++;
       strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/      l1= strlen( name);
       l2= strlen(ss)+1;
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
             double (*func)(double))      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
 {    }
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  
   double fu;    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
    }
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  
   if (*fb > *fa) {  /******************************************/
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
       }  {
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);    int i;
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);    int lg=0;
   while (*fb > *fc) {    i=0;
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);    lg=strlen(t);
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/      (s[i] = t[i]);
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);    }
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  }
       fu=(*func)(u);  
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
       fu=(*func)(u);  {
       if (fu < *fc) {    int i,j=0;
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))    int lg=20;
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))    i=0;
           }    lg=strlen(s);
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       u=ulim;    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
       fu=(*func)(u);    }
     } else {    return j;
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  }
       fu=(*func)(u);  
     }  void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  {
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    /* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
       }       and v starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
 }       gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */
     int i,lg,j,p=0;
 /*************** linmin ************************/    i=0;
     for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {
 int ncom;      if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;
 double *pcom,*xicom;    }
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  
      lg=strlen(t);
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))    for(j=0; j<p; j++) {
 {      (u[j] = t[j]);
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    }
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);       u[p]='\0';
   double f1dim(double x);  
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,     for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));      if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);
   int j;    }
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  }
   double fx,fb,fa;  
    /********************** nrerror ********************/
   ncom=n;  
   pcom=vector(1,n);  void nrerror(char error_text[])
   xicom=vector(1,n);  {
   nrfunc=func;    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
     pcom[j]=p[j];    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  }
   }  /*********************** vector *******************/
   ax=0.0;  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
   xx=1.0;  {
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);    double *v;
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
 #ifdef DEBUG    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);    return v-nl+NR_END;
 #endif  }
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
     xi[j] *= xmin;  /************************ free vector ******************/
     p[j] += xi[j];  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   }  {
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  }
 }  
   /************************ivector *******************************/
 /*************** powell ************************/  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  {
             double (*func)(double []))    int *v;
 {    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
               double (*func)(double []));    return v-nl+NR_END;
   int i,ibig,j;  }
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  
   double fp,fptt;  /******************free ivector **************************/
   double *xits;  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
   pt=vector(1,n);  {
   ptt=vector(1,n);    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   xit=vector(1,n);  }
   xits=vector(1,n);  
   *fret=(*func)(p);  /************************lvector *******************************/
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  {
     fp=(*fret);    long *v;
     ibig=0;    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
     del=0.0;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);    return v-nl+NR_END;
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  }
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  
     printf("\n");  /******************free lvector **************************/
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  {
       fptt=(*fret);    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
 #ifdef DEBUG  }
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  
 #endif  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  { 
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
         ibig=i;    int **m; 
       }    
 #ifdef DEBUG    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);    m += NR_END; 
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);    m -= nrl; 
       }    
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
       printf("\n");    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
 #endif    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
     }    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
 #ifdef DEBUG    
       int k[2],l;    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
       k[0]=1;    
       k[1]=-1;    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    return m; 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  } 
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  
       printf("\n");  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {        int **m;
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
         }  { 
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
       }    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
 #endif  } 
   
   /******************* matrix *******************************/
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  {
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
       free_vector(pt,1,n);    double **m;
       return;  
     }    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    m += NR_END;
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];    m -= nrl;
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  
       pt[j]=p[j];    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     }    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);    m[nrl] += NR_END;
     if (fptt < fp) {    m[nrl] -= ncl;
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  
       if (t < 0.0) {    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    return m;
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) 
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];     */
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  }
         }  
 #ifdef DEBUG  /*************************free matrix ************************/
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  {
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
         printf("\n");    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
 #endif  }
       }  
     }  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   }  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
 }  {
     long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/    double ***m;
   
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
 {    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit    m += NR_END;
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */    m -= nrl;
   
   int i, ii,j,k;    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   double **matprod2();    m[nrl] += NR_END;
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   double **newm;  
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
     }    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
    cov[1]=1.;      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
      
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
     newm=savm;      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
      cov[2]=agefin;    }
      return m; 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
         /*printf("ij=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf\n",ij, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k]);*/    */
       }  }
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  {
     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   }
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);  
   /*************** function subdirf ***********/
     savm=oldm;  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
     oldm=newm;  {
     maxmax=0.;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
       min=1.;    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
       max=0.;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {    return tmpout;
         sumnew=0;  }
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  {
       }    
       maxmin=max-min;    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     }    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    strcat(tmpout,preop);
       return prlim;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     }    return tmpout;
   }  }
 }  
   /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
   {
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )    
 {    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   double s1, s2;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   /*double t34;*/    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){    return tmpout;
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){  }
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  /***************** f1dim *************************/
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  extern int ncom; 
       }  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
       ps[i][j]=s2;  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/   
     }  double f1dim(double x) 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  { 
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    int j; 
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    double f;
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/    double *xt; 
       }   
       ps[i][j]=(s2);    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
     }    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
   }    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
     return f; 
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){  } 
      s1=0;  
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  /*****************brent *************************/
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  { 
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    int iter; 
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);    double a,b,d,etemp;
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    double fu,fv,fw,fx;
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    double ftemp;
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    double e=0.0; 
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */   
   } /* end i */    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
     b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    x=w=v=bx; 
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
       ps[ii][jj]=0;    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
       ps[ii][ii]=1;      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
     }      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
   }      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       printf(".");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  #ifdef DEBUG
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
    }      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
     printf("\n ");  #endif
     }      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/        *xmin=x; 
 /*        return fx; 
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);      } 
   goto end;*/      ftemp=fu;
     return ps;      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
 }        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
         q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
         q=2.0*(q-r); 
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
 {        q=fabs(q); 
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times        etemp=e; 
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */        e=d; 
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */        else { 
   long i, j, k;          d=p/q; 
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)          u=x+d; 
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];        } 
       } else { 
   return out;        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
 }      } 
       u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
       fu=(*f)(u); 
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/      if (fu <= fx) { 
         if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
 {          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month          } else { 
      duration (i.e. until            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step              v=w; 
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).              w=u; 
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be              fv=fw; 
      included manually here.              fw=fu; 
             } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
      */              v=u; 
               fv=fu; 
   int i, j, d, h, k;            } 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];          } 
   double **newm;    } 
     nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */    *xmin=x; 
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)    return fx; 
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  } 
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
     }  
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){              double (*func)(double)) 
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  { 
       newm=savm;    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    double fu; 
       cov[1]=1.;   
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)    if (*fb > *fa) { 
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];        } 
     *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
     *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/    while (*fb > *fc) { 
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
       savm=oldm;        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
       oldm=newm;      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
     }      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)        fu=(*func)(u); 
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];        fu=(*func)(u); 
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);        if (fu < *fc) { 
          */          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
       }            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
   } /* end h */            } 
   return po;      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
 }        u=ulim; 
         fu=(*func)(u); 
       } else { 
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
 double func( double *x)        fu=(*func)(u); 
 {      } 
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
   double **out;        } 
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  } 
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */  
   long ipmx;  /*************** linmin ************************/
   /*extern weight */  
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */  int ncom; 
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  double *pcom,*xicom;
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);   
   */  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
   cov[1]=1.;  { 
     double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){    double f1dim(double x); 
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    int j; 
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){    double fx,fb,fa;
         newm=savm;   
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;    ncom=n; 
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {    pcom=vector(1,n); 
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];    xicom=vector(1,n); 
         }    nrfunc=func; 
            for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
         savm=oldm;    } 
         oldm=newm;    ax=0.0; 
            xx=1.0; 
            mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
       } /* end mult */    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
        #ifdef DEBUG
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
       ipmx +=1;  #endif
       sw += weight[i];    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;      xi[j] *= xmin; 
     } /* end of wave */      p[j] += xi[j]; 
   } /* end of individual */    } 
     free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  } 
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  
   return -l;  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
 }  {
     long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
     days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
     hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
 {    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
   int i,j, iter;    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
   double **xi,*delti;    sprintf(ascdiff,"%d day(s) %d hour(s) %d minute(s) %d second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
   double fret;    return ascdiff;
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  }
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  /*************** powell ************************/
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
   printf("Powell\n");              double (*func)(double [])) 
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  { 
     void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));                double (*func)(double [])); 
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));    int i,ibig,j; 
     double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
 }    double fp,fptt;
     double *xits;
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/    int niterf, itmp;
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  
 {    pt=vector(1,n); 
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    ptt=vector(1,n); 
   double **hess;    xit=vector(1,n); 
   int i, j,jk;    xits=vector(1,n); 
   int *indx;    *fret=(*func)(p); 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);      fp=(*fret); 
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;      ibig=0; 
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;      del=0.0; 
       last_time=curr_time;
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
       printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");      /*    fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){      fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);      */
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
   }        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
        }
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {      printf("\n");
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       if (j>i) {      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);      if(*iter <=3){
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];            strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
       }        forecast_time=curr_time; 
     }        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
   }        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
   printf("\n");          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
         printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
          for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
   x=vector(1,npar);  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
   indx=ivector(1,npar);          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)          itmp = strlen(strfor);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
           printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;        }
     x[j]=1;      }
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];        fptt=(*fret); 
     }  #ifdef DEBUG
   }        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
         fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");  #endif
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
     }        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
     printf("\n");          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
   }          ibig=i; 
         } 
   /* Recompute Inverse */  #ifdef DEBUG
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
           fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {        }
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     x[j]=1;          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){        }
       y[i][j]=x[i];        printf("\n");
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }  #endif
     printf("\n");      } 
   }      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
   */  #ifdef DEBUG
         int k[2],l;
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);        k[0]=1;
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);        k[1]=-1;
   free_vector(x,1,npar);        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
           fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
 }        }
         printf("\n");
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
 {          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   int i;            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   int l=1, lmax=20;            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   double k1,k2;            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];          }
   double res;          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   double fx;        }
   int k=0,kmax=10;  #endif
   double l1;  
   
   fx=func(x);        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
     l1=pow(10,l);        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
     delts=delt;        return; 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){      } 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       k1=func(p2)-fx;        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
       k2=func(p2)-fx;        pt[j]=p[j]; 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */      } 
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
            if (fptt < fp) { 
 #ifdef DEBUG        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);        if (t < 0.0) { 
 #endif          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
         k=kmax;            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
       }          }
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */  #ifdef DEBUG
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
       }          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
         delts=delt;            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
       }            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
     }          }
   }          printf("\n");
   delti[theta]=delts;          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   return res;  #endif
          }
 }      } 
     } 
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)  } 
 {  
   int i;  /**** Prevalence limit (stable prevalence)  ****************/
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;  
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  {
   int k;    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
        matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
   fx=func(x);  
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {    int i, ii,j,k;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;    double **matprod2();
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();
     k1=func(p2)-fx;    double **newm;
      double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     k2=func(p2)-fx;      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
          oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;      }
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  
     k3=func(p2)-fx;     cov[1]=1.;
     
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
     k4=func(p2)-fx;      newm=savm;
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
 #ifdef DEBUG       cov[2]=agefin;
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);    
 #endif        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
   }          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
   return res;          /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
 }        }
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
 {  
   int i,imax,j,k;        /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
   double big,dum,sum,temp;        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
   double *vv;        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
        out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
   vv=vector(1,n);  
   *d=1.0;      savm=oldm;
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {      oldm=newm;
     big=0.0;      maxmax=0.;
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;        min=1.;
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");        max=0.;
     vv[i]=1.0/big;        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
   }          sumnew=0;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
       sum=a[i][j];          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
       a[i][j]=sum;        }
     }        maxmin=max-min;
     big=0.0;        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {      }
       sum=a[i][j];      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)        return prlim;
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];      }
       a[i][j]=sum;    }
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {  }
         big=dum;  
         imax=i;  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
       }  
     }  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
     if (j != imax) {  {
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {    double s1, s2;
         dum=a[imax][k];    /*double t34;*/
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
         a[j][k]=dum;  
       }      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
       *d = -(*d);        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
       vv[imax]=vv[j];          for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     }            /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
     indx[j]=imax;            s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
     if (j != n) {          }
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);          ps[i][j]=s2;
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
     }        }
   }        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */          for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
 ;            s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
 }  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2); */
           }
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])          ps[i][j]=s2;
 {        }
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;      }
   double sum;      /*ps[3][2]=1;*/
        
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     ip=indx[i];        s1=0;
     sum=b[ip];        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
     b[ip]=b[i];          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
     if (ii)        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
     else if (sum) ii=i;        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
     b[i]=sum;        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   }          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
     sum=b[i];          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];        /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];      } /* end i */
   }      
 }      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
         for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
 /************ Frequencies ********************/          ps[ii][jj]=0;
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2)          ps[ii][ii]=1;
 {  /* Some frequencies */        }
        }
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;      
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */  
   double *pp;  /*        for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;  /*       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
   FILE *ficresp;  /*         printf("ddd %lf ",ps[ii][jj]); */
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];  /*       } */
   /*       printf("\n "); */
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);  /*        } */
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  /*        printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]); */
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");         /*
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {        goto end;*/
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);      return ps;
     exit(0);  }
   }  
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
   j1=0;  
   double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
   j=cptcoveff;  {
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
        b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
        j1++;       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);    long i, j, k;
          scanf("%d", i);*/    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)        for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;  
     return out;
         dateintsum=0;  }
         k2cpt=0;  
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  
          bool=1;  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
          if  (cptcovn>0) {  
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])  {
                bool=0;    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
          }       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
          if (bool==1) {       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
              if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;       for the memory).
                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];       included manually here. 
                freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];  
                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {       */
                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;  
                  k2cpt++;    int i, j, d, h, k;
                }    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];
     double **newm;
              }  
            }    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
          }    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
        }      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         if  (cptcovn>0) {        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);      }
        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
         }    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);        newm=savm;
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
                cov[1]=1.;
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
       printf("Total");        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
     else          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
       printf("Age %d", i);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)  
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  
     }        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)        savm=oldm;
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);        oldm=newm;
       else      }
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
     }        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
           po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
      for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);
       for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)           */
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        }
      }    } /* end h */
     return po;
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)  }
       pos += pp[jk];  
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
       if(pos>=1.e-5)  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  double func( double *x)
       else  {
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
       if( i <= (int) agemax){    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
         if(pos>=1.e-5){    double **out;
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
           probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
           /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/    int s1, s2;
         }    double bbh, survp;
       else    long ipmx;
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);    /*extern weight */
       }    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     }    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);    */
     if(i <= (int) agemax)    cov[1]=1.;
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");  
     printf("\n");    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     }  
     }    if(mle==1){
  }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   fclose(ficresp);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   /* End of Freq */            }
 }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
 /************ Prevalence ********************/            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
 void prevalence(int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
 {  /* Some frequencies */              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
              }
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   double *pp;            savm=oldm;
   double pos, k2;            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);        
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
            /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
   j1=0;           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
             * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
   j=cptcoveff;           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
             * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
  for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
       j1++;           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
             * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)             */
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)            s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
                /* bias bh is positive if real duration
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
         bool=1;           */
         if  (cptcovn>0) {          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
               bool=0;               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
         }               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
         if (bool==1) {               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
               freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
               freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3+1)] += weight[i];            (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
             }          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
           }          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
         }          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
       }          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
                and month of death but the probability to survive from last
         for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
           }          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          lower mortality.
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)            */
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
         }  
          
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          } else if  (s2==-2) {
            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];              survp += out[s1][j];
          }            lli= survp;
                    }
          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];          
           else if  (s2==-4) {
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){                      for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
            if( i <= (int) agemax){              survp += out[s1][j];
              if(pos>=1.e-5){            lli= survp;
                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;          }
              }          
            }          else if  (s2==-5) {
          }            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++) 
                        survp += out[s1][j];
         }            lli= survp;
     }          }
   }  
    
            else{
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
            } 
 }  /* End of Freq */          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
           /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
           ipmx +=1;
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)          sw += weight[i];
 {          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.        } /* end of wave */
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).      } /* end of individual */
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i    }  else if(mle==2){
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
      */        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   int i, mi, m;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             }
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
   double sum=0.;            newm=savm;
   jmin=1e+5;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   jmax=-1;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   jmean=0.;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){            }
     mi=0;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     m=firstpass;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){            savm=oldm;
       if(s[m][i]>=1)            oldm=newm;
         mw[++mi][i]=m;          } /* end mult */
       if(m >=lastpass)        
         break;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
       else          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         m++;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     }/* end while */          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){          ipmx +=1;
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */          sw += weight[i];
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
          /* Only death is a correct wave */        } /* end of wave */
       mw[mi][i]=m;      } /* end of individual */
     }    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     wav[i]=mi;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     if(mi==0)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){            }
       if (stepm <=0)          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         dh[mi][i]=1;            newm=savm;
       else{            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);            }
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
           k=k+1;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;            savm=oldm;
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;            oldm=newm;
           sum=sum+j;          } /* end mult */
           /* if (j<10) printf("j=%d num=%d ",j,i); */        
           }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         }          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         else{          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           k=k+1;          ipmx +=1;
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;          sw += weight[i];
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           /*   if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */        } /* end of wave */
           sum=sum+j;      } /* end of individual */
         }    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
         jk= j/stepm;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         jl= j -jk*stepm;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         if(jl <= -ju)          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           dh[mi][i]=jk;            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         else              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)            }
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       }            newm=savm;
     }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   }            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   jmean=sum/k;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);            }
  }          
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 {            savm=oldm;
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;            oldm=newm;
   int cptcode=0;          } /* end mult */
   cptcoveff=0;        
            s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {          }else{
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);          }
       Ndum[ij]++;          ipmx +=1;
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/          sw += weight[i];
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     }  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
         } /* end of wave */
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {      } /* end of individual */
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
     }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     ij=1;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;            }
           ij++;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         }            newm=savm;
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       }              for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     }              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   }              }
           
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {            savm=oldm;
       ij=Tvar[i];            oldm=newm;
       Ndum[ij]++;          } /* end mult */
     }        
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
  ij=1;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncov)){          ipmx +=1;
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;          sw += weight[i];
      ij++;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
    }          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
  }        } /* end of wave */
        } /* end of individual */
     cptcoveff=ij-1;    } /* End of if */
 }    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     return -l;
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)  }
 {  
   /* Health expectancies */  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;  double funcone( double *x)
   double age, agelim,hf;  {
   double ***p3mat;    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
      int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");    double **out;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double llt;
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    int s1, s2;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");    double bbh, survp;
     /*extern weight */
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   agelim=AGESUP;      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */    cov[1]=1.;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);  
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          }
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          newm=savm;
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
         }          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
                cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     hf=1;          }
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          savm=oldm;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){          oldm=newm;
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);        } /* end mult */
       }        
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   }        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
 }        /* bias is positive if real duration
          * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
 /************ Variance ******************/         */
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
 {          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   /* Variance of health expectancies */        } else if (mle==1){
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   double **newm;        } else if(mle==2){
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   int k, cptcode;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   double *xp;        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
   double **gp, **gm;          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;        } else{  /* ml>=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
   double ***p3mat;          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
   double age,agelim;        } /* End of if */
   int theta;        ipmx +=1;
         sw += weight[i];
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");  /*       printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        if(globpr){
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9d %6d %1d %1d %1d %1d %3d %10.6f %6.4f\
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);   %10.6f %10.6f %10.6f ", \
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
                   2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
   xp=vector(1,npar);          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
            }
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        }
   agelim = AGESUP;      } /* end of wave */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    } /* end of individual */
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      gipmx=ipmx;
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);      gsw=sw;
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    }
     return -l;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){  }
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */  
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  
       }  /*************** function likelione ***********/
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);  {
     /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
       if (popbased==1) {       the selection of individuals/waves and
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];       Plotting could be done.
       }     */
          int k;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
         }      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
       }        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
            fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */      }
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);        fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
       if (popbased==1) {        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];    }
       }  
     *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    if(*globpri !=0){
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      fclose(ficresilk);
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];      fflush(fichtm); 
         }    } 
       }    return;
   }
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)  
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
         }  
     } /* End theta */  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   {
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    int i,j, iter;
     double **xi;
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)    double fret;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    }
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
       }    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     }      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
     h=1;        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);    fclose(ficrespow);
       }    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);  }
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   } /* End age */  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
    {
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    double **hess;
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    int i, j,jk;
     int *indx;
 }  
     double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
 {    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */    double gompertz(double p[]);
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   double **newm;  
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   int k, cptcode;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
   double *xp;      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   double *gp, *gm;      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   double **gradg, **trgradg;     
   double age,agelim;       hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
   int theta;      
          /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");    }
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
         if (j>i) { 
   xp=vector(1,npar);          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
            
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
   agelim = AGESUP;        }
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */      }
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    }
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    printf("\n");
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);  
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    x=vector(1,npar);
       }    indx=ivector(1,npar);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
      
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      x[j]=1;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         matcov[i][j]=x[i];
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      }
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];    }
     } /* End theta */  
     printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
       }
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      printf("\n");
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    }
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);  
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    /* Recompute Inverse */
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");  
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);      x[j]=1;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   } /* End age */      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         y[i][j]=x[i];
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);      }
       printf("\n");
 }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/    */
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij)  
 {    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
   int i, j;    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
   int k=0, cptcode;    free_vector(x,1,npar);
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
   double *xp;    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
   double *gp, *gm;  
   double **gradg, **trgradg;  
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];  }
   int theta;  
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
   double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");  {
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);    int i;
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {    int l=1, lmax=20;
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);    double k1,k2;
   }    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
   printf("Computing variance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);    double res;
      double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
     double fx;
   xp=vector(1,npar);    int k=0,kmax=10;
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    double l1;
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  
      fx=func(x);
   cov[1]=1;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
     cov[2]=age;      l1=pow(10,l);
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);      delts=delt;
     trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
     gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));        delt = delta*(l1*k);
     gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
            k1=func(p2)-fx;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)        k2=func(p2)-fx;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
              res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);        
      #ifdef DEBUG
       k=0;        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){  #endif
            k=k+1;        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
           gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
         }          k=kmax;
       }        }
         else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        }
            else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
           delts=delt;
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);        }
       k=0;      }
       for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    }
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    delti[theta]=delts;
           k=k+1;    return res; 
           gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    
         }  }
       }  
        double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
        for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)  {
            gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];      int i;
     }    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
     double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    int k;
       trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];  
      fx=func(x);
      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
       k1=func(p2)-fx;
      k=0;    
      for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
          k=k+1;      k2=func(p2)-fx;
          gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    
         }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
      }      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
            k3=func(p2)-fx;
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);    
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
              p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
       k4=func(p2)-fx;
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
      }*/  #ifdef DEBUG
       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
   #endif
   for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){    }
     if (i== 2) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);    return res;
 if (i== 4) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);  }
   }  
   /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  { 
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    int i,imax,j,k; 
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
 }    double *vv; 
  free_vector(xp,1,npar);   
 fclose(ficresprob);    vv=vector(1,n); 
  exit(0);    *d=1.0; 
 }    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       big=0.0; 
 /***********************************************/      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
 /**************** Main Program *****************/        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
 /***********************************************/      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       vv[i]=1.0/big; 
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/    } 
 int main()    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
 {      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;        a[i][j]=sum; 
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;      } 
       big=0.0; 
   double fret;      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
   double **xi,tmp,delta;        sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
   double ***p3mat;        a[i][j]=sum; 
   int *indx;        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];          big=dum; 
   char title[MAXLINE];          imax=i; 
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];        } 
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];      } 
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];      if (j != imax) { 
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];          dum=a[imax][k]; 
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;          a[j][k]=dum; 
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */        } 
   int c,  h , cpt,l;        *d = -(*d); 
   int ju,jl, mi;        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;      } 
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;      indx[j]=imax; 
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
   int hstepm, nhstepm;      if (j != n) { 
   int *popage;/*boolprev=0 if date and zero if wave*/        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2;        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
       } 
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;    } 
   double ftolpl=FTOL;    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   double **prlim;  ;
   double *severity;  } 
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */  
   double  *p;  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */  { 
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
   double *delti; /* Scale */    double sum; 
   double ***eij, ***vareij;   
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
   double *epj, vepp;      ip=indx[i]; 
   double kk1, kk2;      sum=b[ip]; 
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;      b[ip]=b[i]; 
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean, calagedate;      if (ii) 
   double yp,yp1,yp2;        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       else if (sum) ii=i; 
   char version[80]="Imach version 64b, May 2001, INED-EUROREVES ";      b[i]=sum; 
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];    } 
     for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
       sum=b[i]; 
   char z[1]="c", occ;      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
 #include <sys/time.h>      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
 #include <time.h>    } 
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];  } 
    
   /* long total_usecs;  /************ Frequencies ********************/
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
    {  /* Some frequencies */
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */    
     int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
     int first;
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.7");    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");    double *pp, **prop;
     double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
 #ifdef windows    FILE *ficresp;
   scanf("%s",pathtot);    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   getcwd(pathcd, size);    
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
     strcat(fileresp,fileres);
 split(pathtot, path,optionfile);    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
   chdir(path);      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   replace(pathc,path);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
 #endif      exit(0);
 #ifdef unix    }
   scanf("%s",optionfile);    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
 #endif    j1=0;
     
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/    j=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   strcpy(fileres,"r");  
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);    first=1;
   
   /*---------arguments file --------*/    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
       for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {        j1++;
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
     goto end;          scanf("%d", i);*/
   }        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
           for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
   strcpy(filereso,"o");            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   strcat(filereso,fileres);              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   }        for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
           prop[i][m]=0;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        dateintsum=0;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        k2cpt=0;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
     puts(line);          bool=1;
     fputs(line,ficparo);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
   }            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
                 bool=0;
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);          }
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);          if (bool==1){
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
     puts(line);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
     fputs(line,ficparo);                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   }                if (m<lastpass) {
   ungetc(c,ficpar);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
                    freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
                    }
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);                
   cptcovn=0;                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
                   k2cpt++;
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;                }
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */                /*}*/
              }
   /* Read guess parameters */          }
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){         
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  fprintf(ficresp, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
     puts(line);        if  (cptcovn>0) {
     fputs(line,ficparo);          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
   }          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
          }
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);        
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          if(i==iagemax+3){
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);          }else{
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);            if(first==1){
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);              first=0;
       }              printf("See log file for details...\n");
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");            }
       printf("\n");            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          }
     }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
           }
   p=param[1][1];          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);              if(first==1){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
     puts(line);              }
     fputs(line,ficparo);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
   }            }else{
   ungetc(c,ficpar);              if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */            }
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){          }
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){  
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){          }       
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);            pos += pp[jk];
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);            posprop += prop[jk][i];
       }          }
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       printf("\n");            if(pos>=1.e-5){
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");              if(first==1)
     }                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   delti=delti3[1][1];            }else{
                if(first==1)
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            if( i <= iagemax){
     puts(line);              if(pos>=1.e-5){
     fputs(line,ficparo);                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
   }                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
                }
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);              else
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);            }
     printf("%s",str);          }
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);          
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);              if(first==1)
     }                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
     printf("\n");              }
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          if(i <= iagemax)
   }            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)          if(first==1)
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)            printf("Others in log...\n");
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
            }
   printf("\n");      }
     }
     dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
     /*-------- data file ----------*/   
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {    fclose(ficresp);
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
     }    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
        /* End of Freq */
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {  }
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;  
     }  /************ Prevalence ********************/
   void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
     n= lastobs;  {  
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);    /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
     num=ivector(1,n);       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     moisnais=vector(1,n);    */
     annais=vector(1,n);   
     moisdc=vector(1,n);    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
     andc=vector(1,n);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     agedc=vector(1,n);    double *pp, **prop;
     cod=ivector(1,n);    double pos,posprop; 
     weight=vector(1,n);    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */    int iagemin, iagemax;
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);  
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    iagemin= (int) agemin;
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    iagemax= (int) agemax;
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     j1=0;
     i=1;    
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {    j=cptcoveff;
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
            
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
           strcpy(line,stra);        j1++;
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
         }          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
                    prop[i][m]=0.0;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);       
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
           bool=1;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
               if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);                bool=0;
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){          } 
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          if (bool==1) { 
         }            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
         num[i]=atol(stra);              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
                      if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                 if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
         i=i+1;                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
       }                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
     }                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
        scanf("%d",i);*/                } 
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */              }
             } /* end selection of waves */
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){          }
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;        }
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;          
     }          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
             posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)          } 
     if (covar[1][i]==0) printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));*/  
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);              } 
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);            } 
   Tage=ivector(1,15);                }/* end jk */ 
            }/* end i */ 
   if (strlen(model) >1){      } /* end i1 */
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;    } /* end k1 */
     j=nbocc(model,'+');    
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
     cptcovn=j+1;    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
     cptcovprod=j1;    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
      }  /* End of prevalence */
      
     strcpy(modelsav,model);  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){  
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
       goto end;  {
     }    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
           Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/       */
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/  
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {    int i, mi, m;
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
           cptcovprod--;    int first;
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    double sum=0.;
           cptcovage++;    first=0;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;    jmin=1e+5;
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/    jmax=-1;
         }    jmean=0.;
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
           cptcovprod--;      mi=0;
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');      m=firstpass;
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
           cptcovage++;        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;          mw[++mi][i]=m;
         }        if(m >=lastpass)
         else {          break;
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');        else
           Tvar[i]=ncov+k1;          m++;
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');      }/* end while */
           Tprod[k1]=i;      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];           /* Only death is a correct wave */
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];        mw[mi][i]=m;
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)      }
             covar[ncov+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];  
           k1++;      wav[i]=mi;
           k2=k2+2;      if(mi==0){
         }        nbwarn++;
       }        if(first==0){
       else {          printf("Warning! None valid information for:%ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/          first=1;
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/        }
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');        if(first==1){
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! None valid information for:%ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
       }        }
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);        } /* end mi==0 */
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);    } /* End individuals */
         scanf("%d",i);*/  
     }    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
 }      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
          if (stepm <=0)
   /*printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);          dh[mi][i]=1;
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);        else{
   scanf("%d ",i);*/          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
     fclose(fic);            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
               j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
     /*  if(mle==1){*/              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/              else if(j<0){
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;                nberr++;
     }                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
      for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++)              }
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){              k=k+1;
          anint[m][i]=9999;              if (j >= jmax){
          s[m][i]=-1;                jmax=j;
        }                ijmax=i;
                  }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {              if (j <= jmin){
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);                jmin=j;
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){                ijmin=i;
         if(s[m][i] >0){              }
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {              sum=sum+j;
             if(agedc[i]>0)              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];            }
             else {          }
               if (andc[i]!=9999){          else{
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
               agev[m][i]=-1;  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
               }  
             }            k=k+1;
           }            if (j >= jmax) {
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */              jmax=j;
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);              ijmax=i;
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)            }
               agev[m][i]=1;            else if (j <= jmin){
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){              jmin=j;
               agemin=agev[m][i];              ijmin=i;
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/            }
             }            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
               agemax=agev[m][i];            if(j<0){
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/              nberr++;
             }              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/            }
           }            sum=sum+j;
           else { /* =9 */          }
             agev[m][i]=1;          jk= j/stepm;
             s[m][i]=-1;          jl= j -jk*stepm;
           }          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
         }          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
         else /*= 0 Unknown */            if(jl==0){
           agev[m][i]=1;              dh[mi][i]=jk;
       }              bh[mi][i]=0;
                }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
     }                    * at the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){              bh[mi][i]=ju;
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {            }
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");            }else{
           goto end;            if(jl <= -ju){
         }              dh[mi][i]=jk;
       }              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
     }                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
                                    */
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);            }
             else{
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);              bh[mi][i]=ju;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);            }
     free_vector(annais,1,n);            if(dh[mi][i]==0){
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);              /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
     free_vector(andc,1,n);            }
           } /* end if mle */
            }
     wav=ivector(1,imx);      } /* end wave */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    }
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    jmean=sum/k;
        printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     /* Concatenates waves */    fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);   }
   
   /*********** Tricode ****************************/
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);  {
       ncodemax[1]=1;    
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);    int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i, maxncov=19;
          int cptcode=0;
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);    cptcoveff=0; 
    h=0;   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
      for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){  
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum 
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){                                 modality*/ 
            h++;        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij is the modality of this individual*/
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;        Ndum[ij]++; /*store the modality */
          }        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
        }        if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij; /* getting the maximum of covariable 
      }                                         Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is 0 and 
    }                                         female is 1, then  cptcode=1.*/
          }
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age  
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */      for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {
         if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++; /* Nomber of modalities of the j th covariates. In fact ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables) but it can be more */
          }
      
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      ij=1; 
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        for (k=0; k<= maxncov; k++) {
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          if (Ndum[k] != 0) {
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k; 
                  /* store the modality in an array. k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]            
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */            ij++;
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */          }
           if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
     if(mle==1){        }  
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);      } 
     }    }  
      
     /*--------- results files --------------*/   for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);  
     for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { 
      /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
    jk=1;     ij=Tvar[i];
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");     Ndum[ij]++;
    printf("# Parameters\n");   }
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){   ij=1;
        if (k != i)   for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) {
          {     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);       ij++;
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){     }
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);   }
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);   
              jk++;   cptcoveff=ij-1; /*Number of simple covariates*/
            }  }
            printf("\n");  
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
          }  
      }  void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
    }  
  if(mle==1){  {
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */    /* Health expectancies */
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);    double age, agelim, hf;
  }    double ***p3mat,***varhe;
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     printf("# Scales\n");    double *xp;
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    double **gp, **gm;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
         if (j!=i) {    int theta;
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);  
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    xp=vector(1,npar);
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
             jk++;    
           }    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Local time at start: %s", strstart);
           printf("\n");    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
         }    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       }      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
      }        fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
        fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
     k=1;  
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");    if(estepm < stepm){
     printf("# Covariance\n");      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){    }
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    else  hstepm=estepm;   
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
       printf("%3d",i);     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
       }     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
       printf("\n");  
       k++;    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     }    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
           nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
       ungetc(c,ficpar);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
       puts(line);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
       fputs(line,ficparo);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     }       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
     ungetc(c,ficpar);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
         results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);    */
        hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     if (fage <= 2) {  
       bage = agemin;    agelim=AGESUP;
       fage = agemax;    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
     }      /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); 
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy.\n");      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
        gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
     fputs(line,ficparo);         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
   }      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);   
    
   fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mob_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mob_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);  
  fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mob_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);      /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
        
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     puts(line);        }
     fputs(line,ficparo);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
   }    
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        cptj=0;
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;            cptj=cptj+1;
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;            for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);            }
    fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);            }
    fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);          }
        
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) 
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     puts(line);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);        
   }        cptj=0;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2);          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
 fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2);            cptj=cptj+1;
 fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2);            for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2);              gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }
  /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/          }
 chdir(pathcd);        }
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {        for(j=1; j<= nlstate*nlstate; j++)
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
   }            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
 #ifdef windows          }
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);       } 
 #endif     
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);  /* End theta */
    
  /* 1eme*/       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {  
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
 #ifdef windows          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
 #endif       
 #ifdef unix  
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);       for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
 #endif        for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {  
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
 }       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          for(i=1;i<=nlstate*nlstate;i++)
 }            for(j=1;j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);              varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {        }
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      }
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      /* Computing expectancies */
 }        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
 #ifdef unix          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
 #endif            
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);  /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
    }  
   }          }
   /*2 eme*/  
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      cptj=0;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
            for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {          cptj++;
       k=2*i;          fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);        }
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");     
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
 }        free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    }
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    printf("\n");
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 }    
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  }
 }    
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");  /************ Variance ******************/
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
     }  {
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);    /* Variance of health expectancies */
   }    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
      /* double **newm;*/
   /*3eme*/    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    int k, cptcode;
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);    double *xp;
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);    double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
       }    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
     }    double ***p3mat;
   }    double age,agelim, hf;
      double ***mobaverage;
   /* CV preval stat */    int theta;
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    char digit[4];
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {    char digitp[25];
       k=3;  
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)  
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);    if(popbased==1){
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);      if(mobilav!=0)
              strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);    }
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {    else 
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);  
       }    if (mobilav!=0) {
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);        mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
     }        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
   }          printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
   /* proba elementaires */    }
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
       if (k != i) {    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);*/    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s",alph[1]);*/    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
           jk++;    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
         }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       }    }
     }    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     }   
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
    i=1;    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
      k3=i;      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        if (k != k2){        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);    }  
 ij=1;    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
             ij++;    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
           }  /*   } */
           else    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);   fprintf(ficresvij, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
         }    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are the stable prevalence in health states i\n");
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);
 ij=1;    fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){  
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {    xp=vector(1,npar);
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
             ij++;    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
           }    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
           else    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);  
           }    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           fprintf(ficgp,")");    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         }    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");    
         i=i+ncovmodel;    if(estepm < stepm){
        }      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
      }    }
    }    else  hstepm=estepm;   
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   }    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
           nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
   fclose(ficgp);       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
   /* end gnuplot */       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
           and note for a fixed period like k years */
 chdir(path);    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
           survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);         results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     free_ivector(num,1,n);    */
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/    agelim = AGESUP;
     fclose(ficparo);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
     fclose(ficres);      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
     /*  }*/      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
          p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
          gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
    
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */  
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        }
     puts(line);        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   }  
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        if (popbased==1) {
            if(mobilav ==0){
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);          }
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");        }
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {    
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);goto end;        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   }          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> <font size=\"6\">Imach, Version 0.7 </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
 Titre=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>          }
 Total number of observations=%d <br>        }
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
 <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n           as a weighted average of prlim.
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n        */
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>            gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>        }    
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>        /* end probability of death */
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>  
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         - Prevalences and population forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
 <br>",title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");        if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
  m=cptcoveff;            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
  j1=0;            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){          }
        j1++;        }
        if (cptcovn > 0) {  
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
        }          }
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>        }
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);            /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>           as a weighted average of prlim.
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);        */
        }        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>        }    
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);          /* end probability of death */
      }  
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
      }          }
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and  
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");        }
    }  
  }      } /* End theta */
 fclose(fichtm);  
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/  
        for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;  
   }      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");    
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);  
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   k=0;          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
   agebase=agemin;          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   agelim=agemax;            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
   ftolpl=1.e-10;              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
   i1=cptcoveff;        }
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}      }
     
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      /* pptj */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
         k=k+1;      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      /* end ppptj */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");      /*  x centered again */
              hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);   
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );      if (popbased==1) {
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        if(mobilav ==0){
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
       }          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     }            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
   fclose(ficrespl);        }
       }
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/               
        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {         as a weighted average of prlim.
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;      */
   }      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;      }    
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/      /* end probability of death */
   
   agelim=AGESUP;      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   k=0;          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        }
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){      } 
       k=k+1;      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");  
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                  fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */        }
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    } /* End age */
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
           }  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
         }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
   }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   /* varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k);*/  */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
   fclose(ficrespij);    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   
   if(stepm == 1) {    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   /*printf("calage= %f", calagedate);*/    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
      free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   prevalence(agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);    if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");    fflush(fichtm); 
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);  }  /* end varevsij */
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);goto end;  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   }  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);  {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
   free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
   free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);    double **newm;
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
   /* Mobile average */    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     int k, cptcode;
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;    double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
   if (mobilav==1) {    double **gradg, **trgradg;
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    double age,agelim;
     for (agedeb=bage+3; agedeb<=fage-2; agedeb++)    int theta;
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    fprintf(ficresvpl, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart); 
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of stable prevalences \n");
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     for (agedeb=bage+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){  
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){    xp=vector(1,npar);
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
           }    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;    
         }    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       }    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     }      agelim = AGESUP;
   }    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
   agelim=AGESUP;      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
   /*hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; *//* Every year of age */      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   hstepm=1;  
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2 years/6 months = 4 */      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
   anprojmean=yp;          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);        }
   mprojmean=yp;        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   jprojmean=yp;          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;      
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
   if (popforecast==1) {          gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL)    {  
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);goto end;        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     }          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);      } /* End theta */
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);  
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
     i=1;        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF)        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
       {          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
         i=i+1;  
       }      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     imx=i;        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
   }      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){  
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){      fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       k=k+1;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");        fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       }      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");      free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);    } /* End age */
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficresf," [Population]");  
        free_vector(xp,1,npar);
       for (cpt=0; cpt<4;cpt++) {    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);    
   }
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(bage-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */  
         nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
         nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
         /*printf("agedeb=%.lf stepm=%d hstepm=%d nhstepm=%d \n",agedeb,stepm,hstepm,nhstepm);*/  {
     int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
         p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    int k=0,l, cptcode;
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      int first=1, first1;
            double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
         for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    double **dnewm,**doldm;
           if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {    double *xp;
             fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    double *gp, *gm;
           }    double **gradg, **trgradg;
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    double **mu;
             kk1=0.;kk2=0;    double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {            double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
               if (mobilav==1)    int theta;
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
               else {    char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
                 /* fprintf(ficresf," p3=%.3f p=%.3f ", p3mat[i][j][h], probs[(int)(agedeb)+1][i][cptcod]);*/  
               }    double ***varpij;
   
               if (popforecast==1) kk2=kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb];    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
             }    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
              if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
               fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
                  }
               if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficresf," [%.f]", kk2);    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
             }    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
           }    if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
         }      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
         free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       }    }
       }    strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     }    strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
   }    if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
   if (popforecast==1) {      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);    }
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);    printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
   }    printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
   free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
   free_vector(weight,1,n);    printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
   fclose(ficresf);    fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
   }/* End forecasting */    fprintf(ficresprob, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
   else{    fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     erreur=108;    fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     printf("Error %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d\n", erreur, stepm);    fprintf(ficresprobcov, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
   }    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/    fprintf(ficresprobcor, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
   strcpy(filerest,"t");    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
   strcat(filerest,fileres);  
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   }      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);        fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
   strcpy(filerese,"e");      }  
   strcat(filerese,fileres);   /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
   }   */
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);   xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");    doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);    mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {    varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);    first=1;
   }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   k=0;  
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
       k=k+1;    file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);   They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");  would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);   Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");   and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");  
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    cov[1]=1;
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);    tj=cptcoveff;
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");    if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ 
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);          j1++;
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);        if  (cptcovn>0) {
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
                fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
                  
       hf=1;          fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);          fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){          
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);          
         if (popbased==1) {          fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];          fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
         }          
                  fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {        }
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];        
           }        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];          cov[2]=age;
         }          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)            cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)          }
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];          for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){            cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));          
         }          gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
       }          gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     }          gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
   }      
                  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
                    for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
  fclose(ficreseij);            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
  fclose(ficresvij);            
   fclose(ficrest);            k=0;
   fclose(ficpar);            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   /*  scanf("%d ",i); */                k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/                }
             }
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");            
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {              xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);      
     exit(0);            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
   }            k=0;
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);            for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
  k=0;                k=k+1;
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){                gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){              }
      k=k+1;            }
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");       
      for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);              gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");          }
        
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);              trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
    }          
  }          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   fclose(ficresvpl);          free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/          free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
    
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          
            k=0;
            for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              k=k+1;
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            }
            }
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);          for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);            for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
                varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);  
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
   if(erreur >0)            for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
     printf("End of Imach with error %d\n",erreur);            printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
   else   printf("End of Imach\n");            fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */            }*/
    
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/          fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/          fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   /*------ End -----------*/          fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
  end:            fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
 #ifdef windows          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
  chdir(pathcd);            fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
 #endif            fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
            }
  system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");          i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
 #ifdef windows            for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
   while (z[0] != 'q') {              i=i++;
     chdir(pathcd);              fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");              fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
     scanf("%s",z);              for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");                fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {                fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
       chdir(path);              }
       system(optionfilehtm);            }
     }          }/* end of loop for state */
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);        } /* end of loop for age */
   }  
 #endif        /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
 }        /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
       } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Stable prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: %s%d1.png<br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: %s%d2.png<br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Stable prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Stable prevalence in each health state : p%s%d%d.png<br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Health expectancies with their variances (no covariance): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of stable prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2): %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
      for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stable prevalence\" w l 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);
           
         } 
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
   
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small\n set log y\n"); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double *severity;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];
     char strstart[80], *strt, strtend[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       scanf("%s",pathtot);
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement*/
     if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
   
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables = cptcovn + intercept + age */
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/
   
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guess parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
     }
   
     n= lastobs;
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)))    {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
           if(line[j] == '\t')
             line[j] = ' ';
         }
         for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
           ;
         };
         line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
         if(line[0]=='#'){
           fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
           printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
           continue;
         }
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           /*      if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %d %s for individual %d\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei,j,maxwav);
             exit(1);
           }
           s[j][i]=lval;
   
           strcpy(line,stra);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
           if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
           }
           else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,".") != 0){
             month=99;
             year=9999;
           }else{
             printf("Error reading data around '%s'.at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a year of exam at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, i,line,linei,j);
             exit(1);
           }
           anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
           mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
           strcpy(line,stra);
         } /* ENd Waves */
           
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,".") != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s'.at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a year of exam at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, i,line,linei,j);
           exit(1);
         }
         andc[i]=(double) year; 
         moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,".") != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s'.at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a year of exam at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, i,line,linei,j);
           exit(1);
         }
         annais[i]=(double)(year);
         moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
         strcpy(line,stra);
   
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         errno=0;
         lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei);
           exit(1);
         }
         weight[i]=(double)(lval); 
         strcpy(line,stra);
   
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a covar (meaning 0 for the reference or 1).  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei);
             exit(1);
           }
           if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
             printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a value of the %d covar (meaning 0 for the reference or 1. IMaCh does not build design variables, do it your self).  Exiting.\n",lval,i,line,linei,j);
             exit(1);
           }
           covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
           strcpy(line,stra);
         } 
         lstra=strlen(stra);
   
         if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
           stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
           num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
         }
         else
           num[i]=atol(stra);
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
           printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
   
         i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);
        scanf("%d",i);*/
     imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
   
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;
       if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;
       if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;
       }*/
      /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1; 
        printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/
     
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) */
    
      /*if ((s[3][i]==3) ||  (s[4][i]==3)) weight[i]=0.08;
        else weight[i]=1;*/
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
     Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */
     Tprod=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);
     Tage=ivector(1,15);      
      
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovn=j+1; 
       cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products */
       
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){
         printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         goto end;
       }
       
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
   
       for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/
             cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=i;
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           }
           else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;
           }
           else {  /* Age is not in the model */
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/
             Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=i;
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2]; 
             for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++) 
               covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           }
         }
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
         Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);
     fclose(fic);*/
   
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;
     }
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){ 
               agemin=agev[m][i];
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){
               agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           goto end;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax); 
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     Tcode=ivector(1,100);
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
         
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of 
                                    the estimations*/
     h=0;
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){
       for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){
             h++;
             if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
             /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       p[1]=0.1; p[NDIM]=0.1;
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
       
       powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,path); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
     
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
       /*  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);*/
       /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,path); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (stable prevalence) --------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with stable prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing stable prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Stable prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
       ftolpl=1.e-10;
       i1=cptcoveff;
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       fprintf(ficrespij, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
           
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   
             /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
   
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0, mobilav, strstart);
           if(popbased==1){
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased,mobilav, strstart);
           }
   
           fprintf(ficrest, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);
           fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");
           for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
           epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
           for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             if (popbased==1) {
               if(mobilav ==0){
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
               }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
               }
             }
           
             fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
             for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
               for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                 epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                 /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
               }
               epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
             }
   
             for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                 vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
             }
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         }
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficreseij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of stable prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of stable prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of stable prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tcode,1,100);
   
   
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
     chdir(path);
   #ifndef UNIX
     /*  strcpy(plotcmd,"\""); */
   #endif
     strcpy(plotcmd,pathimach);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     strcat(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
   #ifndef UNIX
     strcat(plotcmd,".exe");
     /*  strcat(plotcmd,"\"");*/
   #endif
     if(stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
     }
   
   #ifndef UNIX
     strcpy(plotcmd,"\"");
   #endif
     strcat(plotcmd,pathimach);
     strcat(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
   #ifndef UNIX
     strcat(plotcmd,".exe");
     strcat(plotcmd,"\"");
   #endif
     strcat(plotcmd," ");
     strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.21  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.110


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