Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.1.1.1 and 1.41.2.2

version 1.1.1.1, 2000/12/28 18:49:56 version 1.41.2.2, 2003/06/13 07:45:28
Line 1 Line 1
       /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************             Interpolated Markov Chain
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal   
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where     Short summary of the programme:
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status   
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews     This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.     cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between     first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
   reach the Maximum Likekilhood of the parameters involved in the model.    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'     Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
   age", you should modify the program where the markup     probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
     'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the     complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some     where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    convergence.
   hPijx is the probability to be  
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age     The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of     multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or     identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.     intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.  
     hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.     split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
       states. This elementary transition (by month or quarter trimester,
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
   from the European Union.    hPijx.
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and  
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.
   **********************************************************************/   
      Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
 #include <math.h>             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
 #include <stdio.h>    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
 #include <stdlib.h>    from the European Union.
 #include <unistd.h>    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
     software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
 #define MAXLINE 256    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    **********************************************************************/
 /*#define DEBUG*/   
 /*#define win*/  #include <math.h>
   #include <stdio.h>
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */  #include <stdlib.h>
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncov */  #include <unistd.h>
   
 #define NINTERVMAX 8  #define MAXLINE 256
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */  #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "wgnuplot"
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */  #define FILENAMELENGTH 80
 #define MAXN 20000  /*#define DEBUG*/
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */  
 #define AGESUP 130  /*#define windows*/
 #define AGEBASE 40  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
   #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
   
 int nvar;  #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
 int npar=NPARMAX;  
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */  #define NINTERVMAX 8
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */
 int ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncov=2 */  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
   #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */  #define MAXN 20000
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */  #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */
 int mle, weightopt;  #define AGESUP 130
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */  #define AGEBASE 40
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */  
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */  
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */  int erreur; /* Error number */
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest;  int nvar;
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm;  int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;
   int npar=NPARMAX;
 #define NR_END 1  int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
 #define FREE_ARG char*  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  int ncovmodel, ncovcol;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
   int popbased=0;
 #define NRANSI   
 #define ITMAX 200   int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
   int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */
 #define TOL 2.0e-4   int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
   int mle, weightopt;
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660   int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10   int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);   double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
   double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
 #define GOLD 1.618034   double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
 #define GLIMIT 100.0   FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf,*ficrespop;
 #define TINY 1.0e-20   FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop;
   FILE *ficreseij;
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))   FILE  *ficresvij;
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
     FILE  *ficresvpl;
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  
   #define NR_END 1
 static double sqrarg;  #define FREE_ARG char*
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}   
   #define NRANSI
 int imx;   #define ITMAX 200
 int stepm;  
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/  #define TOL 2.0e-4
   
 int m,nb;  #define CGOLD 0.3819660
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=2,*cod;  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;  #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);
 double **pmmij;  
   #define GOLD 1.618034
 double *weight;  #define GLIMIT 100.0
 int **s; /* Status */  #define TINY 1.0e-20
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  
   static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */   
   #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
   #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
 /******************************************/  
   static double sqrarg;
 void replace(char *s, char*t)  #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
 {  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}
   int i;  
   int lg=20;  int imx;
   i=0;  int stepm;
   lg=strlen(t);  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
     (s[i] = t[i]);  int estepm;
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   }  
 }  int m,nb;
 void cut(char *u,char *v, char*t)  int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;
 {  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
   int i,lg,j,p;  double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;
   i=0;  double dateintmean=0;
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t); j++) {  
     if(t[j]=='\\') p=j;  double *weight;
   }  int **s; /* Status */
   double *agedc, **covar, idx;
   lg=strlen(t);  int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {  
     (u[j] = t[j]);  double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
     u[p]='\0';  double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */
   }  
   /**************** split *************************/
   for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  {
   }     char *s;                             /* pointer */
 }     int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */
   
 /********************** nrerror ********************/     l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */
      if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
 void nrerror(char error_text[])  #ifdef windows
 {     s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");  #else
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);     s = strrchr( path, '/' );            /* find last / */
   exit(1);  #endif
 }     if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */
 /*********************** vector *******************/  #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)        extern char       *getwd( );
 {  
   double *v;        if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  #else
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");        extern char       *getcwd( );
   return v-nl+NR_END;  
 }        if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
   #endif
 /************************ free vector ******************/           return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)        }
 {        strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));     } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */
 }        s++;                              /* after this, the filename */
         l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */
 /************************ivector *******************************/        if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)        strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */
 {        strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */
   int *v;        dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));     }
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");     l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */
   return v-nl+NR_END;  #ifdef windows
 }     if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }
   #else
 /******************free ivector **************************/     if ( dirc[l1-1] != '/' ) { dirc[l1] = '/'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)  #endif
 {     s = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));     s++;
 }     strcpy(ext,s);                       /* save extension */
      l1= strlen( name);
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/     l2= strlen( s)+1;
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
 {      return( 0 );                         /* we're done */
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;   }
   int **m;   
     
   /* allocate pointers to rows */   /******************************************/
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));   
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");   void replace(char *s, char*t)
   m += NR_END;   {
   m -= nrl;     int i;
       int lg=20;
       i=0;
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */     lg=strlen(t);
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));     for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");       (s[i] = t[i]);
   m[nrl] += NR_END;       if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
   m[nrl] -= ncl;     }
     }
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;   
     int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */   {
   return m;     int i,j=0;
 }     int lg=20;
     i=0;
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    lg=strlen(s);
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
       int **m;    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;     }
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */     return j;
 {   }
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));   
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));   void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)
 }   {
     int i,lg,j,p=0;
 /******************* matrix *******************************/    i=0;
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {
 {      if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    }
   double **m;  
     lg=strlen(t);
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));    for(j=0; j<p; j++) {
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");      (u[j] = t[j]);
   m += NR_END;    }
   m -= nrl;       u[p]='\0';
   
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));     for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");      if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    }
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  }
   
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  /********************** nrerror ********************/
   return m;  
 }  void nrerror(char error_text[])
   {
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
 {    exit(1);
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));  }
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  /*********************** vector *******************/
 }  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
   {
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    double *v;
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
 {    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;    return v-nl+NR_END;
   double ***m;  }
   
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  /************************ free vector ******************/
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
   m += NR_END;  {
   m -= nrl;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   }
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  /************************ivector *******************************/
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
   m[nrl] -= ncl;  {
     int *v;
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
     if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    return v-nl+NR_END;
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");  }
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;  /******************free ivector **************************/
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)   void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;  {
       free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {  }
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;  
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)   /******************* imatrix *******************************/
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   }       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */
   return m;  {
 }    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;
     int **m;
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/   
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    /* allocate pointers to rows */
 {    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    m += NR_END;
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    m -= nrl;
 }   
    
 /***************** f1dim *************************/    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */
 extern int ncom;     m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);     m[nrl] += NR_END;
      m[nrl] -= ncl;
 double f1dim(double x)    
 {     for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   int j;    
   double f;    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */
   double *xt;     return m;
    }
   xt=vector(1,ncom);   
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];   /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);   void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);         int **m;
   return f;         long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;
 }        /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */
   {
 /*****************brent *************************/    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)     free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));
 {   }
   int iter;   
   double a,b,d,etemp;  /******************* matrix *******************************/
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   double ftemp;  {
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;     long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
   double e=0.0;     double **m;
    
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);     m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
   x=w=v=bx;     m += NR_END;
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);     m -= nrl;
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {   
     xm=0.5*(a+b);     m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    m[nrl] += NR_END;
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    m[nrl] -= ncl;
 #ifdef DEBUG  
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */    return m;
 #endif  }
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){   
       *xmin=x;   /*************************free matrix ************************/
       return fx;   void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
     }   {
     ftemp=fu;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {     free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);   }
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);   
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;   /******************* ma3x *******************************/
       q=2.0*(q-r);   double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;   {
       q=fabs(q);     long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
       etemp=e;     double ***m;
       e=d;   
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))     m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
       else {     m += NR_END;
         d=p/q;     m -= nrl;
         u=x+d;   
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)     m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
       }     m[nrl] += NR_END;
     } else {     m[nrl] -= ncl;
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));   
     }     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));   
     fu=(*f)(u);     m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (fu <= fx) {     if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;     m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)     m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)
         } else {       m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;    
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {     for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
             v=w;       m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
             w=u;       for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)
             fv=fw;         m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
             fw=fu;     }
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {     return m;
             v=u;   }
             fv=fu;   
           }   /*************************free ma3x ************************/
         }   void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
   }   {
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
   *xmin=x;     free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   return fx;     free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
 }   }
   
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  /***************** f1dim *************************/
   extern int ncom;
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,   extern double *pcom,*xicom;
             double (*func)(double))   extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);
 {    
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;  double f1dim(double x)
   double fu;   {
      int j;
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);     double f;
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);     double *xt;
   if (*fb > *fa) {    
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)     xt=vector(1,ncom);
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)     for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];
       }     f=(*nrfunc)(xt);
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);     free_vector(xt,1,ncom);
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);     return f;
   while (*fb > *fc) {   }
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);   
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);   /*****************brent *************************/
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));   {
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);     int iter;
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {     double a,b,d,etemp;
       fu=(*func)(u);     double fu,fv,fw,fx;
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {     double ftemp;
       fu=(*func)(u);     double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;
       if (fu < *fc) {     double e=0.0;
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))    
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))     a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);
           }     b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {     x=w=v=bx;
       u=ulim;     fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);
       fu=(*func)(u);     for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {
     } else {       xm=0.5*(a+b);
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);       tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);
       fu=(*func)(u);       /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
     }       printf(".");fflush(stdout);
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)   #ifdef DEBUG
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)       printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       }       /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
 }   #endif
       if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){
 /*************** linmin ************************/        *xmin=x;
         return fx;
 int ncom;       }
 double *pcom,*xicom;      ftemp=fu;
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);       if (fabs(e) > tol1) {
          r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))         q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);
 {         p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,         q=2.0*(q-r);
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);         if (q > 0.0) p = -p;
   double f1dim(double x);         q=fabs(q);
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,         etemp=e;
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));         e=d;
   int j;         if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;           d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));
   double fx,fb,fa;        else {
            d=p/q;
   ncom=n;           u=x+d;
   pcom=vector(1,n);           if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)
   xicom=vector(1,n);             d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);
   nrfunc=func;         }
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {       } else {
     pcom[j]=p[j];         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));
     xicom[j]=xi[j];       }
   }       u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));
   ax=0.0;       fu=(*f)(u);
   xx=1.0;       if (fu <= fx) {
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);         if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);         SHFT(v,w,x,u)
 #ifdef DEBUG          SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);          } else {
 #endif            if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {             if (fu <= fw || w == x) {
     xi[j] *= xmin;               v=w;
     p[j] += xi[j];               w=u;
   }               fv=fw;
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);               fw=fu;
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);             } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {
 }               v=u;
               fv=fu;
 /*************** powell ************************/            }
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,           }
             double (*func)(double []))     }
     nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");
 {     *xmin=x;
     return fx;
   }
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,   
               double (*func)(double []));   /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
   int i,ibig,j;   
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,
   double fp,fptt;              double (*func)(double))
   double *xits;  {
   pt=vector(1,n);     double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
   ptt=vector(1,n);     double fu;
   xit=vector(1,n);    
   xits=vector(1,n);     *fa=(*func)(*ax);
   *fret=(*func)(p);     *fb=(*func)(*bx);
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];     if (*fb > *fa) {
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {       SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)
     fp=(*fret);         SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)
     ibig=0;         }
     del=0.0;     *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);    *fc=(*func)(*cx);
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)     while (*fb > *fc) {
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);      r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);
     printf("\n");      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {       u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];         (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));
       fptt=(*fret);       ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);
 #ifdef DEBUG      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);        fu=(*func)(u);
 #endif      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);        fu=(*func)(u);
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);         if (fu < *fc) {
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {           SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));             SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))
         ibig=i;             }
       }       } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {
 #ifdef DEBUG        u=ulim;
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));        fu=(*func)(u);
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {      } else {
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);        fu=(*func)(u);
       }      }
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)       SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);        SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)
       printf("\n");        }
 #endif  }
     }   
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {  /*************** linmin ************************/
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       int k[2],l;  int ncom;
       k[0]=1;  double *pcom,*xicom;
       k[1]=-1;  double (*nrfunc)(double []);
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));   
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);  {
       printf("\n");    double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    double f1dim(double x);
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);                double *fc, double (*func)(double));
         }    int j;
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    double xx,xmin,bx,ax;
       }    double fx,fb,fa;
 #endif   
     ncom=n;
     pcom=vector(1,n);
       free_vector(xit,1,n);     xicom=vector(1,n);
       free_vector(xits,1,n);     nrfunc=func;
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       free_vector(pt,1,n);       pcom[j]=p[j];
       return;       xicom[j]=xi[j];
     }     }
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");     ax=0.0;
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {     xx=1.0;
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];     mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];     *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);
       pt[j]=p[j];   #ifdef DEBUG
     }     printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);   #endif
     if (fptt < fp) {     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);       xi[j] *= xmin;
       if (t < 0.0) {       p[j] += xi[j];
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);     }
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {     free_vector(xicom,1,n);
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];     free_vector(pcom,1,n);
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];   }
         }  
 #ifdef DEBUG  /*************** powell ************************/
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)              double (*func)(double []))
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);  {
         printf("\n");    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,
 #endif                double (*func)(double []));
       }     int i,ibig,j;
     }     double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
   }     double fp,fptt;
 }     double *xits;
     pt=vector(1,n);
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/    ptt=vector(1,n);
     xit=vector(1,n);
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl)    xits=vector(1,n);
 {    *fret=(*func)(p);
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */    for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {
       fp=(*fret);
   int i, ii,j,k;      ibig=0;
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;      del=0.0;
   double **matprod2();      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();      for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
   double **newm;        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */      printf("\n");
       for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){        fptt=(*fret);
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  #ifdef DEBUG
     }        printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  #endif
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){        printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
     newm=savm;        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {
     cov[1]=1.;          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));
     cov[2]=agefin;          ibig=i;
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncov,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);        }
 /*    printf("age=%f agefin=%f po=%f pn=%f\n",age,agefin,oldm[1][1],newm[1][1]);*/  #ifdef DEBUG
             printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
     savm=oldm;        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     oldm=newm;          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
     maxmax=0.;          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){        }
       min=1.;        for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
       max=0.;          printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {        printf("\n");
         sumnew=0;  #endif
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];      }
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);      if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);  #ifdef DEBUG
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);        int k[2],l;
       }        k[0]=1;
       maxmin=max-min;        k[1]=-1;
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
     }        for (j=1;j<=n;j++)
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
       return prlim;        printf("\n");
     }        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
   }          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
 }            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
             printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
 /*************** transition probabilities **********/           }
           printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncov, double *x, int nlstate )        }
 {  #endif
   double s1, s2;  
   /*double t34;*/  
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;        free_vector(xit,1,n);
         free_vector(xits,1,n);
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){        free_vector(ptt,1,n);
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){        free_vector(pt,1,n);
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncov; nc++){        return;
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/      }
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncov+(j-1)*ncov+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncov]*cov[nc];      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
       }        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];
       ps[i][j]=s2;        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/        pt[j]=p[j];
     }      }
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){      fptt=(*func)(ptt);
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncov; nc++){      if (fptt < fp) {
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncov+(j-2)*ncov+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncov]*cov[nc];        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/        if (t < 0.0) {
       }          linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);
       ps[i][j]=s2;          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     }            xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];
   }            xi[j][n]=xit[j];
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){          }
      s1=0;  #ifdef DEBUG
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);          for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)            printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);          printf("\n");
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);  #endif
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)        }
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];      }
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    }
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  }
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  
   } /* end i */  /**** Prevalence limit ****************/
   
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  {
       ps[ii][jj]=0;    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit
       ps[ii][ii]=1;       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */
     }  
   }    int i, ii,j,k;
     double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){    double **matprod2();
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);    double **newm;
    }    double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */
     printf("\n ");  
     }    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 /*        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);      }
   goto end;*/  
     return ps;     cov[1]=1.;
 }   
    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
       newm=savm;
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
 {       cov[2]=agefin;
   /* Computes the matric product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times   
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized           cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns          /*      printf("ij=%d k=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",ij,k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k], codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]);*/
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */        }
   long i, j, k;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];        /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
         /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
   return out;        /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
 }      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
   
       savm=oldm;
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/      oldm=newm;
       maxmax=0.;
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm )      for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){
 {        min=1.;
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month         max=0.;
      duration (i.e. until        for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.           sumnew=0;
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step           for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be           max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);
      included manually here.           min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);
         }
      */        maxmin=max-min;
         maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);
   int i, j, d, h;      }
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
   double **newm;        return prlim;
       }
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */    }
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  }
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  
     }  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  {
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){    double s1, s2;
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){    /*double t34;*/
       newm=savm;    int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  
       cov[1]=1.;      for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;      for(j=1; j<i;j++){
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/        for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,           /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncov,x,nlstate));          s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       savm=oldm;          /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/
       oldm=newm;        }
     }        ps[i][j]=s2;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)        /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {      }
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);        for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
          */          s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       }          /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/
   } /* end h */        }
   return po;        ps[i][j]=s2;
 }      }
     }
       /*ps[3][2]=1;*/
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/  
 double func( double *x)    for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
 {       s1=0;
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d;      for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];        s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
   double **out;      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */        s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */      ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
   long ipmx;      for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   /*extern weight */        ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */      for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/        ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)       /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
 printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);    } /* end i */
   */  
     for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;      for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){        ps[ii][jj]=0;
        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){        ps[ii][ii]=1;
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)      }
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    }
             for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  
         newm=savm;  
           cov[1]=1.;    /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
           cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;      for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,       printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);
                        1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncov,x,nlstate));     }
           savm=oldm;      printf("\n ");
           oldm=newm;      }
       printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
   /*
       } /* end mult */    for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
        goto end;*/
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);      return ps;
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  }
       ipmx +=1;  
       sw += weight[i];  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;  
     } /* end of wave */  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)
   } /* end of individual */  {
     /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
   return -l;       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
 }    long i, j, k;
     for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
       for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/        for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)
           out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncov, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  
 {    return out;
   int i,j, iter;  }
   double **xi,*delti;  
   double fret;  
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  {
   printf("Powell\n");    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);       duration (i.e. until
        age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).
        Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be
 }       included manually here.
   
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/       */
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  
 {    int i, j, d, h, k;
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];
   double **hess;    double **newm;
   int i, j,jk;  
   int *indx;    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;      }
     /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
         newm=savm;
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){        cov[1]=1.;
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);        cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)
   }          cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {          cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  
       if (j>i) {   
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
       }                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
     }        savm=oldm;
   }        oldm=newm;
   printf("\n");      }
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
             po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);          /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);           */
   x=vector(1,npar);        }
   indx=ivector(1,npar);    } /* end h */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    return po;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];  }
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  
   
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  double func( double *x)
     x[j]=1;  {
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){     double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];    double **out;
     }    double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   }    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     int s1, s2;
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");    long ipmx;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {     /*extern weight */
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {     /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     }    /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)
     printf("\n");      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
   }    */
     cov[1]=1.;
   /* Recompute Inverse */  
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];    for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");        for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {            oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;            savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     x[j]=1;          }
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);        for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){           newm=savm;
       y[i][j]=x[i];          cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);          for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
     }            cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
     printf("\n");          }
   }         
   */          out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                        1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);          savm=oldm;
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);          oldm=newm;
   free_vector(x,1,npar);         
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);         
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);        } /* end mult */
        
         s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
 }        s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         if( s2 > nlstate){
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/          /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known then the contribution
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])             to the likelihood is the probability to die between last step unit time and current
 {             step unit time, which is also the differences between probability to die before dh
   int i;             and probability to die before dh-stepm .
   int l=1, lmax=20;             In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
   double k1,k2;             as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];             health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
   double res;             and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;             to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
   double fx;             (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
   int k=0,kmax=10;             introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
   double l1;             the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
              contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
   fx=func(x);             stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];             and month of death but the probability to survive from last
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){             interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
     l1=pow(10,l);             probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
     delts=delt;             Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){             mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
       delt = delta*(l1*k);             which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;             lower mortality.
       k1=func(p2)-fx;          */
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
       k2=func(p2)-fx;        }else{
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */          lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* or     lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); */
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */          /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/
               }
 #ifdef DEBUG        ipmx +=1;
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);        sw += weight[i];
 #endif        ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */        /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d lli=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],lli,weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){      } /* end of wave */
         k=kmax;    } /* end of individual */
       }  
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */    for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;    /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
       }    l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){     /*exit(0);*/
         delts=delt;    return -l;
       }  }
     }  
   }  
   delti[theta]=delts;  /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
   return res;  
     void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
 }  {
     int i,j, iter;
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)    double **xi,*delti;
 {    double fret;
   int i;    xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;      for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];        xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   int k;    printf("Powell\n");
     powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
   fx=func(x);  
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {     printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f \n",iter,func(p));
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;  }
     k1=func(p2)-fx;  
     /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  {
     k2=func(p2)-fx;    double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
       double **hess;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    int i, j,jk;
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    int *indx;
     k3=func(p2)-fx;  
       double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     k4=func(p2)-fx;    void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */  
 #ifdef DEBUG    hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  
 #endif    printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
   }    for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
   return res;      printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);
 }      hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);
       /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/      /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)     }
 {    
   int i,imax,j,k;     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
   double big,dum,sum,temp;       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
   double *vv;         if (j>i) {
            printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
   vv=vector(1,n);           hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);
   *d=1.0;           hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {           /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
     big=0.0;         }
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)       }
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;     }
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");     printf("\n");
     vv[i]=1.0/big;   
   }     printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {     a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       sum=a[i][j];     y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];     x=vector(1,npar);
       a[i][j]=sum;     indx=ivector(1,npar);
     }     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
     big=0.0;       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {     ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
       sum=a[i][j];   
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       a[i][j]=sum;       x[j]=1;
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {       lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
         big=dum;       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
         imax=i;         matcov[i][j]=x[i];
       }       }
     }     }
     if (j != imax) {   
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {     printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
         dum=a[imax][k];     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
         a[j][k]=dum;         printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);
       }       }
       *d = -(*d);       printf("\n");
       vv[imax]=vv[j];     }
     }   
     indx[j]=imax;     /* Recompute Inverse */
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
     if (j != n) {       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);     ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;   
     }     /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");
   }   
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */    for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
 ;      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
 }       x[j]=1;
       lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
 {         y[i][j]=x[i];
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;         printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);
   double sum;       }
        printf("\n");
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {     }
     ip=indx[i];     */
     sum=b[ip];   
     b[ip]=b[i];     free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
     if (ii)     free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];     free_vector(x,1,npar);
     else if (sum) ii=i;     free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
     b[i]=sum;     free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
   }   
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {   
     sum=b[i];   }
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];   
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];   /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
   }   double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])
 }   {
     int i;
 /************ Frequencies ********************/    int l=1, lmax=20;
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx)    double k1,k2;
 {  /* Some frequencies */    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
      double res;
   int i, m, jk;    double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */    double fx;
   double *pp;    int k=0,kmax=10;
   double pos;    double l1;
   FILE *ficresp;  
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];    fx=func(x);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);    for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){
       l1=pow(10,l);
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");      delts=delt;
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);      for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {        delt = delta*(l1*k);
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);        p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
     exit(0);        k1=func(p2)-fx;
   }        p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
         k2=func(p2)-fx;
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
   for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)          res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */
     for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)         
       for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)  #ifdef DEBUG
         freq[i][jk][m]=0;        printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
   #endif
   for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {        /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
     for(m=firstpass; m<= lastpass-1; m++){        if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
       if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;          k=kmax;
       if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;        }
        freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];        else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
        freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];          k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;
     }        }
   }        else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){
           delts=delt;
   fprintf(ficresp, "#");        }
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)       }
     fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);    }
 fprintf(ficresp, "\n");    delti[theta]=delts;
     return res;
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){   
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)  }
       printf("Total");  
     else  double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)
       printf("Age %d", i);  {
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    int i;
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)    int l=1, l1, lmax=20;
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];    double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
     }    double p2[NPARMAX+1];
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    int k;
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)  
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];    fx=func(x);
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)    for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);      for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       else      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
     }      k1=func(p2)-fx;
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){   
       for(m=1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
     }      k2=func(p2)-fx;
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)   
       pos += pp[jk];      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;
       if(pos>=1.e-5)      k3=func(p2)-fx;
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);   
       else      p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);      p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;
       if( i <= (int) agemax){      k4=func(p2)-fx;
         if(pos>=1.e-5)      res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);  #ifdef DEBUG
       else      printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);  #endif
       }    }
     }    return res;
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  }
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)  
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);  /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
     if(i <= (int) agemax)  void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");  {
     printf("\n");    int i,imax,j,k;
   }    double big,dum,sum,temp;
     double *vv;
   fclose(ficresp);   
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);    vv=vector(1,n);
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);    *d=1.0;
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
 }  /* End of Freq */      big=0.0;
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/        if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;
       if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)      vv[i]=1.0/big;
 {    }
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).      for (i=1;i<j;i++) {
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i        sum=a[i][j];
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]        for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.        a[i][j]=sum;
      */      }
       big=0.0;
   int i, mi, m;      for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;        sum=a[i][j];
 float sum=0.;        for (k=1;k<j;k++)
           sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){        a[i][j]=sum;
     mi=0;        if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {
     m=firstpass;          big=dum;
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){          imax=i;
       if(s[m][i]>=1)        }
         mw[++mi][i]=m;      }
       if(m >=lastpass)      if (j != imax) {
         break;        for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {
       else          dum=a[imax][k];
         m++;          a[imax][k]=a[j][k];
     }/* end while */          a[j][k]=dum;
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){        }
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */        *d = -(*d);
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */        vv[imax]=vv[j];
          /* Only death is a correct wave */      }
       mw[mi][i]=m;      indx[j]=imax;
     }      if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;
       if (j != n) {
     wav[i]=mi;        dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);
     if(mi==0)        for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);      }
   }    }
     free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  ;
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){  }
       if (stepm <=0)  
         dh[mi][i]=1;  void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])
       else{  {
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {    int i,ii=0,ip,j;
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);     double sum;
           if(j=0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */   
         }    for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
         else{      ip=indx[i];
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));      sum=b[ip];
           k=k+1;      b[ip]=b[i];
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;      if (ii)
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;        for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];
           sum=sum+j;      else if (sum) ii=i;
         }      b[i]=sum;
         jk= j/stepm;    }
         jl= j -jk*stepm;    for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;      sum=b[i];
         if(jl <= -ju)      for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];
           dh[mi][i]=jk;      b[i]=sum/a[i][i];
         else    }
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;  }
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)  
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */  /************ Frequencies ********************/
       }  void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2,double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1,double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2)
     }  {  /* Some frequencies */
   }   
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,sum/k);    int i, m, jk, k1,i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
 }    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     double *pp;
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/    double pos, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
     FILE *ficresp;
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm)    char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {   
   /* Health expectancies */    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;    probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   double age, agelim,hf;    strcpy(fileresp,"p");
   double ***p3mat;    strcat(fileresp,fileres);
     if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
   FILE  *ficreseij;      printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];      exit(0);
     }
   strcpy(filerese,"e");    freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);
   strcat(filerese,fileres);    j1=0;
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {   
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);    j=cptcoveff;
   }    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);   
     for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");        j1++;
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)          scanf("%d", i);*/
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);        for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
             for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        
         dateintsum=0;
   agelim=AGESUP;        k2cpt=0;
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */          bool=1;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);           if  (cptcovn>0) {
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */             for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */                bool=0;
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          }
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored          if (bool==1) {
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm);                k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
               if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)                if (m<lastpass) {
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];                  freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];
         }                }
                    
     hf=1;                if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (agemax+3))) {
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;                  dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );                  k2cpt++;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                }
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){              }
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);            }
       }          }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");        }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);         
   }        fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);
   fclose(ficreseij);  
 }        if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");
 /************ Variance ******************/          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl)          fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
 {        }
   /* Variance of health expectancies */        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
   double **newm;        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
   double **dnewm,**doldm;       
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;        for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){
   int k;          if(i==(int)agemax+3)
   FILE  *ficresvij;            printf("Total");
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];          else
   double *xp;            printf("Age %d", i);
   double **gp, **gm;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;            for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
   double ***p3mat;              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
   double age,agelim;          }
   int theta;          for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
   strcpy(fileresv,"v");              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);            if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {              printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);            else
   }              printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);          }
   
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");            for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");              pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          }
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);          for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");            pos += pp[jk];
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   xp=vector(1,npar);            if(pos>=1.e-5)
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);              printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);            else
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */            if( i <= (int) agemax){
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */               if(pos>=1.e-5){
   agelim = AGESUP;                fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */                probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */                 /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;              }
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */              else
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);            }
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          }
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);         
           for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){            for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */              if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);          if(i <= (int) agemax)
       }            fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm);            printf("\n");
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl);        }
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){      }
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    }
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)    dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt;
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];   
         }    fclose(ficresp);
       }    free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);
         free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */   
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    /* End of Freq */
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm);    }
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl);  
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /************ Prevalence ********************/
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  void prevalence(int agemin, float agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, double calagedate)
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)  {  /* Some frequencies */
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];   
         }    int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;
       }    double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)    double *pp;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    double pos, k2;
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];  
         }    pp=vector(1,nlstate);
     } /* End theta */    probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
    
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);
     j1=0;
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    j=cptcoveff;
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];   
    for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)        j1++;
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;   
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){        for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);              freq[i][jk][m]=0;
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)       
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];          bool=1;
       }          if  (cptcovn>0) {
     }            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)
     h=1;              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;                bool=0;
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );          }
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          if (bool==1) {
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){            for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);              k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
       }              if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");                if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);                if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);                if (m<lastpass)
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);                  if (calagedate>0) freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agev[m][i]+1-((int)calagedate %12)/12.)] += weight[i];
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);                else
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];
   } /* End age */                 freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)(agemax+3)] += weight[i];
   fclose(ficresvij);              }
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);            }
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          }
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);        }
           for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){
 }            for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
               for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/                pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl)            }
 {            for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   /* Variance of health expectancies */              for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/              pos += freq[jk][m][i];
   double **newm;          }
   double **dnewm,**doldm;         
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
   int k;             for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
   FILE  *ficresvpl;               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];           }
   double *xp;           
   double *gp, *gm;           for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) pos += pp[jk];
   double **gradg, **trgradg;  
   double age,agelim;           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){          
   int theta;             if( i <= (int) agemax){
                if(pos>=1.e-5){
   strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");                 probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);               }
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {             }
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);           }
     exit(0);           
   }          }
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);      }
     }
   
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");   
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");    free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);   
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");  }  /* End of Freq */
   
   xp=vector(1,npar);  /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
     {
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */    /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */        Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
   agelim = AGESUP;       mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */       dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;       */
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */  
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);    int i, mi, m;
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);    /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);       double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
   
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){    int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */    double sum=0.;
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    jmin=1e+5;
       }    jmax=-1;
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl);    jmean=0.;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];      mi=0;
           m=firstpass;
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */      while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        if(s[m][i]>=1)
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl);          mw[++mi][i]=m;
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        if(m >=lastpass)
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];          break;
         else
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          m++;
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];      }/* end while */
     } /* End theta */      if (s[m][i] > nlstate){
         mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);        /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
            /* Only death is a correct wave */
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        mw[mi][i]=m;
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)      }
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];  
       wav[i]=mi;
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      if(mi==0)
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;        printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);    }
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);  
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)    for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */      for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
         if (stepm <=0)
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );          dh[mi][i]=1;
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        else{
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));          if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");            if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);            j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);            if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);            k=k+1;
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);            if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;
   } /* End age */            if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;
   fclose(ficresvpl);            sum=sum+j;
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);            /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i); */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);            }
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          }
           else{
 }            j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
             k=k+1;
             if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;
             else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;
 /***********************************************/            /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
 /**************** Main Program *****************/            sum=sum+j;
 /***********************************************/          }
           jk= j/stepm;
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/          jl= j -jk*stepm;
 int main()          ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
 {          if(jl <= -ju)
             dh[mi][i]=jk;
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size;          else
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;            dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;          if(dh[mi][i]==0)
             dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
   double fret;        }
   double **xi,tmp,delta;      }
     }
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */    jmean=sum/k;
   double ***p3mat;    printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);
   int *indx;   }
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];  /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   char title[MAXLINE];  void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];  {
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH];    int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];    int cptcode=0;
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];    cptcoveff=0;
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80];   
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;    for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */    for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;
   int c,  h , cpt,l;  
   int ju,jl, mi;    for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {
   int i1,j1, k1,jk,aa,bb, stepsize;      for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;        ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);
           Ndum[ij]++;
   int hstepm, nhstepm;        /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;        if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;
   double ftolpl=FTOL;      }
   double **prlim;  
   double *severity;      for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */        if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;
   double  *p;      }
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */      ij=1;
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */  
   double *delti; /* Scale */  
   double ***eij, ***vareij;      for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */        for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {
   double *epj, vepp;          if (Ndum[k] != 0) {
   char version[80]="Imach version 0.64, May 2000, INED-EUROREVES ";            nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];           
   char z[1]="c";            ij++;
 #include <sys/time.h>          }
 #include <time.h>          if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;
         }  
   /* long total_usecs;      }
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;    }  
     
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
   
    for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64");        ij=Tvar[i];
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");        Ndum[ij]++;
 #define windows 1      }
 #ifdef windows  
   scanf("%s",pathtot);   ij=1;
   getcwd(pathcd, size);   for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {
   cut(path,optionfile,pathtot);     if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
   chdir(path);       Tvaraff[ij]=i;
   replace(pathc,path);       ij++;
 #endif     }
 #ifdef unix   }
   scanf("%s",optionfile);   
 #endif      cptcoveff=ij-1;
   }
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/  
   /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   strcpy(fileres,"r");  
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);  void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov )
   
   /*---------arguments file --------*/  {
     /* Health expectancies */
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj;
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);    double age, agelim, hf;
     goto end;    double ***p3mat,***varhe;
   }    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
   strcpy(filereso,"o");    double **gp, **gm;
   strcat(filereso,fileres);    double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {    int theta;
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;  
   }    varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);
   if((fichtm=fopen("index.htm","w"))==NULL)    {   
     printf("Problem with index.htm \n");goto end;    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");
   }    fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul><li>Outputs files<br><br>\n      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n        fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>    fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>  
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>    if(estepm < stepm){
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>    }
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>    else  hstepm=estepm;  
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>    /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br><br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);     * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs<br> <br>");     * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear
       * progression inbetween and thus overestimating or underestimating according
 for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++)     * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we
    fprintf(fichtm,"- Prevalence of disability: p%s1.gif<br>     * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
 <img src=\"p%s1.gif\"><br>",strtok(optionfile, "."),strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);     * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear
  for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++)     * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      fprintf(fichtm,"- Observed and stationary  prevalence (with confident     * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d.gif <br>  
 <img src=\"v%s%d.gif\"><br>",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
      /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.
  for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++)       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim
      fprintf(fichtm,"- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d.gif <br>       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.
 <img src=\"ex%s%d.gif\"><br>",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
           and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
  fprintf(fichtm,"- Total life expectancy by age and    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
         health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s.gif<br>       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
         <img src=\"e%s.gif\"></li> </ul></body>",strtok(optionfile, "."),strtok(optionfile, "."));       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
 fclose(fichtm);    */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */  
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){    agelim=AGESUP;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     puts(line);      nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);
     fputs(line,ficparo);      /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */
   }      /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
       p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt);      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt);      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);
     
   nvar=ncov-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */      /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
            in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
   /* Read guess parameters */      hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);  
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */   
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){  
     ungetc(c,ficpar);      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);      /* Computing Variances of health expectancies */
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){
             xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncov);        }
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){   
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);        cptj=0;
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k<=ncov;k++){            cptj=cptj+1;
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);            for(h=0, gp[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);              gp[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);            }
       }          }
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        }
       printf("\n");       
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");       
     }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
             xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
   npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncov;        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
   p=param[1][1];       
           cptj=0;
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
     ungetc(c,ficpar);            cptj=cptj+1;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            for(h=0, gm[h][cptj]=0.; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     puts(line);              gm[h][cptj] = (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.;
     fputs(line,ficparo);            }
   }          }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        }
        
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncov);     
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */  
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        for(j=1; j<= nlstate*2; j++)
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);            gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);          }
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);  
       for(k=1; k<=ncov;k++){       }
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);     
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);  /* End theta */
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);  
       }       trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  
       printf("\n");       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");        for(j=1; j<=nlstate*2;j++)
     }          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   }          trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
   delti=delti3[1][1];  
     
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */       for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          varhe[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  
     puts(line);      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
     fputs(line,ficparo);        for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
   }          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar,1,nlstate*2,gradg[k]);
             for(i=1;i<=nlstate*2;i++)
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);            for(j=1;j<=nlstate*2;j++)
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){              varhe[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);        }
     printf("%s",str);      }
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);  
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){       
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);      /* Computing expectancies */
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     }          for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");            eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
     printf("\n");           
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");  /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   }  
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)          }
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)  
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];      fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
          cptj=0;
   printf("\n");      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
             cptj++;
   if(mle==1){          fprintf(ficreseij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[cptj][cptj][(int)age]) );
     /*-------- data file ----------*/        }
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {      fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;     
     }      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2);
           free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*2);
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     }    }
         free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     n= lastobs;    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*2,1,npar);
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2);
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*2,1,nlstate*2,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     num=ivector(1,n);  }
     moisnais=vector(1,n);  
     annais=vector(1,n);  /************ Variance ******************/
     moisdc=vector(1,n);  void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij, int estepm)
     andc=vector(1,n);  {
     agedc=vector(1,n);    /* Variance of health expectancies */
     cod=ivector(1,n);    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
     weight=vector(1,n);    double **newm;
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */    double **dnewm,**doldm;
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);    int k, cptcode;
     covar=matrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,n);    double *xp;
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    double **gp, **gm;
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);    double ***p3mat;
     i=1;     double age,agelim, hf;
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {    int theta;
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <lastobs)) {  
 sscanf(line,"%d %lf %lf %lf %lf/%lf %lf/%lf %lf/%lf %d %lf/%lf %d %lf/%lf %d %lf/%lf %d", &num[i], &covar[1][i], &covar[2][i],&weight[i],&moisnais[i],&annais[i],&moisdc[i],&andc[i], &mint[1][i], &anint[1][i], &s[1][i], &mint[2][i],&anint[2][i], &s[2][i],&mint[3][i],&anint[3][i], &s[3][i],&mint[4][i],&anint[4][i], &s[4][i]);     fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");
         i=i+1;    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
       }    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     }       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */        fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
     fclose(fic);  
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     }   
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/    if(estepm < stepm){
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);      printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
         }
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {    else  hstepm=estepm;  
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);    /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){    /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm.
         if(s[m][i] >0){       nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {       nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin.
             if(agedc[i]>0)       Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];       and note for a fixed period like k years */
             else{    /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);       survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
               agev[m][i]=-1;       means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
             }       you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same
           }       results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */    */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)    agelim = AGESUP;
               agev[m][i]=1;    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){       nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
               agemin=agev[m][i];      nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             }      gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){      gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
               agemax=agev[m][i];      gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/  
             }      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/          xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           }        }
           else { /* =9 */        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
             agev[m][i]=1;        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
             s[m][i]=-1;  
           }        if (popbased==1) {
         }          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         else /*= 0 Unknown */            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
           agev[m][i]=1;        }
       }   
             for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
     }          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {            for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){              gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {          }
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");          }
           goto end;     
         }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
       }          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     }        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
         prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);   
         if (popbased==1) {
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);            prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);        }
     free_vector(annais,1,n);  
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);            for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
     free_vector(andc,1,n);              gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
           }
            }
     wav=ivector(1,imx);  
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);        for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);          for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
                gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
     /* Concatenates waves */          }
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);      } /* End theta */
       
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age      trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */  
       freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx);       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]          vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */  
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */      for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
             for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncov, nlstate, ftol, func);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
               for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
     /*--------- results files --------------*/            for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt);              vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
             }
    jk=1;      }
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");  
    printf("# Parameters\n");      fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
        if (k != i)           fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
          {        }
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);      free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
            for(j=1; j <=ncov; j++){      free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);      free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);      free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
              jk++;       free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
            }    } /* End age */
            printf("\n");   
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
          }    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
      }    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
    }  
   }
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */  
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */  /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);  void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");  {
     printf("# Scales\n");    /* Variance of prevalence limit */
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){    /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){    double **newm;
         if (j!=i) {    double **dnewm,**doldm;
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);    int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);    int k, cptcode;
           for(k=1; k<=ncov;k++){    double *xp;
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);    double *gp, *gm;
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);    double **gradg, **trgradg;
             jk++;    double age,agelim;
           }    int theta;
           printf("\n");     
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");
         }    fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
       }    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       }        fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
     k=1;  
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");    xp=vector(1,npar);
     printf("# Covariance\n");    dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){    doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;   
       i1=(i-1)/(ncov*nlstate)+1;     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);    hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/    agelim = AGESUP;
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);    for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       printf("%3d",i);      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){      if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);      gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       }      gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");      gm=vector(1,nlstate);
       printf("\n");  
       k++;      for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       puts(line);          gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
       fputs(line,ficparo);     
     }        for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
               gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
     if (fage <= 2) {  
       bage = agemin;        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       fage = agemax;          gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
     }      } /* End theta */
   
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");      trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);  
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/      for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
 chdir(pathcd);        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.gp","w"))==NULL) {          trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;  
   }      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
 #ifdef windows        varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
 #endif      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
    /* 1eme*/      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {  
 #ifdef windows      fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:%d \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,cpt*2);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
 #endif        fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
 #ifdef unix      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:%d \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,cpt*2);      free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
 #endif      free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");      free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf",fileres,2*cpt,cpt*2+1);      free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    } /* End age */
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf",fileres,2*cpt,2*cpt+1);   
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,2+4*(cpt-1));    free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
 #ifdef unix    free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");  
 #endif  }
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);  
    /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   }  void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)
   /*2 eme*/  {
      int i, j, i1, k1, j1, z1;
   fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);    int k=0, cptcode;
   for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {    double **dnewm,**doldm;
 k=2*i;    double *xp;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" u 1:%d \"\%%lf \%%lf (\%%lf) \%%lf (\%%lf)",fileres,k);    double *gp, *gm;
     for (j=1; j< nlstate ; j ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    double **gradg, **trgradg;
     if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");    double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];
     else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);    int theta;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf \%%lf (\%%lf) \%%lf (\%%lf)",fileres,k,k+1);    char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for (j=1; j< nlstate ; j ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");  
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");
 fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf \%%lf (\%%lf) \%%lf (\%%lf)",fileres,k,k+1);    strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     for (j=1; j< nlstate ; j ++) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
     if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");      printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
 else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");    }
   }     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."));   
   fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and standard deviation in parentheses\n");
   /*3eme*/    fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
 for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {    for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
   k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k,cpt);        fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
 for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {  
 fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k+1,cpt,i+1);  
 }     fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"ex%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);  
 }  
      xp=vector(1,npar);
 /* CV preval stat */    dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
 for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {    doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     k=3;   
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u 2:($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k+cpt,k);    cov[1]=1;
     for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)    j=cptcoveff;
       fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i);    if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);    j1=0;
         for(k1=1; k1<=1;k1++){
  l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;      for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
    fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u 2:($%d/($%d",fileres,l+cpt,l);      j1++;
    
    for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {      if  (cptcovn>0) {
    l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;        fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable ");
     fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i);        for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);
    }        fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#");
   fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);      }
        
           for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){
   fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt);          cov[2]=age;
   }           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[j1][Tvar[k]]];
            
   fclose(ficgp);          }
              for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];
 chdir(path);          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);            cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);         
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);          gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);          trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);
               gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);          gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
          
               for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
     free_ivector(num,1,n);            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);              xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     free_vector(weight,1,n);           
     free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
     fclose(ficparo);           
     fclose(ficres);            k=0;
   }            for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   /*________fin mle=1_________*/                k=k+1;
                   gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
                 }
             }
   /* No more information from the sample is required now */           
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */            for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){              xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);     
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);            pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
     puts(line);            k=0;
     fputs(line,ficparo);            for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){
   }              for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   ungetc(c,ficpar);                k=k+1;
                   gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);              }
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);            }
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);       
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/              gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];  
             }
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");  
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);          for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;              trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
   }         
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);          matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");          matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");         
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);          pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");         
             k=0;
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);          for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              k=k+1;
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */              gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */            }
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */          }
          
   agebase=agemin;       /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
   agelim=agemax;       for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){
   ftolpl=1.e-10;         printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
   for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){       }*/
     prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl);  
     fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );          fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);          for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++)
     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");            fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e (%.3e) ",gm[i],sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
   }   
   fclose(ficrespl);        }
         }
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/      free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);      free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {      free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;    }
   }    free_vector(xp,1,npar);
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);    fclose(ficresprob);
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;   
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;  }
   
   agelim=AGESUP;  /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */  void printinghtml(char fileres[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
   for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */   int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char optionfile[], \
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    char optionfilehtm[],char rfileres[], char optionfilegnuplot[],\
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */   char version[], int popforecast, int estepm ){
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
     oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    FILE *fichtm;
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm);      /*char optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
     fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");  
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)    strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
         fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);    if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
     fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");      printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm), exit(0);
     for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    }
       fprintf(ficrespij,"%.0f %.0f",agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)   fprintf(fichtm,"<body> <font size=\"2\">%s </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)  Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>\n
           fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);  \n
       fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");  Total number of observations=%d <br>\n
     }  Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">
     fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");   <ul><li>Outputs files<br>\n
   }   - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n
   fclose(ficrespij);   - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n
    - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/   - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>\n
      - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>\n
   eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);   - Life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%2d months): <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>\n",version,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,estepm,fileres,fileres);
   oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  
   evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm);   fprintf(fichtm,"\n
      - Parameter file with estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n
   vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);    - Variance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"prob%s\">prob%s</a> <br>\n
   oldm=oldms;savm=savms;   - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>\n
   varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl);   - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>\n
    - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>\n",rfileres,rfileres,fileres,fileres, estepm, fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);
   strcpy(filerest,"t");  
   strcat(filerest,fileres);   if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {   - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;   - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n
   }          <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);   else
   fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");     fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model);
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");
   fprintf(ficrest,"\n");  
    m=cptcoveff;
   hf=1;   if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;  
   epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);   jj1=0;
   for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){   for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
     prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl);     for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){
     fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);         jj1++;
     for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){         if (cptcovn > 0) {
       for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {           fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
         epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];           for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)
       }             fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[jj1][cpt]]);
       epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];           fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
     }         }
     for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)         fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>
       for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)  <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);    
         vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];         for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){
     fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));           fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>
     for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){  <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);
       fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));         }
     }      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
     fprintf(ficrest,"\n");         fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident
   }  interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>
   fclose(ficrest);  <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);  
   fclose(ficpar);       }
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);       for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/     <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,jj1);
        }
   varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);       fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and
   oldm=oldms;savm=savms;  health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>
   varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl);  <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1,strtok(optionfile, "."),jj1);
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");
        }
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);     }
     fclose(fichtm);
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);  }
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);  
     /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
     void printinggnuplot(char fileres[],char optionfilefiname[],char optionfile[],char optionfilegnuplot[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    int m,cpt,k1,i,k,j,jk,k2,k3,ij,l;
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);  
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);    strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp.txt");
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);    if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);      printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
       }
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncov);  
   #ifdef windows
   printf("End of Imach\n");      fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */  #endif
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/   
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/   /* 1eme*/
   /*------ End -----------*/    for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
      for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
  end:  
 #ifdef windows       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
  chdir(pathcd);  
 #endif   for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
  system("gnuplot graph.gp");    if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
     else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
 #ifdef windows  }
   while (z[0] != 'q') {      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
     chdir(pathcd);       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");    if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
     scanf("%s",z);    else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");  }
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {    fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
       chdir(path);       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
       system("index.htm");    if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
     }    else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);  }  
   }       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
 #endif   
 }  fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);
      }
     }
     /*2 eme*/
   
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
      
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
         k=2*i;
         fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
     if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
     else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
   }  
         if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
           if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
           else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
   }  
         fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
        fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
     if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");
     else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");
   }  
         if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");
         else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");
       }
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);
     }
    
     /*3eme*/
   
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
    for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
   fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
    for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
   
   */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           fprintf(ficgp," ,\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);
   
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);
       }
       }
    
     /* CV preval stat */
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {
       for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         k=3;
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",ageminpar,agemaxpar,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);
   
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);
        
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
           l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;
           fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);  
         fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);
       }
     }  
    
     /* proba elementaires */
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
          
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++;
             fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       }
   
       for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
      i=1;
      for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
        k3=i;
        for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
          if (k != k2){
           fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
   ij=1;
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {
             if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
               fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
               ij++;
             }
             else
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
           }
             fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
          
           for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){  
             fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
   ij=1;
             for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {
               fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);
               ij++;
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);
             }
             fprintf(ficgp,")");
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
           if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");
           i=i+ncovmodel;
          }
        }
      }
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);
      }
      
     fclose(ficgp);
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   void movingaverage(double agedeb, double fage,double ageminpar, double ***mobaverage){
   
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
       for (agedeb=ageminpar; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;
      
       for (agedeb=ageminpar+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
             for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){
               mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];
             }
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;
           }
         }
       }
      
   }
   
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1,double mproj1,double jproj1,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anproj2,double p[], int i2){
    
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
    agelim=AGESUP;
   calagedate=(anproj1+mproj1/12.+jproj1/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
   
     prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);
    
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"f");
     strcat(fileresf,fileres);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav==1) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
    
     agelim=AGESUP;
    
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm;
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
    
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Estimated date of observed prevalence: %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean);
    
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficresf," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);
        
        
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=(anproj2-anproj1);cpt++) {
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
           fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+cpt);  
   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
            
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
          
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %.f %.f ",anproj1+cpt,agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               }
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1)
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                  
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){
                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", kk1);
                          
                 }
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
       }
     }
          
     if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     fclose(ficresf);
   }
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
    
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedate, agelim, kk1, kk2, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedate=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
    
     prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);
    
    
     strcpy(filerespop,"pop");
     strcat(filerespop,fileres);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     if (mobilav==1) {
       mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
       movingaverage(agedeb, fage, ageminpar, mobaverage);
     }
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
    
     agelim=AGESUP;
    
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm;
    
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       }
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
      
       i=1;  
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
      
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
   
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
      for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
        
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);  
          
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
            
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
          
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               }
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1)
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                     /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                       if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                     kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod];
                   }
                     tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedate+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
   
               if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
    
     /******/
   
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);  
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedate %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedate %12)/12.); agedeb--){
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm);
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;
            
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedate+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               }
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedate+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
      }
     }
    
     if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
   
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   }
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;
     double agedeb, agefin,hf;
     double ageminpar=1.e20,agemin=1.e20, agemaxpar=-1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;
   
     double fret;
     double **xi,tmp,delta;
   
     double dum; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     int *indx;
     char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];
     char title[MAXLINE];
     char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
    
     char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */
     int c,  h , cpt,l;
     int ju,jl, mi;
     int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;
     int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm, nhstepm;
     double jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,jpyram, mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1, mpyram1,anpyram1, calagedate;
   
     double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double *severity;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
     double kk1, kk2;
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2;
    
   
     char version[80]="Imach version 0.8a1, June 2003, INED-EUROREVES ";
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];
   
   
     char z[1]="c", occ;
   #include <sys/time.h>
   #include <time.h>
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];
    
     /* long total_usecs;
     struct timeval start_time, end_time;
    
     gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   
     printf("\n%s",version);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       scanf("%s",pathtot);
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, 80)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
      printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s optionfilext=%s optionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     chdir(path);
     replace(pathc,path);
   
   /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /*---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);
       goto end;
     }
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileres);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);
     printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
     cptcovn=0;
     if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;
   
     ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;
     nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */
    
     /* Read guess parameters */
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
     param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
           printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
    
       npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;
   
     p=param[1][1];
    
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
         fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
           printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     delti=delti3[1][1];
    
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
     matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
       fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);
       printf("%s",str);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);
       for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
         fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
         printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
       }
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
       printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
     }
     for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
       for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
         matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
      
     printf("\n");
   
   
       /*-------- Rewriting paramater file ----------*/
        strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
        strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
        strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
        strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", fileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
      
       /*-------- data file ----------*/
       if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
         printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;
       }
   
       n= lastobs;
       severity = vector(1,maxwav);
       outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       num=ivector(1,n);
       moisnais=vector(1,n);
       annais=vector(1,n);
       moisdc=vector(1,n);
       andc=vector(1,n);
       agedc=vector(1,n);
       cod=ivector(1,n);
       weight=vector(1,n);
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
       mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
       anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
       s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);    
       tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
       ncodemax=ivector(1,8);
   
       i=1;
       while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {
         if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {
          
           for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
             cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);
             strcpy(line,stra);
             cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
             cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           }
          
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
   
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
   
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
             cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);
           }
           num[i]=atol(stra);
          
           /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
             printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
   
           i=i+1;
         }
       }
       /* printf("ii=%d", ij);
          scanf("%d",i);*/
     imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
   
     /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;
       if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;
       if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;
       }*/
      /*  for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
        if (s[4][i]==9)  s[4][i]=-1;
        printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));}*/
    
    
     /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/
     Tvar=ivector(1,15);
     Tprod=ivector(1,15);
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);
     Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);
     Tage=ivector(1,15);      
      
     if (strlen(model) >1){
       j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;
       j=nbocc(model,'+');
       j1=nbocc(model,'*');
       cptcovn=j+1;
       cptcovprod=j1;
      
       strcpy(modelsav,model);
       if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){
         printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);
         goto end;
       }
      
       for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){
         cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');
         if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);
         /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
         /*scanf("%d",i);*/
         if (strchr(strb,'*')) {
           cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');
           if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=i;
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
           }
           else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {
             cptcovprod--;
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);
             cptcovage++;
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;
           }
           else {
             cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');
             Tvar[i]=ncovcol+k1;
             cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');
             Tprod[k1]=i;
             Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);
             Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];
             Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
             for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)
               covar[ncovcol+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];
             k1++;
             k2=k2+2;
           }
         }
         else {
           /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
          /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');
         Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);
         }
         strcpy(modelsav,stra);  
         /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
           scanf("%d",i);*/
       }
   }
    
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
       fclose(fic);
   
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
       if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/
         for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;
       }
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
       agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
          if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
            anint[m][i]=9999;
            s[m][i]=-1;
          }
        if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999 & s[m][i]>nlstate) s[m][i]=-1;
         }
       }
   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
         agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
         for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){
           if(s[m][i] >0){
             if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
               if(agedc[i]>0)
                 if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)
                   agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
               /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
              else {
                 if (andc[i]!=9999){
                 printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                 agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
             }
             else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */
               agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
               if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)
                 agev[m][i]=1;
               else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){
                 agemin=agev[m][i];
                 /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/
               }
               else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){
                 agemax=agev[m][i];
                /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/
               }
               /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
               /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
             }
             else { /* =9 */
               agev[m][i]=1;
               s[m][i]=-1;
             }
           }
           else /*= 0 Unknown */
             agev[m][i]=1;
         }
      
       }
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
         for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){
           if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
             printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");  
             goto end;
           }
         }
       }
   
   printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);
   
       free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);
       free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
       free_vector(annais,1,n);
       /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
          free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
       free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
       free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
      
       wav=ivector(1,imx);
       dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
       mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
      
       /* Concatenates waves */
         concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
   
   
         Tcode=ivector(1,100);
         nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
         ncodemax[1]=1;
         if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);
        
      codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);
      h=0;
      m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
      for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){
        for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){
          for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){
            for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){
              h++;
              if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;
              /*  printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d tvar[k]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k]);*/
            }
          }
        }
      }
      /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]);
         codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
      /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){
         for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){
         printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);
         }
         printf("\n");
         }
         scanf("%d",i);*/
      
      /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
          and prints on file fileres'p'. */
   
      
      
       pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
        
       /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
          so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
       p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
       if(mle==1){
       mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
      
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
    
   
      jk=1;
      fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
      printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
        for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
          if (k != i)
            {
              printf("%d%d ",i,k);
              fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
              for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                printf("%f ",p[jk]);
                fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);
                jk++;
              }
              printf("\n");
              fprintf(ficres,"\n");
            }
        }
      }
    if(mle==1){
       /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */
       ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
       hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
    }
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
        for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
        }
      
       k=1;
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){
         /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;
         i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;
         fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);
         printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/
         fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);
         printf("%3d",i);
         for(j=1; j<=i;j++){
           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);
           printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fprintf(ficres,"\n");
         printf("\n");
         k++;
       }
      
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         puts(line);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       estepm=0;
       fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm);
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
      
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm);
    
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
     fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2);
     fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);
    fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);
        
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
    
   
      dateprev1=anprev1+mprev1/12.+jprev1/365.;
      dateprev2=anprev2+mprev2/12.+jprev2/365.;
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
     fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);  
     fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);  
    
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilav);
   fprintf(ficparo,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);
   fprintf(ficres,"starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilav);
   
   
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
     fscanf(ficpar,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf last-popfiledate=%lf/%lf/%lf\n",&popforecast,popfile,&jpyram,&mpyram,&anpyram,&jpyram1,&mpyram1,&anpyram1);
     fprintf(ficparo,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);
     fprintf(ficres,"popforecast=%d popfile=%s popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf last-popfiledate=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",popforecast,popfile,jpyram,mpyram,anpyram,jpyram1,mpyram1,anpyram1);
   
    freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);
   
   /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/
    printinggnuplot(fileres,optionfilefiname,optionfile,optionfilegnuplot, ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
    
   /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
    chdir(path);
    
    free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
    free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);
    free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);  
    free_ivector(num,1,n);
    free_vector(agedc,1,n);
    /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
    fclose(ficparo);
    fclose(ficres);
   
   /*--------- index.htm --------*/
   
     printinghtml(fileres,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,optionfile,optionfilehtm,rfileres,optionfilegnuplot,version,popforecast,estepm);
   
    
     /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/
    
     strcpy(filerespl,"pl");
     strcat(filerespl,fileres);
     if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;
     }
     printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
    
     prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
     k=0;
     agebase=ageminpar;
     agelim=agemaxpar;
     ftolpl=1.e-10;
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
           k=k+1;
           /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
             fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
          
           for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
             fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
     fclose(ficrespl);
   
     /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
    
     strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);
     if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;
     }
     printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
    
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
    
     k=0;
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
             fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
          
           for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
              for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                   fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
               fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
                }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
       }
     }
   
     varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);
   
     fclose(ficrespij);
   
   
     /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
     if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){
       prevforecast(fileres, anproj1,mproj1,jproj1, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anproj2,p, i1);
       if (popforecast==1) populforecast(fileres, anpyram,mpyram,jpyram, agemin,agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2,mobilav, agedeb, fage, popforecast, popfile, anpyram1,p, i1);
     }
     else{
       erreur=108;
       printf("Warning %d!! You can only forecast the prevalences if the optimization\n  has been performed with stepm = 1 (month) instead of %d or model=. instead of '%s'\n", erreur, stepm, model);
     }
    
   
     /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
   
     strcpy(filerest,"t");
     strcat(filerest,fileres);
     if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
     }
     printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);
   
   
     strcpy(filerese,"e");
     strcat(filerese,fileres);
     if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
     }
     printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);
   
    strcpy(fileresv,"v");
     strcat(fileresv,fileres);
     if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
     }
     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);
     calagedate=-1;
   prevalence(ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,dateprev1,dateprev2, calagedate);
   
     k=0;
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
   
         fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
   
         fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
   
         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov);  
    
         vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
          varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k, estepm);
      
   
    
         fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");
         for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
   
         epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
         for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);
           if (popbased==1) {
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
           }
          
           fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f",age);
           for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
             for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
               epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
               /*  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
             }
             epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
           }
   
           for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
               vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
           }
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
         }
       }
     }
   free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
     fclose(ficreseij);
     fclose(ficresvij);
     fclose(ficrest);
     fclose(ficpar);
     free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
    
     /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/  
   
     strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");
     strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);
     if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
       exit(0);
     }
     printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);
   
     k=0;
     for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);
         fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
        
         varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
        varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);
       }
    }
   
     fclose(ficresvpl);
   
     /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
     free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
    
     free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
    
    
     free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
     free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
    
     free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_vector(delti,1,npar);
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
     free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
     if(erreur >0)
       printf("End of Imach with error or warning %d\n",erreur);
     else   printf("End of Imach\n");
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
    
     /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/
     /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
    end:
     /* chdir(pathcd);*/
    /*system("wgnuplot graph.plt");*/
    /*system("../gp37mgw/wgnuplot graph.plt");*/
    /*system("cd ../gp37mgw");*/
    /* system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");*/
    strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
    strcat(plotcmd," ");
    strcat(plotcmd,optionfilegnuplot);
    system(plotcmd);
   
    /*#ifdef windows*/
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit output files, g to graph again, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
       if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");
       else if (z[0] == 'e') system(optionfilehtm);
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     /*#endif */
   }
   
   

Removed from v.1.1.1.1  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.41.2.2


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