Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.4 and 1.141

version 1.4, 2001/05/02 17:34:41 version 1.141, 2014/01/26 02:42:01
Line 1 Line 1
      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews  
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number  
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to    Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional  
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'    *** empty log message ***
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and  
   age", you should modify the program where the markup    Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
   
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    get same likelihood as if mle=1.
   hPijx is the probability to be    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age  
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    just nforces
    
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    Many tings
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action  
   from the European Union.    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    Some dimensions resccaled
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version  
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
   **********************************************************************/    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
      lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
 #include <math.h>    V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
 #include <stdio.h>  
 #include <stdlib.h>    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
 #include <unistd.h>    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
   
 #define MAXLINE 256    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
 /*#define DEBUG*/  
 #define windows    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
     (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
     (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    computation.
 #define MAXN 20000    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
 #define AGESUP 130  
 #define AGEBASE 40    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
     (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
     imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
 int nvar;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 static int cptcov;    Version 0.98h
 int cptcovn;  
 int npar=NPARMAX;    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    Forecasting file added.
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
     Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 int mle, weightopt;  
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    name. <head> headers where missing.
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */  
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest;    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
 FILE *ficreseij;    otherwise the weight is truncated).
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
  FILE  *ficresvij;    1.
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    Version 0.98g
  FILE  *ficresvpl;  
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
     (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
     English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
     otherwise the weight is truncated).
     Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
 #define NR_END 1    1.
 #define FREE_ARG char*    Version 0.98g
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  
     Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
 #define NRANSI    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
 #define ITMAX 200  
     * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
     not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660  
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
 #define GOLD 1.618034    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
 #define GLIMIT 100.0  
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
     (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
      (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     (Module): Function pstamp added
 static double sqrarg;    (Module): Version 0.98d
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
     (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
 int imx;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
 int stepm;    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    (Module): Function pstamp added
     (Module): Version 0.98d
 int m,nb;  
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax;    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
 double **pmmij;    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
   
 double *weight;    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
 int **s; /* Status */    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab;    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
     (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    filename with strsep.
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */  
     Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
     (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
 /******************************************/    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
     allocation too.
 void replace(char *s, char*t)  
 {    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
   int i;    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
   lg=strlen(t);    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
     (s[i] = t[i]);    can be a simple dot '.'.
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  
   }    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
 }    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
   
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
 {    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
   int i,j=0;  
   int lg=20;    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
   i=0;    Gnuplot problem appeared...
   lg=strlen(s);    To be fixed
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
   }    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
   return j;  
 }    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
     Some cleaning and links added in html output
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)  
 {    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
   int i,lg,j,p;    *** empty log message ***
   i=0;  
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   }    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
     that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
   lg=strlen(t);    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
     (u[j] = t[j]);    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
     u[p]='\0';    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
   }  
     Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  
   }    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
 }    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
   
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
     Fix on curr_time
 void nrerror(char error_text[])  
 {    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);  
   exit(1);    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
 }    *** empty log message ***
 /*********************** vector *******************/  
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
 {    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
   double *v;    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
   return v-nl+NR_END;    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 }    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
     from other sources like vital statistic data.
 /************************ free vector ******************/  
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
 }    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   
 /************************ivector *******************************/    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
 {  
   int *v;    Current limitations:
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
   return v-nl+NR_END;    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
 }  
     Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
 /******************free ivector **************************/    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    suppressed.
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
 }    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
     rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */    * imach.c (Repository):
 {    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
   int **m;  
      Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    Just cleaning
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
   m += NR_END;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   m -= nrl;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
      (Module): Version 0.96b
    
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
      * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
      helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
   return m;    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
 }  
     Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
       int **m;    of the covariance matrix to be input.
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 {    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 }  
     Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
 {    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Version 0.96
   double **m;  
     Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    routine fileappend.
   m += NR_END;  
   m -= nrl;    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
     interview.
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
   return m;    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
 }    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
     truncation)
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
 {    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
 }    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
     parcimony.
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  
 {    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    *** empty log message ***
   double ***m;  
     Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;  */
   m -= nrl;  /*
      Interpolated Markov Chain
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    Short summary of the programme:
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
     cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
     interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
      simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
   }    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   return m;    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
 }    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
     convergence.
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
 {    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
 }  
     hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
 extern int ncom;    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
      matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
 double f1dim(double x)    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
 {    hPijx.
   int j;  
   double f;    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   double *xt;    of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
      
   xt=vector(1,ncom);    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    from the European Union.
   return f;    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
 }    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
     can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
 /*****************brent *************************/  
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
 {    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   int iter;    
   double a,b,d,etemp;    **********************************************************************/
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  /*
   double ftemp;    main
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    read parameterfile
   double e=0.0;    read datafile
      concatwav
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    freqsummary
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);    if (mle >= 1)
   x=w=v=bx;      mlikeli
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);    print results files
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {    if mle==1 
     xm=0.5*(a+b);       computes hessian
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/        begin-prev-date,...
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    open gnuplot file
 #ifdef DEBUG    open html file
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    period (stable) prevalence
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */     for age prevalim()
 #endif    h Pij x
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){    variance of p varprob
       *xmin=x;    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
       return fx;    health expectancies
     }    Variance-covariance of DFLE
     ftemp=fu;    prevalence()
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {     movingaverage()
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);    varevsij() 
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    total life expectancies
       q=2.0*(q-r);    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;   end
       q=fabs(q);  */
       etemp=e;  
       e=d;  
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));   
       else {  #include <math.h>
         d=p/q;  #include <stdio.h>
         u=x+d;  #include <stdlib.h>
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  #include <string.h>
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  #include <unistd.h>
       }  
     } else {  #include <limits.h>
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  #include <sys/types.h>
     }  #include <sys/stat.h>
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  #include <errno.h>
     fu=(*f)(u);  extern int errno;
     if (fu <= fx) {  
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  #ifdef LINUX
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  #include <time.h>
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  #include "timeval.h"
         } else {  #else
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  #include <sys/time.h>
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  #endif
             v=w;  
             w=u;  #ifdef GSL
             fv=fw;  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
             fw=fu;  #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {  #endif
             v=u;  
             fv=fu;  /* #include <libintl.h> */
           }  /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
         }  
   }  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");  
   *xmin=x;  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
   return fx;  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
 }  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
   
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
   #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,  
             double (*func)(double))  #define MAXPARM 128 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
 {  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  
   double fu;  #define NINTERVMAX 8
    #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  #define NCOVMAX 20 /* Maximum number of covariates */
   if (*fb > *fa) {  #define MAXN 20000
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  #define AGESUP 130
       }  #define AGEBASE 40
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);  #define AGEGOMP 10. /* Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  #ifdef UNIX
   while (*fb > *fc) {  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/  #else
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
       fu=(*func)(u);  #endif
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {  
       fu=(*func)(u);  /* $Id$ */
       if (fu < *fc) {  /* $State$ */
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))  
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))  char version[]="Imach version 0.98n, January 2014,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Sicentific Research 25293121)";
           }  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  char strstart[80];
       u=ulim;  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
       fu=(*func)(u);  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
     } else {  int nvar=0, nforce=0; /* Number of variables, number of forces */
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);  int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov=0; /* Number of covariates, of covariates with '*age' */
       fu=(*func)(u);  int npar=NPARMAX;
     }  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
       }  int popbased=0;
 }  
   int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
 /*************** linmin ************************/  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
   int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
 int ncom;  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
 double *pcom,*xicom;  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
    int mle=1, weightopt=0;
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
 {  int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
   double f1dim(double x);  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
   int j;  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
   double fx,fb,fa;  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
    int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
   ncom=n;  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   pcom=vector(1,n);  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
   xicom=vector(1,n);  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   nrfunc=func;  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
     pcom[j]=p[j];  FILE *ficresilk;
     xicom[j]=xi[j];  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
   }  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
   ax=0.0;  FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   xx=1.0;  FILE *ficreseij;
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  FILE *ficresstdeij;
 #ifdef DEBUG  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  FILE *ficrescveij;
 #endif  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  FILE  *ficresvij;
     xi[j] *= xmin;  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
     p[j] += xi[j];  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   }  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);  char title[MAXLINE];
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
 /*************** powell ************************/  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,  int  outcmd=0;
             double (*func)(double []))  
 {  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,  
               double (*func)(double []));  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   int i,ibig,j;  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double fp,fptt;  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double *xits;  
   pt=vector(1,n);  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
   ptt=vector(1,n);  
   xit=vector(1,n);  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
   xits=vector(1,n);  struct timezone tzp;
   *fret=(*func)(p);  extern int gettimeofday();
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  long time_value;
     fp=(*fret);  extern long time();
     ibig=0;  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
     del=0.0;  
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  char *endptr;
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  long lval;
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);  double dval;
     printf("\n");  
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  #define NR_END 1
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];  #define FREE_ARG char*
       fptt=(*fret);  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  #define NRANSI 
 #endif  #define ITMAX 200 
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
         ibig=i;  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
       }  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));  #define GOLD 1.618034 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  
       }  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
       printf("\n");    
 #endif  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
     }  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  
 #ifdef DEBUG  static double sqrarg;
       int k[2],l;  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
       k[0]=1;  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
       k[1]=-1;  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));  
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  int imx; 
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  int stepm=1;
       printf("\n");  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  int estepm;
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  
         }  int m,nb;
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));  long *num;
       }  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
 #endif  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
   double **pmmij, ***probs;
   double *ageexmed,*agecens;
       free_vector(xit,1,n);  double dateintmean=0;
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  double *weight;
       free_vector(pt,1,n);  int **s; /* Status */
       return;  double *agedc;
     }  double  **covar; /**< covar[i,j], value of jth covariate for individual i,
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; */
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];  double  idx; 
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
       pt[j]=p[j];  int **codtab; /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
     }  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
     if (fptt < fp) {  
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
       if (t < 0.0) {  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /**************** split *************************/
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  {
         }    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
 #ifdef DEBUG       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    */ 
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);    int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
         printf("\n");  
 #endif    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
       }    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
     }    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
   }    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
 }      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
       /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
       /* get current working directory */
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
 {      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */      }
       /* got dirc from getcwd*/
   int i, ii,j,k;      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
   double **matprod2();      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
   double **newm;      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    }
     }    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
     newm=savm;      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
     cov[1]=1.;      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
     cov[2]=agefin;    }
     if (cptcovn>0){    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][k]];/*printf("Tcode[ij]=%d nbcode=%d\n",Tcode[ij],nbcode[k][Tcode[ij]]);*/}    if (ss >0){
     }      ss++;
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
       l1= strlen( name);
     savm=oldm;      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
     oldm=newm;      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
     maxmax=0.;      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){    }
       min=1.;  
       max=0.;    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  }
         sumnew=0;  
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);  /******************************************/
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
       }  {
       maxmin=max-min;    int i;
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);    int lg=0;
     }    i=0;
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    lg=strlen(t);
       return prlim;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     }      (s[i] = t[i]);
   }      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
 }    }
   }
 /*************** transition probabilities **********/  
   char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
 {    char *s;
   double s1, s2;    s=out;
   /*double t34;*/    while (*in != '\0'){
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
         in++;
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){      }
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){      *out++ = *in++;
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    }
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/    *out='\0';
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    return s;
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  }
       }  
       ps[i][j]=s2;  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  {
     }    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before last occurence of char 'occ' 
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){       and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/    */
       }    char *s, *t;
       ps[i][j]=s2;    t=in;s=in;
     }    while (*in != '\0'){
   }      while( *in == occ){
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){        *blocc++ = *in++;
      s1=0;        s=in;
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)      }
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);      *blocc++ = *in++;
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    }
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);      *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    else
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    in=s;
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    while ( *in != '\0'){
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */      *alocc++ = *in++;
   } /* end i */    }
   
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    *alocc='\0';
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    return s;
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  }
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  
     }  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   }  {
     int i,j=0;
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    int lg=20;
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    i=0;
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);    lg=strlen(s);
    }    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     printf("\n ");    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
     }    }
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/    return j;
 /*  }
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);  
   goto end;*/  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
     return ps;  /* { */
 }  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
   /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
   /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  /*   i=0; */
 {  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
   /* Computes the matric product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  /*   } */
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
   long i, j, k;  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  /*   } */
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
   /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
   return out;  /*   } */
 }  /* } */
   
   /********************** nrerror ********************/
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  
   void nrerror(char error_text[])
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  {
 {    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
      duration (i.e. until    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  }
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  /*********************** vector *******************/
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  {
      included manually here.    double *v;
     v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
      */    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
     return v-nl+NR_END;
   int i, j, d, h, k;  }
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  
   double **newm;  /************************ free vector ******************/
   void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  {
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  }
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  /************************ivector *******************************/
     }  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  {
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){    int *v;
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
       newm=savm;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */    return v-nl+NR_END;
       cov[1]=1.;  }
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  
       if (cptcovn>0){  /******************free ivector **************************/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][k]];  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
     }  {
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  }
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  /************************lvector *******************************/
       savm=oldm;  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
       oldm=newm;  {
     }    long *v;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];    return v-nl+NR_END;
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  }
          */  
       }  /******************free lvector **************************/
   } /* end h */  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
   return po;  {
 }    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   }
   
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
 double func( double *x)  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
 {       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d;  { 
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
   double **out;    int **m; 
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */    
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
   long ipmx;    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
   /*extern weight */    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */    m += NR_END; 
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/    m -= nrl; 
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)    
 printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);    
   */    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
     m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
             for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){    
         newm=savm;    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
           cov[1]=1.;    return m; 
           cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  } 
           if (cptcovn>0){  
             for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[1+k-1][i];  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
             }  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
           out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,        int **m;
                        1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
           savm=oldm;       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
           oldm=newm;  { 
     free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
     free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
       } /* end mult */  } 
      
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);  /******************* matrix *******************************/
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
       ipmx +=1;  {
       sw += weight[i];    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;    double **m;
     } /* end of wave */  
   } /* end of individual */    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];    m += NR_END;
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */    m -= nrl;
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  
   return -l;    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
 }    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     m[nrl] += NR_END;
     m[nrl] -= ncl;
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  
     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))    return m;
 {    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) 
   int i,j, iter;     */
   double **xi,*delti;  }
   double fret;  
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  /*************************free matrix ************************/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   printf("Powell\n");    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  }
   
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
   {
 }    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
     double ***m;
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
 {    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    m += NR_END;
   double **hess;    m -= nrl;
   int i, j,jk;  
   int *indx;    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    m[nrl] += NR_END;
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);    m[nrl] -= ncl;
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;  
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   
     m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
     m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);    
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
   }      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
       for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {    }
       if (j>i) {    return m; 
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    */
       }  }
     }  
   }  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
   printf("\n");  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   {
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
      free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  }
   x=vector(1,npar);  
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];  {
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     x[j]=1;    return tmpout;
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  }
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
     }  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
   }  {
     
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    strcat(tmpout,"/");
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     }    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     printf("\n");    return tmpout;
   }  }
   
   /* Recompute Inverse */  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  {
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    
     /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     strcat(tmpout,"/");
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     x[j]=1;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    return tmpout;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  }
       y[i][j]=x[i];  
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  /***************** f1dim *************************/
     }  extern int ncom; 
     printf("\n");  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   }  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
   */   
   double f1dim(double x) 
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);  { 
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);    int j; 
   free_vector(x,1,npar);    double f;
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);    double *xt; 
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);   
     xt=vector(1,ncom); 
     for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
 }    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
     free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/    return f; 
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])  } 
 {  
   int i;  /*****************brent *************************/
   int l=1, lmax=20;  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
   double k1,k2;  { 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];    int iter; 
   double res;    double a,b,d,etemp;
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;    double fu,fv,fw,fx;
   double fx;    double ftemp;
   int k=0,kmax=10;    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
   double l1;    double e=0.0; 
    
   fx=func(x);    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    x=w=v=bx; 
     l1=pow(10,l);    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
     delts=delt;    for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
       delt = delta*(l1*k);      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
       k1=func(p2)-fx;      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
       k2=func(p2)-fx;  #ifdef DEBUG
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
            /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
 #ifdef DEBUG  #endif
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
 #endif        *xmin=x; 
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */        return fx; 
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){      } 
         k=kmax;      ftemp=fu;
       }      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
       }        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){        q=2.0*(q-r); 
         delts=delt;        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
       }        q=fabs(q); 
     }        etemp=e; 
   }        e=d; 
   delti[theta]=delts;        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
   return res;          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
          else { 
 }          d=p/q; 
           u=x+d; 
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
 {            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
   int i;        } 
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;      } else { 
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];      } 
   int k;      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
       fu=(*f)(u); 
   fx=func(x);      if (fu <= fx) { 
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;          } else { 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
              if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;              v=w; 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;              w=u; 
     k2=func(p2)-fx;              fv=fw; 
                fw=fu; 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;              v=u; 
     k3=func(p2)-fx;              fv=fu; 
              } 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;          } 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    } 
     k4=func(p2)-fx;    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */    *xmin=x; 
 #ifdef DEBUG    return fx; 
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  } 
 #endif  
   }  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   return res;  
 }  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
               double (*func)(double)) 
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/  { 
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
 {    double fu; 
   int i,imax,j,k;   
   double big,dum,sum,temp;    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
   double *vv;    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
      if (*fb > *fa) { 
   vv=vector(1,n);      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
   *d=1.0;        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        } 
     big=0.0;    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;    while (*fb > *fc) { 
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
     vv[i]=1.0/big;      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
   }      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
       sum=a[i][j];      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];        fu=(*func)(u); 
       a[i][j]=sum;      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
     }        fu=(*func)(u); 
     big=0.0;        if (fu < *fc) { 
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {          SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
       sum=a[i][j];            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)            } 
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
       a[i][j]=sum;        u=ulim; 
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {        fu=(*func)(u); 
         big=dum;      } else { 
         imax=i;        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
       }        fu=(*func)(u); 
     }      } 
     if (j != imax) {      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
         dum=a[imax][k];        } 
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];  } 
         a[j][k]=dum;  
       }  /*************** linmin ************************/
       *d = -(*d);  
       vv[imax]=vv[j];  int ncom; 
     }  double *pcom,*xicom;
     indx[j]=imax;  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;   
     if (j != n) {  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);  { 
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
     }                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
   }    double f1dim(double x); 
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
 ;                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
 }    int j; 
     double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])    double fx,fb,fa;
 {   
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;    ncom=n; 
   double sum;    pcom=vector(1,n); 
      xicom=vector(1,n); 
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    nrfunc=func; 
     ip=indx[i];    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     sum=b[ip];      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
     b[ip]=b[i];      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
     if (ii)    } 
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    ax=0.0; 
     else if (sum) ii=i;    xx=1.0; 
     b[i]=sum;    mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
   }    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {  #ifdef DEBUG
     sum=b[i];    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];  #endif
   }    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
 }      xi[j] *= xmin; 
       p[j] += xi[j]; 
 /************ Frequencies ********************/    } 
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
 {  /* Some frequencies */    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
    } 
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;  
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
   double *pp;  {
   double pos;    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
   FILE *ficresp;    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
     hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
     minutes = (sec_left) /60;
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {    return ascdiff;
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);  }
     exit(0);  
   }  /*************** powell ************************/
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
   j1=0;              double (*func)(double [])) 
   { 
   j=cptcovn;    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}                double (*func)(double [])); 
     int i,ibig,j; 
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    double fp,fptt;
        j1++;    double *xits;
     int niterf, itmp;
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)    
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)      pt=vector(1,n); 
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    ptt=vector(1,n); 
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;    xit=vector(1,n); 
            xits=vector(1,n); 
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    *fret=(*func)(p); 
          bool=1;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
          if  (cptcovn>0) {    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcovn; z1++)      fp=(*fret); 
              if (covar[Tvar[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvar[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) bool=0;      ibig=0; 
          }      del=0.0; 
           if (bool==1) {      last_time=curr_time;
            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass-1; m++){      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
              if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
              if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); fflush(ficlog);
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec); */
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
            }        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
          }        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
        }        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
         if  (cptcovn>0) {      }
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#Variable");      printf("\n");
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcovn; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, " V%d=%d",Tvar[z1],nbcode[Tvar[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        }      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n#");      if(*iter <=3){
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
                forecast_time=curr_time; 
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
       printf("Total");          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
     else        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
       printf("Age %d", i);        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
     }  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)          itmp = strlen(strfor);
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
       else          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        }
     }      }
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       for(m=1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];        fptt=(*fret); 
     }  #ifdef DEBUG
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
       pos += pp[jk];        fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  #endif
       if(pos>=1.e-5)        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
       else        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
       if( i <= (int) agemax){          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
         if(pos>=1.e-5)          ibig=i; 
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);        } 
       else  #ifdef DEBUG
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
       }        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
     }        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     if(i <= (int) agemax)        }
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     printf("\n");          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
     }          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
     }        }
  }        printf("\n");
          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   fclose(ficresp);  #endif
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);      } 
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
   #ifdef DEBUG
 }  /* End of Freq */        int k[2],l;
         k[0]=1;
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/        k[1]=-1;
         printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
 {        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i        }
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]        printf("\n");
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
      */        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
           for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
   int i, mi, m;            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
 float sum=0.;            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
           }
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
     mi=0;          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
     m=firstpass;        }
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){  #endif
       if(s[m][i]>=1)  
         mw[++mi][i]=m;  
       if(m >=lastpass)        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
         break;        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
       else        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
         m++;        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
     }/* end while */        return; 
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){      } 
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
          /* Only death is a correct wave */        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
       mw[mi][i]=m;        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
     }        pt[j]=p[j]; 
       } 
     wav[i]=mi;      fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
     if(mi==0)      if (fptt < fp) { 
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
   }        if (t < 0.0) { 
           linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
       if (stepm <=0)            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
         dh[mi][i]=1;          }
       else{  #ifdef DEBUG
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
           if(j=0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
         }            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
         else{            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));          }
           k=k+1;          printf("\n");
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;  #endif
           sum=sum+j;        }
         }      } 
         jk= j/stepm;    } 
         jl= j -jk*stepm;  } 
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;  
         if(jl <= -ju)  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
           dh[mi][i]=jk;  
         else  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;  {
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
       }  
     }    int i, ii,j,k;
   }    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,sum/k);    double **matprod2();
 }    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij();
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/    double **newm;
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
 {  
   int Ndum[80],ij, k, j, i;    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   int cptcode=0;      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   for (k=0; k<79; k++) Ndum[k]=0;        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;      }
    
   for (j=1; j<=cptcovn; j++) {     cov[1]=1.;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {   
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
       Ndum[ij]++;    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;      newm=savm;
     }      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
     /*printf("cptcode=%d cptcovn=%d ",cptcode,cptcovn);*/      cov[2]=agefin;
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {      
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
     }        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
          /*        printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
     ij=1;      }
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
       for (k=0; k<=79; k++) {      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {        cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;      
           ij++;      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
         }      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
       }        out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
     }      
   }        savm=oldm;
       oldm=newm;
   }      maxmax=0.;
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/        min=1.;
         max=0.;
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
 {          sumnew=0;
   /* Health expectancies */          for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
   double age, agelim,hf;          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
   double ***p3mat;          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
          }
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");        maxmin=max-min;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      }
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);        return prlim;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");      }
     }
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */  }
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  
   /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
   agelim=AGESUP;  
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */  {
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);         j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
        Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
        sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    */
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];    double s1, lnpijopii;
         }    /*double t34;*/
        int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
     hf=1;  
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){            /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);            lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       }  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
   }  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
 }        }
         for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 /************ Variance ******************/          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)            /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
 {            lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   /* Variance of health expectancies */  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          }
   double **newm;          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        }
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;      }
   int k, cptcode;      
    double *xp;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
   double **gp, **gm;        s1=0;
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;        for(j=1; j<i; j++){
   double ***p3mat;          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   double age,agelim;          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   int theta;        }
         for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        }
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        /* Computing other pijs */
         for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   xp=vector(1,npar);          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
          /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      } /* end i */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      
   agelim = AGESUP;      for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */          ps[ii][jj]=0;
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;          ps[ii][ii]=1;
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */        }
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      }
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);  /*        for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
   /*       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){  /*         printf("ddd %lf ",ps[ii][jj]); */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */  /*       } */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  /*       printf("\n "); */
       }  /*        } */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);    /*        printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]); */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);         /*
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        goto end;*/
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)      return ps;
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];  }
         }  
       }  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
      
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  {
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];    long i, j, k;
         }    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
       }      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];  
         }    return out;
     } /* End theta */  }
   
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  
   /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)  
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  {
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
        'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){       for the memory).
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);       included manually here. 
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)       */
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];  
       }    int i, j, d, h, k;
     }    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     h=1;    double **newm;
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;  
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");      }
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        newm=savm;
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   } /* End age */        cov[1]=1.;
          cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
           cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
 }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
           cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/  
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)  
 {        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
   double **newm;                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        savm=oldm;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;        oldm=newm;
   int k, cptcode;      }
   double *xp;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
   double *gp, *gm;        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
   double **gradg, **trgradg;          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   double age,agelim;          /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
   int theta;        }
          /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");    } /* end h */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");  /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    return po;
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);  }
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");  
   
   xp=vector(1,npar);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  double func( double *x)
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  {
      int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    double **out;
   agelim = AGESUP;    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    int s1, s2;
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    double bbh, survp;
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    long ipmx;
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);    /*extern weight */
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */    */
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    cov[1]=1.;
       }  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];    if(mle==1){
          for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */        /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];         */
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
     } /* End theta */           has been calculated etc */
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];            }
           for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            newm=savm;
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2]; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)            }
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );            savm=oldm;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            oldm=newm;
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));          } /* end mult */
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");        
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
   } /* End age */           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
            * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
            * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
 }           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
            * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
            */
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
 /***********************************************/          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
 /**************** Main Program *****************/          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
 /***********************************************/          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
            * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/           */
 int main()          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
 {          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, aaa, cptcod;               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
                minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
   double fret;               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
   double **xi,tmp,delta;          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
           health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
   double ***p3mat;          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   int *indx;          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   char title[MAXLINE];          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH];          stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
   int c,  h , cpt,l;          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
   int ju,jl, mi;          lower mortality.
   int i1,j1, k1,jk,aa,bb, stepsize;            */
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
    
   int hstepm, nhstepm;  
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;          } else if  (s2==-2) {
   double ftolpl=FTOL;            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
   double **prlim;              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   double *severity;            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */            lli= log(survp);
   double  *p;          }
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */          
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */          else if  (s2==-4) { 
   double *delti; /* Scale */            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
   double ***eij, ***vareij;              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */            lli= log(survp); 
   double *epj, vepp;          } 
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.64, May 2000, INED-EUROREVES ";  
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];          else if  (s2==-5) { 
   char z[1]="c", occ;            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
 #include <sys/time.h>              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
 #include <time.h>            lli= log(survp); 
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];          } 
   /* long total_usecs;          
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;          else{
              lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
           } 
           /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64a");          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
           ipmx +=1;
 #ifdef windows          sw += weight[i];
   scanf("%s",pathtot);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);        } /* end of wave */
      printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);      } /* end of individual */
      chdir(path);    }  else if(mle==2){
        for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   /*size=30;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   getcwd(pathcd, size);          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   printf("pathcd=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathcd,path,optionfile);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   chdir(path);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   replace(pathc,path);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);            }
   */          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
 #endif            newm=savm;
 #ifdef unix            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   scanf("%s",optionfile);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
 #endif              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
             }
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   strcpy(fileres,"r");            savm=oldm;
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
   /*---------arguments file --------*/        
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
     goto end;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
   }          ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
   strcpy(filereso,"o");          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   strcat(filereso,fileres);        } /* end of wave */
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {      } /* end of individual */
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     puts(line);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     fputs(line,ficparo);            }
   }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            newm=savm;
             cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);            }
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   covar=matrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,n);                             1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   if (strlen(model)<=1) cptcovn=0;            savm=oldm;
   else {            oldm=newm;
     j=0;          } /* end mult */
     j=nbocc(model,'+');        
     cptcovn=j+1;          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   }          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */          ipmx +=1;
            sw += weight[i];
   /* Read guess parameters */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        } /* end of wave */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){      } /* end of individual */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     puts(line);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     fputs(line,ficparo);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   ungetc(c,ficpar);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)            }
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);            newm=savm;
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);            }
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);          
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       }                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");            savm=oldm;
       printf("\n");            oldm=newm;
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          } /* end mult */
     }        
            s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   p=param[1][1];          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
              lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          }else{
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){            lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          ipmx +=1;
     puts(line);          sw += weight[i];
     fputs(line,ficparo);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   }  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);            }
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);            newm=savm;
       }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
       printf("\n");              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");            }
     }          
   }            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   delti=delti3[1][1];                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
              savm=oldm;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            oldm=newm;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          } /* end mult */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     puts(line);          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
     fputs(line,ficparo);          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
   }          ipmx +=1;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          sw += weight[i];
            ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){        } /* end of wave */
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);      } /* end of individual */
     printf("%s",str);    } /* End of if */
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);    return -l;
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);  }
     }  
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     printf("\n");  double funcone( double *x)
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");  {
   }    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];    double **out;
        double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   printf("\n");    double llt;
     int s1, s2;
     double bbh, survp;
    if(mle==1){    /*extern weight */
     /*-------- data file ----------*/    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
     }      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);    */
        cov[1]=1.;
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {  
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     }  
     for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     n= lastobs;      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     num=ivector(1,n);          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     moisnais=vector(1,n);            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     annais=vector(1,n);            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);          }
     andc=vector(1,n);        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     agedc=vector(1,n);          newm=savm;
     cod=ivector(1,n);          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     weight=vector(1,n);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);          }
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);              savm=oldm;
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);          oldm=newm;
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);        } /* end mult */
         
     i=1;        s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
                /* bias is positive if real duration
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);         */
           strcpy(line,stra);        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        } else if  (s2==-2) {
         }          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
                    survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          lli= log(survp);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        }else if (mle==1){
           lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);        } else if(mle==2){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
         } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
         }        } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
         num[i]=atol(stra);          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
           /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
         /*printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]),  (mint[5][i]), (anint[5][i]), (s[5][i]),  (mint[6][i]), (anint[6][i]), (s[6][i]));*/        } /* End of if */
         ipmx +=1;
         i=i+1;        sw += weight[i];
       }        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
     }        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
         if(globpr){
     /*scanf("%d",i);*/          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
                   num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
   Tvar=ivector(1,8);              for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
                llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
   if (strlen(model) >1){            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
     j=0;          }
     j=nbocc(model,'+');          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
     cptcovn=j+1;        }
          } /* end of wave */
     strcpy(modelsav,model);    } /* end of individual */
     if (j==0) {    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'V'); Tvar[1]=atoi(strb);    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     }    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     else {    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
       for(i=j; i>=1;i--){      gipmx=ipmx;
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');      gsw=sw;
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {    }
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');    return -l;
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');Tvar[i+1]=ncov+1;  }
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');  
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)  
             covar[ncov+1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];  /*************** function likelione ***********/
         }  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
         else {cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');  {
         Tvar[i+1]=atoi(strc);    /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
         }       the selection of individuals/waves and
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);         to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
       }       Plotting could be done.
       cutv(strd,strc,stra,'V');     */
       Tvar[1]=atoi(strc);    int k;
     }  
   }    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
   /*printf("tvar=%d ",Tvar[1]);      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
   scanf("%d ",i);*/      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
     fclose(fic);      if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;      }
     }      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
          for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    }
         if(s[m][i] >0){  
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
             if(agedc[i]>0)    if(*globpri !=0){
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)      fclose(ficresilk);
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
             else{      fflush(fichtm); 
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);    } 
               agev[m][i]=-1;    return;
             }  }
           }  
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */  
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)  
               agev[m][i]=1;  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){  {
               agemin=agev[m][i];    int i,j, iter;
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/    double **xi;
             }    double fret;
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
               agemax=agev[m][i];    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
             }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           }    printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
           else { /* =9 */    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
             agev[m][i]=1;    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
             s[m][i]=-1;    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
           }      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         else /*= 0 Unknown */    }
           agev[m][i]=1;    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
       }    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
     }        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){  
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {    powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");    
           goto end;    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
         }    fclose(ficrespow);
       }    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
     }    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);  
   }
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);  
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
     free_vector(annais,1,n);  {
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);    double **hess;
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);    int i, j,jk;
     free_vector(andc,1,n);    int *indx;
   
        double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
     wav=ivector(1,imx);    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
        double gompertz(double p[]);
     /* Concatenates waves */    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);  
     printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
 Tcode=ivector(1,100);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
    nbcode=imatrix(1,nvar,1,8);        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
    ncodemax[1]=1;      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
    if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);     
         hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);      
    h=0;      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
    m=pow(2,cptcovn);          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
      }
    for(k=1;k<=cptcovn; k++){    
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcovn+1-k)); cpt++){        if (j>i) { 
            h++;          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
          }          hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
        }          
      }          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
    }          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
         }
    /*for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){      }
      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){    }
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k]);    printf("\n");
      }    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
      printf("\n");  
    }*/    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
    /*scanf("%d",i);*/    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
        
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */    y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);    x=vector(1,npar);
     indx=ivector(1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   /*scanf("%d ",i);*/      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      x[j]=1;
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
            matcov[i][j]=x[i];
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]      }
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */    }
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */  
        printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
          for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
     /*--------- results files --------------*/        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
          }
    jk=1;      printf("\n");
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
    printf("# Parameters\n");    }
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){  
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    /* Recompute Inverse */
        if (k != i)    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
          {      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);  
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);  
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
              jk++;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
            }      x[j]=1;
            printf("\n");      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
          }        y[i][j]=x[i];
      }        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
    }        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
       }
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */      printf("\n");
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);    }
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");    */
     printf("# Scales\n");  
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
         if (j!=i) {    free_vector(x,1,npar);
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){  
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);  
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);  }
             jk++;  
           }  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
           printf("\n");  double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");  {
         }    int i;
       }    int l=1, lmax=20;
       }    double k1,k2;
        double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
     k=1;    double res;
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
     printf("# Covariance\n");    double fx;
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){    int k=0,kmax=10;
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;    double l1;
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;  
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);    fx=func(x);
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
       printf("%3d",i);      l1=pow(10,l);
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){      delts=delt;
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);        delt = delta*(l1*k);
       }        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");        k1=func(p2)-fx;
       printf("\n");        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
       k++;        k2=func(p2)-fx;
     }        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
            res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        
       ungetc(c,ficpar);  #ifdef DEBUGHESS
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       puts(line);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       fputs(line,ficparo);  #endif
     }        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
            k=kmax;
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);        }
            else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
     if (fage <= 2) {          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
       bage = agemin;        }
       fage = agemax;        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
     }          delts=delt;
         }
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");      }
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);    }
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/    delti[theta]=delts;
 chdir(pathcd);    return res; 
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {    
     printf("Problem with file graph.plt");goto end;  }
   }  
 #ifdef windows  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);  {
 #endif    int i;
 m=pow(2,cptcovn);    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
      double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
  /* 1eme*/    double p2[MAXPARM+1];
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    int k;
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {  
     fx=func(x);
 #ifdef windows    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
 #endif      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
 #ifdef unix      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);      k1=func(p2)-fx;
 #endif    
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      k2=func(p2)-fx;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");    
 }      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {      k3=func(p2)-fx;
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
 }      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      k4=func(p2)-fx;
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  #ifdef DEBUG
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
 }        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));  #endif
 #ifdef unix    }
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");    return res;
 #endif  }
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);  
    }  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
   }  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
   /*2 eme*/  { 
     int i,imax,j,k; 
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);    double *vv; 
       
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {    vv=vector(1,n); 
       k=2*i;    *d=1.0; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      big=0.0; 
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
 }        if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");      vv[i]=1.0/big; 
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);    } 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        sum=a[i][j]; 
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
 }          a[i][j]=sum; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");      } 
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);      big=0.0; 
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        sum=a[i][j]; 
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
 }            sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");        a[i][j]=sum; 
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
     }          big=dum; 
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);          imax=i; 
   }        } 
        } 
   /*3eme*/      if (j != imax) { 
         for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          dum=a[imax][k]; 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);          a[j][k]=dum; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);        } 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {        *d = -(*d); 
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
       }      } 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      indx[j]=imax; 
     }      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
    }      if (j != n) { 
          dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
   /* CV preval stat */        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {      } 
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {    } 
       k=3;    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);  ;
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)  } 
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);  
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
        { 
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);    double sum; 
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {   
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);      ip=indx[i]; 
       }      sum=b[ip]; 
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);        b[ip]=b[i]; 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);      if (ii) 
     }        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
   }      else if (sum) ii=i; 
        b[i]=sum; 
   /* proba elementaires */    } 
   for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){      sum=b[i]; 
       if (k != i) {      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
         /*  fprintf(ficgp,"%1d%1d ",i,k);*/      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){    } 
           fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);  } 
           jk++;  
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
         }  {
       }    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
     }  }
   }  
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {  /************ Frequencies ********************/
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++) {  {  /* Some frequencies */
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){    
       if (k != i) {    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(a%d%d+b%d%d*x",i,k,i,k);    int first;
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++)    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
           fprintf(ficgp,"+%s%d%d*%d",alph[j],i,k,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    double *pp, **prop;
         fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
         for(k1=1; k1 <=(nlstate+ndeath); k1++)    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
           if (k1 != i) {    
             fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(a%d%d+b%d%d*x",i,k1,i,k1);    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
             for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++)    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
               fprintf(ficgp,"+%s%d%d*%d",alph[j],i,k,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
             fprintf(ficgp,")");    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
           }    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", i,k);      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       if ((i+k)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       }      exit(0);
     }    }
   }    freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);      j1=0;
   }    
      j=cptcoveff;
  fclose(ficgp);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
     chdir(path);    first=1;
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);  
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        j1++;
            /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);          scanf("%d", i);*/
            for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
              for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
     free_ivector(num,1,n);            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
     free_vector(weight,1,n);  
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
     fclose(ficparo);        for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
     fclose(ficres);          prop[i][m]=0;
    }        
            dateintsum=0;
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/        k2cpt=0;
            for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
           bool=1;
            if  (cptcovn>0) {
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){                bool=0;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          if (bool==1){
     puts(line);            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
     fputs(line,ficparo);              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
   }              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                  if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);                if (m<lastpass) {
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/                }
                 
   if((fichtm=fopen("index.htm","w"))==NULL)    {                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
     printf("Problem with index.htm \n");goto end;                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
   }                  k2cpt++;
                 }
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> Imach, Version 0.63<hr> <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n                /*}*/
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n            }
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>          }
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>        }
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>         
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>        pstamp(ficresp);
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>        if  (cptcovn>0) {
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br><br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li>\n<p>");        }
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
  m=cptcovn;          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
         
  j1=0;        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){          if(i==iagemax+3){
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
        j1++;          }else{
        if (cptcovn > 0) {            if(first==1){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr>************ Results for covariates");              first=0;
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcovn;cpt++)              printf("See log file for details...\n");
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvar[cpt],nbcode[Tvar[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);            }
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr>");            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
        }          }
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);                for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>          }
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
        }            for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>              if(first==1){
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);                  printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
      }              }
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>            }else{
 <img src=\"ex%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);              if(first==1)
      }                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>            }
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);          }
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");  
    }          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
  }            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
 fclose(fichtm);              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
           }       
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              pos += pp[jk];
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");            posprop += prop[jk][i];
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);          }
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;            if(pos>=1.e-5){
   }              if(first==1)
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");            }else{
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);              if(first==1)
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
                fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            }
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            if( i <= iagemax){
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              if(pos>=1.e-5){
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
   k=0;              }
   agebase=agemin;              else
   agelim=agemax;                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
   ftolpl=1.e-10;            }
   i1=cptcovn;          }
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}          
           for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
         k=k+1;              if(first==1)
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#****** ");                fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
         for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)              }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d=%d ",Tvar[j],nbcode[Tvar[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          if(i <= iagemax)
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
                  if(first==1)
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){            printf("Others in log...\n");
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );        }
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      }
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);    }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
         }   
       }    fclose(ficresp);
     }    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
   fclose(ficrespl);    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
      /* End of Freq */
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);  }
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;  /************ Prevalence ********************/
   }  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);  {  
      /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
   agelim=AGESUP;   
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,j;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
      double *pp, **prop;
   k=0;    double pos,posprop; 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    int iagemin, iagemax;
       k=k+1;  
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");    iagemin= (int) agemin;
         for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)    iagemax= (int) agemax;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvar[j],nbcode[Tvar[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
            /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */    j1=0;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    j=cptcoveff;
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        j1++;
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)        
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);        for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");          for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){            prop[i][m]=0.0;
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );       
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)          bool=1;
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
           }              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                bool=0;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");          } 
         }          if (bool==1) { 
     }            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
   }              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
               if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
   fclose(ficrespij);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                 if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/                if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
   strcpy(filerest,"t");                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
   strcat(filerest,fileres);                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;                } 
   }              }
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);            } /* end selection of waves */
           }
         }
   strcpy(filerese,"e");        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
   strcat(filerese,fileres);          
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
   }          } 
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);  
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");            if( i <=  iagemax){ 
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {                probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);              } else
   }                printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);            } 
           }/* end jk */ 
   k=0;        }/* end i */ 
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){      } /* end i1 */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    } /* end k1 */
       k=k+1;    
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
       for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvar[j],nbcode[Tvar[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");  }  /* End of prevalence */
   
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
       for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)  
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");  {
     /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
       for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
        */
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);  
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    int i, mi, m;
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);      /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    int first;
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
          double sum=0.;
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");    first=0;
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);    jmin=1e+5;
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");    jmax=-1;
            jmean=0.;
       hf=1;    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;      mi=0;
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);      m=firstpass;
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);          mw[++mi][i]=m;
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){        if(m >=lastpass)
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {          break;
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];        else
           }          m++;
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];      }/* end while */
         }      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];           /* Only death is a correct wave */
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));        mw[mi][i]=m;
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){      }
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));  
         }      wav[i]=mi;
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");      if(mi==0){
       }        nbwarn++;
     }        if(first==0){
   }          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
                  first=1;
  fclose(ficreseij);        }
  fclose(ficresvij);        if(first==1){
   fclose(ficrest);          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
   fclose(ficpar);        }
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);      } /* end mi==0 */
   /*scanf("%d ",i); */    } /* End individuals */
   
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/      for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");        if (stepm <=0)
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);          dh[mi][i]=1;
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {        else{
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
     exit(0);            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
   }              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
               else if(j<0){
  k=0;                nberr++;
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){                j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
      k=k+1;                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
      for(j=1;j<=cptcovn;j++)                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvar[j],nbcode[Tvar[j]][codtab[k][j]]);              }
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");              k=k+1;
                    if (j >= jmax){
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);                jmax=j;
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;                ijmax=i;
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);              }
    }              if (j <= jmin){
  }                jmin=j;
                 ijmin=i;
   fclose(ficresvpl);              }
               sum=sum+j;
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/              /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
              }
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          }
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          else{
              j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
    /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            k=k+1;
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            if (j >= jmax) {
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              jmax=j;
                ijmax=i;
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);            }
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);            else if (j <= jmin){
                jmin=j;
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);              ijmin=i;
             }
   printf("End of Imach\n");            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
              if(j<0){
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/              nberr++;
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   /*------ End -----------*/              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
             }
  end:            sum=sum+j;
 #ifdef windows          }
  chdir(pathcd);          jk= j/stepm;
 #endif          jl= j -jk*stepm;
  system("wgnuplot graph.plt");          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
           if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
 #ifdef windows            if(jl==0){
   while (z[0] != 'q') {              dh[mi][i]=jk;
     chdir(pathcd);              bh[mi][i]=0;
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
     scanf("%s",z);                    * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {              bh[mi][i]=ju;
       chdir(path);            }
       system("index.htm");          }else{
     }            if(jl <= -ju){
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);              dh[mi][i]=jk;
   }              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
 #endif                                   * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
 }                                   */
             }
             else{
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
             if(dh[mi][i]==0){
               dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
               bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
               /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
             }
           } /* end if mle */
         }
       } /* end wave */
     }
     jmean=sum/k;
     printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
    }
   
   /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
   {
     /* Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 */
   
     int Ndum[20],ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
     int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     cptcoveff=0; 
    
     for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again */
   
     for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) { /* For each covariate j */
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
                                  modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
         ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
                                         modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
         Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
         /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
         if (ij > modmaxcovj) modmaxcovj=ij; 
         /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
            (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
            female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
       }
       /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
       for (i=0; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each modality of model-cov j */
         if( Ndum[i] != 0 )
           ncodemax[j]++; 
         /* Number of modalities of the j th covariate. In fact
            ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
            historical reasons */
       } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
   
       /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
       ij=1; 
       for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous */
         for (k=0; k<= modmaxcovj; k++) { /* k=-1 ? NCOVMAX*//* maxncov or modmaxcovj */
           if (Ndum[k] != 0) { /* If at least one individual responded to this modality k */
             nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  /* stores the modality in an array nbcode. 
                                        k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex 
                                        then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
             ij++;
           }
           if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
         }  /* end of loop on */
       } /* end of loop on modality */ 
     } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     
     for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
     
     for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { /* -2, cste and age */
      /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
      ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */
      Ndum[ij]++;
    }
   
    ij=1;
    for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
      if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
        Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
        ij++;
      }
    }
    ij--;
    cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of simple covariates*/
   }
   
   /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   
   void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3mat;
     double eip;
   
     pstamp(ficreseij);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
   /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       
       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       
       /* Computing expectancies */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       
     }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     
   }
   
   void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
      to initial status i, ei. .
     */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp, *xm;
     double **gp, **gm;
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     int theta;
   
     double eip, vip;
   
     varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     xm=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     
     pstamp(ficresstdeij);
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
       fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
     pstamp(ficrescveij);
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
           for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
             cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
             if(cptj2 <= cptj)
               fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
           }
       }
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     /* If stepm=6 months */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     
     p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   
       /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
          decrease memory allocation */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
         hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
             for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
               gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
               gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
             }
           }
         }
        
         for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
           }
       }/* End theta */
       
       
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       
   
        for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
         for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
           varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
   
        printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
             for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
   
       /* Computing expectancies */
       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0.;
         vip=0.;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
           for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
             vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
       }
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
           for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
             for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
               cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
               if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                 fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
             }
         }
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
      
     }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
     free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
   
   /************ Variance ******************/
   void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of health expectancies */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     /* double **newm;*/
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
     int k, cptcode;
     double *xp;
     double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
     double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
     double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
     double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
     double ***p3mat;
     double age,agelim, hf;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int theta;
     char digit[4];
     char digitp[25];
   
     char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     if(popbased==1){
       if(mobilav!=0)
         strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
       else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
     }
     else 
       strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
     sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
     /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
     strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
     if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
     }
     printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
    
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
     pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
     for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
     }  
     fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
     /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
   /*   } */
     varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     pstamp(ficresvij);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
     if(popbased==1)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
     else
       fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
     gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at function hpijx to understand why (it is linked to memory size questions) */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
   
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
     
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
         if (popbased==1) {
           if(mobilav ==0){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           }else{ /* mobilav */ 
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
           }
         }
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
         }
         /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
            computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
            as a weighted average of prlim.
         */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
         }    
         /* end probability of death */
   
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
           }
   
         for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
           gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
         }
   
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
   
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
     
   
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
           vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
   
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
           for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
               vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
     
       /* pptj */
       matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
       /* end ppptj */
       /*  x centered again */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
    
       if (popbased==1) {
         if(mobilav ==0){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
         }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         }
       }
                
       /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
          computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
          as a weighted average of prlim.
       */
       for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
       }    
       /* end probability of death */
   
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
       for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
         }
       } 
       fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
   
       fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
         }
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     } /* End age */
     free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
     /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
     /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
   */
   /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtm); 
   }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit */
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
     double **newm;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     int k, cptcode;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
   
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0,l, cptcode;
     int first=1, first1;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     tj=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
       for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ 
         j1++;
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
           }
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
           
           gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
           free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i=i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
   
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       printf("Error: One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Continuing by making them positive: WRONG RESULTS.\n", lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Error: One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e\n", lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12);fflush(ficlog);
                       lc1=fabs(lc1);
                       lc2=fabs(lc2);
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
       } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, ei. (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, eij . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Population projections by age and states: \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileres,"f"),subdirf2(fileres,"f"));
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d1.png\">%s%d1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d2.png\">%s%d2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Period (stable) prevalence in each health state : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences: %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m0,cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int ng=0;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
      for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else        fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
   
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small\n set log y\n"); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i, j, n;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[80], strb[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       for (j=0; line[j]!='\0';j++){
         line[j]=linetmp[j];
       }
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs)
   {
     int i, j, k;
     int i1, j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
      char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
   
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovn=j+1; /* Number of covariates V1+V2*age+V3 =>(2 plus signs) + 1=3 
                     but the covariates which are product must be computed and stored. */
       cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
       
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
       /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
       /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
       /*  k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
       /*  k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
       /*  k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
       /*  k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
       /*  k=5 Tvar[5] */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
       /*  cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]]; */
       /*  } */
       /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
       for(k=cptcovn; k>=1;k--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                        modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 
                                       */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V'); /* stre="V3" */
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=2 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2 */
             cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tage[1] = 4 */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=k;
           } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
             /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
             Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1;  /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                     because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                     ncovcol + k1
                                     If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                     Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovn=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovn=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
             for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
               /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                  covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 */
               covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
             }
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           } /* End age is not in the model */
         } /* End if model includes a product */
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
           Tvar[k]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     endread:
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           *nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
     endread:
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line,stdout);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
     /* ncovprod */
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7*/
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guess parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
   
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8); /* hard coded ? */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,15); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,15); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
         
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of 
                                    the estimations*/
     h=0;
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /* scans any effective covariate */
       for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){ /* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 */ 
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /* For each modality of this covariate */
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){  /* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 */ 
             h++;
             if (h>m) 
               h=1;
             codtab[h][k]=j;
             codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
             printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]);
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
          printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
   /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #elsedef
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #elsedef
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
   /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
       globpr=0;/* debug */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%lf ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
       /*  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);*/
       /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       pstamp(ficrespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
       ftolpl=1.e-10;
       i1=cptcoveff;
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /* to clean */
           printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtab[cptcod][cptcov],nbcode);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
           
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   
             /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
   
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
   
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
   
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           pstamp(ficrest);
           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart);   fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
             if(vpopbased==1)
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
             else
               fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
             fprintf(ficrest,"# Age e.. (std) ");
             for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
             epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
             for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
               prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
               if (vpopbased==1) {
                 if(mobilav ==0){
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
                 }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                     prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
                 }
               }
           
               fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
               for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                   epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                   /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 }
                 epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
               }
   
               for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                   vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
                 fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
               fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
             }
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         }
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    endfree:
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %ld Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.4  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.141


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