Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.35 and 1.121

version 1.35, 2002/03/26 17:08:39 version 1.121, 2006/03/16 17:45:01
Line 1 Line 1
 /* $Id$  /* $Id$
    Interpolated Markov Chain    $State$
     $Log$
   Short summary of the programme:    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
      * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from  
   cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
   interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a  
   second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
   (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
   computed from the time spent in each health state according to a    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
   model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
   Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The  
   simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
   probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
   conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
   the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where  
   'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
   complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
   where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites    table of variances if popbased=1 .
   you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
   convergence.    (Module): Function pstamp added
     (Module): Version 0.98d
   The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple  
   multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
   identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
   intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into    table of variances if popbased=1 .
   account using an interpolation or extrapolation.      (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
     (Module): Function pstamp added
   hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h    (Module): Version 0.98d
   conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be  
   split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
   states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
   semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx    varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
   matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices  
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply    Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
   hPijx.    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
   
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
      filename with strsep.
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).  
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
   from the European Union.    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and    allocation too.
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version  
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
   **********************************************************************/    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
    
 #include <math.h>    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
 #include <stdio.h>    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 #include <stdlib.h>    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
 #include <unistd.h>    can be a simple dot '.'.
   
 #define MAXLINE 256    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
 #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "wgnuplot"    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
 /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/  
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
 /*#define DEBUG*/    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
 #define windows  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    Gnuplot problem appeared...
     To be fixed
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */  
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
     Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */    Some cleaning and links added in html output
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  
 #define MAXN 20000    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */    *** empty log message ***
 #define AGESUP 130  
 #define AGEBASE 40    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
     (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
     (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
 int erreur; /* Error number */    that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
 int nvar;    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
 int npar=NPARMAX;    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */  
 int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
 int popbased=0;    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
   
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */  
 int mle, weightopt;    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    Fix on curr_time
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */  
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */    Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */  
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
 FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;    *** empty log message ***
 FILE *ficreseij;  
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
  FILE  *ficresvij;    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
     other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
 #define NR_END 1    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 #define FREE_ARG char*    from other sources like vital statistic data.
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  
     The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
 #define NRANSI  
 #define ITMAX 200    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
     former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
 #define TOL 2.0e-4  
     The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10  
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    Current limitations:
     A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
 #define GOLD 1.618034    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
 #define TINY 1.0e-20  
     Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    suppressed.
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
      Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   
 static double sqrarg;    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)    * imach.c (Repository):
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
     matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
 int imx;  
 int stepm;    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/    Just cleaning
   
 int m,nb;    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    (Module): Version 0.96b
 double dateintmean=0;  
     Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
 double *weight;    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 int **s; /* Status */    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
     * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
     is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
 /**************** split *************************/    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )  
 {    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
     of the covariance matrix to be input.
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */  
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
 #ifdef windows    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
 #else    of the covariance matrix to be input.
    s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */  
 #endif    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */  
       extern char       *getwd( );    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
     Version 0.96
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {  
 #else    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
       extern char       *getcwd( );    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
     routine fileappend.
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {  
 #endif    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
       }    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */    interview.
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */    memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    truncation)
    }    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */  
 #ifdef windows    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
 #else    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
 #endif    parcimony.
    s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
    s++;  
    strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
    l1= strlen( name);    *** empty log message ***
    l2= strlen( s)+1;  
    strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
    finame[l1-l2]= 0;    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */  
 }  */
   /*
      Interpolated Markov Chain
 /******************************************/  
     Short summary of the programme:
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    
 {    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   int i;    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   int lg=20;    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   i=0;    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
   lg=strlen(t);    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
     (s[i] = t[i]);    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   }    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
 }    Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
     simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
 {    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
   int i,j=0;    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
   int lg=20;    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
   i=0;    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   lg=strlen(s);    where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    convergence.
   }  
   return j;    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
 }    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
     identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
 {    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   int i,lg,j,p=0;  
   i=0;    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
   }    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
     semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
   lg=strlen(t);    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
     (u[j] = t[j]);    hPijx.
   }  
      u[p]='\0';    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
     of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence. 
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
   }             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
 }    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
     from the European Union.
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
     software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
 {  
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
   exit(1);    
 }    **********************************************************************/
 /*********************** vector *******************/  /*
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)    main
 {    read parameterfile
   double *v;    read datafile
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    concatwav
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    freqsummary
   return v-nl+NR_END;    if (mle >= 1)
 }      mlikeli
     print results files
 /************************ free vector ******************/    if mle==1 
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)       computes hessian
 {    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));        begin-prev-date,...
 }    open gnuplot file
     open html file
 /************************ivector *******************************/    period (stable) prevalence
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)     for age prevalim()
 {    h Pij x
   int *v;    variance of p varprob
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    health expectancies
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Variance-covariance of DFLE
 }    prevalence()
      movingaverage()
 /******************free ivector **************************/    varevsij() 
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
 {    total life expectancies
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
 }   end
   */
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/  
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */  
 {   
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;  #include <math.h>
   int **m;  #include <stdio.h>
    #include <stdlib.h>
   /* allocate pointers to rows */  #include <string.h>
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));  #include <unistd.h>
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;  #include <limits.h>
   m -= nrl;  #include <sys/types.h>
    #include <sys/stat.h>
    #include <errno.h>
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */  extern int errno;
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  #include <time.h>
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  #include "timeval.h"
    
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  /* #include <libintl.h> */
    /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */  
   return m;  #define MAXLINE 256
 }  
   #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
       int **m;  
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
 }  
   #define NINTERVMAX 8
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
 {  #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;  #define MAXN 20000
   double **m;  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
   #define AGESUP 130
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  #define AGEBASE 40
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  #define AGEGOMP 10. /* Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
   m += NR_END;  #ifdef UNIX
   m -= nrl;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
   #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  #else
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
   #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  #endif
   return m;  
 }  /* $Id$ */
   /* $State$ */
 /*************************free matrix ************************/  
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)  char version[]="Imach version 0.98f, March 2006, INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite ";
 {  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  char strstart[80];
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  int erreur, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
   int nvar;
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/  int cptcovn=0, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  int npar=NPARMAX;
 {  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
   double ***m;  int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
   int popbased=0;
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   m += NR_END;  int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */
   m -= nrl;  int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   int ijmin, ijmax; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  int gipmx, gsw; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  int mle, weightopt;
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
   int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
              * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");  double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;  FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;  int globpr; /* Global variable for printing or not */
    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {  long ipmx; /* Number of contributions */
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;  double sw; /* Sum of weights */
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
   }  FILE *ficresilk;
   return m;  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
 }  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
   FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/  FILE *ficreseij;
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  FILE *ficresstdeij;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  FILE *ficrescveij;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  FILE  *ficresvij;
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
 /***************** f1dim *************************/  FILE  *ficresvpl;
 extern int ncom;  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;  char title[MAXLINE];
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
    char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
 double f1dim(double x)  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
 {  char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
   int j;  int  outcmd=0;
   double f;  
   double *xt;  char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
    
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   return f;  
 }  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
   
 /*****************brent *************************/  struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)  struct timezone tzp;
 {  extern int gettimeofday();
   int iter;  struct tm tmg, tm, tmf, *gmtime(), *localtime();
   double a,b,d,etemp;  long time_value;
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  extern long time();
   double ftemp;  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;  
   double e=0.0;  char *endptr;
    long lval;
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);  
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  #define NR_END 1
   x=w=v=bx;  #define FREE_ARG char*
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {  
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  #define NRANSI 
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);  #define ITMAX 200 
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/  
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
 #ifdef DEBUG  
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
 #endif  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  
       *xmin=x;  #define GOLD 1.618034 
       return fx;  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
     }  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
     ftemp=fu;  
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    
       q=2.0*(q-r);  #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
       q=fabs(q);  
       etemp=e;  static double sqrarg;
       e=d;  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
       else {  
         d=p/q;  int imx; 
         u=x+d;  int stepm=1;
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);  
       }  int estepm;
     } else {  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
     }  int m,nb;
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));  long *num;
     fu=(*f)(u);  int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage,*cens;
     if (fu <= fx) {  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;  double **pmmij, ***probs;
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)  double dateintmean=0;
         } else {  
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;  double *weight;
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {  int **s; /* Status */
             v=w;  double *agedc, **covar, idx;
             w=u;  int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
             fv=fw;  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
             fw=fu;  
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
             v=u;  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
             fv=fu;  
           }  /**************** split *************************/
         }  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
   }  {
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
   *xmin=x;       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
   return fx;    */ 
 }    char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
     int   l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  
     l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
             double (*func)(double))    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
 {    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
   double fu;      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
          printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);      /* get current working directory */
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
   if (*fb > *fa) {      if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)      }
       }      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);    } else {                              /* strip direcotry from path */
   while (*fb > *fc) {      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);      dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                    /* add zero */
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
       fu=(*func)(u);    }
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
       fu=(*func)(u);    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
       if (fu < *fc) {    if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))      dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
           }      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {    }
       u=ulim;    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
       fu=(*func)(u);    if (ss >0){
     } else {      ss++;
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
       fu=(*func)(u);      l1= strlen( name);
     }      l2= strlen(ss)+1;
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
       }    }
 }  
     return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
 /*************** linmin ************************/  }
   
 int ncom;  
 double *pcom,*xicom;  /******************************************/
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);  
    void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  {
 {    int i;
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    int lg=0;
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);    i=0;
   double f1dim(double x);    lg=strlen(t);
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));      (s[i] = t[i]);
   int j;      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;    }
   double fx,fb,fa;  }
    
   ncom=n;  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   pcom=vector(1,n);  {
   xicom=vector(1,n);    int i,j=0;
   nrfunc=func;    int lg=20;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    i=0;
     pcom[j]=p[j];    lg=strlen(s);
     xicom[j]=xi[j];    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
   }    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
   ax=0.0;    }
   xx=1.0;    return j;
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  }
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);  
 #ifdef DEBUG  void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  {
 #endif    /* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before first occurence of char 'occ' 
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {       and v starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
     xi[j] *= xmin;       gives u="abcedf" and v="ghi2j" */
     p[j] += xi[j];    int i,lg,j,p=0;
   }    i=0;
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);    for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);      if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;
 }    }
   
 /*************** powell ************************/    lg=strlen(t);
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,    for(j=0; j<p; j++) {
             double (*func)(double []))      (u[j] = t[j]);
 {    }
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,       u[p]='\0';
               double (*func)(double []));  
   int i,ibig,j;     for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;      if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);
   double fp,fptt;    }
   double *xits;  }
   pt=vector(1,n);  
   ptt=vector(1,n);  /********************** nrerror ********************/
   xit=vector(1,n);  
   xits=vector(1,n);  void nrerror(char error_text[])
   *fret=(*func)(p);  {
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
     fp=(*fret);    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     ibig=0;  }
     del=0.0;  /*********************** vector *******************/
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)  {
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);    double *v;
     printf("\n");    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];    return v-nl+NR_END;
       fptt=(*fret);  }
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  /************************ free vector ******************/
 #endif  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  {
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {  }
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));  
         ibig=i;  /************************ivector *******************************/
       }  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
 #ifdef DEBUG  {
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    int *v;
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);    return v-nl+NR_END;
       }  }
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);  /******************free ivector **************************/
       printf("\n");  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
 #endif  {
     }    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  }
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       int k[2],l;  /************************lvector *******************************/
       k[0]=1;  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
       k[1]=-1;  {
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    long *v;
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
       printf("\n");    return v-nl+NR_END;
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {  }
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];  /******************free lvector **************************/
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
         }  {
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
       }  }
 #endif  
   /******************* imatrix *******************************/
   int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
       free_vector(xit,1,n);       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
       free_vector(xits,1,n);  { 
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
       free_vector(pt,1,n);    int **m; 
       return;    
     }    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];    m += NR_END; 
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];    m -= nrl; 
       pt[j]=p[j];    
     }    
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
     if (fptt < fp) {    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
       if (t < 0.0) {    m[nrl] += NR_END; 
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];    
         }    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
 #ifdef DEBUG    return m; 
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  } 
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)  
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
         printf("\n");  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
 #endif        int **m;
       }        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
     }       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
   }  { 
 }    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
     free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/  } 
   
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)  /******************* matrix *******************************/
 {  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit  {
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
     double **m;
   int i, ii,j,k;  
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
   double **matprod2();    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();    m += NR_END;
   double **newm;    m -= nrl;
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */  
     m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    m[nrl] += NR_END;
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    m[nrl] -= ncl;
     }  
     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
    cov[1]=1.;    return m;
      /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) 
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */     */
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){  }
     newm=savm;  
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  /*************************free matrix ************************/
      cov[2]=agefin;  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
    {
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
         /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/  }
       }  
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  {
     long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/    double ***m;
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/  
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     m += NR_END;
     savm=oldm;    m -= nrl;
     oldm=newm;  
     maxmax=0.;    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
       min=1.;    m[nrl] += NR_END;
       max=0.;    m[nrl] -= ncl;
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {  
         sumnew=0;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];  
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
       }    m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
       maxmin=max-min;    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);      m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
     }    
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
       return prlim;      m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
     }      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   }        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
 }    }
     return m; 
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/    /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
              &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )    */
 {  }
   double s1, s2;  
   /*double t34;*/  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   {
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/  }
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];  
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  /*************** function subdirf ***********/
       }  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
       ps[i][j]=s2;  {
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
     }    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];    return tmpout;
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/  }
       }  
       ps[i][j]=s2;  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
     }  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
   }  {
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/    
     /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
      s1=0;    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    strcat(tmpout,preop);
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    return tmpout;
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);  }
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  {
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];    
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   } /* end i */    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     strcat(tmpout,"/");
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    strcat(tmpout,preop);
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    strcat(tmpout,preop2);
       ps[ii][jj]=0;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       ps[ii][ii]=1;    return tmpout;
     }  }
   }  
   /***************** f1dim *************************/
   extern int ncom; 
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);   
    }  double f1dim(double x) 
     printf("\n ");  { 
     }    int j; 
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/    double f;
 /*    double *xt; 
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);   
   goto end;*/    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
     return ps;    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
 }    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
     free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/    return f; 
   } 
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  
 {  /*****************brent *************************/
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  { 
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized    int iter; 
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns    double a,b,d,etemp;
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */    double fu,fv,fw,fx;
   long i, j, k;    double ftemp;
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)    double e=0.0; 
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)   
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
     b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
   return out;    x=w=v=bx; 
 }    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
     for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
       xm=0.5*(a+b); 
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/      tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
       /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
 {      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month  #ifdef DEBUG
      duration (i.e. until      printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).  #endif
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
      included manually here.        *xmin=x; 
         return fx; 
      */      } 
       ftemp=fu;
   int i, j, d, h, k;      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
   double **newm;        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
         p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */        q=2.0*(q-r); 
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){        q=fabs(q); 
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);        etemp=e; 
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);        e=d; 
     }        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){        else { 
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){          d=p/q; 
       newm=savm;          u=x+d; 
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
       cov[1]=1.;            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;        } 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];      } else { 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];      } 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];      fu=(*f)(u); 
       if (fu <= fx) { 
         if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,          } else { 
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
       savm=oldm;            if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
       oldm=newm;              v=w; 
     }              w=u; 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)              fv=fw; 
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {              fw=fu; 
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];            } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);              v=u; 
          */              fv=fu; 
       }            } 
   } /* end h */          } 
   return po;    } 
 }    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
     *xmin=x; 
     return fx; 
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/  } 
 double func( double *x)  
 {  /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
   double **out;              double (*func)(double)) 
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  { 
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
   long ipmx;    double fu; 
   /*extern weight */   
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */    *fa=(*func)(*ax); 
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/    *fb=(*func)(*bx); 
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)    if (*fb > *fa) { 
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
   */        SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
   cov[1]=1.;        } 
     *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){    while (*fb > *fc) { 
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); 
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); 
         newm=savm;      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { 
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;        fu=(*func)(u); 
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { 
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];        fu=(*func)(u); 
         }        if (fu < *fc) { 
                  SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,            SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));            } 
         savm=oldm;      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { 
         oldm=newm;        u=ulim; 
                fu=(*func)(u); 
              } else { 
       } /* end mult */        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
              fu=(*func)(u); 
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);      } 
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/      SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
       ipmx +=1;        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
       sw += weight[i];        } 
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;  } 
     } /* end of wave */  
   } /* end of individual */  /*************** linmin ************************/
   
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  int ncom; 
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  double *pcom,*xicom;
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
   return -l;   
 }  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
   { 
     double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
     double f1dim(double x); 
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
 {                double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
   int i,j, iter;    int j; 
   double **xi,*delti;    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
   double fret;    double fx,fb,fa;
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);   
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    ncom=n; 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)    pcom=vector(1,n); 
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    xicom=vector(1,n); 
   printf("Powell\n");    nrfunc=func; 
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       pcom[j]=p[j]; 
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));      xicom[j]=xi[j]; 
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));    } 
     ax=0.0; 
 }    xx=1.0; 
     mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim); 
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); 
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  #ifdef DEBUG
 {    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   double **hess;  #endif
   int i, j,jk;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   int *indx;      xi[j] *= xmin; 
       p[j] += xi[j]; 
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);    } 
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;  } 
   
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
   {
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/    sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
   }    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
      sprintf(ascdiff,"%d day(s) %d hour(s) %d minute(s) %d second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {    return ascdiff;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  }
       if (j>i) {  
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);  /*************** powell ************************/
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];                  double (*func)(double [])) 
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/  { 
       }    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
     }                double (*func)(double [])); 
   }    int i,ibig,j; 
   printf("\n");    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
     double fp,fptt;
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");    double *xits;
      int niterf, itmp;
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    pt=vector(1,n); 
   x=vector(1,npar);    ptt=vector(1,n); 
   indx=ivector(1,npar);    xit=vector(1,n); 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    xits=vector(1,n); 
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];    *fret=(*func)(p); 
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
     for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {      fp=(*fret); 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;      ibig=0; 
     x[j]=1;      del=0.0; 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);      last_time=curr_time;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){      (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp);
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);fflush(stdout);
     }      /*    fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec, curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
   }      fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec);
       */
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
     }      }
     printf("\n");      printf("\n");
   }      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
   /* Recompute Inverse */      if(*iter <=3){
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)        tm = *localtime(&curr_time.tv_sec);
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tm));
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  /*       asctime_r(&tm,strcurr); */
         forecast_time=curr_time; 
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
         if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     x[j]=1;        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){          forecast_time.tv_sec=curr_time.tv_sec+(niterf-*iter)*(curr_time.tv_sec-last_time.tv_sec);
       y[i][j]=x[i];          tmf = *localtime(&forecast_time.tv_sec);
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  /*      asctime_r(&tmf,strfor); */
     }          strcpy(strfor,asctime(&tmf));
     printf("\n");          itmp = strlen(strfor);
   }          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
   */          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
           printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(forecast_time.tv_sec-curr_time.tv_sec,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);        }
   free_vector(x,1,npar);      }
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; 
         fptt=(*fret); 
   #ifdef DEBUG
 }        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
         fprintf(ficlog,"fret=%lf \n",*fret);
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/  #endif
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
 {        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   int i;        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
   int l=1, lmax=20;        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { 
   double k1,k2;          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];          ibig=i; 
   double res;        } 
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  #ifdef DEBUG
   double fx;        printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
   int k=0,kmax=10;        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
   double l1;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
           xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
   fx=func(x);          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){        }
     l1=pow(10,l);        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     delts=delt;          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){          fprintf(ficlog," p=%.12e",p[j]);
       delt = delta*(l1*k);        }
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;        printf("\n");
       k1=func(p2)-fx;        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;  #endif
       k2=func(p2)-fx;      } 
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */  #ifdef DEBUG
              int k[2],l;
 #ifdef DEBUG        k[0]=1;
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);        k[1]=-1;
 #endif        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         k=kmax;          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
       }          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */        }
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;        printf("\n");
       }        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
         delts=delt;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       }            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
     }            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   }            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   delti[theta]=delts;          }
   return res;          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
            fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
 }        }
   #endif
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)  
 {  
   int i;        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;        free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
   int k;        return; 
       } 
   fx=func(x);      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;        pt[j]=p[j]; 
     k1=func(p2)-fx;      } 
        fptt=(*func)(ptt); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;      if (fptt < fp) { 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); 
     k2=func(p2)-fx;        if (t < 0.0) { 
            linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); 
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; 
     k3=func(p2)-fx;            xi[j][n]=xit[j]; 
            }
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  #ifdef DEBUG
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
     k4=func(p2)-fx;          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
 #ifdef DEBUG            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
 #endif          }
   }          printf("\n");
   return res;          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
 }  #endif
         }
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/      } 
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)    } 
 {  } 
   int i,imax,j,k;  
   double big,dum,sum,temp;  /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
   double *vv;  
    double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
   vv=vector(1,n);  {
   *d=1.0;    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
     big=0.0;  
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    int i, ii,j,k;
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;    double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");    double **matprod2();
     vv[i]=1.0/big;    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();
   }    double **newm;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {  
       sum=a[i][j];    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       a[i][j]=sum;        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     }      }
     big=0.0;  
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {     cov[1]=1.;
       sum=a[i][j];   
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
       a[i][j]=sum;      newm=savm;
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
         big=dum;       cov[2]=agefin;
         imax=i;    
       }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
     }          cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
     if (j != imax) {          /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {        }
         dum=a[imax][k];        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
         a[j][k]=dum;          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
       }  
       *d = -(*d);        /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
       vv[imax]=vv[j];        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
     }        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
     indx[j]=imax;      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;  
     if (j != n) {      savm=oldm;
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);      oldm=newm;
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;      maxmax=0.;
     }      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
   }        min=1.;
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */        max=0.;
 ;        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
 }          sumnew=0;
           for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
 {          max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;          min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
   double sum;        }
          maxmin=max-min;
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
     ip=indx[i];      }
     sum=b[ip];      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
     b[ip]=b[i];        return prlim;
     if (ii)      }
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];    }
     else if (sum) ii=i;  }
     b[i]=sum;  
   }  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {  
     sum=b[i];  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];  {
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];    double s1, s2;
   }    /*double t34;*/
 }    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
   
 /************ Frequencies ********************/      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)        for(j=1; j<i;j++){
 {  /* Some frequencies */          for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
              /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
   int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;            s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
   double *pp;          }
   double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;          ps[i][j]=s2;
   FILE *ficresp;  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2); */
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];        }
          for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);          for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);            s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2); */
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);          }
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {          ps[i][j]=s2;
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);        }
     exit(0);      }
   }      /*ps[3][2]=1;*/
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);      
   j1=0;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
          s1=0;
   j=cptcoveff;        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
          for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){        ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
       j1++;        for(j=1; j<i; j++)
       /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
         scanf("%d", i);*/        for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)            ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)          /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)      } /* end i */
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;      
            for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
       dateintsum=0;        for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
       k2cpt=0;          ps[ii][jj]=0;
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {          ps[ii][ii]=1;
         bool=1;        }
         if  (cptcovn>0) {      }
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)      
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])  
               bool=0;  /*        for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
         }  /*       for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
         if (bool==1) {  /*         printf("ddd %lf ",ps[ii][jj]); */
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){  /*       } */
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);  /*       printf("\n "); */
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {  /*        } */
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;  /*        printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]); */
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;         /*
               if (m<lastpass) {        for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];        goto end;*/
                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];      return ps;
               }  }
                
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;  
                 k2cpt++;  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
               }  {
             }    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
           }       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
         }    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
       }       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
               a pointer to pointers identical to out */
       fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    long i, j, k;
     for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
       if  (cptcovn>0) {      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
         for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);          out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
         fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");  
       }    return out;
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  }
         fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);  
       fprintf(ficresp, "\n");  
        /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
       for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  
         if(i==(int)agemax+3)  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
           printf("Total");  {
         else    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 
           printf("Age %d", i);       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
           for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
         }       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){       for the memory).
           for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];       included manually here. 
           if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)  
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);       */
           else  
             printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    int i, j, d, h, k;
         }    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];
     double **newm;
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
           for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
             pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
         }      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           pos += pp[jk];      }
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
           if(pos>=1.e-5)    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
           else        newm=savm;
             printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
           if( i <= (int) agemax){        cov[1]=1.;
             if(pos>=1.e-5){        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
               fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
               probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
               /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
             }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             else          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
               fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);  
           }  
         }        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
                /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);        savm=oldm;
         if(i <= (int) agemax)        oldm=newm;
           fprintf(ficresp,"\n");      }
         printf("\n");      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
       }        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
     }          po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   }          /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);
   dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;           */
          }
   fclose(ficresp);    } /* end h */
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);    return po;
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  }
    
   /* End of Freq */  
 }  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   double func( double *x)
 /************ Prevalence ********************/  {
 void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
 {  /* Some frequencies */    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
      double **out;
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
   double *pp;    int s1, s2;
   double pos, k2;    double bbh, survp;
     long ipmx;
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);    /*extern weight */
   probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
      /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
   freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
   j1=0;      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
      */
   j=cptcoveff;    cov[1]=1.;
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  
      for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
  for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){  
     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    if(mle==1){
       j1++;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)          for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)            for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             freq[i][jk][m]=0;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
                    savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {            }
         bool=1;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
         if  (cptcovn>0) {            newm=savm;
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               bool=0;              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
         }            }
         if (bool==1) {            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
           for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);            savm=oldm;
             if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {            oldm=newm;
               if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;          } /* end mult */
               if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;        
               if (m<lastpass) freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
               /* freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3+1)] += weight[i];  */          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
             }           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
           }           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
         }           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
       }           * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
         for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
           }           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)           */
             pos += freq[jk][m][i];          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         }          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
                  bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];           */
          }          /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
                    if( s2 > nlstate){ 
          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
                then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){                         die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
            if( i <= (int) agemax){               which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
              if(pos>=1.e-5){               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
              }          as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
            }          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
          }          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
                    to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
         }          (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
     }          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   }          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
            contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
            stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
            probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
 }  /* End of Freq */          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
           mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
           lower mortality.
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)            */
 {            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.  
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).  
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i          } else if  (s2==-2) {
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
      */            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
             lli= log(survp);
   int i, mi, m;          }
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;          
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/          else if  (s2==-4) { 
             for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   double sum=0.;            lli= log(survp); 
   jmin=1e+5;          } 
   jmax=-1;  
   jmean=0.;          else if  (s2==-5) { 
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
     mi=0;              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     m=firstpass;            lli= log(survp); 
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){          } 
       if(s[m][i]>=1)          
         mw[++mi][i]=m;          else{
       if(m >=lastpass)            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
         break;            /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
       else          } 
         m++;          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
     }/* end while */          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */          ipmx +=1;
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */          sw += weight[i];
          /* Only death is a correct wave */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       mw[mi][i]=m;        } /* end of wave */
     }      } /* end of individual */
     }  else if(mle==2){
     wav[i]=mi;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     if(mi==0)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   }          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       if (stepm <=0)            }
         dh[mi][i]=1;          for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
       else{            newm=savm;
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */            }
           k=k+1;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;            savm=oldm;
           sum=sum+j;            oldm=newm;
           /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */          } /* end mult */
           }        
         }          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         else{          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           k=k+1;          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;          ipmx +=1;
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;          sw += weight[i];
           /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           sum=sum+j;        } /* end of wave */
         }      } /* end of individual */
         jk= j/stepm;    }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         jl= j -jk*stepm;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         if(jl <= -ju)        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           dh[mi][i]=jk;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
         else            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */            }
       }          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     }            newm=savm;
   }            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   jmean=sum/k;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
  }            }
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
 {            savm=oldm;
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;            oldm=newm;
   int cptcode=0;          } /* end mult */
   cptcoveff=0;        
            s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {          ipmx +=1;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {          sw += weight[i];
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       Ndum[ij]++;        } /* end of wave */
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/      } /* end of individual */
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;    }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
     }      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     }            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     ij=1;              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             }
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {            newm=savm;
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
           /*     printf("nbcodeaaaaaaaaaaa=%d Tvar[j]=%d ij=%d j=%d",nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij],Tvar[j],ij,j);*/              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
           ij++;            }
         }          
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       }                           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     }            savm=oldm;
   }              oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;        
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       ij=Tvar[i];          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
       Ndum[ij]++;            lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
     }          }else{
             lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
  ij=1;          }
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {          ipmx +=1;
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){          sw += weight[i];
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
      ij++;  /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
    }        } /* end of wave */
  }      } /* end of individual */
      }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
     cptcoveff=ij-1;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
 }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 {              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   /* Health expectancies */            }
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k;          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   double age, agelim, hf;            newm=savm;
   double ***p3mat;            cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
              for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");              cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");            }
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");            savm=oldm;
             oldm=newm;
   k=1;             /* For example stepm=6 months */          } /* end mult */
   hstepm=k*YEARM; /* (a) Every k years of age (in months), for example every k=2 years 24 m */        
   hstepm=stepm;   /* or (b) We decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim          lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.          ipmx +=1;
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size          sw += weight[i];
      and note for a fixed period like k years */          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the          /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it        } /* end of wave */
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if      } /* end of individual */
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same    } /* End of if */
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
   */    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if k= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     return -l;
   agelim=AGESUP;  }
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */  
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);  double funcone( double *x)
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */  {
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/    /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored    double **out;
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);      double llt;
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */    int s1, s2;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    double bbh, survp;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    /*extern weight */
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
           /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
         }      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );    */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    cov[1]=1.;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){  
         fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age]);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
       }  
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
   }      for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
 }        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 /************ Variance ******************/            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 {          }
   /* Variance of health expectancies */        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          newm=savm;
   double **newm;          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   double **dnewm,**doldm;          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, kk;            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
   int k, cptcode;          }
   double *xp;          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   double **gp, **gm;                       1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;          savm=oldm;
   double ***p3mat;          oldm=newm;
   double age,agelim, hf;        } /* end mult */
   int theta;        
         s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");        bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        /* bias is positive if real duration
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);         */
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");        if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
           lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
   xp=vector(1,npar);        } else if  (s2==-2) {
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);          for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
            lli= log(survp);
   kk=1;             /* For example stepm=6 months */        }else if (mle==1){
   hstepm=kk*YEARM; /* (a) Every k years of age (in months), for example every k=2 years 24 m */          lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
   hstepm=stepm;   /* or (b) We decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */        } else if(mle==2){
   /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
      nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim        } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
      nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.          lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
      Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size        } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
      and note for a fixed period like k years */          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
   /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the        } else{  /* ml>=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
      survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
      means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if        } /* End of if */
      you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same        ipmx +=1;
      results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.        sw += weight[i];
   */        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if k= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  /*       printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
   agelim = AGESUP;        if(globpr){
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */          fprintf(ficresilk,"%9d %6d %2d %2d %1d %1d %3d %11.6f %8.4f\
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */   %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */                  num[i],i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                  2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);          for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);            llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);            fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
           }
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */        }
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);      } /* end of wave */
       }    } /* end of individual */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
       if (popbased==1) {    if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      gipmx=ipmx;
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];      gsw=sw;
       }    }
      return -l;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  }
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)  
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];  /*************** function likelione ***********/
         }  void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
       }  {
        /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */       the selection of individuals/waves and
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);       to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);         Plotting could be done.
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);     */
      int k;
       if (popbased==1) {  
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];      strcpy(fileresilk,"ilk"); 
       }      strcat(fileresilk,fileres);
       if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)      }
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];      fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
         }      fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight 2wlli out sav ");
       }      /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)        fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];    }
         }  
     } /* End theta */    *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
     if(*globpri !=0){
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      fclose(ficresilk);
       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)      fflush(fichtm); 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    } 
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    return;
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];  }
   
     hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */  
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)  
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;  void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   {
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){    int i,j, iter;
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){    double **xi;
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    double fret;
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);    double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       }      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
     }        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );    strcpy(filerespow,"pow"); 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");    }
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);      for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   } /* End age */  
      powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);  
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    fclose(ficrespow);
     printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
 }    fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/  
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)  }
 {  
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */  /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
   double **newm;  {
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;    double **hess;
   int k, cptcode;    int i, j,jk;
   double *xp;    int *indx;
   double *gp, *gm;  
   double **gradg, **trgradg;    double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
   double age,agelim;    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
   int theta;    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
        void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");    double gompertz(double p[]);
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");    fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
   xp=vector(1,npar);      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);     
         hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
   agelim = AGESUP;          printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    }
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);        if (j>i) { 
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);          printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);          fprintf(ficlog,".%d%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
           hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j,func,npar);
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){          
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */          hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
       }        }
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      }
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    }
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];    printf("\n");
        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */  
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);    fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];    a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    x=vector(1,npar);
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];    indx=ivector(1,npar);
     } /* End theta */    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];      x[j]=1;
       lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;        matcov[i][j]=x[i];
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      }
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);    }
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */    printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));        printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);      }
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);      printf("\n");
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);    }
   } /* End age */  
     /* Recompute Inverse */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   
 }    /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
   
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij)      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
 {      x[j]=1;
   int i, j;      lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
   int k=0, cptcode;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        y[i][j]=x[i];
   double *xp;        printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   double *gp, *gm;        fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   double **gradg, **trgradg;      }
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];      printf("\n");
   int theta;      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];    }
     */
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");  
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);    free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {    free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);    free_vector(x,1,npar);
   }    free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
   printf("Computing variance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);    free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
    
   
   xp=vector(1,npar);  }
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);  
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
    double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
   cov[1]=1;  {
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){    int i;
     cov[2]=age;    int l=1, lmax=20;
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);    double k1,k2;
     trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
     gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    double res;
     gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));    double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
        double fx;
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    int k=0,kmax=10;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)    double l1;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  
          fx=func(x);
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
        for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
       k=0;      l1=pow(10,l);
       for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){      delts=delt;
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
            k=k+1;        delt = delta*(l1*k);
           gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
         }        k1=func(p2)-fx;
       }        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
         k2=func(p2)-fx;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
            
   #ifdef DEBUG
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       k=0;        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
       for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){  #endif
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
           k=k+1;        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
           gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];          k=kmax;
         }        }
       }        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
                k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
        for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)        }
            gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];          else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
     }          delts=delt;
         }
      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)      }
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    }
       trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    delti[theta]=delts;
      return res; 
      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    
      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);  }
   
      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
   {
      k=0;    int i;
      for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
          k=k+1;    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
          gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    int k;
         }  
      }    fx=func(x);
          for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
              p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
       k1=func(p2)-fx;
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));    
      }*/      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);      k2=func(p2)-fx;
     
   for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
     if (i== 2) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
 if (i== 4) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);      k3=func(p2)-fx;
   }    
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      k4=func(p2)-fx;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);  #ifdef DEBUG
 }      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
  free_vector(xp,1,npar);      fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
 fclose(ficresprob);  #endif
     }
 }    return res;
   }
 /******************* Printing html file ***********/  
 void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
  int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[], \  { 
  char optionfilehtm[],char rfileres[], char optionfilegnuplot[],\    int i,imax,j,k; 
  char version[], int popforecast ){    double big,dum,sum,temp; 
   int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;    double *vv; 
   FILE *fichtm;   
   /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/    vv=vector(1,n); 
     *d=1.0; 
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");      big=0.0; 
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
   }      if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       vv[i]=1.0/big; 
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">Imach, Version %s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n    } 
 Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
 \n      for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
 Total number of observations=%d <br>\n        sum=a[i][j]; 
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">        a[i][j]=sum; 
  <ul><li>Outputs files<br>\n      } 
  - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n      big=0.0; 
  - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
  - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n        sum=a[i][j]; 
  - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n        for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
  - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n          sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
  - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        a[i][j]=sum; 
         if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
  fprintf(fichtm,"\n          big=dum; 
  - Parameter file with estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n          imax=i; 
  - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n        } 
  - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n      } 
  - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);      if (j != imax) { 
         for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n          dum=a[imax][k]; 
  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n          a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n          a[j][k]=dum; 
         <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        } 
  else        *d = -(*d); 
    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);        vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
 fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");      } 
       indx[j]=imax; 
  m=cptcoveff;      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}      if (j != n) { 
         dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
  jj1=0;        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){      } 
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){    } 
        jj1++;    free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
        if (cptcovn > 0) {  ;
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");  } 
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)  
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");  { 
        }    int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>    double sum; 
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);       
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>      ip=indx[i]; 
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      sum=b[ip]; 
        }      b[ip]=b[i]; 
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {      if (ii) 
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>      else if (sum) ii=i; 
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);        b[i]=sum; 
      }    } 
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>      sum=b[i]; 
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
      }      b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and    } 
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>  } 
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);  
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");  void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
    }  {
    }    fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#%s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,fullversion,strstart);
 fclose(fichtm);  }
 }  
   /************ Frequencies ********************/
 /******************* Gnuplot file **************/  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[])
 void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){  {  /* Some frequencies */
     
   int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
     int first;
   strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
   strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp.txt");    double *pp, **prop;
   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {    double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
   }    
     pp=vector(1,nlstate);
 #ifdef windows    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3);
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
 #endif    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);    if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
  /* 1eme*/      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {      exit(0);
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {    }
     freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);
 #ifdef windows    j1=0;
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    
 #endif    j=cptcoveff;
 #ifdef unix    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres);  
 #endif    first=1;
   
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        j1++;
 }        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          scanf("%d", i);*/
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {        for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");            for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
 }              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {      for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");        for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          prop[i][m]=0;
 }          
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));        dateintsum=0;
 #ifdef unix        k2cpt=0;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
 #endif          bool=1;
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          if  (cptcovn>0) {
    }            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   }              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
   /*2 eme*/                bool=0;
           }
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          if (bool==1){
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
                  k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {              /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
       k=2*i;                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");                if (m<lastpass) {
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
 }                    freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i];
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");                }
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);                
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3))) {
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");                  k2cpt++;
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");                }
 }                  /*}*/
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");            }
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);          }
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {        }
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");         
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");        /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
 }          pstamp(ficresp);
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");        if  (cptcovn>0) {
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
     }          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
   }        }
          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) 
   /*3eme*/          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {        
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);          if(i==iagemax+3){
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);            fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {          }else{
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);            if(first==1){
       }              first=0;
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);              printf("See log file for details...\n");
     }            }
     }            fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
            }
   /* CV preval stat */          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
       k=3;          }
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);              if(first==1){
                    printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;              }
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {            }else{
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;              if(first==1)
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);                printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
       }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);              }
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          }
     }  
   }            for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
              for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   /* proba elementaires */              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){          }       
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){          for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
       if (k != i) {            pos += pp[jk];
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){            posprop += prop[jk][i];
                  }
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
           jk++;            if(pos>=1.e-5){
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");              if(first==1)
         }                printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
       }              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
     }            }else{
     }              if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
     for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {              fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);            }
    i=1;            if( i <= iagemax){
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {              if(pos>=1.e-5){
      k3=i;                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {                /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
        if (k != k2){                /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);              }
 ij=1;              else
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {            }
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);          }
             ij++;          
           }          for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
           else            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) {
         }              if(first==1)
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");                printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
                        fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){                }
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);          if(i <= iagemax)
 ij=1;            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){          if(first==1)
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {            printf("Others in log...\n");
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             ij++;        }
           }      }
           else    }
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
           }   
           fprintf(ficgp,")");    fclose(ficresp);
         }    free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin, iagemax+3);
         i=i+ncovmodel;    /* End of Freq */
        }  }
      }  
    }  /************ Prevalence ********************/
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);  void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
    }  {  
        /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
   fclose(ficgp);       in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
 }  /* end gnuplot */       We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
    
 /*************** Moving average **************/    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
 void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     double *pp, **prop;
   int i, cpt, cptcod;    double pos,posprop; 
     for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)    double  y2; /* in fractional years */
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    int iagemin, iagemax;
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)  
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;    iagemin= (int) agemin;
        iagemax= (int) agemax;
     for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){    /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){    prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); 
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){    j1=0;
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];    
           }    j=cptcoveff;
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
         }    
       }    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     }      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
            j1++;
 }        
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
           for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
 /************** Forecasting ******************/            prop[i][m]=0.0;
 prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){       
          for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;          bool=1;
   int *popage;          if  (cptcovn>0) {
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) 
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]) 
   double ***p3mat;                bool=0;
   char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];          } 
           if (bool==1) { 
  agelim=AGESUP;            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*/
 calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;              y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
               if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                  if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                  if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3) printf("Error on individual =%d agev[m][i]=%f m=%d\n",i, agev[m][i],m); 
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");                if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);                  /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {                  prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);                  prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
   }                } 
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);              }
             } /* end selection of waves */
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;          }
         }
   if (mobilav==1) {        for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);          for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
   }            posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
           } 
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;  
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){     
              if( i <=  iagemax){ 
   agelim=AGESUP;              if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
                  probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
   hstepm=1;              } 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;            } 
   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);          }/* end jk */ 
   anprojmean=yp;        }/* end i */ 
   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);      } /* end i1 */
   mprojmean=yp;    } /* end k1 */
   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);    
   jprojmean=yp;    /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;    /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;    free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin,iagemax+3);
    }  /* End of prevalence */
   fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);  
    /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){  
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
       k=k+1;  {
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {       Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
         fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
       }       dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");       and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");       */
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);  
          int i, mi, m;
          /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n");    int first;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);      int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
     double sum=0.;
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){    first=0;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);    jmin=1e+5;
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;    jmax=-1;
              jmean=0.;
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;      mi=0;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);        m=firstpass;
              while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5)
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {          mw[++mi][i]=m;
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);        if(m >=lastpass)
             }          break;
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {        else
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;          m++;
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                    }/* end while */
                 if (mobilav==1)      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];        mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
                 else {        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];           /* Only death is a correct wave */
                 }        mw[mi][i]=m;
                      }
               }  
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){      wav[i]=mi;
                 fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);      if(mi==0){
                                nbwarn++;
               }        if(first==0){
             }          printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
           }          first=1;
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        }
         }        if(first==1){
       }          fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
     }        }
   }      } /* end mi==0 */
            } /* End individuals */
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
   fclose(ficresf);      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
 }        if (stepm <=0)
 /************** Forecasting ******************/          dh[mi][i]=1;
 populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){        else{
            if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
   int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
   int *popage;              j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
   double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;              if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
   double *popeffectif,*popcount;              else if(j<0){
   double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;                nberr++;
   char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];                printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
   tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);                printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);                fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
   agelim=AGESUP;                fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
   calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;              }
                k=k+1;
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);              if (j >= jmax){
                  jmax=j;
                  ijmax=i;
   strcpy(filerespop,"pop");              }
   strcat(filerespop,fileres);              if (j <= jmin){
   if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {                jmin=j;
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);                ijmin=i;
   }              }
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);              sum=sum+j;
               /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;              /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
             }
   if (mobilav==1) {          }
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          else{
     movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
   }  /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;            k=k+1;
   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;            if (j >= jmax) {
                jmax=j;
   agelim=AGESUP;              ijmax=i;
              }
   hstepm=1;            else if (j <= jmin){
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;              jmin=j;
                ijmin=i;
   if (popforecast==1) {            }
     if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
       printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);            /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
     }            if(j<0){
     popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);              nberr++;
     popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);              printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
     popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);              fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                }
     i=1;              sum=sum+j;
     while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;          }
              jk= j/stepm;
     imx=i;          jl= j -jk*stepm;
     for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
   }          if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
             if(jl==0){
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){              dh[mi][i]=jk;
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){              bh[mi][i]=0;
       k=k+1;            }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
       fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");                    * at the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);              bh[mi][i]=ju;
       }            }
       fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");          }else{
       fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");            if(jl <= -ju){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);              dh[mi][i]=jk;
       if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");              bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
                                         * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
       for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {                                   */
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);              }
                    else{
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){              dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);              bh[mi][i]=ju;
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;            }
                      if(dh[mi][i]==0){
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);              dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);                /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
                    }
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){          } /* end if mle */
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {        }
               fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);      } /* end wave */
             }    }
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    jmean=sum/k;
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                  fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
                 if (mobilav==1)   }
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];  
                 else {  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
                 }  {
               }    
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){    int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i, maxncov=19;
                 tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;    int cptcode=0;
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);    cptcoveff=0; 
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/   
               }    for (k=0; k<maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
             }    for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){  
               kk1=0.;    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /*reads the data file to get the maximum 
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];                                 modality*/ 
                 }        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij is the modality of this individual*/
                   tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];        Ndum[ij]++; /*store the modality */
             }        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
         if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij; /* getting the maximum of covariable 
             if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)                                         Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is 0 and 
               fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);                                         female is 1, then  cptcode=1.*/
           }      }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  
         }      for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {
       }        if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++; /* Nomber of modalities of the j th covariates. In fact ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables) but it can be more */
        }
   /******/  
       ij=1; 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {      for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);          for (k=0; k<= maxncov; k++) {
         for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){          if (Ndum[k] != 0) {
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k; 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;            /* store the modality in an array. k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
                      
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);            ij++;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          }
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);            if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break; 
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){        }  
             if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {      } 
               fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    }  
             }  
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {   for (k=0; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
               kk1=0.;kk2=0;  
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                 for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) { 
                 kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];         /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/
               }     ij=Tvar[i];
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);     Ndum[ij]++;
             }   }
           }  
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);   ij=1;
         }   for (i=1; i<= maxncov; i++) {
       }     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
    }       Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing */
   }       ij++;
       }
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);   }
    
   if (popforecast==1) {   cptcoveff=ij-1; /*Number of simple covariates*/
     free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);  }
     free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);  
     free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);  /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   }  
   free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);  
   fclose(ficrespop);  {
 }    /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2;
 /***********************************************/    double age, agelim, hf;
 /**************** Main Program *****************/    double ***p3mat;
 /***********************************************/    double eip;
   
 int main(int argc, char *argv[])    pstamp(ficreseij);
 {    fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;        fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
       }
   double fret;      fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
   double **xi,tmp,delta;    }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */  
   double ***p3mat;    
   int *indx;    if(estepm < stepm){
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
   char title[MAXLINE];    }
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];    else  hstepm=estepm;   
   char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
       * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
   char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   int c,  h , cpt,l;  
   int ju,jl, mi;    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
   int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
   int hstepm, nhstepm;       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
   double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1;       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
   double ftolpl=FTOL;       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
   double **prlim;       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   double *severity;       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */    */
   double  *p;    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */  
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */    agelim=AGESUP;
   double *delti; /* Scale */    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
   double ***eij, ***vareij;    nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); 
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
   double *epj, vepp;    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
   double kk1, kk2;    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
   double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;    p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
    
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.8a, March 2002, INED-EUROREVES ";      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
   char z[1]="c", occ;      
 #include <sys/time.h>      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
 #include <time.h>      
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];      printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
        fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
   /* long total_usecs;      
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;      /* Computing expectancies */
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   getcwd(pathcd, size);          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
   printf("\n%s",version);            
   if(argc <=1){            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
     printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");  
     scanf("%s",pathtot);          }
   }  
   else{      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
     strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
   }        eip=0;
   /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);          eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/          fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/        }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
   split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);      }
    printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   chdir(path);      
   replace(pathc,path);    }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/    printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   strcpy(fileres,"r");    
   strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);  }
   strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */  
   void cvevsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
   /*---------arguments file --------*/  
   {
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {    /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);     to initial status i, ei. .
     goto end;    */
   }    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     double age, agelim, hf;
   strcpy(filereso,"o");    double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
   strcat(filereso,fileres);    double **dnewm,**doldm;
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {    double *xp, *xm;
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;    double **gp, **gm;
   }    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     int theta;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */  
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    double eip, vip;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     puts(line);    xp=vector(1,npar);
     fputs(line,ficparo);    xm=vector(1,npar);
   }    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);    pstamp(ficresstdeij);
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
     puts(line);      fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     fputs(line,ficparo);    }
   }    fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  
      pstamp(ficrescveij);
        fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
   cptcovn=0;    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;        for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */          for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
   /* Read guess parameters */            if(cptj2 <= cptj)
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */              fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     puts(line);    
     fputs(line,ficparo);    if(estepm < stepm){
   }      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    }
      else  hstepm=estepm;   
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){     * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);     * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
       }  
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
       printf("\n");    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
     }       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
         Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;       and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
   p=param[1][1];       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
         means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
     puts(line);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);    /* If stepm=6 months */
   }    /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); 
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);    /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */    /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){    
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);    p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);    gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){    trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);    gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);    gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);  
       }    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  
       printf("\n");      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");         in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
     }   
   }      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
   delti=delti3[1][1];  
        /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */      /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){         decrease memory allocation */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
     puts(line);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     fputs(line,ficparo);          xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   }        }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
          hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);    
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
     printf("%s",str);            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);              gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){              gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);            }
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);          }
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        }
     }       
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
     printf("\n");          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");            gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
   }          }
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)      }/* End theta */
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)      
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];      
          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
   printf("\n");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
     /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/      
      strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */  
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/       for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
      strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */        for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
      strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */          varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
     if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {  
       printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
     }       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
            for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
     /*-------- data file ----------*/          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;          for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
     }            for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
               varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
     n= lastobs;        }
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);      }
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);      /* Computing expectancies */
     num=ivector(1,n);      hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
     moisnais=vector(1,n);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     annais=vector(1,n);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     moisdc=vector(1,n);          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     andc=vector(1,n);            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
     agedc=vector(1,n);            
     cod=ivector(1,n);            /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
     weight=vector(1,n);  
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */          }
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);  
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);            eip=0.;
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);        vip=0.;
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
     i=1;          for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {            vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {          fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
                }
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){        fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);      }
           strcpy(line,stra);      fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
         }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
             for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                 fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            }
         for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){        }
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);      fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
         }     
         num[i]=atol(stra);    }
            free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){    free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/    free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
         i=i+1;    free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       }    free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     }    printf("\n");
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);    fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
        scanf("%d",i);*/  
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */    free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;  }
     }*/  
    /************ Variance ******************/
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){  void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
      if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;  {
      printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}    /* Variance of health expectancies */
   */    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
      /* double **newm;*/
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/    double **dnewm,**doldm;
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);    double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);    int k, cptcode;
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);    double *xp;
   Tage=ivector(1,15);          double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
        double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
   if (strlen(model) >1){    double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;    double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
     j=nbocc(model,'+');    double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');    double ***p3mat;
     cptcovn=j+1;    double age,agelim, hf;
     cptcovprod=j1;    double ***mobaverage;
        int theta;
     strcpy(modelsav,model);    char digit[4];
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){    char digitp[25];
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);  
       goto end;    char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
     }  
        if(popbased==1){
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){      if(mobilav!=0)
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');        strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-mobilav-");
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);      else strcpy(digitp,"-populbased-nomobil-");
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/    }
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/    else 
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {      strcpy(digitp,"-stablbased-");
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');  
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {    if (mobilav!=0) {
           cptcovprod--;      mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');      if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);        fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           cptcovage++;        printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;      }
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/    }
         }  
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {    strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"prmorprev"); 
           cptcovprod--;    sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');    /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
           cptcovage++;    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;    strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileres);
         }    if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
         else {      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
           Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;    }
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');    printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
           Tprod[k1]=i;   
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);    pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)    for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
             covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
           k1++;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           k2=k2+2;        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
         }    }  
       }    fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
       else {    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/    /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);  /*   } */
       }    varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);      pstamp(ficresvij);
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
         scanf("%d",i);*/    if(popbased==1)
     }      fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1)");
 }    else
        fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
   /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   scanf("%d ",i);*/      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     fclose(fic);        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
     /*  if(mle==1){*/  
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/    xp=vector(1,npar);
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     }    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/    dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);    doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {    gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {    gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){    gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
          anint[m][i]=9999;    trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
          s[m][i]=-1;    
        }    if(estepm < stepm){
      if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
       }    }
     }    else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
         if(s[m][i] >0){       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {       and note for a fixed period like k years */
             if(agedc[i]>0)    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];       means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
            else {       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
               if (andc[i]!=9999){    */
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
               agev[m][i]=-1;    agelim = AGESUP;
               }    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             }      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           }      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
               agev[m][i]=1;      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){  
               agemin=agev[m][i];  
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
               agemax=agev[m][i];        }
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
             }        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/  
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/        if (popbased==1) {
           }          if(mobilav ==0){
           else { /* =9 */            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             agev[m][i]=1;              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
             s[m][i]=-1;          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
           }            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         }              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
         else /*= 0 Unknown */          }
           agev[m][i]=1;        }
       }    
            for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
     }          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {          }
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");          }
           goto end;        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
         }           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
       }           as a weighted average of prlim.
     }        */
         for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);          for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
             gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);        }    
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);        /* end probability of death */
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);  
     free_vector(annais,1,n);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);   
         if (popbased==1) {
              if(mobilav ==0){
     wav=ivector(1,imx);            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     /* Concatenates waves */              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);          }
         }
   
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
       ncodemax[1]=1;            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
                }
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);        }
    h=0;        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);           computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
             as a weighted average of prlim.
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){        */
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){           gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
            h++;        }    
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;        /* end probability of death */
            /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/  
          }        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
        }          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
      }            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
    }          }
    /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);  
       codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */        for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
    /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){          gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
       for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){        }
       printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);  
       }      } /* End theta */
       printf("\n");  
       }      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
       scanf("%d",i);*/  
          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
             trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
      
          for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
            for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]        for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */  
       for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
     if(mle==1){        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
     }          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
              for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     /*--------- results files --------------*/            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
     fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
          }
       }
    jk=1;    
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");      /* pptj */
    printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");      matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
        if (k != i)        for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
          {          varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);      /* end ppptj */
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);      /*  x centered again */
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);      prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);   
              jk++;      if (popbased==1) {
            }        if(mobilav ==0){
            printf("\n");          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
          }        }else{ /* mobilav */ 
      }          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
    }            prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
  if(mle==1){        }
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */      }
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */               
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);      /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
  }         computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");         as a weighted average of prlim.
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");      */
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){        for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
         if (j!=i) {          gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);      }    
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);      /* end probability of death */
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){  
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
             jk++;        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
           }        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           printf("\n");          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");        }
         }      } 
       }      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
      }  
          fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
     k=1;      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
     printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");          fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){        }
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
       printf("%3d",i);      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){    } /* End age */
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);    free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       }    free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");    free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
       printf("\n");    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;set nolabel; set ter png small;set size 0.65, 0.65");
       k++;    /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
     }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; set nolog x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
       ungetc(c,ficpar);  /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
       puts(line);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
       fputs(line,ficparo);    fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
      /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.png\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage);  */
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.png\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
     if (fage <= 2) {    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.png\";replot;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"varmuptjgr",digitp),digit);
       bage = ageminpar;  
       fage = agemaxpar;    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     }    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
        free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");    free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage);    free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage);    free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    fflush(ficgp);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    fflush(fichtm); 
     puts(line);  }  /* end varevsij */
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, char strstart[])
    {
   fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);    /* Variance of prevalence limit */
   fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
  fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);    double **newm;
          double **dnewm,**doldm;
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    int k, cptcode;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    double *xp;
     puts(line);    double *gp, *gm;
     fputs(line,ficparo);    double **gradg, **trgradg;
   }    double age,agelim;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    int theta;
      
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
    dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
    dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
   fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);    
      xp=vector(1,npar);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    
     puts(line);    hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     fputs(line,ficparo);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   }    agelim = AGESUP;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
   fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
 fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
 fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
     puts(line);          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     fputs(line,ficparo);        }
   }        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
   fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);      
   fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
   fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/  
  printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
            gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
 /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/      } /* End theta */
  chdir(path);  
        trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
  free_ivector(wav,1,imx);  
  free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
  free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
  free_ivector(num,1,n);          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
  free_vector(agedc,1,n);  
  /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
  fclose(ficparo);        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
  fclose(ficres);      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm,rfileres,optionfilegnuplot,version,popforecast);  
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/        fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {      free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   }    } /* End age */
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);  
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");  
    }
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  {
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */    int i, j=0,  i1, k1, l1, t, tj;
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */    int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
   k=0;    int k=0,l, cptcode;
   agebase=ageminpar;    int first=1, first1;
   agelim=agemaxpar;    double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
   ftolpl=1.e-10;    double **dnewm,**doldm;
   i1=cptcoveff;    double *xp;
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}    double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    double **mu;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
         k=k+1;    double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/    int theta;
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");    char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");  
            double ***varpij;
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){  
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob"); 
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
         }    }
       }    strcpy(fileresprobcov,"probcov"); 
     }    strcat(fileresprobcov,fileres);
   fclose(ficrespl);    if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
      }
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);    strcpy(fileresprobcor,"probcor"); 
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {    strcat(fileresprobcor,fileres);
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;    if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
   }      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);      fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
      }
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
   agelim=AGESUP;    fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
      pstamp(ficresprob);
   k=0;    fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){    pstamp(ficresprobcov);
       k=k+1;    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    pstamp(ficresprobcor);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
          
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */  
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;        fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);          fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      }  
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)   /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");   */
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){   xp=vector(1,npar);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );    dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);    varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    first=1;
           }    fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
         }  
     }    fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4></li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
   }    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n\
     file %s<br>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
   /* varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k);*/    fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated\
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
   fclose(ficrespij);   They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/  would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){  standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
     prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);   Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
     if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);   and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);  To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);  
     free_vector(weight,1,n);}    cov[1]=1;
   else{    tj=cptcoveff;
     erreur=108;    if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);    j1=0;
   }    for(t=1; t<=tj;t++){
        for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ 
         j1++;
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/        if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
   strcpy(filerest,"t");          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   strcat(filerest,fileres);          fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   }          fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);          
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   strcpy(filerese,"e");          fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
   strcat(filerese,fileres);          
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {          
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);          fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
   }          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);          fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {          fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);        }
   }        
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);        for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
   k=0;          for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){            cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){          }
       k=k+1;          for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)            cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");          gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
           trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");          gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);      
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");              xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)            
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");            
             k=0;
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);                  k=k+1;
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);                gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              }
        varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);            }
                
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
                xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");      
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");            k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){                k=k+1;
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);                gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
         if (popbased==1) {              }
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)            }
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];       
         }            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
                      gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
         fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);          }
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){  
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           }              trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];          
         }          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)          free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];          free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         fprintf(ficrest," %7.2f (%7.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));          free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){          free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.2f (%7.2f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));  
         }          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          
       }          k=0;
     }          for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
   }            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
   fclose(ficreseij);              mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
   fclose(ficresvij);            }
   fclose(ficrest);          }
   fclose(ficpar);          for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);            for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
                varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/    
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");            for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);            printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {            fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);            }*/
     exit(0);  
   }          fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);          fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   k=0;  
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){            fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
       k=k+1;          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");            fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)            fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          }
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");          i=0;
                for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
       varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);            for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;              i=i++;
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);              fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
     }              fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
  }              for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
   fclose(ficresvpl);                fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/            }
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);          }/* end of loop for state */
          } /* end of loop for age */
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);  
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);        /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
          /*
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset noparametric;unset label");
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);          fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);        */
   free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);  
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;
   if(erreur >0)        for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
     printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);          for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
   else   printf("End of Imach\n");            if(l2==k2) continue;
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */            j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
              for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/              for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/                if(l1==k1) continue;
   /*------ End -----------*/                i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
  end:                  if ((int)age %5==0){
 #ifdef windows                    v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
   /* chdir(pathcd);*/                    v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
 #endif                    cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
  /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/                    mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
  /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/                    mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
  /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/                    c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
  /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/                    /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
  strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);                    lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
  strcat(plotcmd," ");                    lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
  strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);                    /* Eigen vectors */
  system(plotcmd);                    v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
 #ifdef windows                    v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
   while (z[0] != 'q') {                    v12=-v21;
     /* chdir(path); */                    v22=v11;
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");                    tnalp=v21/v11;
     scanf("%s",z);                    if(first1==1){
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");                      first1=0;
     else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);                      printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
     else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);                    }
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);                    fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
   }                    /*printf(fignu*/
 #endif                    /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
 }                    /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\">\
   %s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.png\";replot;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"varpijgr"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
       } /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int estepm ,\
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n \
    - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirf2(fileres,"p"),subdirf2(fileres,"p"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),subdirf2(fileres,"pij"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileres,"pl"),subdirf2(fileres,"pl"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age:  ei., eij . If one or more covariate are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),subdirf2(fileres,"e"));
   
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s%d1.png\">%s%d1.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d1.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Pij or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too: <a href=\"%s%d2.png\">%s%d2.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d2.png\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jj1); 
          /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
          for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
            fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Period (stable) prevalence in each health state : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,jj1);
          }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies : <a href=\"%s%d%d.png\">%s%d%d.png</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"prob"),subdirf2(fileres,"prob"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcov"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"),subdirf2(fileres,"probcor"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"cve"),subdirf2(fileres,"cve"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileres,"stde"),subdirf2(fileres,"stde"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), eij are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences (i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileres,"v"),subdirf2(fileres,"v"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileres,"t"),subdirf2(fileres,"t"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=cptcoveff;
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): %s%d%d.png <br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d%d.png\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2): %s%d.png<br>\
   <img src=\"%s%d.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),jj1);
      } /* end i1 */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplot(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
      for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
        fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"v"),cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"v%s%d%d.png\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
        fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
   
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1);
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        } 
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"vpl"),k1-1,k1-1); 
        for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
          if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
          else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
        }  
        fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",subdirf2(fileres,"p"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"e"),k1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
       
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",subdirf2(fileres,"t"),k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
         }   
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
       }
     }
     
     /*3eme*/
     
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"exp"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter png small\n\
   set size 0.65,0.65\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
           
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
           /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
           
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* CV preval stable (period) */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"p"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
         
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
         
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",subdirf2(fileres,"pij"),k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);   
       } 
     }  
     
     /* proba elementaires */
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
      }
   
      for(ng=1; ng<=2;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is probabilities second is incidence per year*/
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%d%d.png\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"pe"),jk,ng); 
          if (ng==2)
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
          else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset title \"Probability\"\n");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                if(ng==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                else
                  fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                ij=1;
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
                  if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                    ij++;
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){   
                  fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                    if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
                      ij++;
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
                i=i+ncovmodel;
              }
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     double age;
   
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities */
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
   
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
             for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                 for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                 }
               mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
             }
           }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else return -1;
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, c, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     int *popage;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d, hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# Covariate valuofcovar yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficresf," p.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) { 
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
   
           for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
                 fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 ppij=0.;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                     fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                   }
                 } /* end i */
                 if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                 }
               }/* end j */
             } /* end h */
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
          
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     double ***mobaverage;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav!=0) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
         fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
       }
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      } 
     }
    
     if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
   
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     int i,j, k, l, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.png\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileres[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.png\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter png small\n set log y\n"); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   
   
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size=100,cptcode, cptcod;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk, imk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32], cc[32];
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     double ***mobaverage;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE],model[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char **bp, *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,*tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double *severity;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];
     char  *strt, strtend[80];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
     long total_usecs;
    
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);
     curr_time=start_time;
     tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&start_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tm));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tv_sec = tp.tv_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tv_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tv_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin);
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
      for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Problem creating directory or it already exists %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n%s\n%s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tv_sec-start_time.tv_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     numlinepar++;
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement*/
     if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
   
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn; /*Number of variables = cptcovn + intercept + age */
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/
   
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) {
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You choose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guess parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) && (j1 != j)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1-i)*(j1-j)!=0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
         if(mle==1)
           printf("%s",str);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%s",str);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
     }
   
     n= lastobs;
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         errno=0;
         lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %d %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
           exit(1);
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
         }
         else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           exit(1);
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         exit(1);
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year) != 0){
       }
       else  if(iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.") != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %ld %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line,j);
         exit(1);
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",lval, i,line,linei);
         exit(1);
       }
       weight[i]=(double)(lval); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         errno=0;
         lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covar (meaning 0 for the reference or 1).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
           exit(1);
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%d' at line number %ld %s for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a value of the %d covar (meaning 0 for the reference or 1. IMaCh does not build design variables, do it your self).  Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           exit(1);
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } 
       lstra=strlen(stra);
       
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
     fclose(fic);
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);
        scanf("%d",i);*/
     imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
   
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;
       if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;
       if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;
       }*/
      /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1; 
        printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/
     
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) */
    
      /*if ((s[3][i]==3) ||  (s[4][i]==3)) weight[i]=0.08;
        else weight[i]=1;*/
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
     Tvar=ivector(1,15); /* stores the number n of the covariates in Vm+Vn at 1 and m at 2 */
     Tprod=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15); 
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);
     Tage=ivector(1,15);      
      
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+'); /* j=Number of '+' */
       j1=nbocc(model,'*'); /* j1=Number of '*' */
       cptcovn=j+1; 
       cptcovprod=j1; /*Number of products */
       
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){
         printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         goto end;
       }
       
       /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
   
       for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the last + */ 
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /* Model includes a product */
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*'); /* strd*strc  Vm*Vn (if not *age)*/
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /* Vn*age */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre); /* computes n in Vn and stores in Tvar*/
             cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=i;
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           }
           else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;
           }
           else {  /* Age is not in the model */
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n*/
             Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
             Tprod[k1]=i;
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc); /* m*/
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre); /* n */
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2]; 
             for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++) 
               covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           }
         }
         else { /* no more sum */
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
         Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       } /* end of loop + */
     } /* end model */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;
     }
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           nberr++;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results are biased\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           nberr++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0)
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999)
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
             /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
           }
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){ 
               agemin=agev[m][i];
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){
               agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           }
           else { /* =9 */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
       }
       
     }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           nberr++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           goto end;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax); 
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     Tcode=ivector(1,100);
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
         
     codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); /* Cross tabulation to get the order of 
                                    the estimations*/
     h=0;
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
     for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){
       for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){
         for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){
           for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){
             h++;
             if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
             /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/
           } 
         }
       }
     } 
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){ 
        for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
        }
        printf("\n");
        }
        scanf("%d",i);*/
       
     /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# %s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
     /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-mort");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n",\
             fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<body>\n<title>IMaCh %s</title>\n <font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             fileres,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
       
      
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
   
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
           if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
             dcwave[i]=m;
             /*    printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
             break;
           }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
           ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
           j=wav[i];
           agecens[i]=1.; 
   
           if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
             agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
             cens[i]= 1;
           }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
             cens[i]= -1;
           if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
             cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
       strcpy(filerespow,"pow-mort"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileres);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
       
       powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) 
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
   
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplotmort(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtmlmort(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 */
     
     else{ /* For mle >=1 */
     
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       globpr=1; /* to print the contributions */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2 */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle!=0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle>=1)
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
       
       /*  freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint);*/
       /*,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       printinggnuplot(fileres, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,estepm,\
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);   
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
       strcat(filerespl,fileres);
       if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
       pstamp(ficrespl);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence \n");
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
       agebase=ageminpar;
       agelim=agemaxpar;
       ftolpl=1.e-10;
       i1=cptcoveff;
       if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           printf("\n#******");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
           printf("******\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
           
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
             for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
     
       strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
           
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
   
             /*      nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
   
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
   
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=NCOVMAX;j++)
           for(k=1;k<=NCOVMAX;k++)
             probs[i][j][k]=0.;
   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileres, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
         /* (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);*/
         /*      }  */
         /*      else{ */
         /*        erreur=108; */
         /*        printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*        fprintf(ficlog,"Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model); */
         /*      } */
       }
     
   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
       strcpy(filerest,"t");
       strcat(filerest,fileres);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' \n", filerest); 
   
   
       strcpy(filerese,"e");
       strcat(filerese,fileres);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"stde");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileres);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"cve");
       strcat(filerescve,fileres);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"v");
       strcat(fileresv,fileres);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
   
       /* Computes prevalence between agemin (i.e minimal age computed) and no more ageminpar */
       prevalence(probs, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       /*  printf("ageminpar=%f, agemax=%f, s[lastpass][imx]=%d, agev[lastpass][imx]=%f, nlstate=%d, imx=%d,  mint[lastpass][imx]=%f, anint[lastpass][imx]=%f,dateprev1=%f, dateprev2=%f, firstpass=%d, lastpass=%d\n",\
           ageminpar, agemax, s[lastpass][imx], agev[lastpass][imx], nlstate, imx, mint[lastpass][imx],anint[lastpass][imx], dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       */
   
       if (mobilav!=0) {
         mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
         if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){
           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
         }
       }
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1; 
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
             fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
             fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           }
           fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
           fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
   
           fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
           eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
           cvevsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);  
    
           vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,0, mobilav, strstart);
           if(popbased==1){
             varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,popbased,mobilav, strstart);
           }
   
           pstamp(ficrest);
           fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n# Age ( e.. (std) ");
           for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
           epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
           for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             if (popbased==1) {
               if(mobilav ==0){
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
               }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
               }
             }
           
             fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
             for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
               for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                 epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                 /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
               }
               epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
             }
   
             for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                 vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
             }
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
           free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         }
       }
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,15,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficreseij);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
       for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
             fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k,strstart);
           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         }
       }
   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
     free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,8);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,15);
       free_ivector(Tcode,1,100);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10);
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     (void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);
     tm = *localtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     tmg = *gmtime(&end_time.tv_sec);
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&tm));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %d Sec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec);
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
       printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
     if(getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifndef UNIX
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef UNIX
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: %s\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("\n Problem with gnuplot\n");
     }
     printf(" Wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",optionfilehtm);fflush(stdout);
         system(optionfilehtm);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }
   
   
   

Removed from v.1.35  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.121


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