Diff for /imach/src/imach.c between versions 1.14 and 1.219

version 1.14, 2002/02/20 17:05:44 version 1.219, 2016/02/15 00:48:12
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      /* $Id$
 /*********************** Imach **************************************            $State$
   This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from cross-longitudinal    $Log$
   data. Cross-longitudinal consist in a first survey ("cross") where    Revision 1.219  2016/02/15 00:48:12  brouard
   individuals from different ages are interviewed on their health status    *** empty log message ***
   or degree of  disability. At least a second wave of interviews  
   ("longitudinal") should  measure each new individual health status.    Revision 1.218  2016/02/12 11:29:23  brouard
   Health expectancies are computed from the transistions observed between    Summary: 0.99 Back projections
   waves and are computed for each degree of severity of disability (number  
   of life states). More degrees you consider, more time is necessary to    Revision 1.217  2015/12/23 17:18:31  brouard
   reach the Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.    Summary: Experimental backcast
   The simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is  
   the probabibility to be observed in state j at the second wave conditional    Revision 1.216  2015/12/18 17:32:11  brouard
   to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore the model is:    Summary: 0.98r4 Warning and status=-2
   log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where 'age' is age and 'sex'  
   is a covariate. If you want to have a more complex model than "constant and    Version 0.98r4 is now:
   age", you should modify the program where the markup     - displaying an error when status is -1, date of interview unknown and date of death known;
     *Covariates have to be included here again* invites you to do it.     - permitting a status -2 when the vital status is unknown at a known date of right truncation.
   More covariates you add, less is the speed of the convergence.    Older changes concerning s=-2, dating from 2005 have been supersed.
   
   The advantage that this computer programme claims, comes from that if the    Revision 1.215  2015/12/16 08:52:24  brouard
   delay between waves is not identical for each individual, or if some    Summary: 0.98r4 working
   individual missed an interview, the information is not rounded or lost, but  
   taken into account using an interpolation or extrapolation.    Revision 1.214  2015/12/16 06:57:54  brouard
   hPijx is the probability to be    Summary: temporary not working
   observed in state i at age x+h conditional to the observed state i at age  
   x. The delay 'h' can be split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of    Revision 1.213  2015/12/11 18:22:17  brouard
   unobserved intermediate  states. This elementary transition (by month or    Summary: 0.98r4
   quarter trimester, semester or year) is model as a multinomial logistic.  
   The hPx matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices    Revision 1.212  2015/11/21 12:47:24  brouard
   and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply hPijx.    Summary: minor typo
   
   Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also    Revision 1.211  2015/11/21 12:41:11  brouard
   of the life expectancies. It also computes the prevalence limits.    Summary: 0.98r3 with some graph of projected cross-sectional
    
   Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).    Author: Nicolas Brouard
            Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.  
   This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action    Revision 1.210  2015/11/18 17:41:20  brouard
   from the European Union.    Summary: Start working on projected prevalences
   It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and  
   software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version    Revision 1.209  2015/11/17 22:12:03  brouard
   can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .    Summary: Adding ftolpl parameter
   **********************************************************************/    Author: N Brouard
    
 #include <math.h>    We had difficulties to get smoothed confidence intervals. It was due
 #include <stdio.h>    to the period prevalence which wasn't computed accurately. The inner
 #include <stdlib.h>    parameter ftolpl is now an outer parameter of the .imach parameter
 #include <unistd.h>    file after estepm. If ftolpl is small 1.e-4 and estepm too,
     computation are long.
 #define MAXLINE 256  
 #define FILENAMELENGTH 80    Revision 1.208  2015/11/17 14:31:57  brouard
 /*#define DEBUG*/    Summary: temporary
 #define windows  
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */    Revision 1.207  2015/10/27 17:36:57  brouard
 #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */    *** empty log message ***
   
 #define MAXPARM 30 /* Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */    Revision 1.206  2015/10/24 07:14:11  brouard
 #define NPARMAX 64 /* (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */    *** empty log message ***
   
 #define NINTERVMAX 8    Revision 1.205  2015/10/23 15:50:53  brouard
 #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /* Maximum number of live states (for func) */    Summary: 0.98r3 some clarification for graphs on likelihood contributions
 #define NDEATHMAX 8 /* Maximum number of dead states (for func) */  
 #define NCOVMAX 8 /* Maximum number of covariates */    Revision 1.204  2015/10/01 16:20:26  brouard
 #define MAXN 20000    Summary: Some new graphs of contribution to likelihood
 #define YEARM 12. /* Number of months per year */  
 #define AGESUP 130    Revision 1.203  2015/09/30 17:45:14  brouard
 #define AGEBASE 40    Summary: looking at better estimation of the hessian
   
     Also a better criteria for convergence to the period prevalence And
 int nvar;    therefore adding the number of years needed to converge. (The
 int cptcovn, cptcovage=0, cptcoveff=0,cptcov;    prevalence in any alive state shold sum to one
 int npar=NPARMAX;  
 int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */    Revision 1.202  2015/09/22 19:45:16  brouard
 int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */    Summary: Adding some overall graph on contribution to likelihood. Might change
 int ncovmodel, ncov;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */  
 int popbased=0, fprev,lprev;    Revision 1.201  2015/09/15 17:34:58  brouard
     Summary: 0.98r0
 int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */  
 int maxwav; /* Maxim number of waves */    - Some new graphs like suvival functions
 int jmin, jmax; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */    - Some bugs fixed like model=1+age+V2.
 int mle, weightopt;  
 int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */    Revision 1.200  2015/09/09 16:53:55  brouard
 int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */    Summary: Big bug thanks to Flavia
 double jmean; /* Mean space between 2 waves */  
 double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */    Even model=1+age+V2. did not work anymore
 double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */  
 FILE *fic,*ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres,  *ficrespl, *ficrespij, *ficrest,*ficresf;    Revision 1.199  2015/09/07 14:09:23  brouard
 FILE *ficgp, *fichtm,*ficresprob;    Summary: 0.98q6 changing default small png format for graph to vectorized svg.
 FILE *ficreseij;  
   char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];    Revision 1.198  2015/09/03 07:14:39  brouard
  FILE  *ficresvij;    Summary: 0.98q5 Flavia
   char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];  
  FILE  *ficresvpl;    Revision 1.197  2015/09/01 18:24:39  brouard
   char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];    *** empty log message ***
   
 #define NR_END 1    Revision 1.196  2015/08/18 23:17:52  brouard
 #define FREE_ARG char*    Summary: 0.98q5
 #define FTOL 1.0e-10  
     Revision 1.195  2015/08/18 16:28:39  brouard
 #define NRANSI    Summary: Adding a hack for testing purpose
 #define ITMAX 200  
     After reading the title, ftol and model lines, if the comment line has
 #define TOL 2.0e-4    a q, starting with #q, the answer at the end of the run is quit. It
     permits to run test files in batch with ctest. The former workaround was
 #define CGOLD 0.3819660    $ echo q | imach foo.imach
 #define ZEPS 1.0e-10  
 #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d);    Revision 1.194  2015/08/18 13:32:00  brouard
     Summary:  Adding error when the covariance matrix doesn't contain the exact number of lines required by the model line.
 #define GOLD 1.618034  
 #define GLIMIT 100.0    Revision 1.193  2015/08/04 07:17:42  brouard
 #define TINY 1.0e-20    Summary: 0.98q4
   
 static double maxarg1,maxarg2;    Revision 1.192  2015/07/16 16:49:02  brouard
 #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))    Summary: Fixing some outputs
 #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))  
      Revision 1.191  2015/07/14 10:00:33  brouard
 #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))    Summary: Some fixes
 #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)  
     Revision 1.190  2015/05/05 08:51:13  brouard
 static double sqrarg;    Summary: Adding digits in output parameters (7 digits instead of 6)
 #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)  
 #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;}    Fix 1+age+.
   
 int imx;    Revision 1.189  2015/04/30 14:45:16  brouard
 int stepm;    Summary: 0.98q2
 /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/  
     Revision 1.188  2015/04/30 08:27:53  brouard
 int m,nb;    *** empty log message ***
 int *num, firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *ncodemax, *Tage;  
 double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;    Revision 1.187  2015/04/29 09:11:15  brouard
 double **pmmij, ***probs, ***mobaverage;    *** empty log message ***
   
 double *weight;    Revision 1.186  2015/04/23 12:01:52  brouard
 int **s; /* Status */    Summary: V1*age is working now, version 0.98q1
 double *agedc, **covar, idx;  
 int **nbcode, *Tcode, *Tvar, **codtab, **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;    Some codes had been disabled in order to simplify and Vn*age was
     working in the optimization phase, ie, giving correct MLE parameters,
 double ftol=FTOL; /* Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */    but, as usual, outputs were not correct and program core dumped.
 double ftolhess; /* Tolerance for computing hessian */  
     Revision 1.185  2015/03/11 13:26:42  brouard
 /**************** split *************************/    Summary: Inclusion of compile and links command line for Intel Compiler
 static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name )  
 {    Revision 1.184  2015/03/11 11:52:39  brouard
    char *s;                             /* pointer */    Summary: Back from Windows 8. Intel Compiler
    int  l1, l2;                         /* length counters */  
     Revision 1.183  2015/03/10 20:34:32  brouard
    l1 = strlen( path );                 /* length of path */    Summary: 0.98q0, trying with directest, mnbrak fixed
    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );  
    s = strrchr( path, '\\' );           /* find last / */    We use directest instead of original Powell test; probably no
    if ( s == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so use current */    incidence on the results, but better justifications;
 #if     defined(__bsd__)                /* get current working directory */    We fixed Numerical Recipes mnbrak routine which was wrong and gave
       extern char       *getwd( );    wrong results.
   
       if ( getwd( dirc ) == NULL ) {    Revision 1.182  2015/02/12 08:19:57  brouard
 #else    Summary: Trying to keep directest which seems simpler and more general
       extern char       *getcwd( );    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   
       if ( getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {    Revision 1.181  2015/02/11 23:22:24  brouard
 #endif    Summary: Comments on Powell added
          return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );  
       }    Author:
       strcpy( name, path );             /* we've got it */  
    } else {                             /* strip direcotry from path */    Revision 1.180  2015/02/11 17:33:45  brouard
       s++;                              /* after this, the filename */    Summary: Finishing move from main to function (hpijx and prevalence_limit)
       l2 = strlen( s );                 /* length of filename */  
       if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );    Revision 1.179  2015/01/04 09:57:06  brouard
       strcpy( name, s );                /* save file name */    Summary: back to OS/X
       strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );   /* now the directory */  
       dirc[l1-l2] = 0;                  /* add zero */    Revision 1.178  2015/01/04 09:35:48  brouard
    }    *** empty log message ***
    l1 = strlen( dirc );                 /* length of directory */  
    if ( dirc[l1-1] != '\\' ) { dirc[l1] = '\\'; dirc[l1+1] = 0; }    Revision 1.177  2015/01/03 18:40:56  brouard
    return( 0 );                         /* we're done */    Summary: Still testing ilc32 on OSX
 }  
     Revision 1.176  2015/01/03 16:45:04  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
 /******************************************/  
     Revision 1.175  2015/01/03 16:33:42  brouard
 void replace(char *s, char*t)    *** empty log message ***
 {  
   int i;    Revision 1.174  2015/01/03 16:15:49  brouard
   int lg=20;    Summary: Still in cross-compilation
   i=0;  
   lg=strlen(t);    Revision 1.173  2015/01/03 12:06:26  brouard
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {    Summary: trying to detect cross-compilation
     (s[i] = t[i]);  
     if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';    Revision 1.172  2014/12/27 12:07:47  brouard
   }    Summary: Back from Visual Studio and Intel, options for compiling for Windows XP
 }  
     Revision 1.171  2014/12/23 13:26:59  brouard
 int nbocc(char *s, char occ)    Summary: Back from Visual C
 {  
   int i,j=0;    Still problem with utsname.h on Windows
   int lg=20;  
   i=0;    Revision 1.170  2014/12/23 11:17:12  brouard
   lg=strlen(s);    Summary: Cleaning some \%% back to %%
   for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {  
   if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;    The escape was mandatory for a specific compiler (which one?), but too many warnings.
   }  
   return j;    Revision 1.169  2014/12/22 23:08:31  brouard
 }    Summary: 0.98p
   
 void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ)    Outputs some informations on compiler used, OS etc. Testing on different platforms.
 {  
   int i,lg,j,p=0;    Revision 1.168  2014/12/22 15:17:42  brouard
   i=0;    Summary: update
   for(j=0; j<=strlen(t)-1; j++) {  
     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1;    Revision 1.167  2014/12/22 13:50:56  brouard
   }    Summary: Testing uname and compiler version and if compiled 32 or 64
   
   lg=strlen(t);    Testing on Linux 64
   for(j=0; j<p; j++) {  
     (u[j] = t[j]);    Revision 1.166  2014/12/22 11:40:47  brouard
   }    *** empty log message ***
      u[p]='\0';  
     Revision 1.165  2014/12/16 11:20:36  brouard
    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) {    Summary: After compiling on Visual C
     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]);  
   }    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 }  
     Revision 1.164  2014/12/16 10:52:11  brouard
 /********************** nrerror ********************/    Summary: Merging with Visual C after suppressing some warnings for unused variables. Also fixing Saito's bug 0.98Xn
   
 void nrerror(char error_text[])    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
 {  
   fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");    Revision 1.163  2014/12/16 10:30:11  brouard
   fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);    * imach.c (Module): Merging 1.61 to 1.162
   exit(1);  
 }    Revision 1.162  2014/09/25 11:43:39  brouard
 /*********************** vector *******************/    Summary: temporary backup 0.99!
 double *vector(int nl, int nh)  
 {    Revision 1.1  2014/09/16 11:06:58  brouard
   double *v;    Summary: With some code (wrong) for nlopt
   v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));  
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");    Author:
   return v-nl+NR_END;  
 }    Revision 1.161  2014/09/15 20:41:41  brouard
     Summary: Problem with macro SQR on Intel compiler
 /************************ free vector ******************/  
 void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)    Revision 1.160  2014/09/02 09:24:05  brouard
 {    *** empty log message ***
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.159  2014/09/01 10:34:10  brouard
     Summary: WIN32
 /************************ivector *******************************/    Author: Brouard
 int *ivector(long nl,long nh)  
 {    Revision 1.158  2014/08/27 17:11:51  brouard
   int *v;    *** empty log message ***
   v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));  
   if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");    Revision 1.157  2014/08/27 16:26:55  brouard
   return v-nl+NR_END;    Summary: Preparing windows Visual studio version
 }    Author: Brouard
   
 /******************free ivector **************************/    In order to compile on Visual studio, time.h is now correct and time_t
 void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)    and tm struct should be used. difftime should be used but sometimes I
 {    just make the differences in raw time format (time(&now).
   free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));    Trying to suppress #ifdef LINUX
 }    Add xdg-open for __linux in order to open default browser.
   
 /******************* imatrix *******************************/    Revision 1.156  2014/08/25 20:10:10  brouard
 int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    *** empty log message ***
      /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */  
 {    Revision 1.155  2014/08/25 18:32:34  brouard
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Summary: New compile, minor changes
   int **m;    Author: Brouard
    
   /* allocate pointers to rows */    Revision 1.154  2014/06/20 17:32:08  brouard
   m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*)));    Summary: Outputs now all graphs of convergence to period prevalence
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");  
   m += NR_END;    Revision 1.153  2014/06/20 16:45:46  brouard
   m -= nrl;    Summary: If 3 live state, convergence to period prevalence on same graph
      Author: Brouard
    
   /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */    Revision 1.152  2014/06/18 17:54:09  brouard
   m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));    Summary: open browser, use gnuplot on same dir than imach if not found in the path
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");  
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    Revision 1.151  2014/06/18 16:43:30  brouard
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    *** empty log message ***
    
   for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Revision 1.150  2014/06/18 16:42:35  brouard
      Summary: If gnuplot is not in the path try on same directory than imach binary (OSX)
   /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */    Author: brouard
   return m;  
 }    Revision 1.149  2014/06/18 15:51:14  brouard
     Summary: Some fixes in parameter files errors
 /****************** free_imatrix *************************/    Author: Nicolas Brouard
 void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)  
       int **m;    Revision 1.148  2014/06/17 17:38:48  brouard
       long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl;    Summary: Nothing new
      /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */    Author: Brouard
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Just a new packaging for OS/X version 0.98nS
   free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.147  2014/06/16 10:33:11  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
 /******************* matrix *******************************/  
 double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Revision 1.146  2014/06/16 10:20:28  brouard
 {    Summary: Merge
   long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;    Author: Brouard
   double **m;  
     Merge, before building revised version.
   m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Revision 1.145  2014/06/10 21:23:15  brouard
   m += NR_END;    Summary: Debugging with valgrind
   m -= nrl;    Author: Nicolas Brouard
   
   m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    Lot of changes in order to output the results with some covariates
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    After the Edimburgh REVES conference 2014, it seems mandatory to
   m[nrl] += NR_END;    improve the code.
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    No more memory valgrind error but a lot has to be done in order to
     continue the work of splitting the code into subroutines.
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;    Also, decodemodel has been improved. Tricode is still not
   return m;    optimal. nbcode should be improved. Documentation has been added in
 }    the source code.
   
 /*************************free matrix ************************/    Revision 1.143  2014/01/26 09:45:38  brouard
 void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)    Summary: Version 0.98nR (to be improved, but gives same optimization results as 0.98k. Nice, promising
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));    (Module): Version 0.98nR Running ok, but output format still only works for three covariates.
 }  
     Revision 1.142  2014/01/26 03:57:36  brouard
 /******************* ma3x *******************************/    Summary: gnuplot changed plot w l 1 has to be changed to plot w l lt 2
 double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)  
 {    * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;  
   double ***m;    Revision 1.141  2014/01/26 02:42:01  brouard
     * imach.c (Module): Trying to merge old staffs together while being at Tokyo. Not tested...
   m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));  
   if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");    Revision 1.140  2011/09/02 10:37:54  brouard
   m += NR_END;    Summary: times.h is ok with mingw32 now.
   m -= nrl;  
     Revision 1.139  2010/06/14 07:50:17  brouard
   m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    After the theft of my laptop, I probably lost some lines of codes which were not uploaded to the CVS tree.
   if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");    I remember having already fixed agemin agemax which are pointers now but not cvs saved.
   m[nrl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl] -= ncl;    Revision 1.138  2010/04/30 18:19:40  brouard
     *** empty log message ***
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;  
     Revision 1.137  2010/04/29 18:11:38  brouard
   m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));    (Module): Checking covariates for more complex models
   if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");    than V1+V2. A lot of change to be done. Unstable.
   m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;  
   m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;    Revision 1.136  2010/04/26 20:30:53  brouard
   for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    (Module): merging some libgsl code. Fixing computation
     m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;    of likelione (using inter/intrapolation if mle = 0) in order to
      get same likelihood as if mle=1.
   for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {    Some cleaning of code and comments added.
     m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;  
     for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++)    Revision 1.135  2009/10/29 15:33:14  brouard
       m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   }  
   return m;    Revision 1.134  2009/10/29 13:18:53  brouard
 }    (Module): Now imach stops if date of birth, at least year of birth, is not given. Some cleaning of the code.
   
 /*************************free ma3x ************************/    Revision 1.133  2009/07/06 10:21:25  brouard
 void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)    just nforces
 {  
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));    Revision 1.132  2009/07/06 08:22:05  brouard
   free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));    Many tings
   free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));  
 }    Revision 1.131  2009/06/20 16:22:47  brouard
     Some dimensions resccaled
 /***************** f1dim *************************/  
 extern int ncom;    Revision 1.130  2009/05/26 06:44:34  brouard
 extern double *pcom,*xicom;    (Module): Max Covariate is now set to 20 instead of 8. A
 extern double (*nrfunc)(double []);    lot of cleaning with variables initialized to 0. Trying to make
      V2+V3*age+V1+V4 strb=V3*age+V1+V4 working better.
 double f1dim(double x)  
 {    Revision 1.129  2007/08/31 13:49:27  lievre
   int j;    Modification of the way of exiting when the covariate is not binary in order to see on the window the error message before exiting
   double f;  
   double *xt;    Revision 1.128  2006/06/30 13:02:05  brouard
      (Module): Clarifications on computing e.j
   xt=vector(1,ncom);  
   for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j];    Revision 1.127  2006/04/28 18:11:50  brouard
   f=(*nrfunc)(xt);    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
   free_vector(xt,1,ncom);    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
   return f;    loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
 }    (Module): In order to speed up (in case of numerous covariates) we
     compute health expectancies (without variances) in a first step
 /*****************brent *************************/    and then all the health expectancies with variances or standard
 double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin)    deviation (needs data from the Hessian matrices) which slows the
 {    computation.
   int iter;    In the future we should be able to stop the program is only health
   double a,b,d,etemp;    expectancies and graph are needed without standard deviations.
   double fu,fv,fw,fx;  
   double ftemp;    Revision 1.126  2006/04/28 17:23:28  brouard
   double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm;    (Module): Yes the sum of survivors was wrong since
   double e=0.0;    imach-114 because nhstepm was no more computed in the age
      loop. Now we define nhstepma in the age loop.
   a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx);    Version 0.98h
   b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx);  
   x=w=v=bx;    Revision 1.125  2006/04/04 15:20:31  lievre
   fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x);    Errors in calculation of health expectancies. Age was not initialized.
   for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) {    Forecasting file added.
     xm=0.5*(a+b);  
     tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS);    Revision 1.124  2006/03/22 17:13:53  lievre
     /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/    Parameters are printed with %lf instead of %f (more numbers after the comma).
     printf(".");fflush(stdout);    The log-likelihood is printed in the log file
 #ifdef DEBUG  
     printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);    Revision 1.123  2006/03/20 10:52:43  brouard
     /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */    * imach.c (Module): <title> changed, corresponds to .htm file
 #endif    name. <head> headers where missing.
     if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){  
       *xmin=x;    * imach.c (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
       return fx;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
     }    otherwise the weight is truncated).
     ftemp=fu;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
     if (fabs(e) > tol1) {    1.
       r=(x-w)*(fx-fv);    Version 0.98g
       q=(x-v)*(fx-fw);  
       p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r;    Revision 1.122  2006/03/20 09:45:41  brouard
       q=2.0*(q-r);    (Module): Weights can have a decimal point as for
       if (q > 0.0) p = -p;    English (a comma might work with a correct LC_NUMERIC environment,
       q=fabs(q);    otherwise the weight is truncated).
       etemp=e;    Modification of warning when the covariates values are not 0 or
       e=d;    1.
       if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x))    Version 0.98g
         d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));  
       else {    Revision 1.121  2006/03/16 17:45:01  lievre
         d=p/q;    * imach.c (Module): Comments concerning covariates added
         u=x+d;  
         if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2)    * imach.c (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
           d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x);    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
       }    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
     } else {  
       d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x));    Revision 1.120  2006/03/16 15:10:38  lievre
     }    (Module): refinements in the computation of lli if
     u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d));    status=-2 in order to have more reliable computation if stepm is
     fu=(*f)(u);    not 1 month. Version 0.98f
     if (fu <= fx) {  
       if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x;    Revision 1.119  2006/03/15 17:42:26  brouard
       SHFT(v,w,x,u)    (Module): Bug if status = -2, the loglikelihood was
         SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu)    computed as likelihood omitting the logarithm. Version O.98e
         } else {  
           if (u < x) a=u; else b=u;    Revision 1.118  2006/03/14 18:20:07  brouard
           if (fu <= fw || w == x) {    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
             v=w;    table of variances if popbased=1 .
             w=u;    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
             fv=fw;    (Module): Function pstamp added
             fw=fu;    (Module): Version 0.98d
           } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) {  
             v=u;    Revision 1.117  2006/03/14 17:16:22  brouard
             fv=fu;    (Module): varevsij Comments added explaining the second
           }    table of variances if popbased=1 .
         }    (Module): Covariances of eij, ekl added, graphs fixed, new html link.
   }    (Module): Function pstamp added
   nrerror("Too many iterations in brent");    (Module): Version 0.98d
   *xmin=x;  
   return fx;    Revision 1.116  2006/03/06 10:29:27  brouard
 }    (Module): Variance-covariance wrong links and
     varian-covariance of ej. is needed (Saito).
 /****************** mnbrak ***********************/  
     Revision 1.115  2006/02/27 12:17:45  brouard
 void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc,    (Module): One freematrix added in mlikeli! 0.98c
             double (*func)(double))  
 {    Revision 1.114  2006/02/26 12:57:58  brouard
   double ulim,u,r,q, dum;    (Module): Some improvements in processing parameter
   double fu;    filename with strsep.
    
   *fa=(*func)(*ax);    Revision 1.113  2006/02/24 14:20:24  brouard
   *fb=(*func)(*bx);    (Module): Memory leaks checks with valgrind and:
   if (*fb > *fa) {    datafile was not closed, some imatrix were not freed and on matrix
     SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum)    allocation too.
       SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum)  
       }    Revision 1.112  2006/01/30 09:55:26  brouard
   *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax);    (Module): Back to gnuplot.exe instead of wgnuplot.exe
   *fc=(*func)(*cx);  
   while (*fb > *fc) {    Revision 1.111  2006/01/25 20:38:18  brouard
     r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc);    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
     q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa);    (Module): Comments can be added in data file. Missing date values
     u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/    can be a simple dot '.'.
       (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r));  
     ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx);    Revision 1.110  2006/01/25 00:51:50  brouard
     if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) {    (Module): Lots of cleaning and bugs added (Gompertz)
       fu=(*func)(u);  
     } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) {    Revision 1.109  2006/01/24 19:37:15  brouard
       fu=(*func)(u);    (Module): Comments (lines starting with a #) are allowed in data.
       if (fu < *fc) {  
         SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx))    Revision 1.108  2006/01/19 18:05:42  lievre
           SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u))    Gnuplot problem appeared...
           }    To be fixed
     } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) {  
       u=ulim;    Revision 1.107  2006/01/19 16:20:37  brouard
       fu=(*func)(u);    Test existence of gnuplot in imach path
     } else {  
       u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx);    Revision 1.106  2006/01/19 13:24:36  brouard
       fu=(*func)(u);    Some cleaning and links added in html output
     }  
     SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u)    Revision 1.105  2006/01/05 20:23:19  lievre
       SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu)    *** empty log message ***
       }  
 }    Revision 1.104  2005/09/30 16:11:43  lievre
     (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
 /*************** linmin ************************/    (Module): If the status is missing at the last wave but we know
     that the person is alive, then we can code his/her status as -2
 int ncom;    (instead of missing=-1 in earlier versions) and his/her
 double *pcom,*xicom;    contributions to the likelihood is 1 - Prob of dying from last
 double (*nrfunc)(double []);    health status (= 1-p13= p11+p12 in the easiest case of somebody in
      the healthy state at last known wave). Version is 0.98
 void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double []))  
 {    Revision 1.103  2005/09/30 15:54:49  lievre
   double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx,    (Module): sump fixed, loop imx fixed, and simplifications.
                double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin);  
   double f1dim(double x);    Revision 1.102  2004/09/15 17:31:30  brouard
   void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb,    Add the possibility to read data file including tab characters.
               double *fc, double (*func)(double));  
   int j;    Revision 1.101  2004/09/15 10:38:38  brouard
   double xx,xmin,bx,ax;    Fix on curr_time
   double fx,fb,fa;  
      Revision 1.100  2004/07/12 18:29:06  brouard
   ncom=n;    Add version for Mac OS X. Just define UNIX in Makefile
   pcom=vector(1,n);  
   xicom=vector(1,n);    Revision 1.99  2004/06/05 08:57:40  brouard
   nrfunc=func;    *** empty log message ***
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
     pcom[j]=p[j];    Revision 1.98  2004/05/16 15:05:56  brouard
     xicom[j]=xi[j];    New version 0.97 . First attempt to estimate force of mortality
   }    directly from the data i.e. without the need of knowing the health
   ax=0.0;    state at each age, but using a Gompertz model: log u =a + b*age .
   xx=1.0;    This is the basic analysis of mortality and should be done before any
   mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);    other analysis, in order to test if the mortality estimated from the
   *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin);    cross-longitudinal survey is different from the mortality estimated
 #ifdef DEBUG    from other sources like vital statistic data.
   printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);  
 #endif    The same imach parameter file can be used but the option for mle should be -3.
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  
     xi[j] *= xmin;    Agnès, who wrote this part of the code, tried to keep most of the
     p[j] += xi[j];    former routines in order to include the new code within the former code.
   }  
   free_vector(xicom,1,n);    The output is very simple: only an estimate of the intercept and of
   free_vector(pcom,1,n);    the slope with 95% confident intervals.
 }  
     Current limitations:
 /*************** powell ************************/    A) Even if you enter covariates, i.e. with the
 void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret,    model= V1+V2 equation for example, the programm does only estimate a unique global model without covariates.
             double (*func)(double []))    B) There is no computation of Life Expectancy nor Life Table.
 {  
   void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,    Revision 1.97  2004/02/20 13:25:42  lievre
               double (*func)(double []));    Version 0.96d. Population forecasting command line is (temporarily)
   int i,ibig,j;    suppressed.
   double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;  
   double fp,fptt;    Revision 1.96  2003/07/15 15:38:55  brouard
   double *xits;    * imach.c (Repository): Errors in subdirf, 2, 3 while printing tmpout is
   pt=vector(1,n);    rewritten within the same printf. Workaround: many printfs.
   ptt=vector(1,n);  
   xit=vector(1,n);    Revision 1.95  2003/07/08 07:54:34  brouard
   xits=vector(1,n);    * imach.c (Repository):
   *fret=(*func)(p);    (Repository): Using imachwizard code to output a more meaningful covariance
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j];    matrix (cov(a12,c31) instead of numbers.
   for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) {  
     fp=(*fret);    Revision 1.94  2003/06/27 13:00:02  brouard
     ibig=0;    Just cleaning
     del=0.0;  
     printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f",*iter,*fret);    Revision 1.93  2003/06/25 16:33:55  brouard
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++)    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
       printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
     printf("\n");    (Module): Version 0.96b
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i];    Revision 1.92  2003/06/25 16:30:45  brouard
       fptt=(*fret);    (Module): On windows (cygwin) function asctime_r doesn't
 #ifdef DEBUG    exist so I changed back to asctime which exists.
       printf("fret=%lf \n",*fret);  
 #endif    Revision 1.91  2003/06/25 15:30:29  brouard
       printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);    * imach.c (Repository): Duplicated warning errors corrected.
       linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);    (Repository): Elapsed time after each iteration is now output. It
       if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) {    helps to forecast when convergence will be reached. Elapsed time
         del=fabs(fptt-(*fret));    is stamped in powell.  We created a new html file for the graphs
         ibig=i;    concerning matrix of covariance. It has extension -cov.htm.
       }  
 #ifdef DEBUG    Revision 1.90  2003/06/24 12:34:15  brouard
       printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
         xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);    of the covariance matrix to be input.
         printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);  
       }    Revision 1.89  2003/06/24 12:30:52  brouard
       for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    (Module): Some bugs corrected for windows. Also, when
         printf(" p=%.12e",p[j]);    mle=-1 a template is output in file "or"mypar.txt with the design
       printf("\n");    of the covariance matrix to be input.
 #endif  
     }    Revision 1.88  2003/06/23 17:54:56  brouard
     if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) {    * imach.c (Repository): Create a sub-directory where all the secondary files are. Only imach, htm, gp and r(imach) are on the main directory. Correct time and other things.
 #ifdef DEBUG  
       int k[2],l;    Revision 1.87  2003/06/18 12:26:01  brouard
       k[0]=1;    Version 0.96
       k[1]=-1;  
       printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));    Revision 1.86  2003/06/17 20:04:08  brouard
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++)    (Module): Change position of html and gnuplot routines and added
         printf(" %.12e",p[j]);    routine fileappend.
       printf("\n");  
       for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {    Revision 1.85  2003/06/17 13:12:43  brouard
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    * imach.c (Repository): Check when date of death was earlier that
           ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];    current date of interview. It may happen when the death was just
           printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);    prior to the death. In this case, dh was negative and likelihood
         }    was wrong (infinity). We still send an "Error" but patch by
         printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));    assuming that the date of death was just one stepm after the
       }    interview.
 #endif    (Repository): Because some people have very long ID (first column)
     we changed int to long in num[] and we added a new lvector for
     memory allocation. But we also truncated to 8 characters (left
       free_vector(xit,1,n);    truncation)
       free_vector(xits,1,n);    (Repository): No more line truncation errors.
       free_vector(ptt,1,n);  
       free_vector(pt,1,n);    Revision 1.84  2003/06/13 21:44:43  brouard
       return;    * imach.c (Repository): Replace "freqsummary" at a correct
     }    place. It differs from routine "prevalence" which may be called
     if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations.");    many times. Probs is memory consuming and must be used with
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {    parcimony.
       ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j];    Version 0.95a3 (should output exactly the same maximization than 0.8a2)
       xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j];  
       pt[j]=p[j];    Revision 1.83  2003/06/10 13:39:11  lievre
     }    *** empty log message ***
     fptt=(*func)(ptt);  
     if (fptt < fp) {    Revision 1.82  2003/06/05 15:57:20  brouard
       t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt);    Add log in  imach.c and  fullversion number is now printed.
       if (t < 0.0) {  
         linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func);  */
         for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /*
           xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n];     Interpolated Markov Chain
           xi[j][n]=xit[j];  
         }    Short summary of the programme:
 #ifdef DEBUG    
         printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);    This program computes Healthy Life Expectancies from
         for(j=1;j<=n;j++)    cross-longitudinal data. Cross-longitudinal data consist in: -1- a
           printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);    first survey ("cross") where individuals from different ages are
         printf("\n");    interviewed on their health status or degree of disability (in the
 #endif    case of a health survey which is our main interest) -2- at least a
       }    second wave of interviews ("longitudinal") which measure each change
     }    (if any) in individual health status.  Health expectancies are
   }    computed from the time spent in each health state according to a
 }    model. More health states you consider, more time is necessary to reach the
     Maximum Likelihood of the parameters involved in the model.  The
 /**** Prevalence limit ****************/    simplest model is the multinomial logistic model where pij is the
     probability to be observed in state j at the second wave
 double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int ij)    conditional to be observed in state i at the first wave. Therefore
 {    the model is: log(pij/pii)= aij + bij*age+ cij*sex + etc , where
   /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x by left multiplying the unit    'age' is age and 'sex' is a covariate. If you want to have a more
      matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached */    complex model than "constant and age", you should modify the program
     where the markup *Covariates have to be included here again* invites
   int i, ii,j,k;    you to do it.  More covariates you add, slower the
   double min, max, maxmin, maxmax,sumnew=0.;    convergence.
   double **matprod2();  
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX], **pmij();    The advantage of this computer programme, compared to a simple
   double **newm;    multinomial logistic model, is clear when the delay between waves is not
   double agefin, delaymax=50 ; /* Max number of years to converge */    identical for each individual. Also, if a individual missed an
     intermediate interview, the information is lost, but taken into
   for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)    account using an interpolation or extrapolation.  
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
       oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);    hPijx is the probability to be observed in state i at age x+h
     }    conditional to the observed state i at age x. The delay 'h' can be
     split into an exact number (nh*stepm) of unobserved intermediate
    cov[1]=1.;    states. This elementary transition (by month, quarter,
      semester or year) is modelled as a multinomial logistic.  The hPx
  /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */    matrix is simply the matrix product of nh*stepm elementary matrices
   for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){    and the contribution of each individual to the likelihood is simply
     newm=savm;    hPijx.
     /* Covariates have to be included here again */  
      cov[2]=agefin;    Also this programme outputs the covariance matrix of the parameters but also
      of the life expectancies. It also computes the period (stable) prevalence.
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {  
         cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  Back prevalence and projections:
         /*printf("ij=%d Tvar[k]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf\n",ij, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]],cov[2+k]);*/   - back_prevalence_limit(double *p, double **bprlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass, int mobilavproj)
       }      Computes the back prevalence limit  for any combination     of covariate values k
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)      at any age between ageminpar and agemaxpar and returns it in **bprlim. In the loops,
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];     - **bprevalim(**bprlim, ***mobaverage, nlstate, *p, age, **oldm, **savm, **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)   - hBijx Back Probability to be in state i at age x-h being in j at x
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];     Computes for any combination of covariates k and any age between bage and fage 
      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/                          oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/           - hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
        Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
     out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
        age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
     savm=oldm;       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. Returns p3mat[i][j][h] after calling 
     oldm=newm;       p3mat[i][j][h]=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij),\
     maxmax=0.;                                                                           1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
     for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++){  
       min=1.;    Authors: Nicolas Brouard (brouard@ined.fr) and Agnès Lièvre (lievre@ined.fr).
       max=0.;             Institut national d'études démographiques, Paris.
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++) {    This software have been partly granted by Euro-REVES, a concerted action
         sumnew=0;    from the European Union.
         for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];    It is copyrighted identically to a GNU software product, ie programme and
         prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);    software can be distributed freely for non commercial use. Latest version
         max=FMAX(max,prlim[i][j]);    can be accessed at http://euroreves.ined.fr/imach .
         min=FMIN(min,prlim[i][j]);  
       }    Help to debug: LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so ./imach foo.imach
       maxmin=max-min;    or better on gdb : set env LD_PRELOAD=/usr/local/lib/libnjamd.so
       maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,maxmin);    
     }    **********************************************************************/
     if(maxmax < ftolpl){  /*
       return prlim;    main
     }    read parameterfile
   }    read datafile
 }    concatwav
     freqsummary
 /*************** transition probabilities ***************/    if (mle >= 1)
       mlikeli
 double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )    print results files
 {    if mle==1 
   double s1, s2;       computes hessian
   /*double t34;*/    read end of parameter file: agemin, agemax, bage, fage, estepm
   int i,j,j1, nc, ii, jj;        begin-prev-date,...
     open gnuplot file
     for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    open html file
     for(j=1; j<i;j++){    period (stable) prevalence      | pl_nom    1-1 2-2 etc by covariate
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){     for age prevalim()             | #****** V1=0  V2=1  V3=1  V4=0 ******
         /*s2 += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/                                    | 65 1 0 2 1 3 1 4 0  0.96326 0.03674
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-1)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];      freexexit2 possible for memory heap.
         /*printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/  
       }    h Pij x                         | pij_nom  ficrestpij
       ps[i][j]=s2;     # Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j= 1-1 1-2     1-3     2-1     2-2     2-3
       /*printf("s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e\n",s1,s2);*/         1  85   85    1.00000             0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.00000 0.00000
     }         1  85   86    0.68299             0.22291 0.09410 0.71093 0.00000 0.28907
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
       for (nc=1, s2=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){         1  65   99    0.00364             0.00322 0.99314 0.00350 0.00310 0.99340
         s2 += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];         1  65  100    0.00214             0.00204 0.99581 0.00206 0.00196 0.99597
         /*printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, s2=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,s2,s1,s2);*/    variance of p one-step probabilities varprob  | prob_nom   ficresprob #One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()
       }     Standard deviation of one-step probabilities | probcor_nom   ficresprobcor #One-step probabilities and correlation matrix
       ps[i][j]=(s2);     Matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities |  probcov_nom ficresprobcov #One-step probabilities and covariance matrix
     }  
   }    forecasting if prevfcast==1 prevforecast call prevalence()
     /*ps[3][2]=1;*/    health expectancies
     Variance-covariance of DFLE
   for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){    prevalence()
      s1=0;     movingaverage()
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)    varevsij() 
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    if popbased==1 varevsij(,popbased)
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)    total life expectancies
       s1+=exp(ps[i][j]);    Variance of period (stable) prevalence
     ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);   end
     for(j=1; j<i; j++)  */
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  
     for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)  /* #define DEBUG */
       ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];  /* #define DEBUGBRENT */
     /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */  /* #define DEBUGLINMIN */
   } /* end i */  /* #define DEBUGHESS */
   #define DEBUGHESSIJ
   for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  /* #define LINMINORIGINAL  /\* Don't use loop on scale in linmin (accepting nan)*\/ */
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  #define POWELL /* Instead of NLOPT */
       ps[ii][jj]=0;  #define POWELLF1F3 /* Skip test */
       ps[ii][ii]=1;  /* #define POWELLORIGINAL /\* Don't use Directest to decide new direction but original Powell test *\/ */
     }  /* #define MNBRAKORIGINAL /\* Don't use mnbrak fix *\/ */
   }  
   #include <math.h>
   #include <stdio.h>
   /*   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){  #include <stdlib.h>
     for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){  #include <string.h>
      printf("%lf ",ps[ii][jj]);  
    }  #ifdef _WIN32
     printf("\n ");  #include <io.h>
     }  #include <windows.h>
     printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/  #include <tchar.h>
 /*  #else
   for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);  #include <unistd.h>
   goto end;*/  #endif
     return ps;  
 }  #include <limits.h>
   #include <sys/types.h>
 /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/  
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
 double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long ncolol, long ncoloh, double **b)  #include <sys/utsname.h> /* Doesn't work on Windows */
 {  #endif
   /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times  
      b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */  #include <sys/stat.h>
   /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized  #include <errno.h>
      before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns  /* extern int errno; */
      a pointer to pointers identical to out */  
   long i, j, k;  /* #ifdef LINUX */
   for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)  /* #include <time.h> */
     for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++)  /* #include "timeval.h" */
       for(j=ncl,out[i][k]=0.; j<=nch; j++)  /* #else */
         out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];  /* #include <sys/time.h> */
   /* #endif */
   return out;  
 }  #include <time.h>
   
   #ifdef GSL
 /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/  #include <gsl/gsl_errno.h>
   #include <gsl/gsl_multimin.h>
 double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )  #endif
 {  
   /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over 'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' month  
      duration (i.e. until  #ifdef NLOPT
      age (in years)  age+nhstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying nhstepm*hstepm matrices.  #include <nlopt.h>
      Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step  typedef struct {
      (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big).    double (* function)(double [] );
      Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be  } myfunc_data ;
      included manually here.  #endif
   
      */  /* #include <libintl.h> */
   /* #define _(String) gettext (String) */
   int i, j, d, h, k;  
   double **out, cov[NCOVMAX];  #define MAXLINE 1024 /* Was 256. Overflow with 312 with 2 states and 4 covariates. Should be ok */
   double **newm;  
   #define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "gnuplot"
   /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */  /*#define GNUPLOTPROGRAM "..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot"*/
   for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)  #define FILENAMELENGTH 132
     for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  
       oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  #define GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH              -1      /* empty path */
       po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  #define GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD              -2      /* cannot get cwd */
     }  
   /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */  #define MAXPARM 128 /**< Maximum number of parameters for the optimization */
   for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){  #define NPARMAX 64 /**< (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel */
     for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){  
       newm=savm;  #define NINTERVMAX 8
       /* Covariates have to be included here again */  #define NLSTATEMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of live states (for func) */
       cov[1]=1.;  #define NDEATHMAX 8 /**< Maximum number of dead states (for func) */
       cov[2]=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM;  #define NCOVMAX 20 /**< Maximum number of covariates, including generated covariates V1*V2 */
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtab[ij][Tvar[k]]];  #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++)  /*#define decodtabm(h,k,cptcoveff)= (h <= (1<<cptcoveff)?(((h-1) >> (k-1)) & 1) +1 : -1)*/
         cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2];  #define decodtabm(h,k,cptcoveff) (((h-1) >> (k-1)) & 1) +1 
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)  #define MAXN 20000
         cov[2+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][1]]]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtab[ij][Tvard[k][2]]];  #define YEARM 12. /**< Number of months per year */
   /* #define AGESUP 130 */
   #define AGESUP 150
       /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/  #define AGEMARGE 25 /* Marge for agemin and agemax for(iage=agemin-AGEMARGE; iage <= agemax+3+AGEMARGE; iage++) */
       /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/  #define AGEBASE 40
       out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  #define AGEOVERFLOW 1.e20
                    pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));  #define AGEGOMP 10 /**< Minimal age for Gompertz adjustment */
       savm=oldm;  #ifdef _WIN32
       oldm=newm;  #define DIRSEPARATOR '\\'
     }  #define CHARSEPARATOR "\\"
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '/'
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {  #else
         po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];  #define DIRSEPARATOR '/'
         /*printf("i=%d j=%d h=%d po[i][j][h]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);  #define CHARSEPARATOR "/"
          */  #define ODIRSEPARATOR '\\'
       }  #endif
   } /* end h */  
   return po;  /* $Id$ */
 }  /* $State$ */
   #include "version.h"
   char version[]=__IMACH_VERSION__;
 /*************** log-likelihood *************/  char copyright[]="October 2015,INED-EUROREVES-Institut de longevite-Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121), Intel Software 2015";
 double func( double *x)  char fullversion[]="$Revision$ $Date$"; 
 {  char strstart[80];
   int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;  char optionfilext[10], optionfilefiname[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX], cov[NCOVMAX];  int erreur=0, nberr=0, nbwarn=0; /* Error number, number of errors number of warnings  */
   double **out;  int nagesqr=0, nforce=0; /* nagesqr=1 if model is including age*age, number of forces */
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */  /* Number of covariates model=V2+V1+ V3*age+V2*V4 */
   double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */  int cptcovn=0; /**< cptcovn number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age and age*product) */
   long ipmx;  int cptcovt=0; /**< cptcovt number of covariates added in the model (excepting constant and age) */
   /*extern weight */  int cptcovs=0; /**< cptcovs number of simple covariates V2+V1 =2 */
   /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */  int cptcovage=0; /**< Number of covariates with age: V3*age only =1 */
   /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/  int cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age */   
   /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++)  int cptcoveff=0; /* Total number of covariates to vary for printing results */
     printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);  int cptcov=0; /* Working variable */
   */  int ncovcombmax=NCOVMAX; /* Maximum calculated number of covariate combination = pow(2, cptcoveff) */
   cov[1]=1.;  int npar=NPARMAX;
   int nlstate=2; /* Number of live states */
   for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;  int ndeath=1; /* Number of dead states */
   for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){  int ncovmodel=0, ncovcol=0;     /* Total number of covariables including constant a12*1 +b12*x ncovmodel=2 */
     for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];  int popbased=0;
     for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){  
       for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)  int *wav; /* Number of waves for this individuual 0 is possible */
         for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  int maxwav=0; /* Maxim number of waves */
       for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  int jmin=0, jmax=0; /* min, max spacing between 2 waves */
         newm=savm;  int ijmin=0, ijmax=0; /* Individuals having jmin and jmax */ 
         cov[2]=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;  int gipmx=0, gsw=0; /* Global variables on the number of contributions 
         for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {                     to the likelihood and the sum of weights (done by funcone)*/
           cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];  int mle=1, weightopt=0;
         }  int **mw; /* mw[mi][i] is number of the mi wave for this individual */
          int **dh; /* dh[mi][i] is number of steps between mi,mi+1 for this individual */
         out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,  int **bh; /* bh[mi][i] is the bias (+ or -) for this individual if the delay between
                      1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));             * wave mi and wave mi+1 is not an exact multiple of stepm. */
         savm=oldm;  int countcallfunc=0;  /* Count the number of calls to func */
         oldm=newm;  double jmean=1; /* Mean space between 2 waves */
          double **matprod2(); /* test */
          double **oldm, **newm, **savm; /* Working pointers to matrices */
       } /* end mult */  double **oldms, **newms, **savms; /* Fixed working pointers to matrices */
        double   **ddnewms, **ddoldms, **ddsavms; /* for freeing later */
       lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);  
       /* printf(" %f ",out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/  /*FILE *fic ; */ /* Used in readdata only */
       ipmx +=1;  FILE *ficpar, *ficparo,*ficres, *ficresp, *ficresphtm, *ficresphtmfr, *ficrespl, *ficresplb,*ficrespij, *ficrespijb, *ficrest,*ficresf, *ficresfb,*ficrespop;
       sw += weight[i];  FILE *ficlog, *ficrespow;
       ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;  int globpr=0; /* Global variable for printing or not */
     } /* end of wave */  double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
   } /* end of individual */  long ipmx=0; /* Number of contributions */
   double sw; /* Sum of weights */
   for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];
   /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */  char fileresilk[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* File of individual contributions to the likelihood */
   l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */  FILE *ficresilk;
   return -l;  FILE *ficgp,*ficresprob,*ficpop, *ficresprobcov, *ficresprobcor;
 }  FILE *ficresprobmorprev;
   FILE *fichtm, *fichtmcov; /* Html File */
   FILE *ficreseij;
 /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/  char filerese[FILENAMELENGTH];
   FILE *ficresstdeij;
 void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))  char fileresstde[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  FILE *ficrescveij;
   int i,j, iter;  char filerescve[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double **xi,*delti;  FILE  *ficresvij;
   double fret;  char fileresv[FILENAMELENGTH];
   xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  FILE  *ficresvpl;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  char fileresvpl[FILENAMELENGTH];
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  char title[MAXLINE];
       xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);  char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH],  fileresplb[FILENAMELENGTH];
   printf("Powell\n");  char plotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH], pplotcmd[FILENAMELENGTH];
   powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);  char tmpout[FILENAMELENGTH],  tmpout2[FILENAMELENGTH]; 
   char command[FILENAMELENGTH];
    printf("\n#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter,func(p));  int  outcmd=0;
   fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations = %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f ",iter,func(p));  
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespijb[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], rfileres[FILENAMELENGTH];
 }  char fileresu[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* fileres without r in front */
   char filelog[FILENAMELENGTH]; /* Log file */
 /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/  char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];
 void hesscov(double **matcov, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))  char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];
 {  char popfile[FILENAMELENGTH];
   double  **a,**y,*x,pd;  
   double **hess;  char optionfilegnuplot[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtmcov[FILENAMELENGTH] ;
   int i, j,jk;  
   int *indx;  /* struct timeval start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time; */
   /* struct timezone tzp; */
   double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[]);  /* extern int gettimeofday(); */
   double hessij(double p[], double delti[], int i, int j);  struct tm tml, *gmtime(), *localtime();
   void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;  
   void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;  extern time_t time();
   
   hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  struct tm start_time, end_time, curr_time, last_time, forecast_time;
   time_t  rstart_time, rend_time, rcurr_time, rlast_time, rforecast_time; /* raw time */
   printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");  struct tm tm;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  
     printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout);  char strcurr[80], strfor[80];
     hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti);  
     /*printf(" %f ",p[i]);*/  char *endptr;
     /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][i]);*/  long lval;
   }  double dval;
    
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  #define NR_END 1
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {  #define FREE_ARG char*
       if (j>i) {  #define FTOL 1.0e-10
         printf(".%d%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);  
         hess[i][j]=hessij(p,delti,i,j);  #define NRANSI 
         hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];      #define ITMAX 200 
         /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/  
       }  #define TOL 2.0e-4 
     }  
   }  #define CGOLD 0.3819660 
   printf("\n");  #define ZEPS 1.0e-10 
   #define SHFT(a,b,c,d) (a)=(b);(b)=(c);(c)=(d); 
   printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");  
    #define GOLD 1.618034 
   a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  #define GLIMIT 100.0 
   y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);  #define TINY 1.0e-20 
   x=vector(1,npar);  
   indx=ivector(1,npar);  static double maxarg1,maxarg2;
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  #define FMAX(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)>(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];  #define FMIN(a,b) (maxarg1=(a),maxarg2=(b),(maxarg1)<(maxarg2)? (maxarg1):(maxarg2))
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);    
   #define SIGN(a,b) ((b)>0.0 ? fabs(a) : -fabs(a))
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  #define rint(a) floor(a+0.5)
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/myutils_8h-source.html */
     x[j]=1;  #define mytinydouble 1.0e-16
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);  /* #define DEQUAL(a,b) (fabs((a)-(b))<mytinydouble) */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  /* http://www.thphys.uni-heidelberg.de/~robbers/cmbeasy/doc/html/mynrutils_8h-source.html */
       matcov[i][j]=x[i];  /* static double dsqrarg; */
     }  /* #define DSQR(a) (DEQUAL((dsqrarg=(a)),0.0) ? 0.0 : dsqrarg*dsqrarg) */
   }  static double sqrarg;
   #define SQR(a) ((sqrarg=(a)) == 0.0 ? 0.0 :sqrarg*sqrarg)
   printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");  #define SWAP(a,b) {temp=(a);(a)=(b);(b)=temp;} 
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  int agegomp= AGEGOMP;
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  
       printf("%.3e ",hess[i][j]);  int imx; 
     }  int stepm=1;
     printf("\n");  /* Stepm, step in month: minimum step interpolation*/
   }  
   int estepm;
   /* Recompute Inverse */  /* Estepm, step in month to interpolate survival function in order to approximate Life Expectancy*/
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)  
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j];  int m,nb;
   ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);  long *num;
   int firstpass=0, lastpass=4,*cod, *cens;
   /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n");  int *ncodemax;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
                      covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {                     undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;  int *ncodemaxwundef;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
     x[j]=1;                               covariate for which somebody answered including 
     lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);                               undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  double **agev,*moisnais, *annais, *moisdc, *andc,**mint, **anint;
       y[i][j]=x[i];  double **pmmij, ***probs; /* Global pointer */
       printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]);  double ***mobaverage, ***mobaverages; /* New global variable */
     }  double *ageexmed,*agecens;
     printf("\n");  double dateintmean=0;
   }  
   */  double *weight;
   int **s; /* Status */
   free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);  double *agedc;
   free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);  double  **covar; /**< covar[j,i], value of jth covariate for individual i,
   free_vector(x,1,npar);                    * covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n); 
   free_ivector(indx,1,npar);                    * cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*age; */
   free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);  double  idx; 
   int **nbcode, *Tvar; /**< model=V2 => Tvar[1]= 2 */
   int *Tage;
 }  int *Ndum; /** Freq of modality (tricode */
   /* int **codtab;*/ /**< codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10); */
 /*************** hessian matrix ****************/  int **Tvard, *Tprod, cptcovprod, *Tvaraff;
 double hessii( double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[])  double *lsurv, *lpop, *tpop;
 {  
   int i;  double ftol=FTOL; /**< Tolerance for computing Max Likelihood */
   int l=1, lmax=20;  double ftolhess; /**< Tolerance for computing hessian */
   double k1,k2;  
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];  /**************** split *************************/
   double res;  static  int split( char *path, char *dirc, char *name, char *ext, char *finame )
   double delt, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;  {
   double fx;    /* From a file name with (full) path (either Unix or Windows) we extract the directory (dirc)
   int k=0,kmax=10;       the name of the file (name), its extension only (ext) and its first part of the name (finame)
   double l1;    */ 
     char  *ss;                            /* pointer */
   fx=func(x);    int   l1=0, l2=0;                             /* length counters */
   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];  
   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){    l1 = strlen(path );                   /* length of path */
     l1=pow(10,l);    if ( l1 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
     delts=delt;    ss= strrchr( path, DIRSEPARATOR );            /* find last / */
     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){    if ( ss == NULL ) {                   /* no directory, so determine current directory */
       delt = delta*(l1*k);      strcpy( name, path );               /* we got the fullname name because no directory */
       p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;      /*if(strrchr(path, ODIRSEPARATOR )==NULL)
       k1=func(p2)-fx;        printf("Warning you should use %s as a separator\n",DIRSEPARATOR);*/
       p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;      /* get current working directory */
       k2=func(p2)-fx;      /*    extern  char* getcwd ( char *buf , int len);*/
       /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */  #ifdef WIN32
       res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by because L and not 2*L */      if (_getcwd( dirc, FILENAME_MAX ) == NULL ) {
        #else
 #ifdef DEBUG          if (getcwd(dirc, FILENAME_MAX) == NULL) {
       printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);  #endif
 #endif        return( GLOCK_ERROR_GETCWD );
       /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */      }
       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){      /* got dirc from getcwd*/
         k=kmax;      printf(" DIRC = %s \n",dirc);
       }    } else {                              /* strip directory from path */
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */      ss++;                               /* after this, the filename */
         k=kmax; l=lmax*10.;      l2 = strlen( ss );                  /* length of filename */
       }      if ( l2 == 0 ) return( GLOCK_ERROR_NOPATH );
       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){      strcpy( name, ss );         /* save file name */
         delts=delt;      strncpy( dirc, path, l1 - l2 );     /* now the directory */
       }      dirc[l1-l2] = '\0';                 /* add zero */
     }      printf(" DIRC2 = %s \n",dirc);
   }    }
   delti[theta]=delts;    /* We add a separator at the end of dirc if not exists */
   return res;    l1 = strlen( dirc );                  /* length of directory */
      if( dirc[l1-1] != DIRSEPARATOR ){
 }      dirc[l1] =  DIRSEPARATOR;
       dirc[l1+1] = 0; 
 double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj)      printf(" DIRC3 = %s \n",dirc);
 {    }
   int i;    ss = strrchr( name, '.' );            /* find last / */
   int l=1, l1, lmax=20;    if (ss >0){
   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;      ss++;
   double p2[NPARMAX+1];      strcpy(ext,ss);                     /* save extension */
   int k;      l1= strlen( name);
       l2= strlen(ss)+1;
   fx=func(x);      strncpy( finame, name, l1-l2);
   for (k=1; k<=2; k++) {      finame[l1-l2]= 0;
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];    }
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    return( 0 );                          /* we're done */
     k1=func(p2)-fx;  }
    
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k;  
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;  /******************************************/
     k2=func(p2)-fx;  
    void replace_back_to_slash(char *s, char*t)
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;  {
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k;    int i;
     k3=func(p2)-fx;    int lg=0;
      i=0;
     p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k;    lg=strlen(t);
     p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k;    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
     k4=func(p2)-fx;      (s[i] = t[i]);
     res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */      if (t[i]== '\\') s[i]='/';
 #ifdef DEBUG    }
     printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);  }
 #endif  
   }  char *trimbb(char *out, char *in)
   return res;  { /* Trim multiple blanks in line but keeps first blanks if line starts with blanks */
 }    char *s;
     s=out;
 /************** Inverse of matrix **************/    while (*in != '\0'){
 void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d)      while( *in == ' ' && *(in+1) == ' '){ /* && *(in+1) != '\0'){*/
 {        in++;
   int i,imax,j,k;      }
   double big,dum,sum,temp;      *out++ = *in++;
   double *vv;    }
      *out='\0';
   vv=vector(1,n);    return s;
   *d=1.0;  }
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {  
     big=0.0;  /* char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain) */
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++)  /* { */
       if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp;  /*   /\* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' *\/ */
     if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp");  /*   char *s, *t; */
     vv[i]=1.0/big;  /*   t=in;s=out; */
   }  /*   while ((*in != *chain) && (*in != '\0')){ */
   for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {  /*     *out++ = *in++; */
     for (i=1;i<j;i++) {  /*   } */
       sum=a[i][j];  
       for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  /*   /\* *in matches *chain *\/ */
       a[i][j]=sum;  /*   while ((*in++ == *chain++) && (*in != '\0')){ */
     }  /*     printf("*in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
     big=0.0;  /*   } */
     for (i=j;i<=n;i++) {  /*   in--; chain--; */
       sum=a[i][j];  /*   while ( (*in != '\0')){ */
       for (k=1;k<j;k++)  /*     printf("Bef *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
         sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j];  /*     *out++ = *in++; */
       a[i][j]=sum;  /*     printf("Aft *in = %c, *out= %c *chain= %c \n", *in, *out, *chain);  */
       if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) {  /*   } */
         big=dum;  /*   *out='\0'; */
         imax=i;  /*   out=s; */
       }  /*   return out; */
     }  /* } */
     if (j != imax) {  char *substrchaine(char *out, char *in, char *chain)
       for (k=1;k<=n;k++) {  {
         dum=a[imax][k];    /* Substract chain 'chain' from 'in', return and output 'out' */
         a[imax][k]=a[j][k];    /* in="V1+V1*age+age*age+V2", chain="age*age" */
         a[j][k]=dum;  
       }    char *strloc;
       *d = -(*d);  
       vv[imax]=vv[j];    strcpy (out, in); 
     }    strloc = strstr(out, chain); /* strloc points to out at age*age+V2 */
     indx[j]=imax;    printf("Bef strloc=%s chain=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, out);
     if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY;    if(strloc != NULL){ 
     if (j != n) {      /* will affect out */ /* strloc+strlenc(chain)=+V2 */ /* Will also work in Unicode */
       dum=1.0/(a[j][j]);      memmove(strloc,strloc+strlen(chain), strlen(strloc+strlen(chain))+1);
       for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum;      /* strcpy (strloc, strloc +strlen(chain));*/
     }    }
   }    printf("Aft strloc=%s chain=%s in=%s out=%s \n", strloc, chain, in, out);
   free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */    return out;
 ;  }
 }  
   
 void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[])  char *cutl(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
 {  {
   int i,ii=0,ip,j;    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before FIRST occurence of char 'occ' 
   double sum;       and alocc starts after first occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
         gives blocc="abcdef" and alocc="ghi2j".
   for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns blocc
     ip=indx[i];    */
     sum=b[ip];    char *s, *t;
     b[ip]=b[i];    t=in;s=in;
     if (ii)    while ((*in != occ) && (*in != '\0')){
       for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];      *alocc++ = *in++;
     else if (sum) ii=i;    }
     b[i]=sum;    if( *in == occ){
   }      *(alocc)='\0';
   for (i=n;i>=1;i--) {      s=++in;
     sum=b[i];    }
     for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j];   
     b[i]=sum/a[i][i];    if (s == t) {/* occ not found */
   }      *(alocc-(in-s))='\0';
 }      in=s;
     }
 /************ Frequencies ********************/    while ( *in != '\0'){
 void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int agemin, int agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax)      *blocc++ = *in++;
 {  /* Some frequencies */    }
    
   int i, m, jk, k1, i1, j1, bool, z1,z2,j;    *blocc='\0';
   double ***freq; /* Frequencies */    return t;
   double *pp;  }
   double pos;  char *cutv(char *blocc, char *alocc, char *in, char occ)
   FILE *ficresp;  {
   char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH];    /* cuts string in into blocc and alocc where blocc ends before LAST occurence of char 'occ' 
        and alocc starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(blocc,alocc,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2')
   pp=vector(1,nlstate);       gives blocc="abcdef2ghi" and alocc="j".
  probs= ma3x(1,130 ,1,8, 1,8);       If occ is not found blocc is null and alocc is equal to in. Returns alocc
   strcpy(fileresp,"p");    */
   strcat(fileresp,fileres);    char *s, *t;
   if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {    t=in;s=in;
     printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);    while (*in != '\0'){
     exit(0);      while( *in == occ){
   }        *blocc++ = *in++;
   freq= ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,agemin,agemax+3);        s=in;
   j1=0;      }
       *blocc++ = *in++;
   j=cptcoveff;    }
   if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}    if (s == t) /* occ not found */
       *(blocc-(in-s))='\0';
   for(k1=1; k1<=j;k1++){    else
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){      *(blocc-(in-s)-1)='\0';
        j1++;    in=s;
        /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);    while ( *in != '\0'){
          scanf("%d", i);*/      *alocc++ = *in++;
         for (i=-1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)      }
          for (jk=-1; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    
            for(m=agemin; m <= agemax+3; m++)    *alocc='\0';
              freq[i][jk][m]=0;    return s;
          }
        for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  
          bool=1;  int nbocc(char *s, char occ)
          if  (cptcovn>0) {  {
            for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)    int i,j=0;
              if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]])    int lg=20;
                bool=0;    i=0;
          }    lg=strlen(s);
           if (bool==1) {    for(i=0; i<= lg; i++) {
            for(m=fprev; m<=lprev; m++){    if  (s[i] == occ ) j++;
              if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=agemax+1;    }
              if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=agemax+2;    return j;
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];  }
              freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int) agemax+3] += weight[i];  
            }  /* void cutv(char *u,char *v, char*t, char occ) */
          }  /* { */
        }  /*   /\* cuts string t into u and v where u ends before last occurence of char 'occ'  */
         if  (cptcovn>0) {  /*      and v starts after last occurence of char 'occ' : ex cutv(u,v,"abcdef2ghi2j",'2') */
          fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable ");  /*      gives u="abcdef2ghi" and v="j" *\/ */
          for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtab[j1][z1]]);  /*   int i,lg,j,p=0; */
        fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");  /*   i=0; */
         }  /*   lg=strlen(t); */
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  /*   for(j=0; j<=lg-1; j++) { */
          fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);  /*     if((t[j]!= occ) && (t[j+1]== occ)) p=j+1; */
        fprintf(ficresp, "\n");  /*   } */
          
   for(i=(int)agemin; i <= (int)agemax+3; i++){  /*   for(j=0; j<p; j++) { */
     if(i==(int)agemax+3)  /*     (u[j] = t[j]); */
       printf("Total");  /*   } */
     else  /*      u[p]='\0'; */
       printf("Age %d", i);  
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  /*    for(j=0; j<= lg; j++) { */
       for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)  /*     if (j>=(p+1))(v[j-p-1] = t[j]); */
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];  /*   } */
     }  /* } */
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  
       for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)  #ifdef _WIN32
         pos += freq[jk][m][i];  char * strsep(char **pp, const char *delim)
       if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10)  {
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);    char *p, *q;
       else           
         printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);    if ((p = *pp) == NULL)
     }      return 0;
     if ((q = strpbrk (p, delim)) != NULL)
      for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){    {
       for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)      *pp = q + 1;
         pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];      *q = '\0';
      }    }
     else
     for(jk=1,pos=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++)      *pp = 0;
       pos += pp[jk];    return p;
     for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){  }
       if(pos>=1.e-5)  #endif
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);  
       else  /********************** nrerror ********************/
         printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);  
       if( i <= (int) agemax){  void nrerror(char error_text[])
         if(pos>=1.e-5){  {
           fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos);    fprintf(stderr,"ERREUR ...\n");
           probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;    fprintf(stderr,"%s\n",error_text);
           /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
         }  }
       else  /*********************** vector *******************/
           fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,pp[jk],pos);  double *vector(int nl, int nh)
       }  {
     }    double *v;
     for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)    v=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
       for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in vector");
         if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);    return v-nl+NR_END;
     if(i <= (int) agemax)  }
       fprintf(ficresp,"\n");  
     printf("\n");  /************************ free vector ******************/
     }  void free_vector(double*v, int nl, int nh)
     }  {
  }    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
    }
   fclose(ficresp);  
   free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) agemin,(int) agemax+3);  /************************ivector *******************************/
   free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);  int *ivector(long nl,long nh)
   {
 }  /* End of Freq */    int *v;
     v=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(int)));
 /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
     return v-nl+NR_END;
 void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)  }
 {  
   /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.  /******************free ivector **************************/
      Death is a valid wave (if date is known).  void free_ivector(int *v, long nl, long nh)
      mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i  {
      dh[m][i] of dh[mw[mi][i][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
      and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.  }
      */  
   /************************lvector *******************************/
   int i, mi, m;  long *lvector(long nl,long nh)
   /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;  {
      double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/    long *v;
     v=(long *) malloc((size_t)((nh-nl+1+NR_END)*sizeof(long)));
   int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;    if (!v) nrerror("allocation failure in ivector");
   double sum=0.;    return v-nl+NR_END;
   jmin=1e+5;  }
   jmax=-1;  
   jmean=0.;  /******************free lvector **************************/
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  void free_lvector(long *v, long nl, long nh)
     mi=0;  {
     m=firstpass;    free((FREE_ARG)(v+nl-NR_END));
     while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){  }
       if(s[m][i]>=1)  
         mw[++mi][i]=m;  /******************* imatrix *******************************/
       if(m >=lastpass)  int **imatrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch) 
         break;       /* allocate a int matrix with subscript range m[nrl..nrh][ncl..nch] */ 
       else  { 
         m++;    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1,ncol=nch-ncl+1; 
     }/* end while */    int **m; 
     if (s[m][i] > nlstate){    
       mi++;     /* Death is another wave */    /* allocate pointers to rows */ 
       /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */    m=(int **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(int*))); 
          /* Only death is a correct wave */    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()"); 
       mw[mi][i]=m;    m += NR_END; 
     }    m -= nrl; 
     
     wav[i]=mi;    
     if(mi==0)    /* allocate rows and set pointers to them */ 
       printf("Warning, no any valid information for:%d line=%d\n",num[i],i);    m[nrl]=(int *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(int))); 
   }    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()"); 
     m[nrl] += NR_END; 
   for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){    m[nrl] -= ncl; 
     for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){    
       if (stepm <=0)    for(i=nrl+1;i<=nrh;i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol; 
         dh[mi][i]=1;    
       else{    /* return pointer to array of pointers to rows */ 
         if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) {    return m; 
           if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {  } 
           j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12);  
           if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */  /****************** free_imatrix *************************/
           k=k+1;  void free_imatrix(m,nrl,nrh,ncl,nch)
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;        int **m;
           if (j <= jmin) jmin=j;        long nch,ncl,nrh,nrl; 
           sum=sum+j;       /* free an int matrix allocated by imatrix() */ 
           /* if (j<10) printf("j=%d num=%d ",j,i); */  { 
           }    free((FREE_ARG) (m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END)); 
         }    free((FREE_ARG) (m+nrl-NR_END)); 
         else{  } 
           j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));  
           k=k+1;  /******************* matrix *******************************/
           if (j >= jmax) jmax=j;  double **matrix(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
           else if (j <= jmin)jmin=j;  {
           /*   if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */    long i, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1;
           sum=sum+j;    double **m;
         }  
         jk= j/stepm;    m=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
         jl= j -jk*stepm;    if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
         ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;    m += NR_END;
         if(jl <= -ju)    m -= nrl;
           dh[mi][i]=jk;  
         else    m[nrl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
           dh[mi][i]=jk+1;    if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
         if(dh[mi][i]==0)    m[nrl] += NR_END;
           dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */    m[nrl] -= ncl;
       }  
     }    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
   }    return m;
   jmean=sum/k;    /* print *(*(m+1)+70) or print m[1][70]; print m+1 or print &(m[1]) or &(m[1][0])
   printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, jmax,jmean);  m[i] = address of ith row of the table. &(m[i]) is its value which is another adress
  }  that of m[i][0]. In order to get the value p m[i][0] but it is unitialized.
 /*********** Tricode ****************************/     */
 void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx)  }
 {  
   int Ndum[20],ij=1, k, j, i;  /*************************free matrix ************************/
   int cptcode=0;  void free_matrix(double **m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch)
   cptcoveff=0;  {
      free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
   for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   for (k=1; k<=7; k++) ncodemax[k]=0;  }
   
   for (j=1; j<=(cptcovn+2*cptcovprod); j++) {  /******************* ma3x *******************************/
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {  double ***ma3x(long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch, long nll, long nlh)
       ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]);  {
       Ndum[ij]++;    long i, j, nrow=nrh-nrl+1, ncol=nch-ncl+1, nlay=nlh-nll+1;
       /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/    double ***m;
       if (ij > cptcode) cptcode=ij;  
     }    m=(double ***) malloc((size_t)((nrow+NR_END)*sizeof(double*)));
     if (!m) nrerror("allocation failure 1 in matrix()");
     for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {    m += NR_END;
       if(Ndum[i]!=0) ncodemax[j]++;    m -= nrl;
     }  
     ij=1;    m[nrl]=(double **) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
     if (!m[nrl]) nrerror("allocation failure 2 in matrix()");
     m[nrl] += NR_END;
     for (i=1; i<=ncodemax[j]; i++) {    m[nrl] -= ncl;
       for (k=0; k<=19; k++) {  
         if (Ndum[k] != 0) {    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) m[i]=m[i-1]+ncol;
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;  
           ij++;    m[nrl][ncl]=(double *) malloc((size_t)((nrow*ncol*nlay+NR_END)*sizeof(double)));
         }    if (!m[nrl][ncl]) nrerror("allocation failure 3 in matrix()");
         if (ij > ncodemax[j]) break;    m[nrl][ncl] += NR_END;
       }      m[nrl][ncl] -= nll;
     }    for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
   }        m[nrl][j]=m[nrl][j-1]+nlay;
     
  for (k=0; k<19; k++) Ndum[k]=0;    for (i=nrl+1; i<=nrh; i++) {
       m[i][ncl]=m[i-1l][ncl]+ncol*nlay;
  for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2; i++) {      for (j=ncl+1; j<=nch; j++) 
       ij=Tvar[i];        m[i][j]=m[i][j-1]+nlay;
       Ndum[ij]++;    }
     }    return m; 
     /*  gdb: p *(m+1) <=> p m[1] and p (m+1) <=> p (m+1) <=> p &(m[1])
  ij=1;             &(m[i][j][k]) <=> *((*(m+i) + j)+k)
  for (i=1; i<=10; i++) {    */
    if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncov)){  }
      Tvaraff[ij]=i;  
      ij++;  /*************************free ma3x ************************/
    }  void free_ma3x(double ***m, long nrl, long nrh, long ncl, long nch,long nll, long nlh)
  }  {
      free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl][ncl]+ nll-NR_END));
     cptcoveff=ij-1;    free((FREE_ARG)(m[nrl]+ncl-NR_END));
 }    free((FREE_ARG)(m+nrl-NR_END));
   }
 /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/  
   /*************** function subdirf ***********/
 void evsij(char fileres[], double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij)  char *subdirf(char fileres[])
 {  {
   /* Health expectancies */    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   double age, agelim,hf;    strcat(tmpout,"/"); /* Add to the right */
   double ***p3mat;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
      return tmpout;
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Health expectancies\n");  }
   fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  /*************** function subdirf2 ***********/
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  char *subdirf2(char fileres[], char *preop)
       fprintf(ficreseij," %1d-%1d",i,j);  {
   fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");    
     /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /*  Every j years of age (in month) */    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */    strcat(tmpout,"/");
     strcat(tmpout,preop);
   agelim=AGESUP;    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    return tmpout;
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */  }
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm);  
     /* Typically if 20 years = 20*12/6=40 stepm */  /*************** function subdirf3 ***********/
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  char *subdirf3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *preop2)
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically 40/4=10 */  {
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    
     /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
        in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
     hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, ij);      strcat(tmpout,"/");
     strcat(tmpout,preop);
     strcat(tmpout,preop2);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    return tmpout;
         for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  }
           eij[i][j][(int)age] +=p3mat[i][j][h];   
         }  /*************** function subdirfext ***********/
      char *subdirfext(char fileres[], char *preop, char *postop)
     hf=1;  {
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;    
     fprintf(ficreseij,"%.0f",age );    strcpy(tmpout,preop);
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){    strcat(tmpout,postop);
         fprintf(ficreseij," %.4f", hf*eij[i][j][(int)age]);    return tmpout;
       }  }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");  
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);  /*************** function subdirfext3 ***********/
   }  char *subdirfext3(char fileres[], char *preop, char *postop)
 }  {
     
 /************ Variance ******************/    /* Caution optionfilefiname is hidden */
 void varevsij(char fileres[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)    strcpy(tmpout,optionfilefiname);
 {    strcat(tmpout,"/");
   /* Variance of health expectancies */    strcat(tmpout,preop);
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/    strcat(tmpout,fileres);
   double **newm;    strcat(tmpout,postop);
   double **dnewm,**doldm;    return tmpout;
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h;  }
   int k, cptcode;   
   double *xp;  char *asc_diff_time(long time_sec, char ascdiff[])
   double **gp, **gm;  {
   double ***gradg, ***trgradg;    long sec_left, days, hours, minutes;
   double ***p3mat;    days = (time_sec) / (60*60*24);
   double age,agelim;    sec_left = (time_sec) % (60*60*24);
   int theta;    hours = (sec_left) / (60*60) ;
     sec_left = (sec_left) %(60*60);
    fprintf(ficresvij,"# Covariances of life expectancies\n");    minutes = (sec_left) /60;
   fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");    sec_left = (sec_left) % (60);
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)    sprintf(ascdiff,"%ld day(s) %ld hour(s) %ld minute(s) %ld second(s)",days, hours, minutes, sec_left);  
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    return ascdiff;
       fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e%1d, e%1d)",i,j);  }
   fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");  
   /***************** f1dim *************************/
   xp=vector(1,npar);  extern int ncom; 
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  extern double *pcom,*xicom;
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  extern double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
     
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */  double f1dim(double x) 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  { 
   agelim = AGESUP;    int j; 
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    double f;
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    double *xt; 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;   
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    xt=vector(1,ncom); 
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);    for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]; 
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);    f=(*nrfunc)(xt); 
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    free_vector(xt,1,ncom); 
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);    return f; 
   } 
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){  
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */  /*****************brent *************************/
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, double (*f)(double), double tol,  double *xmin) 
       }  {
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      /* Given a function f, and given a bracketing triplet of abscissas ax, bx, cx (such that bx is
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);     * between ax and cx, and f(bx) is less than both f(ax) and f(cx) ), this routine isolates
      * the minimum to a fractional precision of about tol using Brent’s method. The abscissa of
       if (popbased==1) {     * the minimum is returned as xmin, and the minimum function value is returned as brent , the
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)     * returned function value. 
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];    */
       }    int iter; 
          double a,b,d,etemp;
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){    double fu=0,fv,fw,fx;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    double ftemp=0.;
           for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)    double p,q,r,tol1,tol2,u,v,w,x,xm; 
             gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];    double e=0.0; 
         }   
       }    a=(ax < cx ? ax : cx); 
        b=(ax > cx ? ax : cx); 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */    x=w=v=bx; 
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);    fw=fv=fx=(*f)(x); 
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);      for (iter=1;iter<=ITMAX;iter++) { 
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      xm=0.5*(a+b); 
       tol2=2.0*(tol1=tol*fabs(x)+ZEPS); 
       if (popbased==1) {      /*          if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret)))*/
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      printf(".");fflush(stdout);
           prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];      fprintf(ficlog,".");fflush(ficlog);
       }  #ifdef DEBUGBRENT
       printf("br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){      fprintf(ficlog,"br %d,x=%.10e xm=%.10e b=%.10e a=%.10e tol=%.10e tol1=%.10e tol2=%.10e x-xm=%.10e fx=%.12e fu=%.12e,fw=%.12e,ftemp=%.12e,ftol=%.12e\n",iter,x,xm,b,a,tol,tol1,tol2,(x-xm),fx,fu,fw,ftemp,ftol);
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      /*          if ((fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a)))||(2.0*fabs(fu-ftemp) <= ftol*1.e-2*(fabs(fu)+fabs(ftemp)))) { */
           for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)  #endif
             gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];      if (fabs(x-xm) <= (tol2-0.5*(b-a))){ 
         }        *xmin=x; 
       }        return fx; 
       } 
       for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++)      ftemp=fu;
         for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){      if (fabs(e) > tol1) { 
           gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];        r=(x-w)*(fx-fv); 
         }        q=(x-v)*(fx-fw); 
     } /* End theta */        p=(x-v)*q-(x-w)*r; 
         q=2.0*(q-r); 
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);        if (q > 0.0) p = -p; 
         q=fabs(q); 
     for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++)        etemp=e; 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)        e=d; 
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)        if (fabs(p) >= fabs(0.5*q*etemp) || p <= q*(a-x) || p >= q*(b-x)) 
           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];          d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
         else { 
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)          d=p/q; 
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)          u=x+d; 
         vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;          if (u-a < tol2 || b-u < tol2) 
     for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){            d=SIGN(tol1,xm-x); 
       for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){        } 
         matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);      } else { 
         matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);        d=CGOLD*(e=(x >= xm ? a-x : b-x)); 
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)      } 
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)      u=(fabs(d) >= tol1 ? x+d : x+SIGN(tol1,d)); 
             vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j];      fu=(*f)(u); 
       }      if (fu <= fx) { 
     }        if (u >= x) a=x; else b=x; 
     h=1;        SHFT(v,w,x,u) 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) h=stepm/YEARM;        SHFT(fv,fw,fx,fu) 
     fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );      } else { 
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        if (u < x) a=u; else b=u; 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){        if (fu <= fw || w == x) { 
         fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", h*vareij[i][j][(int)age]);          v=w; 
       }          w=u; 
     fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");          fv=fw; 
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);          fw=fu; 
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);        } else if (fu <= fv || v == x || v == w) { 
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);          v=u; 
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);          fv=fu; 
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        } 
   } /* End age */      } 
      } 
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);    nrerror("Too many iterations in brent"); 
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);    *xmin=x; 
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);    return fx; 
   } 
 }  
   /****************** mnbrak ***********************/
 /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/  
 void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int ij)  void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, double *fc, 
 {              double (*func)(double)) 
   /* Variance of prevalence limit */  { /* Given a function func , and given distinct initial points ax and bx , this routine searches in
   /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/  the downhill direction (defined by the function as evaluated at the initial points) and returns
   double **newm;  new points ax , bx , cx that bracket a minimum of the function. Also returned are the function
   double **dnewm,**doldm;  values at the three points, fa, fb , and fc such that fa > fb and fb < fc.
   int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;     */
   int k, cptcode;    double ulim,u,r,q, dum;
   double *xp;    double fu; 
   double *gp, *gm;  
   double **gradg, **trgradg;    double scale=10.;
   double age,agelim;    int iterscale=0;
   int theta;  
        *fa=(*func)(*ax); /*  xta[j]=pcom[j]+(*ax)*xicom[j]; fa=f(xta[j])*/
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of prevalences limit\n");    *fb=(*func)(*bx); /*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");  
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);    /* while(*fb != *fb){ /\* *ax should be ok, reducing distance to *ax *\/ */
   fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");    /*   printf("Warning mnbrak *fb = %lf, *bx=%lf *ax=%lf *fa==%lf iter=%d\n",*fb, *bx, *ax, *fa, iterscale++); */
     /*   *bx = *ax - (*ax - *bx)/scale; */
   xp=vector(1,npar);    /*   *fb=(*func)(*bx);  /\*  xtb[j]=pcom[j]+(*bx)*xicom[j]; fb=f(xtb[j]) *\/ */
   dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);    /* } */
   doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  
      if (*fb > *fa) { 
   hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */      SHFT(dum,*ax,*bx,dum) 
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */      SHFT(dum,*fb,*fa,dum) 
   agelim = AGESUP;    } 
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */    *cx=(*bx)+GOLD*(*bx-*ax); 
     nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    *fc=(*func)(*cx); 
     if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;  #ifdef DEBUG
     nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    printf("mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);    fprintf(ficlog,"mnbrak0 *fb=%.12e *fc=%.12e\n",*fb,*fc);
     gp=vector(1,nlstate);  #endif
     gm=vector(1,nlstate);    while (*fb > *fc) { /* Declining a,b,c with fa> fb > fc */
       r=(*bx-*ax)*(*fb-*fc); 
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){      q=(*bx-*cx)*(*fb-*fa); 
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */      u=(*bx)-((*bx-*cx)*q-(*bx-*ax)*r)/ 
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        (2.0*SIGN(FMAX(fabs(q-r),TINY),q-r)); /* Minimum abscissa of a parabolic estimated from (a,fa), (b,fb) and (c,fc). */
       }      ulim=(*bx)+GLIMIT*(*cx-*bx); /* Maximum abscissa where function should be evaluated */
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);      if ((*bx-u)*(u-*cx) > 0.0) { /* if u_p is between b and c */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        fu=(*func)(u); 
         gp[i] = prlim[i][i];  #ifdef DEBUG
            /* f(x)=A(x-u)**2+f(u) */
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */        double A, fparabu; 
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        A= (*fb - *fa)/(*bx-*ax)/(*bx+*ax-2*u);
       prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ij);        fparabu= *fa - A*(*ax-u)*(*ax-u);
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        printf("mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
         gm[i] = prlim[i][i];        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf, fparabu=%.12f)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu, fparabu);
         /* And thus,it can be that fu > *fc even if fparabu < *fc */
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)        /* mnbrak (*ax=7.666299858533, *fa=299039.693133272231), (*bx=8.595447774979, *fb=298976.598289369489),
         gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];          (*cx=10.098840694817, *fc=298946.631474258087),  (*u=9.852501168332, fu=298948.773013752128, fparabu=298945.434711494134) */
     } /* End theta */        /* In that case, there is no bracket in the output! Routine is wrong with many consequences.*/
   #endif 
     trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);  #ifdef MNBRAKORIGINAL
   #else
     for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  /*       if (fu > *fc) { */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
         trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];  /*       printf("mnbrak4  fu > fc \n"); */
   /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak4 fu > fc\n"); */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  /* #endif */
       varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;  /*      /\* SHFT(u,*cx,*cx,u) /\\* ie a=c, c=u and u=c; in that case, next SHFT(a,b,c,u) will give a=b=b, b=c=u, c=u=c and *\\/  *\/ */
     matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  /*      /\* SHFT(*fa,*fc,fu,*fc) /\\* (b, u, c) is a bracket while test fb > fc will be fu > fc  will exit *\\/ *\/ */
     matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
     for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)  /*      u = *cx; */
       varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */  /*      *cx = dum; */
   /*      dum = fu; */
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );  /*      fu = *fc; */
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)  /*      *fc =dum; */
       fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));  /*       } else { /\* end *\/ */
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");  /* #ifdef DEBUG */
     free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);  /*       printf("mnbrak3  fu < fc \n"); */
     free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);  /*       fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak3 fu < fc\n"); */
     free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);  /* #endif */
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);  /*      dum=u; /\* Shifting c and u *\/ */
   } /* End age */  /*      u = *cx; */
   /*      *cx = dum; */
   free_vector(xp,1,npar);  /*      dum = fu; */
   free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);  /*      fu = *fc; */
   free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);  /*      *fc =dum; */
   /*       } */
 }  #ifdef DEBUG
         printf("mnbrak34  fu < or >= fc \n");
 /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak34 fu < fc\n");
 void varprob(char fileres[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij)  #endif
 {        dum=u; /* Shifting c and u */
   int i, j;        u = *cx;
   int k=0, cptcode;        *cx = dum;
   double **dnewm,**doldm;        dum = fu;
   double *xp;        fu = *fc;
   double *gp, *gm;        *fc =dum;
   double **gradg, **trgradg;  #endif
   double age,agelim, cov[NCOVMAX];      } else if ((*cx-u)*(u-ulim) > 0.0) { /* u is after c but before ulim */
   int theta;  #ifdef DEBUG
   char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];        printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim\n");
         fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim\n");
   strcpy(fileresprob,"prob");  #endif
   strcat(fileresprob,fileres);        fu=(*func)(u); 
   if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {        if (fu < *fc) { 
     printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);  #ifdef DEBUG
   }        printf("mnbrak2  u after c but before ulim AND fu < fc\n");
   printf("Computing variance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u after c but before ulim AND fu <fc \n");
    #endif
           SHFT(*bx,*cx,u,*cx+GOLD*(*cx-*bx)) 
   xp=vector(1,npar);          SHFT(*fb,*fc,fu,(*func)(u)) 
   dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);        } 
   doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      } else if ((u-ulim)*(ulim-*cx) >= 0.0) { /* u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c) */
    #ifdef DEBUG
   cov[1]=1;        printf("mnbrak2  u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 u outside ulim (verifying that ulim is beyond c)\n");
     cov[2]=age;  #endif
     gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,9);        u=ulim; 
     trgradg=matrix(1,9,1,npar);        fu=(*func)(u); 
     gp=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      } else { /* u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum) */
     gm=vector(1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));  #ifdef DEBUG
            printf("mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
     for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2  u could be left to b (if r > q parabola has a maximum)\n");
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)  #endif
         xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);        u=(*cx)+GOLD*(*cx-*bx); 
              fu=(*func)(u); 
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);      } /* end tests */
          SHFT(*ax,*bx,*cx,u) 
       k=0;      SHFT(*fa,*fb,*fc,fu) 
       for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath); i++){  #ifdef DEBUG
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){        printf("mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
            k=k+1;        fprintf(ficlog, "mnbrak2 (*ax=%.12f, *fa=%.12lf), (*bx=%.12f, *fb=%.12lf), (*cx=%.12f, *fc=%.12lf),  (*u=%.12f, fu=%.12lf)\n",*ax,*fa,*bx,*fb,*cx,*fc,u,fu);
           gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];  #endif
         }    } /* end while; ie return (a, b, c, fa, fb, fc) such that a < b < c with f(a) > f(b) and fb < f(c) */
       }  } 
   
       for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)  /*************** linmin ************************/
         xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);  /* Given an n -dimensional point p[1..n] and an n -dimensional direction xi[1..n] , moves and
      resets p to where the function func(p) takes on a minimum along the direction xi from p ,
   and replaces xi by the actual vector displacement that p was moved. Also returns as fret
       pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);  the value of func at the returned location p . This is actually all accomplished by calling the
       k=0;  routines mnbrak and brent .*/
       for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){  int ncom; 
         for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){  double *pcom,*xicom;
           k=k+1;  double (*nrfunc)(double []); 
           gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];   
         }  void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret,double (*func)(double [])) 
       }  { 
          double brent(double ax, double bx, double cx, 
        for(i=1; i<= (nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++)                 double (*f)(double), double tol, double *xmin); 
            gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];      double f1dim(double x); 
     }    void mnbrak(double *ax, double *bx, double *cx, double *fa, double *fb, 
                 double *fc, double (*func)(double)); 
      for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)    int j; 
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)    double xx,xmin,bx,ax; 
       trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];    double fx,fb,fa;
    
      matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,9,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
      matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,9,1,npar,1,9,gradg);  #else
     double scale=10., axs, xxs; /* Scale added for infinity */
      pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);  #endif
     
      k=0;    ncom=n; 
      for(i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath); i++){    pcom=vector(1,n); 
        for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){    xicom=vector(1,n); 
          k=k+1;    nrfunc=func; 
          gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
         }      pcom[j]=p[j]; 
      }      xicom[j]=xi[j]; /* Former scale xi[j] of currrent direction i */
          } 
      /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);  
      for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
            xx=1.;
   #else
        printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));    axs=0.0;
      }*/    xxs=1.;
     do{
   fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);      xx= xxs;
   #endif
   for (i=1; i<=(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath-1);i++){      ax=0.;
     if (i== 2) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);      mnbrak(&ax,&xx,&bx,&fa,&fx,&fb,f1dim);  /* Outputs: xtx[j]=pcom[j]+(*xx)*xicom[j]; fx=f(xtx[j]) */
 if (i== 4) fprintf(ficresprob,"%.3e %.3e ",gm[i],doldm[i][i]);      /* brackets with inputs ax=0 and xx=1, but points, pcom=p, and directions values, xicom=xi, are sent via f1dim(x) */
   }      /* xt[x,j]=pcom[j]+x*xicom[j]  f(ax) = f(xt(a,j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 0 * xi(j)) and  f(xx) = f(xt(x, j=1,n)) = f(p(j) + 1 * xi(j))   */
       /* Outputs: fa=f(p(j)) and fx=f(p(j) + xxs * xi(j) ) and f(bx)= f(p(j)+ bx* xi(j)) */
     free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      /* Given input ax=axs and xx=xxs, xx might be too far from ax to get a finite f(xx) */
     free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));      /* Searches on line, outputs (ax, xx, bx) such that fx < min(fa and fb) */
     free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);      /* Find a bracket a,x,b in direction n=xi ie xicom, order may change. Scale is [0:xxs*xi[j]] et non plus  [0:xi[j]]*/
     free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
 }  #else
  free_vector(xp,1,npar);      if (fx != fx){
 fclose(ficresprob);          xxs=xxs/scale; /* Trying a smaller xx, closer to initial ax=0 */
  exit(0);          printf("|");
 }          fprintf(ficlog,"|");
   #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
 /***********************************************/          printf("\nLinmin NAN : input [axs=%lf:xxs=%lf], mnbrak outputs fx=%lf <(fb=%lf and fa=%lf) with xx=%lf in [ax=%lf:bx=%lf] \n",  axs, xxs, fx,fb, fa, xx, ax, bx);
 /**************** Main Program *****************/  #endif
 /***********************************************/      }
     }while(fx != fx);
 /*int main(int argc, char *argv[])*/  #endif
 int main()    
 {  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     printf("\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
   int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter,m,size,cptcode, cptcod;    fprintf(ficlog,"\nLinmin after mnbrak: ax=%12.7f xx=%12.7f bx=%12.7f fa=%12.2f fx=%12.2f fb=%12.2f\n",  ax,xx,bx,fa,fx,fb);
   double agedeb, agefin,hf;  #endif
   double agemin=1.e20, agemax=-1.e20;    *fret=brent(ax,xx,bx,f1dim,TOL,&xmin); /* Giving a bracketting triplet (ax, xx, bx), find a minimum, xmin, according to f1dim, *fret(xmin),*/
     /* fa = f(p[j] + ax * xi[j]), fx = f(p[j] + xx * xi[j]), fb = f(p[j] + bx * xi[j]) */
   double fret;    /* fmin = f(p[j] + xmin * xi[j]) */
   double **xi,tmp,delta;    /* P+lambda n in that direction (lambdamin), with TOL between abscisses */
     /* f1dim(xmin): for (j=1;j<=ncom;j++) xt[j]=pcom[j]+xmin*xicom[j]; */
   double dum; /* Dummy variable */  #ifdef DEBUG
   double ***p3mat;    printf("retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   int *indx;    fprintf(ficlog,"retour brent fret=%.12e xmin=%.12e\n",*fret,xmin);
   char line[MAXLINE], linepar[MAXLINE];  #endif
   char title[MAXLINE];  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   char optionfile[FILENAMELENGTH], datafile[FILENAMELENGTH],  filerespl[FILENAMELENGTH], optionfilehtm[FILENAMELENGTH];    printf("linmin end ");
   char fileres[FILENAMELENGTH], filerespij[FILENAMELENGTH], filereso[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];    fprintf(ficlog,"linmin end ");
   char filerest[FILENAMELENGTH];  #endif
   char fileregp[FILENAMELENGTH];    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   char path[80],pathc[80],pathcd[80],pathtot[80],model[20];  #ifdef LINMINORIGINAL
   int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;      xi[j] *= xmin; 
   int sdeb, sfin; /* Status at beginning and end */  #else
   int c,  h , cpt,l;  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   int ju,jl, mi;      if(xxs <1.0)
   int i1,j1, k1,k2,k3,jk,aa,bb, stepsize, ij;        printf(" before xi[%d]=%12.8f", j,xi[j]);
   int jnais,jdc,jint4,jint1,jint2,jint3,**outcome,**adl,*tab;  #endif
   int mobilav=0, fprevfore=1, lprevfore=1;      xi[j] *= xmin*xxs; /* xi rescaled by xmin and number of loops: if xmin=-1.237 and xi=(1,0,...,0) xi=(-1.237,0,...,0) */
   int hstepm, nhstepm;  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
       if(xxs <1.0)
   double bage, fage, age, agelim, agebase;        printf(" after xi[%d]=%12.8f, xmin=%12.8f, ax=%12.8f, xx=%12.8f, bx=%12.8f, xxs=%12.8f", j,xi[j], xmin, ax, xx, bx,xxs );
   double ftolpl=FTOL;  #endif
   double **prlim;  #endif
   double *severity;      p[j] += xi[j]; /* Parameters values are updated accordingly */
   double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */    } 
   double  *p;  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
   double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */    printf("\n");
   double ***delti3; /* Scale */    printf("Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
   double *delti; /* Scale */    fprintf(ficlog,"Comparing last *frec(xmin=%12.8f)=%12.8f from Brent and frec(0.)=%12.8f \n", xmin, *fret, (*func)(p));
   double ***eij, ***vareij;    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
   double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */      printf(" xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
   double *epj, vepp;      fprintf(ficlog," xi[%d]= %14.10f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xi[j],j,p[j]);
   double kk1;      if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
         printf("\n");
   char version[80]="Imach version 64b, May 2001, INED-EUROREVES ";        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4];      }
     }
   #else
   char z[1]="c", occ;  #endif
 #include <sys/time.h>    free_vector(xicom,1,n); 
 #include <time.h>    free_vector(pcom,1,n); 
   char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80],modelsav[80];  } 
   /* long total_usecs;  
   struct timeval start_time, end_time;  
    /*************** powell ************************/
   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */  /*
   Minimization of a function func of n variables. Input consists of an initial starting point
   p[1..n] ; an initial matrix xi[1..n][1..n] , whose columns contain the initial set of di-
   printf("\nIMACH, Version 0.64b");  rections (usually the n unit vectors); and ftol , the fractional tolerance in the function value
   printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");  such that failure to decrease by more than this amount on one iteration signals doneness. On
   output, p is set to the best point found, xi is the then-current direction set, fret is the returned
 #ifdef windows  function value at p , and iter is the number of iterations taken. The routine linmin is used.
   scanf("%s",pathtot);   */
   getcwd(pathcd, size);  void powell(double p[], double **xi, int n, double ftol, int *iter, double *fret, 
   /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);              double (*func)(double [])) 
     printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/  { 
   /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/    void linmin(double p[], double xi[], int n, double *fret, 
                 double (*func)(double [])); 
 split(pathtot, path,optionfile);    int i,ibig,j; 
   chdir(path);    double del,t,*pt,*ptt,*xit;
   replace(pathc,path);    double directest;
 #endif    double fp,fptt;
 #ifdef unix    double *xits;
   scanf("%s",optionfile);    int niterf, itmp;
 #endif  
     pt=vector(1,n); 
 /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/    ptt=vector(1,n); 
     xit=vector(1,n); 
   strcpy(fileres,"r");    xits=vector(1,n); 
   strcat(fileres, optionfile);    *fret=(*func)(p); 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) pt[j]=p[j]; 
   /*---------arguments file --------*/    rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
     for (*iter=1;;++(*iter)) { 
   if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {      fp=(*fret); /* From former iteration or initial value */
     printf("Problem with optionfile %s\n",optionfile);      ibig=0; 
     goto end;      del=0.0; 
   }      rlast_time=rcurr_time;
       /* (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   strcpy(filereso,"o");      rcurr_time = time(NULL);  
   strcat(filereso,fileres);      curr_time = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
   if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) {      printf("\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret, rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time);fflush(stdout);
     printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);goto end;      fprintf(ficlog,"\nPowell iter=%d -2*LL=%.12f %ld sec. %ld sec.",*iter,*fret,rcurr_time-rlast_time, rcurr_time-rstart_time); fflush(ficlog);
   }  /*     fprintf(ficrespow,"%d %.12f %ld",*iter,*fret,curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec); */
       for (i=1;i<=n;i++) {
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        printf(" %d %.12f",i, p[i]);
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        fprintf(ficlog," %d %.12lf",i, p[i]);
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[i]);
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);      }
     puts(line);      printf("\n");
     fputs(line,ficparo);      fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   }      fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");fflush(ficrespow);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      if(*iter <=3){
         tml = *localtime(&rcurr_time);
   fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncov, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model);        strcpy(strcurr,asctime(&tml));
   printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);        rforecast_time=rcurr_time; 
   fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncov,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);        itmp = strlen(strcurr);
 while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        if(strcurr[itmp-1]=='\n')  /* Windows outputs with a new line */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          strcurr[itmp-1]='\0';
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        printf("\nConsidering the time needed for the last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
     puts(line);        fprintf(ficlog,"\nConsidering the time needed for this last iteration #%d: %ld seconds,\n",*iter,rcurr_time-rlast_time);
     fputs(line,ficparo);        for(niterf=10;niterf<=30;niterf+=10){
   }          rforecast_time=rcurr_time+(niterf-*iter)*(rcurr_time-rlast_time);
   ungetc(c,ficpar);          forecast_time = *localtime(&rforecast_time);
            strcpy(strfor,asctime(&forecast_time));
   fscanf(ficpar,"fprevalence=%d lprevalence=%d pop_based=%d\n",&fprev,&lprev,&popbased);          itmp = strlen(strfor);
  while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          if(strfor[itmp-1]=='\n')
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          strfor[itmp-1]='\0';
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          printf("   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     puts(line);          fprintf(ficlog,"   - if your program needs %d iterations to converge, convergence will be \n   reached in %s i.e.\n   on %s (current time is %s);\n",niterf, asc_diff_time(rforecast_time-rcurr_time,tmpout),strfor,strcurr);
     fputs(line,ficparo);        }
   }      }
   ungetc(c,ficpar);      for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { /* For each direction i */
          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) xit[j]=xi[j][i]; /* Directions stored from previous iteration with previous scales */
   fscanf(ficpar,"fprevalence=%d lprevalence=%d mob_average=%d\n",&fprevfore,&lprevfore,&mobilav);        fptt=(*fret); 
    #ifdef DEBUG
   covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);        printf("fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
   cptcovn=0;        fprintf(ficlog, "fret=%lf, %lf, %lf \n", *fret, *fret, *fret);
   if (strlen(model)>1) cptcovn=nbocc(model,'+')+1;  #endif
         printf("%d",i);fflush(stdout); /* print direction (parameter) i */
   ncovmodel=2+cptcovn;        fprintf(ficlog,"%d",i);fflush(ficlog);
   nvar=ncovmodel-1; /* Suppressing age as a basic covariate */        linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* Point p[n]. xit[n] has been loaded for direction i as input.*/
                                        /* Outputs are fret(new point p) p is updated and xit rescaled */
   /* Read guess parameters */        if (fabs(fptt-(*fret)) > del) { /* We are keeping the max gain on each of the n directions */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          /* because that direction will be replaced unless the gain del is small */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          /* in comparison with the 'probable' gain, mu^2, with the last average direction. */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          /* Unless the n directions are conjugate some gain in the determinant may be obtained */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);          /* with the new direction. */
     puts(line);          del=fabs(fptt-(*fret)); 
     fputs(line,ficparo);          ibig=i; 
   }        } 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);  #ifdef DEBUG
          printf("%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
   param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        fprintf(ficlog,"%d %.12e",i,(*fret));
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++)        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){          xits[j]=FMAX(fabs(p[j]-pt[j]),1.e-5);
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);          printf(" x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);          fprintf(ficlog," x(%d)=%.12e",j,xit[j]);
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);        }
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){        for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);          printf(" p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
         printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);          fprintf(ficlog," p(%d)=%.12e",j,p[j]);
         fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);        }
       }        printf("\n");
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       printf("\n");  #endif
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");      } /* end loop on each direction i */
     }      /* Convergence test will use last linmin estimation (fret) and compare former iteration (fp) */ 
        /* But p and xit have been updated at the end of linmin, *fret corresponds to new p, xit  */
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel;      /* New value of last point Pn is not computed, P(n-1) */
       if (2.0*fabs(fp-(*fret)) <= ftol*(fabs(fp)+fabs(*fret))) { /* Did we reach enough precision? */
   p=param[1][1];        /* We could compare with a chi^2. chisquare(0.95,ddl=1)=3.84 */
          /* By adding age*age in a model, the new -2LL should be lower and the difference follows a */
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */        /* a chisquare statistics with 1 degree. To be significant at the 95% level, it should have */
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){        /* decreased of more than 3.84  */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        /* By adding age*age and V1*age the gain (-2LL) should be more than 5.99 (ddl=2) */
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);        /* By using V1+V2+V3, the gain should be  7.82, compared with basic 1+age. */
     puts(line);        /* By adding 10 parameters more the gain should be 18.31 */
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }        /* Starting the program with initial values given by a former maximization will simply change */
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        /* the scales of the directions and the directions, because the are reset to canonical directions */
         /* Thus the first calls to linmin will give new points and better maximizations until fp-(*fret) is */
   delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);        /* under the tolerance value. If the tolerance is very small 1.e-9, it could last long.  */
   delti=vector(1,npar); /* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov) */  #ifdef DEBUG
   for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){        int k[2],l;
     for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){        k[0]=1;
       fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);        k[1]=-1;
       printf("%1d%1d",i,j);        printf("Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
       fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);        fprintf(ficlog,"Max: %.12e",(*func)(p));
       for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){        for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
         fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);          printf(" %.12e",p[j]);
         printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);          fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",p[j]);
         fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);        }
       }        printf("\n");
       fscanf(ficpar,"\n");        fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       printf("\n");        for(l=0;l<=1;l++) {
       fprintf(ficparo,"\n");          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) {
     }            ptt[j]=p[j]+(p[j]-pt[j])*k[l];
   }            printf("l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
   delti=delti3[1][1];            fprintf(ficlog,"l=%d j=%d ptt=%.12e, xits=%.12e, p=%.12e, xit=%.12e", l,j,ptt[j],xits[j],p[j],xit[j]);
            }
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          printf("func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          fprintf(ficlog,"func(ptt)=%.12e, deriv=%.12e\n",(*func)(ptt),(ptt[j]-p[j])/((*func)(ptt)-(*func)(p)));
     ungetc(c,ficpar);        }
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);  #endif
     puts(line);  
     fputs(line,ficparo);  
   }        free_vector(xit,1,n); 
   ungetc(c,ficpar);        free_vector(xits,1,n); 
          free_vector(ptt,1,n); 
   matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);        free_vector(pt,1,n); 
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){        return; 
     fscanf(ficpar,"%s",&str);      } /* enough precision */ 
     printf("%s",str);      if (*iter == ITMAX) nrerror("powell exceeding maximum iterations."); 
     fprintf(ficparo,"%s",str);      for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { /* Computes the extrapolated point P_0 + 2 (P_n-P_0) */
     for(j=1; j <=i; j++){        ptt[j]=2.0*p[j]-pt[j]; 
       fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);        xit[j]=p[j]-pt[j]; 
       printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);        pt[j]=p[j]; 
       fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);      } 
     }      fptt=(*func)(ptt); /* f_3 */
     fscanf(ficpar,"\n");  #ifdef POWELLF1F3
     printf("\n");  #else
     fprintf(ficparo,"\n");      if (fptt < fp) { /* If extrapolated point is better, decide if we keep that new direction or not */
   }  #endif
   for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)        /* (x1 f1=fp), (x2 f2=*fret), (x3 f3=fptt), (xm fm) */
     for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)        /* From x1 (P0) distance of x2 is at h and x3 is 2h */
       matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];        /* Let f"(x2) be the 2nd derivative equal everywhere.  */
            /* Then the parabolic through (x1,f1), (x2,f2) and (x3,f3) */
   printf("\n");        /* will reach at f3 = fm + h^2/2 f"m  ; f" = (f1 -2f2 +f3 ) / h**2 */
         /* Conditional for using this new direction is that mu^2 = (f1-2f2+f3)^2 /2 < del */
         /* t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*SQR(fp-fptt); */
     /*-------- data file ----------*/  #ifdef NRCORIGINAL
     if((ficres =fopen(fileres,"w"))==NULL) {        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del)- del*SQR(fp-fptt); /* Original Numerical Recipes in C*/
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileres);goto end;  #else
     }        t=2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del); /* Intel compiler doesn't work on one line; bug reported */
     fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);        t= t- del*SQR(fp-fptt);
      #endif
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {        directest = fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt - 2.0 * del; /* If delta was big enough we change it for a new direction */
       printf("Problem with datafile: %s\n", datafile);goto end;  #ifdef DEBUG
     }        printf("t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf  directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
         fprintf(ficlog,"t1= %.12lf, t2= %.12lf, t=%.12lf directest=%.12lf\n", 2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),del*SQR(fp-fptt),t,directest);
     n= lastobs;        printf("t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
     severity = vector(1,maxwav);               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
     outcome=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);        fprintf(ficlog,"t3= %.12lf, t4= %.12lf, t3*= %.12lf, t4*= %.12lf\n",SQR(fp-(*fret)-del),SQR(fp-fptt),
     num=ivector(1,n);               (fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del),(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt));
     moisnais=vector(1,n);        printf("tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
     annais=vector(1,n);        fprintf(ficlog, "tt= %.12lf, t=%.12lf\n",2.0*(fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt)*(fp-(*fret)-del)*(fp-(*fret)-del)-del*(fp-fptt)*(fp-fptt),t);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);  #endif
     andc=vector(1,n);  #ifdef POWELLORIGINAL
     agedc=vector(1,n);        if (t < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
     cod=ivector(1,n);  #else
     weight=vector(1,n);        if (directest*t < 0.0) { /* Contradiction between both tests */
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */          printf("directest= %.12lf (if <0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt,del);
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);          printf("f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);          fprintf(ficlog,"directest= %.12lf (if <0 we include P0 Pn as new direction), t= %.12lf, f1= %.12lf,f2= %.12lf,f3= %.12lf, del= %.12lf\n",directest, t, fp,(*fret),fptt, del);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);          fprintf(ficlog,"f1-2f2+f3= %.12lf, f1-f2-del= %.12lf, f1-f3= %.12lf\n",fp-2.0*(*fret)+fptt, fp -(*fret) -del, fp-fptt);
     adl=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n);            } 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);        if (directest < 0.0) { /* Then we use it for new direction */
     ncodemax=ivector(1,8);  #endif
   #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
     i=1;          printf("Before linmin in direction P%d-P0\n",n);
     while (fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL)    {          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       if ((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs)) {            printf(" Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
                    fprintf(ficlog," Before xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
         for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){            if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); s[j][i]=atoi(strb);              printf("\n");
           strcpy(line,stra);              fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); anint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            }
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); mint[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          }
         }  #endif
                  linmin(p,xit,n,fret,func); /* computes minimum on the extrapolated direction: changes p and rescales xit.*/
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); andc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);  #ifdef DEBUGLINMIN
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisdc[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
             printf("After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,'/'); annais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            fprintf(ficlog,"After xit[%d]= %12.7f p[%d]= %12.7f",j,xit[j],j,p[j]);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); moisnais[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);            if(j % ncovmodel == 0){
               printf("\n");
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); weight[i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);              fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         for (j=ncov;j>=1;j--){            }
           cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); covar[j][i]=(double)(atoi(strb)); strcpy(line,stra);          }
         }  #endif
         num[i]=atol(stra);          for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
                    xi[j][ibig]=xi[j][n]; /* Replace direction with biggest decrease by last direction n */
         /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){            xi[j][n]=xit[j];      /* and this nth direction by the by the average p_0 p_n */
           printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/          }
           printf("Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
         i=i+1;          fprintf(ficlog,"Gaining to use new average direction of P0 P%d instead of biggest increase direction %d :\n",n,ibig);
       }  
     }  #ifdef DEBUG
     /* printf("ii=%d", ij);          printf("Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
        scanf("%d",i);*/          fprintf(ficlog,"Direction changed  last moved %d in place of ibig=%d, new last is the average:\n",n,ibig);
   imx=i-1; /* Number of individuals */          for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
             printf(" %.12e",xit[j]);
   /* for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){            fprintf(ficlog," %.12e",xit[j]);
     if ((s[1][i]==3) && (s[2][i]==2)) s[2][i]=3;          }
     if ((s[2][i]==3) && (s[3][i]==2)) s[3][i]=3;          printf("\n");
     if ((s[3][i]==3) && (s[4][i]==2)) s[4][i]=3;          fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }  #endif
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) printf("%d %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]), (weight[i]), (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i]));*/        } /* end of t or directest negative */
   #ifdef POWELLF1F3
   /* Calculation of the number of parameter from char model*/  #else
   Tvar=ivector(1,15);      } /* end if (fptt < fp)  */
   Tprod=ivector(1,15);  #endif
   Tvaraff=ivector(1,15);    } /* loop iteration */ 
   Tvard=imatrix(1,15,1,2);  } 
   Tage=ivector(1,15);        
      /**** Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
   if (strlen(model) >1){  
     j=0, j1=0, k1=1, k2=1;  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij)
     j=nbocc(model,'+');  {
     j1=nbocc(model,'*');    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x and for covariate ij by left multiplying the unit
     cptcovn=j+1;       matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
     cptcovprod=j1;    /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
        /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
        /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
     strcpy(modelsav,model);    /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
     if ((strcmp(model,"age")==0) || (strcmp(model,"age*age")==0)){    /* Initial matrix pimij */
       printf("Error. Non available option model=%s ",model);    /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
       goto end;    /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
     }    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
        /*
     for(i=(j+1); i>=1;i--){     * and after some iteration: */
       cutv(stra,strb,modelsav,'+');    /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
       if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav);    /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
       /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
       /*scanf("%d",i);*/    /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
       if (strchr(strb,'*')) {    /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
         cutv(strd,strc,strb,'*');    /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
         if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) {    /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
           cptcovprod--;  
           cutv(strb,stre,strd,'V');    int i, ii,j,k;
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
           cptcovage++;    /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
             Tage[cptcovage]=i;    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **pmij(); /* **pmmij is a global variable feeded with oldms etc */
             /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/    double **newm;
         }    double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
         else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) {    int ncvloop=0;
           cptcovprod--;    
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');    min=vector(1,nlstate);
           Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);    max=vector(1,nlstate);
           cptcovage++;    meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
           Tage[cptcovage]=i;  
         }          /* Starting with matrix unity */
         else {    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           cutv(strb,stre,strc,'V');      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           Tvar[i]=ncov+k1;        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           cutv(strb,strc,strd,'V');      }
           Tprod[k1]=i;    
           Tvard[k1][1]=atoi(strc);    cov[1]=1.;
           Tvard[k1][2]=atoi(stre);    
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
           Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];    /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
           for (k=1; k<=lastobs;k++)    for(agefin=age-stepm/YEARM; agefin>=age-delaymax; agefin=agefin-stepm/YEARM){
             covar[ncov+k1][k]=covar[atoi(stre)][k]*covar[atoi(strc)][k];      ncvloop++;
           k1++;      newm=savm;
           k2=k2+2;      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
         }      cov[2]=agefin;
       }      if(nagesqr==1)
       else {        cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
         /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
        /*  scanf("%d",i);*/        /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
       cutv(strd,strc,strb,'V');                          /* Here comes the value of the covariate 'ij' */
       Tvar[i]=atoi(strc);        cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
       }        /* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); */
       strcpy(modelsav,stra);        }
       /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);      /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
         scanf("%d",i);*/      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]*cov[2]; */
     }      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
 }      for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
          /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
   /*printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);        cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
   printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);      
   scanf("%d ",i);*/      /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
     fclose(fic);      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
       /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
     /*  if(mle==1){*/      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights*/      /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
       for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0;                  /* age and covariate values of ij are in 'cov' */
     }      out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
     /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/      
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);      savm=oldm;
       oldm=newm;
    for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  
      for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++)      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
        if ((mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){        max[j]=0.;
          anint[m][i]=9999;        min[j]=1.;
          s[m][i]=-1;      }
        }      for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
            sumnew=0;
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {        for(k=1; k<=ndeath; k++) sumnew+=newm[i][nlstate+k];
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);        for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){ 
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){          prlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew);
         if(s[m][i] >0){          max[j]=FMAX(max[j],prlim[i][j]);
           if (s[m][i] == nlstate+1) {          min[j]=FMIN(min[j],prlim[i][j]);
             if(agedc[i]>0)        }
               if(moisdc[i]!=99 && andc[i]!=9999)      }
               agev[m][i]=agedc[i];  
             else {      maxmax=0.;
               if (andc[i]!=9999){      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
               printf("Warning negative age at death: %d line:%d\n",num[i],i);        meandiff[j]=(max[j]-min[j])/(max[j]+min[j])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
               agev[m][i]=-1;        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[j]);
               }        /* printf(" age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, j, meandiff[j],(int)agefin, j, max[j], j, min[j],maxmax); */
             }      } /* j loop */
           }      *ncvyear= (int)age- (int)agefin;
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Should no more exist */      /* printf("maxmax=%lf maxmin=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, maxmin, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
             if(mint[m][i]==99 || anint[m][i]==9999)        /* printf("maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%ld, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear); */
               agev[m][i]=1;        free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
             else if(agev[m][i] <agemin){        free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
               agemin=agev[m][i];        free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
               /*printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemin);*/        return prlim;
             }      }
             else if(agev[m][i] >agemax){    } /* age loop */
               agemax=agev[m][i];      /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
              /* printf(" anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.0f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], agemax);*/    printf("Warning: the stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
             }  Earliest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/    /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
             /*   agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/    free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
           }    free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
           else { /* =9 */    free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
             agev[m][i]=1;    
             s[m][i]=-1;    return prlim; /* should not reach here */
           }  }
         }  
         else /*= 0 Unknown */  
           agev[m][i]=1;   /**** Back Prevalence limit (stable or period prevalence)  ****************/
       }  
       /* double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij) */
     }   /* double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij) */
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {   double **bprevalim(double **bprlim, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, double x[], double age, double ftolpl, int *ncvyear, int ij)
       for(m=1; (m<= maxwav); m++){  {
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {    /* Computes the prevalence limit in each live state at age x and covariate ij by left multiplying the unit
           printf("Error: Wrong value in nlstate or ndeath\n");         matrix by transitions matrix until convergence is reached with precision ftolpl */
           goto end;    /* Wx= Wx-1 Px-1= Wx-2 Px-2 Px-1  = Wx-n Px-n ... Px-2 Px-1 I */
         }    /* Wx is row vector: population in state 1, population in state 2, population dead */
       }    /* or prevalence in state 1, prevalence in state 2, 0 */
     }    /* newm is the matrix after multiplications, its rows are identical at a factor */
     /* Initial matrix pimij */
 printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, agemin, agemax);    /* {0.85204250825084937, 0.13044499163996345, 0.017512500109187184, */
     /* 0.090851990222114765, 0.88271245433047185, 0.026435555447413338, */
     free_vector(severity,1,maxwav);    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
     free_imatrix(outcome,1,maxwav+1,1,n);    /*
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);     * and after some iteration: */
     free_vector(annais,1,n);    /* {0.45504275246439968, 0.42731458730878791, 0.11764266022681241, */
     free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);    /*  0.45201005341706885, 0.42865420071559901, 0.11933574586733192, */
     free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);    /*  0,                   0                  , 1} */
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);    /* And prevalence by suppressing the deaths are close to identical rows in prlim: */
     free_vector(andc,1,n);    /* {0.51571254859325999, 0.4842874514067399, */
     /*  0.51326036147820708, 0.48673963852179264} */
        /* If we start from prlim again, prlim tends to a constant matrix */
     wav=ivector(1,imx);  
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    int i, ii,j,k;
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);    double *min, *max, *meandiff, maxmax,sumnew=0.;
        /* double **matprod2(); */ /* test */
     /* Concatenates waves */    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1], **bmij();
       concatwav(wav, dh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);    double **newm;
     double         **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm;  /* for use */
     double         **oldm, **savm;  /* for use */
       Tcode=ivector(1,100);  
       nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);    double agefin, delaymax=200. ; /* 100 Max number of years to converge */
       ncodemax[1]=1;    int ncvloop=0;
       if (cptcovn > 0) tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx);    
          min=vector(1,nlstate);
    codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);    max=vector(1,nlstate);
    h=0;    meandiff=vector(1,nlstate);
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);  
            dnewm=ddnewms; doldm=ddoldms; dsavm=ddsavms;
    for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){          oldm=oldms; savm=savms;
      for(i=1; i <=(m/pow(2,k));i++){  
        for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){          /* Starting with matrix unity */
          for(cpt=1; cpt <=(m/pow(2,cptcoveff+1-k)); cpt++){          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
            h++;                  for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            if (h>m) h=1;codtab[h][k]=j;        oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
          }      }
        }    
      }    cov[1]=1.;
    }    
     /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
     /* Start at agefin= age, computes the matrix of passage and loops decreasing agefin until convergence is reached */
    /*for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){    /* for(agefin=age+stepm/YEARM; agefin<=age+delaymax; agefin=agefin+stepm/YEARM){ /\* A changer en age *\/ */
      for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){    for(agefin=age; agefin<AGESUP; agefin=agefin+stepm/YEARM){ /* A changer en age */
        printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff);      ncvloop++;
      }      newm=savm; /* oldm should be kept from previous iteration or unity at start */
      printf("\n");                  /* newm points to the allocated table savm passed by the function it can be written, savm could be reallocated */
    }      /* Covariates have to be included here again */
    scanf("%d",i);*/      cov[2]=agefin;
          if(nagesqr==1)
    /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age        cov[3]= agefin*agefin;;
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */      for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
   freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax);        /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
         cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        /* printf("prevalim ij=%d k=%d Tvar[%d]=%d nbcode=%d cov=%lf codtabm(%d,Tvar[%d])=%d \n",ij,k, k, Tvar[k],nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])],cov[2+k], ij, k, codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]); */
     oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      }
     newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      /*wrong? for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
     savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */      /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]*cov[2]; */
     oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */      for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
            for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless */
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]        /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */        cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)] * nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */      
       /*printf("ij=%d cptcovprod=%d tvar=%d ", ij, cptcovprod, Tvar[1]);*/
     if(mle==1){      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf cov[4]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3],cov[4]);*/
     mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);      /*printf("ij=%d cov[3]=%lf \n",ij, cov[3]);*/
     }      /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
          /* out=matprod2(newm, pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate),1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
     /*--------- results files --------------*/                  /* ij should be linked to the correct index of cov */
     fprintf(ficres,"\ntitle=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncov=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncov, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, mle,weightopt,model);                  /* age and covariate values ij are in 'cov', but we need to pass
                       * ij for the observed prevalence at age and status and covariate
    jk=1;                   * number:  prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij]
    fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters\n");                   */
    printf("# Parameters\n");      /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, ageminpar, agemaxpar, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij)); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij)); /\* Bug Valgrind *\/ */
      for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){      out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent,ij)); /* Bug Valgrind */
        if (k != i)      savm=oldm;
          {      oldm=newm;
            printf("%d%d ",i,k);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){
            fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);        max[j]=0.;
            for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){        min[j]=1.;
              printf("%f ",p[jk]);      }
              fprintf(ficres,"%f ",p[jk]);      for(j=1; j<=nlstate; j++){ 
              jk++;        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
            }                                  /* bprlim[i][j]= newm[i][j]/(1-sumnew); */
            printf("\n");                                  bprlim[i][j]= newm[i][j];
            fprintf(ficres,"\n");                                  max[i]=FMAX(max[i],bprlim[i][j]); /* Max in line */
          }                                  min[i]=FMIN(min[i],bprlim[i][j]);
      }        }
    }      }
  if(mle==1){                  
     /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix */      maxmax=0.;
     ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */      for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
     hesscov(matcov, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);        meandiff[i]=(max[i]-min[i])/(max[i]+min[i])*2.; /* mean difference for each column */
  }        maxmax=FMAX(maxmax,meandiff[i]);
     fprintf(ficres,"# Scales\n");        /* printf("Back age= %d meandiff[%d]=%f, agefin=%d max[%d]=%f min[%d]=%f maxmax=%f\n", (int)age, i, meandiff[i],(int)agefin, i, max[i], i, min[i],maxmax); */
     printf("# Scales\n");      } /* j loop */
      for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){      *ncvyear= -( (int)age- (int)agefin);
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){      /* printf("Back maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear);*/
         if (j!=i) {      if(maxmax < ftolpl){
           fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);        printf("OK Back maxmax=%lf ncvloop=%d, age=%d, agefin=%d ncvyear=%d \n", maxmax, ncvloop, (int)age, (int)agefin, *ncvyear);
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);        free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){        free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
             printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);        free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
             fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);        return bprlim;
             jk++;      }
           }    } /* age loop */
           printf("\n");      /* After some age loop it doesn't converge */
           fprintf(ficres,"\n");    printf("Warning: the back stable prevalence at age %d did not converge with the required precision (%g > ftolpl=%g) within %.0f years. Try to lower 'ftolpl'. \n\
         }  Oldest age to start was %d-%d=%d, ncvloop=%d, ncvyear=%d\n", (int)age, maxmax, ftolpl, delaymax, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, *ncvyear);
       }    /* Try to lower 'ftol', for example from 1.e-8 to 6.e-9.\n", ftolpl, (int)age, (int)delaymax, (int)agefin, ncvloop, (int)age-(int)agefin); */
       }    free_vector(min,1,nlstate);
        free_vector(max,1,nlstate);
     k=1;    free_vector(meandiff,1,nlstate);
     fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance\n");    
     printf("# Covariance\n");    return bprlim; /* should not reach here */
     for(i=1;i<=npar;i++){  }
       /*  if (k>nlstate) k=1;  
       i1=(i-1)/(ncovmodel*nlstate)+1;  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
       fprintf(ficres,"%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);  
       printf("%s%d%d",alph[k],i1,tab[i]);*/  double **pmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
       fprintf(ficres,"%3d",i);  {
       printf("%3d",i);    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
       for(j=1; j<=i;j++){       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
         fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[i][j]);       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
         printf(" %.5e",matcov[i][j]);       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
       }       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
       fprintf(ficres,"\n");       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
       printf("\n");       j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
       k++;       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
     }       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
           sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
       ungetc(c,ficpar);       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);    */
       puts(line);    double s1, lnpijopii;
       fputs(line,ficparo);    /*double t34;*/
     }    int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
     ungetc(c,ficpar);  
            for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
     fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);                  for(j=1; j<i;j++){
                              for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
     if (fage <= 2) {                                  /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
       bage = agemin;                                  lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
       fage = agemax;                                  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
     }                          }
                           ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
     fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");                          /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
     fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);                  }
                   for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                              for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
 /*------------ gnuplot -------------*/                                  /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
 chdir(pathcd);                                  lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
   if((ficgp=fopen("graph.plt","w"))==NULL) {                                  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
     printf("Problem with file graph.gp");goto end;                          }
   }                          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
 #ifdef windows                  }
   fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);          }
 #endif    
 m=pow(2,cptcoveff);          for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
                    s1=0;
  /* 1eme*/                  for(j=1; j<i; j++){
   for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {                          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
    for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {                          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
                   }
 #ifdef windows                  for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1);                          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
 #endif                          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
 #ifdef unix                  }
 fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nplot [%.f:%.f] \"vpl%s\" u 1:2 \"\%%lf",agemin,fage,fileres);                  /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
 #endif                  ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
                   /* Computing other pijs */
 for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {                  for(j=1; j<i; j++)
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");                          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");                  for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
 }                          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
     fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Stationary prevalence\" w l 0,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);                  /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {          } /* end i */
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
 }                  for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95\%% CI\" w l 1,\"vpl%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-2*$3) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);                          ps[ii][jj]=0;
      for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {                          ps[ii][ii]=1;
   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");                  }
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          }
 }      
      fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 1,\"p%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence \" w l 2",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));    
 #ifdef unix          /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300");          /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
 #endif          /*      printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"v%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);          /*   } */
    }          /*   printf("\n "); */
   }          /* } */
   /*2 eme*/          /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
           /*
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {                  for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
     fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,fage);                  goto end;*/
              return ps;
     for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {  }
       k=2*i;  
       fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);  /*************** backward transition probabilities ***************/ 
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");   /* double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ***dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  /* double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, double ***dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
 }     double **bmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate,  double ***prevacurrent, int ij )
       if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l ,");  {
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l ,",i-1);          /* Computes the backward probability at age agefin and covariate ij
     fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);           * and returns in **ps as well as **bmij.
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {           */
         if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");    int i, ii, j,k;
         else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");  
 }            double **out, **pmij();
       fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");          double sumnew=0.;
      fprintf(ficgp,"\"t%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+$3*2) \"\%%lf",fileres,k1-1,k1-1);    double agefin;
       for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {  
   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," \%%lf (\%%lf)");          double **dnewm, **dsavm, **doldm;
   else fprintf(ficgp," \%%*lf (\%%*lf)");          double **bbmij;
 }    
       if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0");    doldm=ddoldms; /* global pointers */
       else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l 0,");          dnewm=ddnewms;
     }          dsavm=ddsavms;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"e%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),k1);  
   }          agefin=cov[2];
            /* bmij *//* age is cov[2], ij is included in cov, but we need for
   /*3eme*/                   the observed prevalence (with this covariate ij) */
           dsavm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {          /* We do have the matrix Px in savm  and we need pij */
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       k=2+nlstate*(cpt-1);                  sumnew=0.; /* w1 p11 + w2 p21 only on live states */
       fprintf(ficgp,"set ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",agemin,fage,fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);                  for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate;ii++){
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {                          sumnew+=dsavm[ii][j]*prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij];
         fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);                  } /* sumnew is (N11+N21)/N..= N.1/N.. = sum on i of w_i pij */
       }                  for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++){
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"exp%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);                          if(sumnew >= 1.e-10){
     }                                  /* if(agefin >= agemaxpar && agefin <= agemaxpar+stepm/YEARM){ */
   }                                  /*      doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0); */
                                    /* }else if(agefin >= agemaxpar+stepm/YEARM){ */
   /* CV preval stat */                                  /*      doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0); */
   for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) {                                  /* }else */
     for (cpt=1; cpt<nlstate ; cpt ++) {                                          doldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1./sumnew : 0.0);
       k=3;                          }else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \nset ter gif small size 400,300\nplot [%.f:%.f] \"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",agemin,agemax,fileres,k1,k+cpt+1,k+1);                                  printf("ii=%d, i=%d, doldm=%lf dsavm=%lf, probs=%lf, sumnew=%lf,agefin=%d\n",ii,j,doldm[ii][j],dsavm[ii][j],prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij],sumnew, (int)agefin);
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++)                          }
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+i+1);                  } /*End ii */
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,cpt+1);          } /* End j, At the end doldm is diag[1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
                        /* left Product of this diag matrix by dsavm=Px (newm=dsavm*doldm) */
       l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;          bbmij=matprod2(dnewm, dsavm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, doldm); /* Bug Valgrind */
       fprintf(ficgp,",\"pij%s\" u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",fileres,k1,l+cpt+1,l+1);          /* dsavm=doldm; /\* dsavm is now diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] but can be overwritten*\/ */
       for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {          /* doldm=dnewm; /\* doldm is now Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] *\/ */
         l=3+(nlstate+ndeath)*cpt;          /* dnewm=dsavm; /\* doldm is now Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] *\/ */
         fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",l+i+1);          /* left Product of this matrix by diag matrix of prevalences (savm) */
       }          for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
       fprintf(ficgp,")) t\"prev(%d,%d)\" w l\n",cpt+1,cpt+1);                    for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++){
       fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"p%s%d%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,k1);                          dsavm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? prevacurrent[(int)agefin][ii][ij] : 0.0);
     }                  }
   }            } /* End j, At the end oldm is diag[1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
           ps=matprod2(doldm, dsavm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, dnewm); /* Bug Valgrind */
   /* proba elementaires */          /* newm or out is now diag[w_i] * Px * diag [1/(w_1p1i+w_2 p2i)] */
    for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){          /* end bmij */
     for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){          return ps; 
       if (k != i) {  }
         for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){  /*************** transition probabilities ***************/ 
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s%1d%1d=%f ",alph[j],i,k,p[jk]);*/  
           /*fprintf(ficgp,"%s",alph[1]);*/  double **bpmij(double **ps, double *cov, int ncovmodel, double *x, int nlstate )
           fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f ",jk,p[jk]);  {
           jk++;    /* According to parameters values stored in x and the covariate's values stored in cov,
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");       computes the probability to be observed in state j being in state i by appying the
         }       model to the ncovmodel covariates (including constant and age).
       }       lnpijopii=ln(pij/pii)= aij+bij*age+cij*v1+dij*v2+... = sum_nc=1^ncovmodel xij(nc)*cov[nc]
     }       and, according on how parameters are entered, the position of the coefficient xij(nc) of the
     }       ncth covariate in the global vector x is given by the formula:
        j<i nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel
   for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {       j>=i nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel
   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter gif small size 400,300\nset log y\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",agemin,agemax);       Computes ln(pij/pii) (lnpijopii), deduces pij/pii by exponentiation,
    i=1;       sums on j different of i to get 1-pii/pii, deduces pii, and then all pij.
    for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {       Outputs ps[i][j] the probability to be observed in j being in j according to
      k3=i;       the values of the covariates cov[nc] and corresponding parameter values x[nc+shiftij]
      for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {    */
        if (k != k2){    double s1, lnpijopii;
         fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);    /*double t34;*/
 ij=1;    int i,j, nc, ii, jj;
         for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++) {  
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {          for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);                  for(j=1; j<i;j++){
             ij++;                          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
           }                                  /*lnpijopii += param[i][j][nc]*cov[nc];*/
           else                                  lnpijopii += x[nc+((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+j-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
           fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);                                  /*       printf("Int j<i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
         }                          }
           fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");                          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
                                  /*      printf("s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e\n",s1,lnpijopii); */
         for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){                    }
           fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);                  for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
 ij=1;                          for (nc=1, lnpijopii=0.;nc <=ncovmodel; nc++){
           for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel; j++){                                  /*lnpijopii += x[(i-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel+(j-2)*ncovmodel+nc+(i-1)*(ndeath-1)*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];*/
           if(((j-2)==Tage[ij]) &&(ij <=cptcovage)) {                                  lnpijopii += x[nc + ((i-1)*(nlstate+ndeath-1)+(j-2))*ncovmodel]*cov[nc];
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][Tvar[j-2]]]);                                  /*        printf("Int j>i s1=%.17e, lnpijopii=%.17e %lx %lx\n",s1,lnpijopii,s1,lnpijopii); */
             ij++;                          }
           }                          ps[i][j]=lnpijopii; /* In fact ln(pij/pii) */
           else                  }
             fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtab[jk][j-2]]);          }
           }          
           fprintf(ficgp,")");          for(i=1; i<= nlstate; i++){
         }                  s1=0;
         fprintf(ficgp,") t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);                  for(j=1; j<i; j++){
         if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath)) fprintf(ficgp,",");                          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
         i=i+ncovmodel;                          /*printf("debug1 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
        }                  }
      }                  for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
    }                          s1+=exp(ps[i][j]); /* In fact sums pij/pii */
    fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pe%s%d.gif\" \nreplot\n\n",strtok(optionfile, "."),jk);                          /*printf("debug2 %d %d ps=%lf exp(ps)=%lf s1+=%lf\n",i,j,ps[i][j],exp(ps[i][j]),s1); */
   }                  }
                      /* s1= sum_{j<>i} pij/pii=(1-pii)/pii and thus pii is known from s1 */
   fclose(ficgp);                  ps[i][i]=1./(s1+1.);
                      /* Computing other pijs */
 chdir(path);                  for(j=1; j<i; j++)
     free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);                          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
     free_ivector(wav,1,imx);                  for(j=i+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath; j++)
     free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);                          ps[i][j]= exp(ps[i][j])*ps[i][i];
     free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx);                  /* ps[i][nlstate+1]=1.-s1- ps[i][i];*/ /* Sum should be 1 */
              } /* end i */
     free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);          
              for(ii=nlstate+1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
                      for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
     free_ivector(num,1,n);                          ps[ii][jj]=0;
     free_vector(agedc,1,n);                          ps[ii][ii]=1;
     free_vector(weight,1,n);                  }
     /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/          }
     fclose(ficparo);          /* Added for backcast */ /* Transposed matrix too */
     fclose(ficres);          for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
     /*  }*/                  s1=0.;
                      for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
    /*________fin mle=1_________*/                          s1+=ps[ii][jj];
                      }
                   for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate; ii++){
                            ps[ii][jj]=ps[ii][jj]/s1;
     /* No more information from the sample is required now */                  }
   /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */          }
   while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){          /* Transposition */
     ungetc(c,ficpar);          for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
     fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);                  for(ii=jj; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){
     puts(line);                          s1=ps[ii][jj];
     fputs(line,ficparo);                          ps[ii][jj]=ps[jj][ii];
   }                          ps[jj][ii]=s1;
   ungetc(c,ficpar);                  }
            }
   fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf\n",&agemin,&agemax, &bage, &fage);          /* for(ii=1; ii<= nlstate+ndeath; ii++){ */
   printf("agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax, bage, fage);          /*   for(jj=1; jj<= nlstate+ndeath; jj++){ */
   fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f\n",agemin,agemax,bage,fage);          /*      printf(" pmij  ps[%d][%d]=%lf ",ii,jj,ps[ii][jj]); */
 /*--------- index.htm --------*/          /*   } */
           /*   printf("\n "); */
   strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfile);          /* } */
   strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");          /* printf("\n ");printf("%lf ",cov[2]);*/
   if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {          /*
     printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);goto end;                  for(i=1; i<= npar; i++) printf("%f ",x[i]);
   }                  goto end;*/
           return ps;
  fprintf(fichtm,"<body><ul> <font size=\"6\">Imach, Version 0.64b </font> <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">  }
 Titre=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=%s<br>  
 Total number of observations=%d <br>  
 Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>  /**************** Product of 2 matrices ******************/
 <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">  
 <li>Outputs files<br><br>\n  double **matprod2(double **out, double **in,int nrl, int nrh, int ncl, int nch, int ncolol, int ncoloh, double **b)
         - Observed prevalence in each state: <a href=\"p%s\">p%s</a> <br>\n  {
 - Estimated parameters and the covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>    /* Computes the matrix product of in(1,nrh-nrl+1)(1,nch-ncl+1) times
         - Stationary prevalence in each state: <a href=\"pl%s\">pl%s</a> <br>       b(1,nch-ncl+1)(1,ncoloh-ncolol+1) into out(...) */
         - Transition probabilities: <a href=\"pij%s\">pij%s</a><br>    /* in, b, out are matrice of pointers which should have been initialized 
         - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>       before: only the contents of out is modified. The function returns
         - Life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"e%s\">e%s</a> <br>       a pointer to pointers identical to out */
         - Variances of life expectancies by age and initial health status: <a href=\"v%s\">v%s</a><br>    int i, j, k;
         - Health expectancies with their variances: <a href=\"t%s\">t%s</a> <br>    for(i=nrl; i<= nrh; i++)
         - Standard deviation of stationary prevalences: <a href=\"vpl%s\">vpl%s</a> <br>      for(k=ncolol; k<=ncoloh; k++){
         - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>        out[i][k]=0.;
 <br>",title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt,model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres);        for(j=ncl; j<=nch; j++)
           out[i][k] +=in[i][j]*b[j][k];
  fprintf(fichtm," <li>Graphs</li><p>");      }
     return out;
  m=cptcoveff;  }
  if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}  
   
  j1=0;  /************* Higher Matrix Product ***************/
  for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){  
    for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){  double ***hpxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, int ij )
        j1++;  {
        if (cptcovn > 0) {    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' and combination of covariate values corresponding to ij over 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++)       age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtab[j1][cpt]]);       nhstepm*hstepm matrices. 
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step 
        }       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big 
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probabilities: pe%s%d.gif<br>       for the memory).
 <img src=\"pe%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);           Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be 
        for(cpt=1; cpt<nlstate;cpt++){       included manually here. 
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Prevalence of disability : p%s%d%d.gif<br>  
 <img src=\"p%s%d%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);       */
        }  
     for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {    int i, j, d, h, k;
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Observed and stationary prevalence (with confident    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
 interval) in state (%d): v%s%d%d.gif <br>    double **newm;
 <img src=\"v%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);      double agexact;
      }    double agebegin, ageend;
      for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {  
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Health life expectancies by age and initial health state (%d): exp%s%d%d.gif <br>    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
 <img src=\"exp%s%d%d.gif\">",cpt,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),cpt,j1);    for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
      }      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 health expectancies in states (1) and (2): e%s%d.gif<br>        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
 <img src=\"e%s%d.gif\">",strtok(optionfile, "."),j1,strtok(optionfile, "."),j1);      }
 fprintf(fichtm,"\n</body>");    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
    }    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
  }      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
 fclose(fichtm);        newm=savm;
         /* Covariates have to be included here again */
   /*--------------- Prevalence limit --------------*/        cov[1]=1.;
          agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /* age just before transition */
   strcpy(filerespl,"pl");        cov[2]=agexact;
   strcat(filerespl,fileres);        if(nagesqr==1)
   if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {                                  cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
     printf("Problem with Prev limit resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);goto end;        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) 
   }                                  cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
   printf("Computing prevalence limit: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);                          /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Prevalence limit\n");        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
   fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");                                  /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);                                  cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
   fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");                          /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
          for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
   prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);                                  cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
   pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */                          /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
   oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
   newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */  
   savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
   oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
   k=0;                          /* right multiplication of oldm by the current matrix */
   agebase=agemin;        out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, 
   agelim=agemax;                     pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   ftolpl=1.e-10;        /* if((int)age == 70){ */
   i1=cptcoveff;        /*        printf(" Forward hpxij age=%d agexact=%f d=%d nhstepm=%d hstepm=%d\n", (int) age, agexact, d, nhstepm, hstepm); */
   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}        /*        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++) { */
         /*          printf("%d pmmij ",i); */
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){        /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){        /*            printf("%f ",pmmij[i][j]); */
         k=k+1;        /*          } */
         /*printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d nbcode=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,Tcode[cptcode],codtab[cptcod][cptcov]);*/        /*          printf(" oldm "); */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"\n#******");        /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)        /*            printf("%f ",oldm[i][j]); */
           fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);        /*          } */
         fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");        /*          printf("\n"); */
                /*        } */
         for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){        /* } */
           prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);        savm=oldm;
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f",age );        oldm=newm;
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)      }
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
           fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
         }                                  po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
       }                                  /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
     }        }
   fclose(ficrespl);      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
     } /* end h */
   /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/          /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
      return po;
   strcpy(filerespij,"pij");  strcat(filerespij,fileres);  }
   if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {  
     printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij);goto end;  /************* Higher Back Matrix Product ***************/
   }  /* double ***hbxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, int stepm, double **oldm, double **savm, double **dnewm, double **doldm, double **dsavm, int ij ) */
   printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);   double ***hbxij(double ***po, int nhstepm, double age, int hstepm, double *x, double ***prevacurrent, int nlstate, int stepm, int ij )
    {
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;    /* Computes the transition matrix starting at age 'age' over
   /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/       'nhstepm*hstepm*stepm' months (i.e. until
        age (in years)  age+nhstepm*hstepm*stepm/12) by multiplying
   agelim=AGESUP;       nhstepm*hstepm matrices.
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */       Output is stored in matrix po[i][j][h] for h every 'hstepm' step
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */       (typically every 2 years instead of every month which is too big
         for the memory).
   k=0;       Model is determined by parameters x and covariates have to be
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){       included manually here.
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){  
       k=k+1;       */
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");  
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)    int i, j, d, h, k;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    double **out, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");    double **newm;
            double agexact;
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */    double agebegin, ageend;
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */          double **oldm, **savm;
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */  
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);          oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    /* Hstepm could be zero and should return the unit matrix */
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);      for (i=1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Age");      for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        oldm[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)        po[i][j][0]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);      }
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");    /* Even if hstepm = 1, at least one multiplication by the unit matrix */
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){    for(h=1; h <=nhstepm; h++){
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %.0f %.0f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );      for(d=1; d <=hstepm; d++){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        newm=savm;
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)        /* Covariates have to be included here again */
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);        cov[1]=1.;
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");        agexact=age-((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /* age just before transition */
           }        /* agexact=age+((h-1)*hstepm + (d-1))*stepm/YEARM; /\* age just before transition *\/ */
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        cov[2]=agexact;
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");        if(nagesqr==1)
         }                                  cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
     }        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++)
   }                                  cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,k)];
                           /* cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
   /* varprob(fileres, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, (int) bage, (int) fage,k);*/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) /* Should start at cptcovn+1 */
                                   /* cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
   fclose(ficrespij);                                  cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
                           /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k]])]*cov[2]; */
   /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/        for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++) /* Useless because included in cptcovn */
                                   cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
   strcpy(fileresf,"f");                          /* cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][1])]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,Tvard[k][2])]; */
   strcat(fileresf,fileres);                          
   if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {                          
     printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);goto end;        /*printf("hxi cptcov=%d cptcode=%d\n",cptcov,cptcode);*/
   }        /*printf("h=%d d=%d age=%f cov=%f\n",h,d,age,cov[2]);*/
   printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", fileresf);        /* Careful transposed matrix */
                           /* age is in cov[2] */
   /* Mobile average */        /* out=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent, dnewm, doldm, dsavm,ij),\ */
                           /*                                               1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm); */
   /* for (agedeb=bage; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++)        out=matprod2(newm, bmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate,prevacurrent,ij),\
     for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)                                                                           1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, oldm);
       for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++)        /* if((int)age == 70){ */
       printf("%f %d i=%d j1=%d\n", probs[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod],(int) agedeb,i,cptcod);*/        /*        printf(" Backward hbxij age=%d agexact=%f d=%d nhstepm=%d hstepm=%d\n", (int) age, agexact, d, nhstepm, hstepm); */
         /*        for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++) { */
   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;        /*          printf("%d pmmij ",i); */
         /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   if (mobilav==1) {        /*            printf("%f ",pmmij[i][j]); */
     mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);        /*          } */
     for (agedeb=bage+3; agedeb<=fage-2; agedeb++)        /*          printf(" oldm "); */
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)        /*          for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++)        /*            printf("%f ",oldm[i][j]); */
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod]=0.;        /*          } */
            /*          printf("\n"); */
     for (agedeb=bage+4; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){        /*        } */
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){        /* } */
         for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){        savm=oldm;
           for (cpt=0;cpt<=4;cpt++){        oldm=newm;
             mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]+probs[(int)agedeb-cpt][i][cptcod];      }
           }      for(i=1; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)
           mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agedeb-2][i][cptcod]/5;        for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
         }                                  po[i][j][h]=newm[i][j];
       }                                  /*if(h==nhstepm) printf("po[%d][%d][%d]=%f ",i,j,h,po[i][j][h]);*/
     }          }
   }      /*printf("h=%d ",h);*/
     } /* end h */
   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;          /*     printf("\n H=%d \n",h); */
   if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;    return po;
   }
   agelim=AGESUP;  
   hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */  
   hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */  #ifdef NLOPT
   hstepm=12;    double  myfunc(unsigned n, const double *p1, double *grad, void *pd){
    k=0;    double fret;
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){    double *xt;
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){    int j;
       k=k+1;    myfunc_data *d2 = (myfunc_data *) pd;
       fprintf(ficresf,"\n#****** ");  /* xt = (p1-1); */
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {    xt=vector(1,n); 
         fprintf(ficresf,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);    for (j=1;j<=n;j++)   xt[j]=p1[j-1]; /* xt[1]=p1[0] */
       }  
          fret=(d2->function)(xt); /*  p xt[1]@8 is fine */
       fprintf(ficresf,"******\n");    /* fret=(*func)(xt); /\*  p xt[1]@8 is fine *\/ */
     printf("Function = %.12lf ",fret);
       fprintf(ficresf,"# StartingAge FinalAge Horizon(in years)");    for (j=1;j<=n;j++) printf(" %d %.8lf", j, xt[j]); 
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf," P.%d",j);    printf("\n");
    free_vector(xt,1,n);
       for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){    return fret;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n%d %.f %.f 0 ",k,agedeb, agedeb);  }
        if (mobilav==1) {  #endif
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)  
           fprintf(ficresf,"%.5f ",mobaverage[(int)agedeb][j][cptcod]);  /*************** log-likelihood *************/
         }  double func( double *x)
         else {  {
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)    int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
           fprintf(ficresf,"%.5f ",probs[(int)agedeb][j][cptcod]);    double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
         }    double **out;
            double sw; /* Sum of weights */
       for(j=1; j<=ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficresf,"0.");    double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
       }    int s1, s2;
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=NCOVMAX;cpt++)      double bbh, survp;
       for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */    long ipmx;
            double agexact;
         nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */    /*extern weight */
         nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */    /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
         /*printf("stepm=%d hstepm=%d nhstepm=%d \n",stepm,hstepm,nhstepm);*/    /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
         p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);      printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;    */
         hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);    
                    ++countcallfunc;
         for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){  
            cov[1]=1.;
           if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==cpt)  
  fprintf(ficresf,"\n%d %.f %.f %.f",k,agedeb, agedeb+ h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm, h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);    for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
            
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {    if(mle==1){
             kk1=0.;      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {                /* Computes the values of the ncovmodel covariates of the model
               if (mobilav==1)           depending if the covariates are fixed or variying (age dependent) and stores them in cov[]
               kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod];           Then computes with function pmij which return a matrix p[i][j] giving the elementary probability
               else kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)agedeb][i][cptcod];           to be observed in j being in i according to the model.
             }             */
             if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==cpt) fprintf(ficresf," %.5f ", kk1);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++){ /* Simple and product covariates without age* products */
           }            cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         }        }
         free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);        /* In model V2+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2 Tvar[1] is V2, Tvar[2=V1*V4] 
       }           is 6, Tvar[3=age*V3] should not be computed because of age Tvar[4=V3*V2] 
     }           has been calculated etc */
   }        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   if (mobilav==1) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   fclose(ficresf);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
   /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   strcpy(filerest,"t");            }
   strcat(filerest,fileres);          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
   if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {            newm=savm;
     printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   }            cov[2]=agexact;
   printf("Computing Total LEs with variances: file '%s' \n", filerest);            if(nagesqr==1)
               cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
             for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   strcpy(filerese,"e");              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact; /* Tage[kk] gives the data-covariate associated with age */
   strcat(filerese,fileres);            }
   if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {            out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
     printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
   }            savm=oldm;
   printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerese);            oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
  strcpy(fileresv,"v");        
   strcat(fileresv,fileres);          /*lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]);*/ /* Original formula */
   if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {          /* But now since version 0.9 we anticipate for bias at large stepm.
     printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);           * If stepm is larger than one month (smallest stepm) and if the exact delay 
   }           * (in months) between two waves is not a multiple of stepm, we rounded to 
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' \n", fileresv);           * the nearest (and in case of equal distance, to the lowest) interval but now
            * we keep into memory the bias bh[mi][i] and also the previous matrix product
   k=0;           * (i.e to dh[mi][i]-1) saved in 'savm'. Then we inter(extra)polate the
   for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){           * probability in order to take into account the bias as a fraction of the way
     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){           * from savm to out if bh is negative or even beyond if bh is positive. bh varies
       k=k+1;           * -stepm/2 to stepm/2 .
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");           * For stepm=1 the results are the same as for previous versions of Imach.
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)           * For stepm > 1 the results are less biased than in previous versions. 
         fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);           */
       fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          /* bias bh is positive if real duration
         fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);           * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
       fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");           */
           /* lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/
       fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");          if( s2 > nlstate){ 
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)            /* i.e. if s2 is a death state and if the date of death is known 
         fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",j,nbcode[j][codtab[k][j]]);               then the contribution to the likelihood is the probability to 
       fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");               die between last step unit time and current  step unit time, 
                which is also equal to probability to die before dh 
       eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);               minus probability to die before dh-stepm . 
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;               In version up to 0.92 likelihood was computed
       evsij(fileres, eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k);            as if date of death was unknown. Death was treated as any other
       vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          health state: the date of the interview describes the actual state
       oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          and not the date of a change in health state. The former idea was
       varevsij(fileres, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);          to consider that at each interview the state was recorded
                (healthy, disable or death) and IMaCh was corrected; but when we
       fprintf(ficrest,"#Total LEs with variances: e.. (std) ");          introduced the exact date of death then we should have modified
       for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);          the contribution of an exact death to the likelihood. This new
       fprintf(ficrest,"\n");          contribution is smaller and very dependent of the step unit
                  stepm. It is no more the probability to die between last interview
       hf=1;          and month of death but the probability to survive from last
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hf=stepm/YEARM;          interview up to one month before death multiplied by the
       epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);          probability to die within a month. Thanks to Chris
       for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){          Jackson for correcting this bug.  Former versions increased
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm,ftolpl,k);          mortality artificially. The bad side is that we add another loop
         if (popbased==1) {          which slows down the processing. The difference can be up to 10%
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)          lower mortality.
             prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];            */
         }          /* If, at the beginning of the maximization mostly, the
                     cumulative probability or probability to be dead is
         fprintf(ficrest," %.0f",age);             constant (ie = 1) over time d, the difference is equal to
         for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){             0.  out[s1][3] = savm[s1][3]: probability, being at state
           for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {             s1 at precedent wave, to be dead a month before current
             epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*hf*eij[i][j][(int)age];             wave is equal to probability, being at state s1 at
           }             precedent wave, to be dead at mont of the current
           epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];             wave. Then the observed probability (that this person died)
         }             is null according to current estimated parameter. In fact,
         for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)             it should be very low but not zero otherwise the log go to
           for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)             infinity.
             vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];          */
         fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[nlstate+1],hf*sqrt(vepp));  /* #ifdef INFINITYORIGINAL */
         for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
           fprintf(ficrest," %.2f (%.2f)", epj[j],hf*sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));  /* #else */
         }  /*        if ((out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]) < mytinydouble)  */
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n");  /*          lli=log(mytinydouble); */
       }  /*        else */
     }  /*          lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]); */
   }  /* #endif */
                    lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
                    
           } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
             for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
  fclose(ficreseij);              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
  fclose(ficresvij);            /*survp += out[s1][j]; */
   fclose(ficrest);            lli= log(survp);
   fclose(ficpar);          }
   free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);          else if  (s2==-4) { 
   /*  scanf("%d ",i); */            for (j=3,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++)  
               survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
   /*------- Variance limit prevalence------*/              lli= log(survp); 
           } 
 strcpy(fileresvpl,"vpl");          else if  (s2==-5) { 
   strcat(fileresvpl,fileres);            for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=2; j++)  
   if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {              survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
     printf("Problem with variance prev lim resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);            lli= log(survp); 
     exit(0);          } 
   }          else{
   printf("Computing Variance-covariance of Prevalence limit: file '%s' \n", fileresvpl);            lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
             /*  lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]));*/ /* linear interpolation */
  k=0;          } 
  for(cptcov=1;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){          /*lli=(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]);*/
    for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){          /*if(lli ==000.0)*/
      k=k+1;          /*printf("bbh= %f lli=%f savm=%f out=%f %d\n",bbh,lli,savm[s1][s2], out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]],i); */
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");          ipmx +=1;
      for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)          sw += weight[i];
        fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtab[k][j]]);          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
      fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");          /* if (lli < log(mytinydouble)){ */
                /*   printf("Close to inf lli = %.10lf <  %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[%d][i]=%d s1=%d s2=%d\n", lli,log(mytinydouble), i, mi,mw[mi][i], s[mw[mi][i]][i], s1,s2); */
      varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);          /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Close to inf lli = %.10lf i= %d mi= %d, s[mw[mi][i]][i]=%d\n", lli, i, mi,s[mw[mi][i]][i]); */
      oldm=oldms;savm=savms;          /* } */
      varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl,k);        } /* end of wave */
    }      } /* end of individual */
  }    }  else if(mle==2){
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
   fclose(ficresvpl);        for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   /*---------- End : free ----------------*/          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
   free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
                oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
   free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);            }
            for(d=0; d<=dh[mi][i]; d++){
              newm=savm;
   free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
   free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            cov[2]=agexact;
   free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);            if(nagesqr==1)
   free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
              for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
   free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
   free_vector(delti,1,npar);            }
              out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
   free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);                         1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
   printf("End of Imach\n");            oldm=newm;
   /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */          } /* end mult */
          
   /* printf("Total time was %d Sec. %d uSec.\n", end_time.tv_sec -start_time.tv_sec, end_time.tv_usec -start_time.tv_usec);*/          s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
   /*printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/          s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
   /*------ End -----------*/          bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*(savm[s1][s2])):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
           ipmx +=1;
  end:          sw += weight[i];
 #ifdef windows          ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
  chdir(pathcd);        } /* end of wave */
 #endif      } /* end of individual */
      }  else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
  system("..\\gp37mgw\\wgnuplot graph.plt");      for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
 #ifdef windows        for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
   while (z[0] != 'q') {          for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
     chdir(pathcd);            for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
     printf("\nType e to edit output files, c to start again, and q for exiting: ");              oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     scanf("%s",z);              savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach");            }
     else if (z[0] == 'e') {          for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
       chdir(path);            newm=savm;
       system(optionfilehtm);            agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
     }            cov[2]=agexact;
     else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);            if(nagesqr==1)
   }              cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
 #endif            for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
 }              cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
             }
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
             oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
         
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
           lli= (savm[s1][s2]>1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
     }else if (mle==4){  /* ml=4 no inter-extrapolation */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             }
           for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
             agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             cov[2]=agexact;
             if(nagesqr==1)
               cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
             for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
             }
           
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
             oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
         
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           if( s2 > nlstate){ 
             lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
           } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
             for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
               survp += out[s1][j];
             lli= log(survp);
           }else{
             lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           }
           ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
   /*      printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
         } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
     }else{  /* ml=5 no inter-extrapolation no jackson =0.8a */
       for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
         for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
         for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
           for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
             for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
               oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
               savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             }
           for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){
             newm=savm;
             agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
             cov[2]=agexact;
             if(nagesqr==1)
               cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
             for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
               cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
             }
           
             out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                          1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
             savm=oldm;
             oldm=newm;
           } /* end mult */
         
           s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
           s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
           lli=log(out[s[mw[mi][i]][i]][s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]]); /* Original formula */
           ipmx +=1;
           sw += weight[i];
           ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
           /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);*/
         } /* end of wave */
       } /* end of individual */
     } /* End of if */
     for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     return -l;
   }
   
   /*************** log-likelihood *************/
   double funcone( double *x)
   {
     /* Same as likeli but slower because of a lot of printf and if */
     int i, ii, j, k, mi, d, kk;
     double l, ll[NLSTATEMAX+1], cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double **out;
     double lli; /* Individual log likelihood */
     double llt;
     int s1, s2;
     double bbh, survp;
     double agexact;
     double agebegin, ageend;
     /*extern weight */
     /* We are differentiating ll according to initial status */
     /*  for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) printf("%f ", x[i]);*/
     /*for(i=1;i<imx;i++) 
       printf(" %d\n",s[4][i]);
     */
     cov[1]=1.;
   
     for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) ll[k]=0.;
   
     for (i=1,ipmx=0, sw=0.; i<=imx; i++){
       for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) cov[2+nagesqr+k]=covar[Tvar[k]][i];
       for(mi=1; mi<= wav[i]-1; mi++){
         for (ii=1;ii<=nlstate+ndeath;ii++)
           for (j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
             oldm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
             savm[ii][j]=(ii==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
           }
         
         agebegin=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]; /* Age at beginning of effective wave */
         ageend=agev[mw[mi][i]][i] + (dh[mi][i])*stepm/YEARM; /* Age at end of effective wave and at the end of transition */
         for(d=0; d<dh[mi][i]; d++){  /* Delay between two effective waves */
           /*dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
             and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.*/
           newm=savm;
           agexact=agev[mw[mi][i]][i]+d*stepm/YEARM;
           cov[2]=agexact;
           if(nagesqr==1)
             cov[3]= agexact*agexact;
           for (kk=1; kk<=cptcovage;kk++) {
             cov[Tage[kk]+2+nagesqr]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*agexact;
           }
   
           /* savm=pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate); */
           out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath,
                        1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate));
           /* out=matprod2(newm,oldm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath, */
           /*           1,nlstate+ndeath,pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate)); */
           savm=oldm;
           oldm=newm;
         } /* end mult */
         
         s1=s[mw[mi][i]][i];
         s2=s[mw[mi+1][i]][i];
         /* if(s2==-1){ */
         /*        printf(" s1=%d, s2=%d i=%d \n", s1, s2, i); */
         /*        /\* exit(1); *\/ */
         /* } */
         bbh=(double)bh[mi][i]/(double)stepm; 
         /* bias is positive if real duration
          * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
          */
         if( s2 > nlstate && (mle <5) ){  /* Jackson */
           lli=log(out[s1][s2] - savm[s1][s2]);
         } else if  ( s2==-1 ) { /* alive */
           for (j=1,survp=0. ; j<=nlstate; j++) 
             survp += (1.+bbh)*out[s1][j]- bbh*savm[s1][j];
           lli= log(survp);
         }else if (mle==1){
           lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
         } else if(mle==2){
           lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* linear interpolation */
         } else if(mle==3){  /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
           lli= (savm[s1][s2]>(double)1.e-8 ?(1.+bbh)*log(out[s1][s2])- bbh*log(savm[s1][s2]):log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2])); /* exponential inter-extrapolation */
         } else if (mle==4){  /* mle=4 no inter-extrapolation */
           lli=log(out[s1][s2]); /* Original formula */
         } else{  /* mle=0 back to 1 */
           lli= log((1.+bbh)*out[s1][s2]- bbh*savm[s1][s2]); /* linear interpolation */
           /*lli=log(out[s1][s2]); */ /* Original formula */
         } /* End of if */
         ipmx +=1;
         sw += weight[i];
         ll[s[mw[mi][i]][i]] += 2*weight[i]*lli;
         /*printf("i=%6d s1=%1d s2=%1d mi=%1d mw=%1d dh=%3d prob=%10.6f w=%6.4f out=%10.6f sav=%10.6f\n",i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
         if(globpr){
           fprintf(ficresilk,"%9ld %6.1f %6.1f %6d %2d %2d %2d %2d %3d %11.6f %8.4f %8.3f\
    %11.6f %11.6f %11.6f ", \
                   num[i], agebegin, ageend, i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],weight[i]*gipmx/gsw,
                   2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]);
           for(k=1,llt=0.,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++){
             llt +=ll[k]*gipmx/gsw;
             fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f",-ll[k]*gipmx/gsw);
           }
           fprintf(ficresilk," %10.6f\n", -llt);
         }
       } /* end of wave */
     } /* end of individual */
     for(k=1,l=0.; k<=nlstate; k++) l += ll[k];
     /* printf("l1=%f l2=%f ",ll[1],ll[2]); */
     l= l*ipmx/sw; /* To get the same order of magnitude as if weight=1 for every body */
     if(globpr==0){ /* First time we count the contributions and weights */
       gipmx=ipmx;
       gsw=sw;
     }
     return -l;
   }
   
   
   /*************** function likelione ***********/
   void likelione(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int nlstate, int *globpri, long *ipmx, double *sw, double *fretone, double (*funcone)(double []))
   {
     /* This routine should help understanding what is done with 
        the selection of individuals/waves and
        to check the exact contribution to the likelihood.
        Plotting could be done.
      */
     int k;
   
     if(*globpri !=0){ /* Just counts and sums, no printings */
       strcpy(fileresilk,"ILK_"); 
       strcat(fileresilk,fileresu);
       if((ficresilk=fopen(fileresilk,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresilk);
       }
       fprintf(ficresilk, "#individual(line's_record) count ageb ageend s1 s2 wave# effective_wave# number_of_matrices_product pij weight weight/gpw -2ln(pij)*weight 0pij_x 0pij_(x-stepm) cumulating_loglikeli_by_health_state(reweighted=-2ll*weightXnumber_of_contribs/sum_of_weights) and_total\n");
       fprintf(ficresilk, "#num_i ageb agend i s1 s2 mi mw dh likeli weight %%weight 2wlli out sav ");
       /*  i,s1,s2,mi,mw[mi][i],dh[mi][i],exp(lli),weight[i],2*weight[i]*lli,out[s1][s2],savm[s1][s2]); */
       for(k=1; k<=nlstate; k++) 
         fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll[%d]++",k);
       fprintf(ficresilk," -2*gipw/gsw*weight*ll(total)\n");
     }
   
     *fretone=(*funcone)(p);
     if(*globpri !=0){
       fclose(ficresilk);
       if (mle ==0)
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with initial parameters and mle = %d.",mle);
       else if(mle >=1)
         fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>File of contributions to the likelihood computed with optimized parameters mle = %d.",mle);
       fprintf(fichtm," You should at least run with mle >= 1 to get starting values corresponding to the optimized parameters in order to visualize the real contribution of each individual/wave: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",subdirf(fileresilk),subdirf(fileresilk));
       
         
       for (k=1; k<= nlstate ; k++) {
         fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Probability p<sub>%dj</sub> by origin %d and destination j. Dot's sizes are related to corresponding weight: <a href=\"%s-p%dj.png\">%s-p%dj.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s-p%dj.png\">",k,k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),k);
       }
       fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- The function drawn is -2Log(L) in Log scale: by state of origin <a href=\"%s-ori.png\">%s-ori.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s-ori.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
       fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- and by state of destination <a href=\"%s-dest.png\">%s-dest.png</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s-dest.png\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
       fflush(fichtm);
     }
     return;
   }
   
   
   /*********** Maximum Likelihood Estimation ***************/
   
   void mlikeli(FILE *ficres,double p[], int npar, int ncovmodel, int nlstate, double ftol, double (*func)(double []))
   {
     int i,j, iter=0;
     double **xi;
     double fret;
     double fretone; /* Only one call to likelihood */
     /*  char filerespow[FILENAMELENGTH];*/
   
   #ifdef NLOPT
     int creturn;
     nlopt_opt opt;
     /* double lb[9] = { -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL, -HUGE_VAL }; /\* lower bounds *\/ */
     double *lb;
     double minf; /* the minimum objective value, upon return */
     double * p1; /* Shifted parameters from 0 instead of 1 */
     myfunc_data dinst, *d = &dinst;
   #endif
   
   
     xi=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)
         xi[i][j]=(i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
     printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
     strcpy(filerespow,"POW_"); 
     strcat(filerespow,fileres);
     if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
     }
     fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
     for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
         if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
     fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef POWELL
     powell(p,xi,npar,ftol,&iter,&fret,func);
   #endif
   
   #ifdef NLOPT
   #ifdef NEWUOA
     opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_NEWUOA,npar);
   #else
     opt = nlopt_create(NLOPT_LN_BOBYQA,npar);
   #endif
     lb=vector(0,npar-1);
     for (i=0;i<npar;i++) lb[i]= -HUGE_VAL;
     nlopt_set_lower_bounds(opt, lb);
     nlopt_set_initial_step1(opt, 0.1);
     
     p1= (p+1); /*  p *(p+1)@8 and p *(p1)@8 are equal p1[0]=p[1] */
     d->function = func;
     printf(" Func %.12lf \n",myfunc(npar,p1,NULL,d));
     nlopt_set_min_objective(opt, myfunc, d);
     nlopt_set_xtol_rel(opt, ftol);
     if ((creturn=nlopt_optimize(opt, p1, &minf)) < 0) {
       printf("nlopt failed! %d\n",creturn); 
     }
     else {
       printf("found minimum after %d evaluations (NLOPT=%d)\n", countcallfunc ,NLOPT);
       printf("found minimum at f(%g,%g) = %0.10g\n", p[0], p[1], minf);
       iter=1; /* not equal */
     }
     nlopt_destroy(opt);
   #endif
     free_matrix(xi,1,npar,1,npar);
     fclose(ficrespow);
     printf("\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
     fprintf(ficres,"#Number of iterations & function calls = %d & %d, -2 Log likelihood = %.12f\n",iter, countcallfunc,func(p));
   
   }
   
   /**** Computes Hessian and covariance matrix ***/
   void hesscov(double **matcov, double **hess, double p[], int npar, double delti[], double ftolhess, double (*func)(double []))
   {
     double  **a,**y,*x,pd;
     /* double **hess; */
     int i, j;
     int *indx;
   
     double hessii(double p[], double delta, int theta, double delti[],double (*func)(double []),int npar);
     double hessij(double p[], double **hess, double delti[], int i, int j,double (*func)(double []),int npar);
     void lubksb(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double b[]) ;
     void ludcmp(double **a, int npar, int *indx, double *d) ;
     double gompertz(double p[]);
     /* hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar); */
   
     printf("\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nCalculation of the hessian matrix. Wait...\n");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){
       printf("%d-",i);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d-",i);fflush(ficlog);
      
        hess[i][i]=hessii(p,ftolhess,i,delti,func,npar);
       
       /*  printf(" %f ",p[i]);
           printf(" %lf %lf %lf",hess[i][i],ftolhess,delti[i]);*/
     }
     
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++)  {
         if (j>i) { 
           printf(".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(stdout);
           fprintf(ficlog,".%d-%d",i,j);fflush(ficlog);
           hess[i][j]=hessij(p,hess, delti,i,j,func,npar);
           
           hess[j][i]=hess[i][j];    
           /*printf(" %lf ",hess[i][j]);*/
         }
       }
     }
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
   
     printf("\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nInverting the hessian to get the covariance matrix. Wait...\n");
     
     a=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     y=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     x=vector(1,npar);
     indx=ivector(1,npar);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++)
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=hess[i][j];
     ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd);
   
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0;
       x[j]=1;
       lubksb(a,npar,indx,x);
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         matcov[i][j]=x[i];
       }
     }
   
     printf("\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Hessian matrix#\n");
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) { 
       for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { 
         printf("%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",hess[i][j]);
       }
       printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }
   
     /* printf("\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
     /* fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Covariance matrix#\n"); */
     /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) {  */
     /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {  */
     /*     printf("%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
     /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.6e ",matcov[i][j]); */
     /*   } */
     /*   printf("\n"); */
     /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
     /* } */
   
     /* Recompute Inverse */
     /* for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) */
     /*   for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) a[i][j]=matcov[i][j]; */
     /* ludcmp(a,npar,indx,&pd); */
   
     /*  printf("\n#Hessian matrix recomputed#\n"); */
   
     /* for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) { */
     /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) x[i]=0; */
     /*   x[j]=1; */
     /*   lubksb(a,npar,indx,x); */
     /*   for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){  */
     /*     y[i][j]=x[i]; */
     /*     printf("%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
     /*     fprintf(ficlog,"%.3e ",y[i][j]); */
     /*   } */
     /*   printf("\n"); */
     /*   fprintf(ficlog,"\n"); */
     /* } */
   
     /* Verifying the inverse matrix */
   #ifdef DEBUGHESS
     y=matprod2(y,hess,1,npar,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
   
      printf("\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix, should be unity:#\n");
      fprintf(ficlog,"\n#Verification: multiplying the matrix of covariance by the Hessian matrix. Should be unity:#\n");
   
     for (j=1;j<=npar;j++) {
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++){ 
         printf("%.2f ",y[i][j]);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%.2f ",y[i][j]);
       }
       printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     }
   #endif
   
     free_matrix(a,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_matrix(y,1,npar,1,npar);
     free_vector(x,1,npar);
     free_ivector(indx,1,npar);
     /* free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar); */
   
   
   }
   
   /*************** hessian matrix ****************/
   double hessii(double x[], double delta, int theta, double delti[], double (*func)(double []), int npar)
   { /* Around values of x, computes the function func and returns the scales delti and hessian */
     int i;
     int l=1, lmax=20;
     double k1,k2, res, fx;
     double p2[MAXPARM+1]; /* identical to x */
     double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4;
     int k=0,kmax=10;
     double l1;
   
     fx=func(x);
     for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
     for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum */
       l1=pow(10,l);
       delts=delt;
       for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){
         delt = delta*(l1*k);
         p2[theta]=x[theta] +delt;
         k1=func(p2)-fx;   /* Might be negative if too close to the theoretical maximum */
         p2[theta]=x[theta]-delt;
         k2=func(p2)-fx;
         /*res= (k1-2.0*fx+k2)/delt/delt; */
         res= (k1+k2)/delt/delt/2.; /* Divided by 2 because L and not 2*L */
         
   #ifdef DEBUGHESSII
         printf("%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k1=%.12e k2=%.12e xk1=%.12e xk2=%.12e delt=%.12e res=%.12e l=%d k=%d,fx=%.12e\n",theta,theta,k1,k2,x[theta]+delt,x[theta]-delt,delt,res, l, k,fx);
   #endif
         /*if(fabs(k1-2.0*fx+k2) <1.e-13){ */
         if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)){
           k=kmax;
         }
         else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif)){ /* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. */
           k=kmax; l=lmax*10;
         }
         else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){ 
           delts=delt;
         }
       } /* End loop k */
     }
     delti[theta]=delts;
     return res; 
     
   }
   
   double hessij( double x[], double **hess, double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar)
   {
     int i;
     int l=1, lmax=20;
     double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx;
     double p2[MAXPARM+1];
     int k, kmax=1;
     double v1, v2, cv12, lc1, lc2;
   
     int firstime=0;
     
     fx=func(x);
     for (k=1; k<=kmax; k=k+10) {
       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i];
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
       k1=func(p2)-fx;
     
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
       k2=func(p2)-fx;
     
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]*k;
       k3=func(p2)-fx;
     
       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]*k;
       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]*k;
       k4=func(p2)-fx;
       res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]/k/delti[thetaj]/k/2.; /* Because of L not 2*L */
       if(k1*k2*k3*k4 <0.){
         firstime=1;
         kmax=kmax+10;
       }
       if(kmax >=10 || firstime ==1){
         printf("Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; you may increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: directions %d-%d, you are not estimating the Hessian at the exact maximum likelihood; you may increase ftol=%.2e\n",thetai,thetaj, ftol);
         printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti*k=%.12e deltj*k=%.12e, xi-de*k=%.12e xj-de*k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       }
   #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ
       v1=hess[thetai][thetai];
       v2=hess[thetaj][thetaj];
       cv12=res;
       /* Computing eigen value of Hessian matrix */
       lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
       lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
       if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
         printf("Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
         fprintf(ficlog, "Warning: sub Hessian matrix '%d%d' does not have positive eigen values \n",thetai,thetaj);
         printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4);
       }
   #endif
     }
     return res;
   }
   
       /* Not done yet: Was supposed to fix if not exactly at the maximum */
   /* double hessij( double x[], double delti[], int thetai,int thetaj,double (*func)(double []),int npar) */
   /* { */
   /*   int i; */
   /*   int l=1, lmax=20; */
   /*   double k1,k2,k3,k4,res,fx; */
   /*   double p2[MAXPARM+1]; */
   /*   double delt=0.0001, delts, nkhi=10.,nkhif=1., khi=1.e-4; */
   /*   int k=0,kmax=10; */
   /*   double l1; */
     
   /*   fx=func(x); */
   /*   for(l=0 ; l <=lmax; l++){  /\* Enlarging the zone around the Maximum *\/ */
   /*     l1=pow(10,l); */
   /*     delts=delt; */
   /*     for(k=1 ; k <kmax; k=k+1){ */
   /*       delt = delti*(l1*k); */
   /*       for (i=1;i<=npar;i++) p2[i]=x[i]; */
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k1=func(p2)-fx; */
         
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]+delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k2=func(p2)-fx; */
         
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]+delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k3=func(p2)-fx; */
         
   /*       p2[thetai]=x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k; */
   /*       p2[thetaj]=x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k; */
   /*       k4=func(p2)-fx; */
   /*       res=(k1-k2-k3+k4)/4.0/delti[thetai]*k/delti[thetaj]*k/2.; /\* Because of L not 2*L *\/ */
   /* #ifdef DEBUGHESSIJ */
   /*       printf("%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
   /*       fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d k=%d, k1=%.12e k2=%.12e k3=%.12e k4=%.12e delti/k=%.12e deltj/k=%.12e, xi-de/k=%.12e xj-de/k=%.12e  res=%.12e k1234=%.12e,k1-2=%.12e,k3-4=%.12e\n",thetai,thetaj,k,k1,k2,k3,k4,delti[thetai]/k,delti[thetaj]/k,x[thetai]-delti[thetai]/k,x[thetaj]-delti[thetaj]/k, res,k1-k2-k3+k4,k1-k2,k3-k4); */
   /* #endif */
   /*       if((k1 <khi/nkhi/2.) || (k2 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)|| (k4 <khi/nkhi/2.)){ */
   /*      k=kmax; */
   /*       } */
   /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhif) || (k2 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif) || (k4 >khi/nkhif)){ /\* Keeps lastvalue before 3.84/2 KHI2 5% 1d.f. *\/ */
   /*      k=kmax; l=lmax*10; */
   /*       } */
   /*       else if((k1 >khi/nkhi) || (k2 >khi/nkhi)){  */
   /*      delts=delt; */
   /*       } */
   /*     } /\* End loop k *\/ */
   /*   } */
   /*   delti[theta]=delts; */
   /*   return res;  */
   /* } */
   
   
   /************** Inverse of matrix **************/
   void ludcmp(double **a, int n, int *indx, double *d) 
   { 
     int i,imax,j,k; 
     double big,dum,sum,temp; 
     double *vv; 
    
     vv=vector(1,n); 
     *d=1.0; 
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       big=0.0; 
       for (j=1;j<=n;j++) 
         if ((temp=fabs(a[i][j])) > big) big=temp; 
       if (big == 0.0) nrerror("Singular matrix in routine ludcmp"); 
       vv[i]=1.0/big; 
     } 
     for (j=1;j<=n;j++) { 
       for (i=1;i<j;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (k=1;k<i;k++) sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
         a[i][j]=sum; 
       } 
       big=0.0; 
       for (i=j;i<=n;i++) { 
         sum=a[i][j]; 
         for (k=1;k<j;k++) 
           sum -= a[i][k]*a[k][j]; 
         a[i][j]=sum; 
         if ( (dum=vv[i]*fabs(sum)) >= big) { 
           big=dum; 
           imax=i; 
         } 
       } 
       if (j != imax) { 
         for (k=1;k<=n;k++) { 
           dum=a[imax][k]; 
           a[imax][k]=a[j][k]; 
           a[j][k]=dum; 
         } 
         *d = -(*d); 
         vv[imax]=vv[j]; 
       } 
       indx[j]=imax; 
       if (a[j][j] == 0.0) a[j][j]=TINY; 
       if (j != n) { 
         dum=1.0/(a[j][j]); 
         for (i=j+1;i<=n;i++) a[i][j] *= dum; 
       } 
     } 
     free_vector(vv,1,n);  /* Doesn't work */
   ;
   } 
   
   void lubksb(double **a, int n, int *indx, double b[]) 
   { 
     int i,ii=0,ip,j; 
     double sum; 
    
     for (i=1;i<=n;i++) { 
       ip=indx[i]; 
       sum=b[ip]; 
       b[ip]=b[i]; 
       if (ii) 
         for (j=ii;j<=i-1;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       else if (sum) ii=i; 
       b[i]=sum; 
     } 
     for (i=n;i>=1;i--) { 
       sum=b[i]; 
       for (j=i+1;j<=n;j++) sum -= a[i][j]*b[j]; 
       b[i]=sum/a[i][i]; 
     } 
   } 
   
   void pstamp(FILE *fichier)
   {
     fprintf(fichier,"# %s.%s\n#IMaCh version %s, %s\n#%s\n# %s", optionfilefiname,optionfilext,version,copyright, fullversion, strstart);
   }
   
   /************ Frequencies ********************/
   void  freqsummary(char fileres[], int iagemin, int iagemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, \
                     int *Tvaraff, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, char strstart[],\
                     int firstpass,  int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[])
   {  /* Some frequencies */
     
     int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
     int mi; /* Effective wave */
     int first;
     double ***freq; /* Frequencies */
     double *pp, **prop;
     double pos,posprop, k2, dateintsum=0,k2cpt=0;
     char fileresp[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresphtm[FILENAMELENGTH], fileresphtmfr[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double agebegin, ageend;
       
     pp=vector(1,nlstate);
     prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE); 
     /* prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin,iagemax+3); */
     strcpy(fileresp,"P_");
     strcat(fileresp,fileresu);
     /*strcat(fileresphtm,fileresu);*/
     if((ficresp=fopen(fileresp,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresp);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(fileresphtm,subdirfext(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"));
     if((ficresphtm=fopen(fileresphtm,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with prevalence HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtm,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with prevalence HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtm,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       exit(70); 
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficresphtm,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh PHTM_ %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
             fileresphtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
       fprintf(ficresphtm,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Frequencies and prevalence by age at begin of transition</h4>\n",fileresphtm, fileresphtm);
       
     strcpy(fileresphtmfr,subdirfext(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"));
     if((ficresphtmfr=fopen(fileresphtmfr,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with frequency table HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtmfr,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with frequency table HTM resultfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",fileresphtmfr,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       exit(70); 
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh PHTM_Frequency table %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
             fileresphtmfr,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
     fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Frequencies of all effective transitions by age at begin of transition </h4>Unknown status is -1<br/>\n",fileresphtmfr, fileresphtmfr);
   
     freq= ma3x(-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
     j1=0;
     
     j=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
     first=1;
   
     for (j1 = 1; j1 <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); j1++){ /* Loop on covariates combination */
         /*printf("cptcoveff=%d Tvaraff=%d", cptcoveff,Tvaraff[1]);
           scanf("%d", i);*/
         for (i=-5; i<=nlstate+ndeath; i++)  
           for (jk=-5; jk<=nlstate+ndeath; jk++)  
             for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
               freq[i][jk][m]=0;
         
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
           for(m=iagemin; m <= iagemax+3; m++)
             prop[i][m]=0;
         
         dateintsum=0;
         k2cpt=0;
         for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* For each individual i */
           bool=1;
           if (cptcovn>0) { /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
             for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++)       
               if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]){
                   /* Tests if the value of each of the covariates of i is equal to filter j1 */
                 bool=0;
                 /* printf("bool=%d i=%d, z1=%d, Tvaraff[%d]=%d, covar[Tvarff][%d]=%2f, codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, nbcode[Tvaraff][codtabm(%d,%d)=%d, j1=%d\n", 
                   bool,i,z1, z1, Tvaraff[z1],i,covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i],j1,z1,codtabm(j1,z1),
                   j1,z1,nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)],j1);*/
                 /* For j1=7 in V1+V2+V3+V4 = 0 1 1 0 and codtabm(7,3)=1 and nbcde[3][?]=1*/
               } 
           } /* cptcovn > 0 */
   
           if (bool==1){
             /* for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){ */
             for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
               m=mw[mi][i];
               /* dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective (mi) waves m=mw[mi][i]
                  and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm. */
               agebegin=agev[m][i]; /* Age at beginning of wave before transition*/
               ageend=agev[m][i]+(dh[m][i])*stepm/YEARM; /* Age at end of wave and transition */
               if(m >=firstpass && m <=lastpass){
                 k2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.);
                 /*if ((k2>=dateprev1) && (k2<=dateprev2)) {*/
                 if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;  /* All ages equal to 0 are in iagemax+1 */
                 if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;  /* All ages equal to 1 are in iagemax+2 */
                 if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate)  /* If status at wave m is known and a live state */
                   prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];  /* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
                 if (m<lastpass) {
                   /* if(s[m][i]==4 && s[m+1][i]==4) */
                   /*   printf(" num=%ld m=%d, i=%d s1=%d s2=%d agev at m=%d\n", num[i], m, i,s[m][i],s[m+1][i], (int)agev[m][i]); */
                   if(s[m][i]==-1)
                     printf(" num=%ld m=%d, i=%d s1=%d s2=%d agev at m=%d agebegin=%.2f ageend=%.2f, agemed=%d\n", num[i], m, i,s[m][i],s[m+1][i], (int)agev[m][i],agebegin, ageend, (int)((agebegin+ageend)/2.));
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i]; /* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
                   /* freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][(int)((agebegin+ageend)/2.)] += weight[i]; */
                   freq[s[m][i]][s[m+1][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; /* Total is in iagemax+3 *//* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
                 }
               }  
               if ((agev[m][i]>1) && (agev[m][i]< (iagemax+3)) && (anint[m][i]!=9999) && (mint[m][i]!=99)) {
                 dateintsum=dateintsum+k2;
                 k2cpt++;
                 /* printf("i=%ld dateintmean = %lf dateintsum=%lf k2cpt=%lf k2=%lf\n",i, dateintsum/k2cpt, dateintsum,k2cpt, k2); */
               }
               /*}*/
             } /* end m */
           } /* end bool */
         } /* end i = 1 to imx */
          
         /*      fprintf(ficresp, "#Count between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2);*/
         pstamp(ficresp);
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           fprintf(ficresphtm, "\n<br/><br/><h3>********** Variable "); 
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "\n<br/><br/><h3>********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++){
             fprintf(ficresp, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
             fprintf(ficresphtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
             fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           }
             fprintf(ficresp, "**********\n#");
           fprintf(ficresphtm, "**********</h3>\n");
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "**********</h3>\n");
           fprintf(ficlog, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficlog, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficlog, "**********\n");
         }
         fprintf(ficresphtm,"<table style=\"text-align:center; border: 1px solid\">");
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
           fprintf(ficresp, " Age Prev(%d) N(%d) N",i,i);
           fprintf(ficresphtm, "<th>Age</th><th>Prev(%d)</th><th>N(%d)</th><th>N</th>",i,i);
         }
         fprintf(ficresp, "\n");
         fprintf(ficresphtm, "\n");
         
         /* Header of frequency table by age */
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<table style=\"text-align:center; border: 1px solid\">");
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<th>Age</th> ");
         for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
           for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
             if(jk!=0 && m!=0)
               fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<th>%d%d</th> ",jk,m);
           }
         }
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr, "\n");
         
         /* For each age */
         for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){
           fprintf(ficresphtm,"<tr>");
           if(i==iagemax+1){
             fprintf(ficlog,"1");
             fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>0</th> ");
           }else if(i==iagemax+2){
             fprintf(ficlog,"0");
             fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>Unknown</th> ");
           }else if(i==iagemax+3){
             fprintf(ficlog,"Total");
             fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>Total</th> ");
           }else{
             if(first==1){
               first=0;
               printf("See log file for details...\n");
             }
             fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<tr><th>%d</th> ",i);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Age %d", i);
           }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=-1, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath ; m++)
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i]; 
           }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=-1, pos=0; m <=0 ; m++)
               pos += freq[jk][m][i];
             if(pp[jk]>=1.e-10){
               if(first==1){
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
               }
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pos/pp[jk]);
             }else{
               if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f loss[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             }
           }
   
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             for(m=0, pp[jk]=0; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++)
               pp[jk] += freq[jk][m][i];
           }       
           for(jk=1,pos=0,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             pos += pp[jk];
             posprop += prop[jk][i];
           }
           for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){
             if(pos>=1.e-5){
               if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=%.1f%%",jk,pp[jk],jk,100*pp[jk]/pos);
             }else{
               if(first==1)
                 printf(" %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
               fprintf(ficlog," %d.=%.0f prev[%d]=NaNQ%%",jk,pp[jk],jk);
             }
             if( i <= iagemax){
               if(pos>=1.e-5){
                 fprintf(ficresp," %d %.5f %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
                 fprintf(ficresphtm,"<th>%d</th><td>%.5f</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",i,prop[jk][i]/posprop, prop[jk][i],posprop);
                 /*probs[i][jk][j1]= pp[jk]/pos;*/
                 /*printf("\ni=%d jk=%d j1=%d %.5f %.0f %.0f %f",i,jk,j1,pp[jk]/pos, pp[jk],pos,probs[i][jk][j1]);*/
               }
               else{
                 fprintf(ficresp," %d NaNq %.0f %.0f",i,prop[jk][i],posprop);
                 fprintf(ficresphtm,"<th>%d</th><td>NaNq</td><td>%.0f</td><td>%.0f</td>",i, prop[jk][i],posprop);
               }
             }
           }
           
           for(jk=-1; jk <=nlstate+ndeath; jk++){
             for(m=-1; m <=nlstate+ndeath; m++){
               if(freq[jk][m][i] !=0 ) { /* minimizing output */
                 if(first==1){
                   printf(" %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
                 }
                 fprintf(ficlog," %d%d=%.0f",jk,m,freq[jk][m][i]);
               }
               if(jk!=0 && m!=0)
                 fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"<td>%.0f</td> ",freq[jk][m][i]);
             }
           }
           fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</tr>\n ");
           if(i <= iagemax){
             fprintf(ficresp,"\n");
             fprintf(ficresphtm,"</tr>\n");
           }
           if(first==1)
             printf("Others in log...\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         } /* end loop i */
         fprintf(ficresphtm,"</table>\n");
         fprintf(ficresphtmfr,"</table>\n");
         /*}*/
     } /* end j1 */
     dateintmean=dateintsum/k2cpt; 
    
     fclose(ficresp);
     fclose(ficresphtm);
     fclose(ficresphtmfr);
     free_ma3x(freq,-5,nlstate+ndeath,-5,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
     free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);
     free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE, iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
     /* End of Freq */
   }
   
   /************ Prevalence ********************/
   void prevalence(double ***probs, double agemin, double agemax, int **s, double **agev, int nlstate, int imx, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax,double **mint,double **anint, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass)
   {  
     /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
        in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
        We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
    
     int i, m, jk, j1, bool, z1,j;
     int mi; /* Effective wave */
     int iage;
     double agebegin, ageend;
   
     double **prop;
     double posprop; 
     double  y2; /* in fractional years */
     int iagemin, iagemax;
     int first; /** to stop verbosity which is redirected to log file */
   
     iagemin= (int) agemin;
     iagemax= (int) agemax;
     /*pp=vector(1,nlstate);*/
     prop=matrix(1,nlstate,iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE); 
     /*  freq=ma3x(-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath,iagemin,iagemax+3);*/
     j1=0;
     
     /*j=cptcoveff;*/
     if (cptcovn<1) {j=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     
     first=1;
     for(j1=1; j1<= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);j1++){ /* For each combination of covariate */
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate; i++)  
         for(iage=iagemin-AGEMARGE; iage <= iagemax+3+AGEMARGE; iage++)
                                   prop[i][iage]=0.0;
       
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Each individual */
         bool=1;
         if  (cptcovn>0) {  /* Filter is here: Must be looked at for model=V1+V2+V3+V4 */
                                   for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) /* For each covariate, look at the value for individual i and checks if it is equal to the corresponding value of this covariate according to current combination j1*/
                                           if (covar[Tvaraff[z1]][i]!= nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]) 
                                                   bool=0;
         } 
         if (bool==1) { /* For this combination of covariates values, this individual fits */
                                   /* for(m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++){/\* Other selection (we can limit to certain interviews*\/ */
                                   for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
                                           m=mw[mi][i];
                                           agebegin=agev[m][i]; /* Age at beginning of wave before transition*/
                                           /* ageend=agev[m][i]+(dh[m][i])*stepm/YEARM; /\* Age at end of wave and transition *\/ */
                                           if(m >=firstpass && m <=lastpass){
                                                   y2=anint[m][i]+(mint[m][i]/12.); /* Fractional date in year */
                                                   if ((y2>=dateprev1) && (y2<=dateprev2)) { /* Here is the main selection (fractional years) */
                                                           if(agev[m][i]==0) agev[m][i]=iagemax+1;
                                                           if(agev[m][i]==1) agev[m][i]=iagemax+2;
                                                           if((int)agev[m][i] <iagemin-AGEMARGE || (int)agev[m][i] >iagemax+3+AGEMARGE){
                                                                   printf("Error on individual # %d agev[m][i]=%f <%d-%d or > %d+3+%d  m=%d; either change agemin or agemax or fix data\n",i, agev[m][i],iagemin,AGEMARGE, iagemax,AGEMARGE,m); 
                                                                   exit(1);
                                                           }
                                                           if (s[m][i]>0 && s[m][i]<=nlstate) { 
                                                                   /*if(i>4620) printf(" i=%d m=%d s[m][i]=%d (int)agev[m][i]=%d weight[i]=%f prop=%f\n",i,m,s[m][i],(int)agev[m][m],weight[i],prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]]);*/
                                                                   prop[s[m][i]][(int)agev[m][i]] += weight[i];/* At age of beginning of transition, where status is known */
                                                                   prop[s[m][i]][iagemax+3] += weight[i]; 
                                                           } /* end valid statuses */ 
                                                   } /* end selection of dates */
                                           } /* end selection of waves */
                                   } /* end effective waves */
         } /* end bool */
       }
       for(i=iagemin; i <= iagemax+3; i++){  
         for(jk=1,posprop=0; jk <=nlstate ; jk++) { 
                                   posprop += prop[jk][i]; 
         } 
         
         for(jk=1; jk <=nlstate ; jk++){       
                                   if( i <=  iagemax){ 
                                           if(posprop>=1.e-5){ 
                                                   probs[i][jk][j1]= prop[jk][i]/posprop;
                                           } else{
                                                   if(first==1){
                                                           first=0;
                                                           printf("Warning Observed prevalence probs[%d][%d][%d]=%lf because of lack of cases\nSee others on log file...\n",jk,i,j1,probs[i][jk][j1]);
                                                   }
                                           }
                                   } 
         }/* end jk */ 
       }/* end i */ 
       /*} *//* end i1 */
     } /* end j1 */
     
     /*  free_ma3x(freq,-1,nlstate+ndeath,-1,nlstate+ndeath, iagemin, iagemax+3);*/
     /*free_vector(pp,1,nlstate);*/
     free_matrix(prop,1,nlstate, iagemin-AGEMARGE,iagemax+3+AGEMARGE);
   }  /* End of prevalence */
   
   /************* Waves Concatenation ***************/
   
   void  concatwav(int wav[], int **dh, int **bh,  int **mw, int **s, double *agedc, double **agev, int  firstpass, int lastpass, int imx, int nlstate, int stepm)
   {
     /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
        Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
        mw[mi][i] is the mi (mi=1 to wav[i])  effective wave of individual i
        dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
        */
   
     int i, mi, m;
     /* int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl,jmin=1e+5, jmax=-1;
        double sum=0., jmean=0.;*/
     int first, firstwo, firsthree, firstfour;
     int j, k=0,jk, ju, jl;
     double sum=0.;
     first=0;
     firstwo=0;
     firsthree=0;
     firstfour=0;
     jmin=100000;
     jmax=-1;
     jmean=0.;
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){  /* For simple cases and if state is death */
       mi=0;
       m=firstpass;
       while(s[m][i] <= nlstate){  /* a live state */
         if(s[m][i]>=1 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){ /* Since 0.98r4 if status=-2 vital status is really unknown, wave should be skipped */
           mw[++mi][i]=m;
         }
         if(m >=lastpass){
           if(s[m][i]==-1 && (int) andc[i] == 9999 && (int)anint[m][i] != 9999){
             if(firsthree == 0){
               printf("Information! Unknown health status for individual %ld line=%d occurred at last wave %d at known date %d/%d. Please, check if your unknown date of death %d/%d means a live state %d at wave %d. This case(%d)/wave(%d) contributes to the likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], s[m][i], m, i, m);
               firsthree=1;
             }
             fprintf(ficlog,"Information! Unknown status for individual %ld line=%d occurred at last wave %d at known date %d/%d. Please, check if your unknown date of death %d/%d means a live state %d at wave %d. This case(%d)/wave(%d) contributes to the likelihood.\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], s[m][i], m, i, m);
             mw[++mi][i]=m;
           }
           if(s[m][i]==-2){ /* Vital status is really unknown */
             nbwarn++;
             if((int)anint[m][i] == 9999){  /*  Has the vital status really been verified? */
               printf("Warning! Vital status for individual %ld (line=%d) at last wave %d interviewed at date %d/%d is unknown %d. Please, check if the vital status and the date of death %d/%d are really unknown. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], i, m);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Vital status for individual %ld (line=%d) at last wave %d interviewed at date %d/%d is unknown %d. Please, check if the vital status and the date of death %d/%d are really unknown. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], s[m][i], (int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], i, m);
             }
             break;
           }
           break;
         }
         else
           m++;
       }/* end while */
       
       /* After last pass */
       if (s[m][i] > nlstate){  /* In a death state */
         mi++;     /* Death is another wave */
         /* if(mi==0)  never been interviewed correctly before death */
            /* Only death is a correct wave */
         mw[mi][i]=m;
       }else if ((int) andc[i] != 9999) { /* Status is either death or negative. A death occured after lastpass, we can't take it into account because of potential bias */
         /* m++; */
         /* mi++; */
         /* s[m][i]=nlstate+1;  /\* We are setting the status to the last of non live state *\/ */
         /* mw[mi][i]=m; */
         nberr++;
         if ((int)anint[m][i]!= 9999) { /* date of last interview is known */
           if(firstwo==0){
             printf("Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d after last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
             firstwo=1;
           }
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d after last wave %d interviewed at %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
         }else{ /* end date of interview is known */
           /* death is known but not confirmed by death status at any wave */
           if(firstfour==0){
             printf("Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d but not confirmed by any death status for any wave, including last wave %d at unknown date %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\nOthers in log file only\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
             firstfour=1;
           }
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Death for individual %ld line=%d  occurred %d/%d but not confirmed by any death status for any wave, including last wave %d at unknown date %d/%d. Potential bias if other individuals are still alive at this date but ignored. This case (%d)/wave (%d) is skipped, no contribution to likelihood.\n",num[i],i,(int) moisdc[i], (int) andc[i], lastpass,(int)mint[m][i],(int)anint[m][i], i,m );
         }
       }
       wav[i]=mi;
       if(mi==0){
         nbwarn++;
         if(first==0){
           printf("Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped) and may be others, see log file\n",num[i],i);
           first=1;
         }
         if(first==1){
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! No valid information for individual %ld line=%d (skipped)\n",num[i],i);
         }
       } /* end mi==0 */
     } /* End individuals */
     /* wav and mw are no more changed */
   
     
     for(i=1; i<=imx; i++){
       for(mi=1; mi<wav[i];mi++){
         if (stepm <=0)
           dh[mi][i]=1;
         else{
           if (s[mw[mi+1][i]][i] > nlstate) { /* A death */
             if (agedc[i] < 2*AGESUP) {
               j= rint(agedc[i]*12-agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12); 
               if(j==0) j=1;  /* Survives at least one month after exam */
               else if(j<0){
                 nberr++;
                 printf("Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 j=1; /* Temporary Dangerous patch */
                 printf("   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d to death) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"   We assumed that the date of interview was correct (and not the date of death) and postponed the death %d month(s) (one stepm) after the interview. You MUST fix the contradiction between dates.\n",stepm);
               }
               k=k+1;
               if (j >= jmax){
                 jmax=j;
                 ijmax=i;
               }
               if (j <= jmin){
                 jmin=j;
                 ijmin=i;
               }
               sum=sum+j;
               /*if (j<0) printf("j=%d num=%d \n",j,i);*/
               /*    printf("%d %d %d %d\n", s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i],j,i);*/
             }
           }
           else{
             j= rint( (agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i]*12 - agev[mw[mi][i]][i]*12));
   /*        if (j<0) printf("%d %lf %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi+1][i]][i], agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]); */
   
             k=k+1;
             if (j >= jmax) {
               jmax=j;
               ijmax=i;
             }
             else if (j <= jmin){
               jmin=j;
               ijmin=i;
             }
             /*        if (j<10) printf("j=%d jmin=%d num=%d ",j,jmin,i); */
             /*printf("%d %lf %d %d %d\n", i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],j,s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);*/
             if(j<0){
               nberr++;
               printf("Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Negative delay (%d) between waves %d and %d of individual %ld at line %d who is aged %.1f with statuses from %d to %d\n ",j,mw[mi][i],mw[mi+1][i],num[i], i,agev[mw[mi][i]][i],s[mw[mi][i]][i] ,s[mw[mi+1][i]][i]);
             }
             sum=sum+j;
           }
           jk= j/stepm;
           jl= j -jk*stepm;
           ju= j -(jk+1)*stepm;
           if(mle <=1){ /* only if we use a the linear-interpoloation pseudo-likelihood */
             if(jl==0){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=0;
             }else{ /* We want a negative bias in order to only have interpolation ie
                     * to avoid the price of an extra matrix product in likelihood */
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
           }else{
             if(jl <= -ju){
               dh[mi][i]=jk;
               bh[mi][i]=jl;       /* bias is positive if real duration
                                    * is higher than the multiple of stepm and negative otherwise.
                                    */
             }
             else{
               dh[mi][i]=jk+1;
               bh[mi][i]=ju;
             }
             if(dh[mi][i]==0){
               dh[mi][i]=1; /* At least one step */
               bh[mi][i]=ju; /* At least one step */
               /*  printf(" bh=%d ju=%d jl=%d dh=%d jk=%d stepm=%d %d\n",bh[mi][i],ju,jl,dh[mi][i],jk,stepm,i);*/
             }
           } /* end if mle */
         }
       } /* end wave */
     }
     jmean=sum/k;
     printf("Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %ld) Max=%d (%ld) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, num[ijmin], jmax, num[ijmax], jmean);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Delay (in months) between two waves Min=%d (for indiviudal %d) Max=%d (%d) Mean=%f\n\n ",jmin, ijmin, jmax, ijmax, jmean);
    }
   
   /*********** Tricode ****************************/
   void tricode(int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int imx, int *Ndum)
   {
     /**< Uses cptcovn+2*cptcovprod as the number of covariates */
     /*      Tvar[i]=atoi(stre);  find 'n' in Vn and stores in Tvar. If model=V2+V1 Tvar[1]=2 and Tvar[2]=1 
      * Boring subroutine which should only output nbcode[Tvar[j]][k]
      * Tvar[5] in V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is 2 (V2)
      * nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]= 
     */
   
     int ij=1, k=0, j=0, i=0, maxncov=NCOVMAX;
     int modmaxcovj=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int cptcode=0; /* Modality max of covariates j */
     int modmincovj=0; /* Modality min of covariates j */
   
   
     cptcoveff=0; 
    
     for (k=1; k <= maxncov; k++) ncodemax[k]=0; /* Horrible constant again replaced by NCOVMAX */
   
     /* Loop on covariates without age and products */
     for (j=1; j<=(cptcovs); j++) { /* From model V1 + V2*age+ V3 + V3*V4 keeps V1 + V3 = 2 only */
       for (k=-1; k < maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0;
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) { /* Loop on individuals: reads the data file to get the maximum value of the 
                                                                                                                                   modality of this covariate Vj*/ 
         ij=(int)(covar[Tvar[j]][i]); /* ij=0 or 1 or -1. Value of the covariate Tvar[j] for individual i
                                                                                                                                                   * If product of Vn*Vm, still boolean *:
                                                                                                                                                   * If it was coded 1, 2, 3, 4 should be splitted into 3 boolean variables
                                                                                                                                                   * 1 => 0 0 0, 2 => 0 0 1, 3 => 0 1 1, 4=1 0 0   */
         /* Finds for covariate j, n=Tvar[j] of Vn . ij is the
                                         modality of the nth covariate of individual i. */
         if (ij > modmaxcovj)
           modmaxcovj=ij; 
         else if (ij < modmincovj) 
                                   modmincovj=ij; 
         if ((ij < -1) && (ij > NCOVMAX)){
                                   printf( "Error: minimal is less than -1 or maximal is bigger than %d. Exiting. \n", NCOVMAX );
                                   exit(1);
         }else
         Ndum[ij]++; /*counts and stores the occurence of this modality 0, 1, -1*/
         /*  If coded 1, 2, 3 , counts the number of 1 Ndum[1], number of 2, Ndum[2], etc */
         /*printf("i=%d ij=%d Ndum[ij]=%d imx=%d",i,ij,Ndum[ij],imx);*/
         /* getting the maximum value of the modality of the covariate
            (should be 0 or 1 now) Tvar[j]. If V=sex and male is coded 0 and
            female is 1, then modmaxcovj=1.*/
       } /* end for loop on individuals i */
       printf(" Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
       fprintf(ficlog," Minimal and maximal values of %d th covariate V%d: min=%d max=%d \n", j, Tvar[j], modmincovj, modmaxcovj);
       cptcode=modmaxcovj;
       /* Ndum[0] = frequency of 0 for model-covariate j, Ndum[1] frequency of 1 etc. */
      /*for (i=0; i<=cptcode; i++) {*/
       for (k=modmincovj;  k<=modmaxcovj; k++) { /* k=-1 ? 0 and 1*//* For each value k of the modality of model-cov j */
         printf("Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
         fprintf(ficlog, "Frequencies of covariates %d ie V%d with value %d: %d\n", j, Tvar[j], k, Ndum[k]);
         if( Ndum[k] != 0 ){ /* Counts if nobody answered modality k ie empty modality, we skip it and reorder */
                                   if( k != -1){
                                           ncodemax[j]++;  /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
                                                                                                                    covariate for which somebody answered excluding 
                                                                                                                    undefined. Usually 2: 0 and 1. */
                                   }
                                   ncodemaxwundef[j]++; /* ncodemax[j]= Number of modalities of the j th
                                                                                                                                   covariate for which somebody answered including 
                                                                                                                                   undefined. Usually 3: -1, 0 and 1. */
         }
         /* In fact  ncodemax[j]=2 (dichotom. variables only) but it could be more for
                                    historical reasons: 3 if coded 1, 2, 3 and 4 and Ndum[2]=0 */
       } /* Ndum[-1] number of undefined modalities */
                   
       /* j is a covariate, n=Tvar[j] of Vn; Fills nbcode */
       /* For covariate j, modalities could be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 
          If Ndum[1]=0, Ndum[2]=0, Ndum[3]= 635, Ndum[4]=0, Ndum[5]=0, Ndum[6]=27, Ndum[7]=125;
          modmincovj=3; modmaxcovj = 7;
          There are only 3 modalities non empty 3, 6, 7 (or 2 if 27 is too few) : ncodemax[j]=3;
          which will be coded 0, 1, 2 which in binary on 2=3-1 digits are 0=00 1=01, 2=10;
          defining two dummy variables: variables V1_1 and V1_2.
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=k;
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][1]=0;
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][2]=1;
          nbcode[Tvar[j]][3]=2;
          To be continued (not working yet).
       */
       ij=0; /* ij is similar to i but can jump over null modalities */
       for (i=modmincovj; i<=modmaxcovj; i++) { /* i= 1 to 2 for dichotomous, or from 1 to 3 or from -1 or 0 to 1 currently*/
           if (Ndum[i] == 0) { /* If nobody responded to this modality k */
                                   break;
                           }
           ij++;
           nbcode[Tvar[j]][ij]=i;  /* stores the original value of modality i in an array nbcode, ij modality from 1 to last non-nul modality.*/
           cptcode = ij; /* New max modality for covar j */
       } /* end of loop on modality i=-1 to 1 or more */
         
       /*   for (k=0; k<= cptcode; k++) { /\* k=-1 ? k=0 to 1 *\//\* Could be 1 to 4 *\//\* cptcode=modmaxcovj *\/ */
       /*  /\*recode from 0 *\/ */
       /*                               k is a modality. If we have model=V1+V1*sex  */
       /*                               then: nbcode[1][1]=0 ; nbcode[1][2]=1; nbcode[2][1]=0 ; nbcode[2][2]=1; */
       /*                            But if some modality were not used, it is recoded from 0 to a newer modmaxcovj=cptcode *\/ */
       /*  } */
       /*  /\* cptcode = ij; *\/ /\* New max modality for covar j *\/ */
       /*  if (ij > ncodemax[j]) { */
       /*    printf( " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]);  */
       /*    fprintf(ficlog, " Error ij=%d > ncodemax[%d]=%d\n", ij, j, ncodemax[j]); */
       /*    break; */
       /*  } */
       /*   }  /\* end of loop on modality k *\/ */
     } /* end of loop on model-covariate j. nbcode[Tvarj][1]=0 and nbcode[Tvarj][2]=1 sets the value of covariate j*/  
     
           for (k=-1; k< maxncov; k++) Ndum[k]=0; 
     
     for (i=1; i<=ncovmodel-2-nagesqr; i++) { /* -2, cste and age and eventually age*age */ 
                   /* Listing of all covariables in statement model to see if some covariates appear twice. For example, V1 appears twice in V1+V1*V2.*/ 
                   ij=Tvar[i]; /* Tvar might be -1 if status was unknown */ 
                   Ndum[ij]++; /* Might be supersed V1 + V1*age */
           } 
           
           ij=0;
           for (i=0; i<=  maxncov-1; i++) { /* modmaxcovj is unknown here. Only Ndum[2(V2),3(age*V3), 5(V3*V2) 6(V1*V4) */
                   /*printf("Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
                   if((Ndum[i]!=0) && (i<=ncovcol)){
                           ij++;
                           /*printf("diff Ndum[%d]=%d\n",i, Ndum[i]);*/
                           Tvaraff[ij]=i; /*For printing (unclear) */
                   }else{
                           /* Tvaraff[ij]=0; */
                   }
           }
           /* ij--; */
           cptcoveff=ij; /*Number of total covariates*/
           
   }
   
   
   /*********** Health Expectancies ****************/
   
   void evsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Health expectancies, no variances */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3mat;
     double eip;
   
     pstamp(ficreseij);
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age and (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age\n");
     fprintf(ficreseij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d%1d ",i,j);
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
   
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepm matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepm length: nhstepm=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
   /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hpxij(p3mat,nhstepma,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
       
       printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
       
       /* Computing expectancies */
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
           for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
             eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3mat[i][j][h]+p3mat[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
             
             /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
   
           }
   
       fprintf(ficreseij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
           eip +=eij[i][j][(int)age];
           fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eij[i][j][(int)age] );
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"%9.4f", eip );
       }
       fprintf(ficreseij,"\n");
       
     }
     free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
     
   }
   
   void cvevsij(double ***eij, double x[], int nlstate, int stepm, int bage, int fage, double **oldm, double **savm, int cij, int estepm,double delti[],double **matcov,char strstart[] )
   
   {
     /* Covariances of health expectancies eij and of total life expectancies according
      to initial status i, ei. .
     */
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm, k, cptj, cptj2, i2, j2, ij, ji;
     int nhstepma, nstepma; /* Decreasing with age */
     double age, agelim, hf;
     double ***p3matp, ***p3matm, ***varhe;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp, *xm;
     double **gp, **gm;
     double ***gradg, ***trgradg;
     int theta;
   
     double eip, vip;
   
     varhe=ma3x(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     xm=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     
     pstamp(ficresstdeij);
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Health expectancies with standard errors\n");
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d%1d (SE)",i,j);
       fprintf(ficresstdeij," e%1d. ",i);
     }
     fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
   
     pstamp(ficrescveij);
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Subdiagonal matrix of covariances of health expectancies by age: cov(eij,ekl)\n");
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
         cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
         for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
           for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
             cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
             if(cptj2 <= cptj)
               fprintf(ficrescveij,"  %1d%1d,%1d%1d",i,j,i2,j2);
           }
       }
     fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
     
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
     /* We compute the life expectancy from trapezoids spaced every estepm months
      * This is mainly to measure the difference between two models: for example
      * if stepm=24 months pijx are given only every 2 years and by summing them
      * we are calculating an estimate of the Life Expectancy assuming a linear 
      * progression in between and thus overestimating or underestimating according
      * to the curvature of the survival function. If, for the same date, we 
      * estimate the model with stepm=1 month, we can keep estepm to 24 months
      * to compare the new estimate of Life expectancy with the same linear 
      * hypothesis. A more precise result, taking into account a more precise
      * curvature will be obtained if estepm is as small as stepm. */
   
     /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
     /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
        nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
        nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelin. 
        Look at hpijx to understand the reason of that which relies in memory size
        and note for a fixed period like estepm months */
     /* We decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
        survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
        means that if the survival funtion is printed only each two years of age and if
        you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
        results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
     */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
   
     /* If stepm=6 months */
     /* nhstepm age range expressed in number of stepm */
     agelim=AGESUP;
     nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); 
     /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
     /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
     nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
     
     p3matp=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     p3matm=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
   
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
       nstepma=(int) rint((agelim-bage)*YEARM/stepm); /* Biggest nstepm */
       /* Typically if 20 years nstepm = 20*12/6=40 stepm */ 
       /* if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;*/
       nhstepma = nstepma/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepma=40/4=10 */
                   
       /* If stepm=6 months */
       /* Computed by stepm unit matrices, product of hstepma matrices, stored
          in an array of nhstepma length: nhstepma=10, hstepm=4, stepm=6 months */
       
       hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
                   
       /* Computing  Variances of health expectancies */
       /* Gradient is computed with plus gp and minus gm. Code is duplicated in order to
          decrease memory allocation */
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ 
                                   xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
                                   xm[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         hpxij(p3matp,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
         hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xm,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, cij);  
                           
         for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
                                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate; i++){
                                           for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
                                                   gp[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matp[i][j][h]+p3matp[i][j][h+1])/2.;
                                                   gm[h][(j-1)*nlstate + i] = (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.;
                                           }
                                   }
         }
                           
         for(ij=1; ij<= nlstate*nlstate; ij++)
                                   for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
                                           gradg[h][theta][ij]= (gp[h][ij]-gm[h][ij])/2./delti[theta];
                                   }
       }/* End theta */
       
       
       for(h=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate*nlstate;j++)
                                   for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
                                           trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
       
                   
                   for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
         for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
                                   varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] =0.;
                   
                   printf("%d|",(int)age);fflush(stdout);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"%d|",(int)age);fflush(ficlog);
                   for(h=0;h<=nhstepm-1;h++){
         for(k=0;k<=nhstepm-1;k++){
                                   matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
                                   matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate,gradg[k]);
                                   for(ij=1;ij<=nlstate*nlstate;ij++)
                                           for(ji=1;ji<=nlstate*nlstate;ji++)
                                                   varhe[ij][ji][(int)age] += doldm[ij][ji]*hf*hf;
         }
       }
                   
       /* Computing expectancies */
       hpxij(p3matm,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm, savm, cij);  
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
                                   for (h=0, eij[i][j][(int)age]=0; h<=nhstepm-1; h++){
                                           eij[i][j][(int)age] += (p3matm[i][j][h]+p3matm[i][j][h+1])/2.0*hf;
                                           
                                           /* if((int)age==70)printf("i=%2d,j=%2d,h=%2d,age=%3d,%9.4f,%9.4f,%9.4f\n",i,j,h,(int)age,p3mat[i][j][h],hf,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                                           
                                   }
                   
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         eip=0.;
         vip=0.;
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                                   eip += eij[i][j][(int)age];
                                   for(k=1; k<=nlstate;k++) /* Sum on j and k of cov(eij,eik) */
                                           vip += varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(k-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age];
                                   fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eij[i][j][(int)age], sqrt(varhe[(j-1)*nlstate+i][(j-1)*nlstate+i][(int)age]) );
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij," %9.4f (%.4f)", eip, sqrt(vip));
       }
       fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n");
                   
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"%3.0f",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                                   cptj= (j-1)*nlstate+i;
                                   for(i2=1; i2<=nlstate;i2++)
                                           for(j2=1; j2<=nlstate;j2++){
                                                   cptj2= (j2-1)*nlstate+i2;
                                                   if(cptj2 <= cptj)
                                                           fprintf(ficrescveij," %.4f", varhe[cptj][cptj2][(int)age]);
                                           }
         }
       fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n");
                   
     }
     free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_ma3x(p3matm,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     free_ma3x(p3matp,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
     printf("\n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           
     free_vector(xm,1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate);
     free_ma3x(varhe,1,nlstate*nlstate,1,nlstate*nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
   }
    
   /************ Variance ******************/
    void varevsij(char optionfilefiname[], double ***vareij, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, int estepm, int cptcov, int cptcod, int popbased, int mobilav, char strstart[])
    {
      /* Variance of health expectancies */
      /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double ** savm,double ftolpl);*/
      /* double **newm;*/
      /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav)*/
     
      /* int movingaverage(); */
      double **dnewm,**doldm;
      double **dnewmp,**doldmp;
      int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm, h, nstepm ;
      int k;
      double *xp;
      double **gp, **gm;  /* for var eij */
      double ***gradg, ***trgradg; /*for var eij */
      double **gradgp, **trgradgp; /* for var p point j */
      double *gpp, *gmp; /* for var p point j */
      double **varppt; /* for var p point j nlstate to nlstate+ndeath */
      double ***p3mat;
      double age,agelim, hf;
      /* double ***mobaverage; */
      int theta;
      char digit[4];
      char digitp[25];
   
      char fileresprobmorprev[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
      if(popbased==1){
        if(mobilav!=0)
          strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-MOBILAV_");
        else strcpy(digitp,"-POPULBASED-NOMOBIL_");
      }
      else 
        strcpy(digitp,"-STABLBASED_");
   
      /* if (mobilav!=0) { */
      /*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
      /*   if (movingaverage(probs, bage, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ */
      /*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
      /*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
      /*   } */
      /* } */
   
      strcpy(fileresprobmorprev,"PRMORPREV-"); 
      sprintf(digit,"%-d",ij);
      /*printf("DIGIT=%s, ij=%d ijr=%-d|\n",digit, ij,ij);*/
      strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digit); /* Tvar to be done */
      strcat(fileresprobmorprev,digitp); /* Popbased or not, mobilav or not */
      strcat(fileresprobmorprev,fileresu);
      if((ficresprobmorprev=fopen(fileresprobmorprev,"w"))==NULL) {
        printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
        fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobmorprev);
      }
      printf("Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
      fprintf(ficlog,"Computing total mortality p.j=w1*p1j+w2*p2j+..: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobmorprev);
      pstamp(ficresprobmorprev);
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# probabilities of dying before estepm=%d months for people of exact age and weighted probabilities w1*p1j+w2*p2j+... stand dev in()\n",estepm);
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"# Age cov=%-d",ij);
      for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," p.%-d SE",j);
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," w%1d p%-d%-d",i,i,j);
      }  
      fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
     
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varevsij");
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title \n");
      /* fprintf(fichtm, "#Local time at start: %s", strstart);*/
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing probabilities of dying over estepm months as a weighted average (i.e global mortality independent of initial healh state)</h4></li>\n");
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>%s  <br>\n",digitp);
      /*   } */
      varppt = matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      pstamp(ficresvij);
      fprintf(ficresvij,"# Variance and covariance of health expectancies e.j \n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
      if(popbased==1)
        fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
      else
        fprintf(ficresvij,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
      fprintf(ficresvij,"# Age");
      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
        for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
          fprintf(ficresvij," Cov(e.%1d, e.%1d)",i,j);
      fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
   
      xp=vector(1,npar);
      dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
      doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
      dnewmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
      doldmp= matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
      gradgp=matrix(1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      gpp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      gmp=vector(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      trgradgp =matrix(nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
     
      if(estepm < stepm){
        printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
      }
      else  hstepm=estepm;   
      /* For example we decided to compute the life expectancy with the smallest unit */
      /* hstepm beeing the number of stepms, if hstepm=1 the length of hstepm is stepm. 
         nhstepm is the number of hstepm from age to agelim 
         nstepm is the number of stepm from age to agelim. 
         Look at function hpijx to understand why because of memory size limitations, 
         we decided (b) to get a life expectancy respecting the most precise curvature of the
         survival function given by stepm (the optimization length). Unfortunately it
         means that if the survival funtion is printed every two years of age and if
         you sum them up and add 1 year (area under the trapezoids) you won't get the same 
         results. So we changed our mind and took the option of the best precision.
      */
      hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if stepm=6 & estepm=24 , = 24/6 months = 4 */ 
      agelim = AGESUP;
      for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
        nstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
        nhstepm = nstepm/hstepm;/* Expressed in hstepm, typically nhstepm=40/4=10 */
        p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
        gradg=ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
        gp=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
        gm=matrix(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
                   
                   
        for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient x + delta*/
            xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
          }
                           
          prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
                           
          if (popbased==1) {
            if(mobilav ==0){
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
            }else{ /* mobilav */ 
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
            }
          }
                           
          hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  /* Returns p3mat[i][j][h] for h=1 to nhstepm */
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              for(i=1, gp[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
                gp[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
            }
          }
          /* Next for computing probability of death (h=1 means
             computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
             as a weighted average of prlim.
          */
          for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            for(i=1,gpp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
              gpp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
          }    
          /* end probability of death */
                           
          for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient x - delta */
            xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
                           
          prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp, ij);
                           
          if (popbased==1) {
            if(mobilav ==0){
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
            }else{ /* mobilav */ 
              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
            }
          }
                           
          hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,xp,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
                           
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++){  /* Sum of wi * eij = e.j */
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              for(i=1, gm[h][j]=0.;i<=nlstate;i++)
                gm[h][j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][h];
            }
          }
          /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
             computed over hstepm matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
             as a weighted average of prlim.
          */
          for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
            for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.; i<= nlstate; i++)
              gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1];
          }    
          /* end probability of death */
                           
          for(j=1; j<= nlstate; j++) /* vareij */
            for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
              gradg[h][theta][j]= (gp[h][j]-gm[h][j])/2./delti[theta];
            }
                           
          for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ /* var mu */
            gradgp[theta][j]= (gpp[j]-gmp[j])/2./delti[theta];
          }
                           
        } /* End theta */
                   
        trgradg =ma3x(0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar); /* veij */
                   
        for(h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++) /* veij */
          for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
            for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
              trgradg[h][j][theta]=gradg[h][theta][j];
                   
        for(j=nlstate+1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* mu */
          for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
            trgradgp[j][theta]=gradgp[theta][j];
                   
                   
        hf=hstepm*stepm/YEARM;  /* Duration of hstepm expressed in year unit. */
        for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
          for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
            vareij[i][j][(int)age] =0.;
                   
        for(h=0;h<=nhstepm;h++){
          for(k=0;k<=nhstepm;k++){
            matprod2(dnewm,trgradg[h],1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
            matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg[k]);
            for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
              for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
                vareij[i][j][(int)age] += doldm[i][j]*hf*hf;
          }
        }
                   
        /* pptj */
        matprod2(dnewmp,trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
        matprod2(doldmp,dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,gradgp);
        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
          for(i=nlstate+1;i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++)
            varppt[j][i]=doldmp[j][i];
        /* end ppptj */
        /*  x centered again */
                   
        prevalim(prlim,nlstate,x,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
                   
        if (popbased==1) {
          if(mobilav ==0){
            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
              prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][ij];
          }else{ /* mobilav */ 
            for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
              prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][ij];
          }
        }
                   
        /* This for computing probability of death (h=1 means
           computed over hstepm (estepm) matrices product = hstepm*stepm months) 
           as a weighted average of prlim.
        */
        hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,age,hstepm,x,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, ij);  
        for(j=nlstate+1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){
          for(i=1,gmp[j]=0.;i<= nlstate; i++) 
            gmp[j] += prlim[i][i]*p3mat[i][j][1]; 
        }    
        /* end probability of death */
                   
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"%3d %d ",(int) age, ij);
        for(j=nlstate+1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
          fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e",gmp[j], sqrt(varppt[j][j]));
          for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
            fprintf(ficresprobmorprev," %11.3e %11.3e ",prlim[i][i],p3mat[i][j][1]);
          }
        } 
        fprintf(ficresprobmorprev,"\n");
                   
        fprintf(ficresvij,"%.0f ",age );
        for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
          for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
            fprintf(ficresvij," %.4f", vareij[i][j][(int)age]);
          }
        fprintf(ficresvij,"\n");
        free_matrix(gp,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
        free_matrix(gm,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate);
        free_ma3x(gradg,0,nhstepm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
        free_ma3x(trgradg,0,nhstepm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
        free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
      } /* End age */
      free_vector(gpp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_vector(gmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(gradgp,1,npar,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(trgradgp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar); /* mu or p point j*/
      /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter png small size 320, 240"); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label; set ter svg size 640, 480");
      /* for(j=nlstate+1; j<= nlstate+ndeath; j++){ *//* Only the first actually */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Force of mortality (year-1)\";");
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3*%6.3f) not w l 1 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)*%6.3f) t \"95\%% interval\" w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)*%6.3f) not w l 2 ",fileresprobmorprev,YEARM/estepm); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n plot \"%s\"  u 1:($3) not w l lt 1 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3+1.96*$4)) t \"95%% interval\" w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(ficgp,"\n replot \"%s\"  u 1:(($3-1.96*$4)) not w l lt 2 ",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> File (multiple files are possible if covariates are present): <A href=\"%s\">%s</a>\n",subdirf(fileresprobmorprev),subdirf(fileresprobmorprev));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months. <br> <img src=\"%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", estepm,subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
      /*  fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br> Probability is computed over estepm=%d months and then divided by estepm and multiplied by %.0f in order to have the probability to die over a year <br> <img src=\"varmuptjgr%s%s.svg\"> <br>\n", stepm,YEARM,digitp,digit);
       */
      /*   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"varmuptjgr%s%s%s.svg\";replot;",digitp,optionfilefiname,digit); */
      fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s%s.svg\";replot;set out;\n",subdirf3(optionfilefiname,"VARMUPTJGR-",digitp),digit);
   
      free_vector(xp,1,npar);
      free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
      free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
      free_matrix(doldmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      free_matrix(dnewmp,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,1,npar);
      free_matrix(varppt,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath,nlstate+1,nlstate+ndeath);
      /* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
      fclose(ficresprobmorprev);
      fflush(ficgp);
      fflush(fichtm); 
    }  /* end varevsij */
   
   /************ Variance of prevlim ******************/
    void varprevlim(char fileres[], double **varpl, double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, int stepm, double bage, double fage, double **oldm, double **savm, double **prlim, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, int ij, char strstart[])
   {
     /* Variance of prevalence limit  for each state ij using current parameters x[] and estimates of neighbourhood give by delti*/
     /*  double **prevalim(double **prlim, int nlstate, double *xp, double age, double **oldm, double **savm,double ftolpl);*/
   
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     int i, j, nhstepm, hstepm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mgm, **mgp;
     double age,agelim;
     int theta;
     
     pstamp(ficresvpl);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences \n");
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"# Age");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %1d-%1d",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
   
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
     
     hstepm=1*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically in stepm units, if j= 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
     agelim = AGESUP;
     for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ /* If stepm=6 months */
       nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-age)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
       if (stepm >= YEARM) hstepm=1;
       nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
       gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       mgp=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       mgm=matrix(1,npar,1,nlstate);
       gp=vector(1,nlstate);
       gm=vector(1,nlstate);
   
       for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++){ /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         }
         if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         else
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
           gp[i] = prlim[i][i];
           mgp[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
         }
         for(i=1; i<=npar; i++) /* Computes gradient */
           xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:0);
         if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 )
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         else
           prevalim(prlim,nlstate,xp,age,oldm,savm,ftolpl,ncvyearp,ij);
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++){
           gm[i] = prlim[i][i];
           mgm[theta][i] = prlim[i][i];
         }
         for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           gradg[theta][i]= (gp[i]-gm[i])/2./delti[theta];
         /* gradg[theta][2]= -gradg[theta][1]; */ /* For testing if nlstate=2 */
       } /* End theta */
   
       trgradg =matrix(1,nlstate,1,npar);
   
       for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++)
         for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
           trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
       /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
       /*   printf("\nmgm mgp %d ",(int)age); */
       /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
       /*  printf(" %d ",j); */
       /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
       /*    printf(" %d %lf %lf",theta,mgm[theta][j],mgp[theta][j]); */
       /*  printf("\n "); */
       /*   } */
       /* } */
       /* if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80 ||(int)age== 81 ){ */
       /*   printf("\n gradg %d ",(int)age); */
       /*   for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){ */
       /*  printf("%d ",j); */
       /*  for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++) */
       /*    printf("%d %lf ",theta,gradg[theta][j]); */
       /*  printf("\n "); */
       /*   } */
       /* } */
   
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] =0.;
       if((int)age==79 ||(int)age== 80  ||(int)age== 81){
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       }else{
       matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,npar,matcov);
       matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,nlstate,1,npar,1,nlstate,gradg);
       }
       for(i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
         varpl[i][(int)age] = doldm[i][i]; /* Covariances are useless */
   
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"%.0f ",age );
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
         fprintf(ficresvpl," %.5f (%.5f)",prlim[i][i],sqrt(varpl[i][(int)age]));
       fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n");
       free_vector(gp,1,nlstate);
       free_vector(gm,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(mgm,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(mgp,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(gradg,1,npar,1,nlstate);
       free_matrix(trgradg,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     } /* End age */
   
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,nlstate,1,npar);
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
   
   }
   
   /************ Variance of one-step probabilities  ******************/
   void varprob(char optionfilefiname[], double **matcov, double x[], double delti[], int nlstate, double bage, double fage, int ij, int *Tvar, int **nbcode, int *ncodemax, char strstart[])
   {
     int i, j=0,  k1, l1, tj;
     int k2, l2, j1,  z1;
     int k=0, l;
     int first=1, first1, first2;
     double cv12, mu1, mu2, lc1, lc2, v12, v21, v11, v22,v1,v2, c12, tnalp;
     double **dnewm,**doldm;
     double *xp;
     double *gp, *gm;
     double **gradg, **trgradg;
     double **mu;
     double age, cov[NCOVMAX+1];
     double std=2.0; /* Number of standard deviation wide of confidence ellipsoids */
     int theta;
     char fileresprob[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcov[FILENAMELENGTH];
     char fileresprobcor[FILENAMELENGTH];
     double ***varpij;
   
     strcpy(fileresprob,"PROB_"); 
     strcat(fileresprob,fileres);
     if((ficresprob=fopen(fileresprob,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprob);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcov,"PROBCOV_"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcov,fileresu);
     if((ficresprobcov=fopen(fileresprobcov,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcov);
     }
     strcpy(fileresprobcor,"PROBCOR_"); 
     strcat(fileresprobcor,fileresu);
     if((ficresprobcor=fopen(fileresprobcor,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", fileresprobcor);
     }
     printf("Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing standard deviation of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprob);
     printf("Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing matrix of variance covariance of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcov);
     printf("and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficlog,"and correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: result on file '%s' \n",fileresprobcor);
     pstamp(ficresprob);
     fprintf(ficresprob,"#One-step probabilities and stand. devi in ()\n");
     fprintf(ficresprob,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcov);
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"#One-step probabilities and covariance matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"# Age");
     pstamp(ficresprobcor);
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"#One-step probabilities and correlation matrix\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"# Age");
   
   
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
       for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
         fprintf(ficresprob," p%1d-%1d (SE)",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcov," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
         fprintf(ficresprobcor," p%1d-%1d ",i,j);
       }  
    /* fprintf(ficresprob,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n");
     fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n");
    */
     xp=vector(1,npar);
     dnewm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     doldm=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     mu=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath), (int) bage, (int)fage);
     varpij=ma3x(1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),1,nlstate*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int) fage);
     first=1;
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Routine varprob");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> Computing and drawing one step probabilities with their confidence intervals</h4></li>\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n<li><h4> <a href=\"%s\">Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities (drawings)</a></h4> this page is important in order to visualize confidence intervals and especially correlation between disability and recovery, or more generally, way in and way back.</li>\n",optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"Current page is file <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\n<h4>Matrix of variance-covariance of pairs of step probabilities</h4>\n",optionfilehtmcov, optionfilehtmcov);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\nEllipsoids of confidence centered on point (p<inf>ij</inf>, p<inf>kl</inf>) are estimated \
   and drawn. It helps understanding how is the covariance between two incidences.\
    They are expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> in order to be less dependent of stepm.<br>\n");
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Contour plot corresponding to x'cov<sup>-1</sup>x = 4 (where x is the column vector (pij,pkl)) are drawn. \
   It can be understood this way: if pij and pkl where uncorrelated the (2x2) matrix of covariance \
   would have been (1/(var pij), 0 , 0, 1/(var pkl)), and the confidence interval would be 2 \
   standard deviations wide on each axis. <br>\
    Now, if both incidences are correlated (usual case) we diagonalised the inverse of the covariance matrix\
    and made the appropriate rotation to look at the uncorrelated principal directions.<br>\
   To be simple, these graphs help to understand the significativity of each parameter in relation to a second other one.<br> \n");
   
     cov[1]=1;
     /* tj=cptcoveff; */
     tj = (int) pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn<1) {tj=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
     j1=0;
     for(j1=1; j1<=tj;j1++){
       /*for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[t];i1++){ */
       /*j1++;*/
         if  (cptcovn>0) {
           fprintf(ficresprob, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprob, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficresprob, "**********\n#\n");
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcov, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov, "**********\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp, "\n#********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficgp, " V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficgp, "**********\n#\n");
           
           
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "\n<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">********** Variable "); 
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(fichtm, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(fichtmcov, "**********\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
           
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "\n#********** Variable ");    
           for (z1=1; z1<=cptcoveff; z1++) fprintf(ficresprobcor, "V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[z1],nbcode[Tvaraff[z1]][codtabm(j1,z1)]);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor, "**********\n#");    
         }
         
         gradg=matrix(1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         trgradg=matrix(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         gp=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         gm=vector(1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
           cov[2]=age;
           if(nagesqr==1)
             cov[3]= age*age;
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) {
             cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,k)];
             /*cov[2+nagesqr+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(j1,Tvar[k])];*//* j1 1 2 3 4
                                                            * 1  1 1 1 1
                                                            * 2  2 1 1 1
                                                            * 3  1 2 1 1
                                                            */
             /* nbcode[1][1]=0 nbcode[1][2]=1;*/
           }
           /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=cov[2+Tage[k]]*cov[2]; */
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,k)]*cov[2];
           for (k=1; k<=cptcovprod;k++)
             cov[2+nagesqr+Tprod[k]]=nbcode[Tvard[k][1]][codtabm(ij,k)]*nbcode[Tvard[k][2]][codtabm(ij,k)];
           
       
           for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++){
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] + (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
             
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gp[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
             
             for(i=1; i<=npar; i++)
               xp[i] = x[i] - (i==theta ?delti[theta]:(double)0);
       
             pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,xp,nlstate);
             k=0;
             for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
               for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
                 k=k+1;
                 gm[k]=pmmij[i][j];
               }
             }
        
             for(i=1; i<= (nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath); i++) 
               gradg[theta][i]=(gp[i]-gm[i])/(double)2./delti[theta];  
           }
   
           for(j=1; j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
             for(theta=1; theta <=npar; theta++)
               trgradg[j][theta]=gradg[theta][j];
           
           matprod2(dnewm,trgradg,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,npar,matcov); 
           matprod2(doldm,dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),gradg);
   
           pmij(pmmij,cov,ncovmodel,x,nlstate);
           
           k=0;
           for(i=1; i<=(nlstate); i++){
             for(j=1; j<=(nlstate+ndeath);j++){
               k=k+1;
               mu[k][(int) age]=pmmij[i][j];
             }
           }
           for(i=1;i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             for(j=1;j<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);j++)
               varpij[i][j][(int)age] = doldm[i][j];
   
           /*printf("\n%d ",(int)age);
             for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             printf("%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             fprintf(ficlog,"%e [%e ;%e] ",gm[i],gm[i]-2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]),gm[i]+2*sqrt(doldm[i][i]));
             }*/
   
           fprintf(ficresprob,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d ",(int)age);
           fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d ",(int)age);
   
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++)
             fprintf(ficresprob,"%11.3e (%11.3e) ",mu[i][(int) age],sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int)age]));
           for (i=1; i<=(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath);i++){
             fprintf(ficresprobcov,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
             fprintf(ficresprobcor,"%11.3e ",mu[i][(int) age]);
           }
           i=0;
           for (k=1; k<=(nlstate);k++){
             for (l=1; l<=(nlstate+ndeath);l++){ 
               i++;
               fprintf(ficresprobcov,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               fprintf(ficresprobcor,"\n%d %d-%d",(int)age,k,l);
               for (j=1; j<=i;j++){
                 /* printf(" k=%d l=%d i=%d j=%d\n",k,l,i,j);fflush(stdout); */
                 fprintf(ficresprobcov," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int)age]);
                 fprintf(ficresprobcor," %11.3e",varpij[i][j][(int) age]/sqrt(varpij[i][i][(int) age])/sqrt(varpij[j][j][(int)age]));
               }
             }
           }/* end of loop for state */
         } /* end of loop for age */
         free_vector(gp,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_vector(gm,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath));
         free_matrix(trgradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         free_matrix(gradg,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
         
         /* Confidence intervalle of pij  */
         /*
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset parametric;unset label");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;unset log x; set xlabel \"Age\";set ylabel \"probability (year-1)\"");
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter png small\nset size 0.65,0.65");
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>Probability with  confidence intervals expressed in year<sup>-1</sup> :<a href=\"pijgr%s.png\">pijgr%s.png</A>, ",optionfilefiname,optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br><img src=\"pijgr%s.png\"> ",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"pijgr%s.png\"",optionfilefiname);
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"\%%lf",k1,k2,xfilevarprob);
         */
   
         /* Drawing ellipsoids of confidence of two variables p(k1-l1,k2-l2)*/
         first1=1;first2=2;
         for (k2=1; k2<=(nlstate);k2++){
           for (l2=1; l2<=(nlstate+ndeath);l2++){ 
             if(l2==k2) continue;
             j=(k2-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l2;
             for (k1=1; k1<=(nlstate);k1++){
               for (l1=1; l1<=(nlstate+ndeath);l1++){ 
                 if(l1==k1) continue;
                 i=(k1-1)*(nlstate+ndeath)+l1;
                 if(i<=j) continue;
                 for (age=bage; age<=fage; age ++){ 
                   if ((int)age %5==0){
                     v1=varpij[i][i][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     v2=varpij[j][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     cv12=varpij[i][j][(int)age]/stepm*YEARM/stepm*YEARM;
                     mu1=mu[i][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM ;
                     mu2=mu[j][(int) age]/stepm*YEARM;
                     c12=cv12/sqrt(v1*v2);
                     /* Computing eigen value of matrix of covariance */
                     lc1=((v1+v2)+sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     lc2=((v1+v2)-sqrt((v1+v2)*(v1+v2) - 4*(v1*v2-cv12*cv12)))/2.;
                     if ((lc2 <0) || (lc1 <0) ){
                       if(first2==1){
                         first1=0;
                       printf("Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS. See log file for details...\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);
                       }
                       fprintf(ficlog,"Strange: j1=%d One eigen value of 2x2 matrix of covariance is negative, lc1=%11.3e, lc2=%11.3e, v1=%11.3e, v2=%11.3e, cv12=%11.3e.\n It means that the matrix was not well estimated (varpij), for i=%2d, j=%2d, age=%4d .\n See files %s and %s. Probably WRONG RESULTS.\n", j1, lc1, lc2, v1, v2, cv12, i, j, (int)age,fileresprobcov, fileresprobcor);fflush(ficlog);
                       /* lc1=fabs(lc1); */ /* If we want to have them positive */
                       /* lc2=fabs(lc2); */
                     }
   
                     /* Eigen vectors */
                     v11=(1./sqrt(1+(v1-lc1)*(v1-lc1)/cv12/cv12));
                     /*v21=sqrt(1.-v11*v11); *//* error */
                     v21=(lc1-v1)/cv12*v11;
                     v12=-v21;
                     v22=v11;
                     tnalp=v21/v11;
                     if(first1==1){
                       first1=0;
                       printf("%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tang %.3f\nOthers in log...\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     }
                     fprintf(ficlog,"%d %d%d-%d%d mu %.4e %.4e Var %.4e %.4e cor %.3f cov %.4e Eig %.3e %.3e 1stv %.3f %.3f tan %.3f\n",(int) age,k1,l1,k2,l2,mu1,mu2,v1,v2,c12,cv12,lc1,lc2,v11,v21,tnalp);
                     /*printf(fignu*/
                     /* mu1+ v11*lc1*cost + v12*lc2*sin(t) */
                     /* mu2+ v21*lc1*cost + v22*lc2*sin(t) */
                     if(first==1){
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Ellipsoids of confidence\n#\n");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset parametric;unset label");
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;set log x; set xlabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\";set ylabel \"p%1d%1d (year-1)\"",k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480");
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br>Ellipsoids of confidence cov(p%1d%1d,p%1d%1d) expressed in year<sup>-1</sup>\
    :<a href=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\">\
   %s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg</A>, ",k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2,\
                               subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br><img src=\"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"> ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(fichtmcov,"\n<br> Correlation at age %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\"",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot [-pi:pi] %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }else{
                       first=0;
                       fprintf(fichtmcov," %d (%.3f),",(int) age, c12);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Age %d, p%1d%1d - p%1d%1d",(int) age, k1,l1,k2,l2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset label \"%d\" at %11.3e,%11.3e center",(int) age, mu1,mu2);
                       fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot %11.3e+ %.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)), %11.3e +%.3f*(%11.3e*%11.3e*cos(t)+%11.3e*%11.3e*sin(t)) not",\
                               mu1,std,v11,sqrt(lc1),v12,sqrt(lc2),\
                               mu2,std,v21,sqrt(lc1),v22,sqrt(lc2));
                     }/* if first */
                   } /* age mod 5 */
                 } /* end loop age */
                 fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;\nset out \"%s_%d%1d%1d-%1d%1d.svg\";replot;set out;",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"VARPIJGR_"), j1,k1,l1,k2,l2);
                 first=1;
               } /*l12 */
             } /* k12 */
           } /*l1 */
         }/* k1 */
         /* } */ /* loop covariates */
     }
     free_ma3x(varpij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath,(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(mu,1,(nlstate+ndeath)*(nlstate+ndeath),(int) bage, (int)fage);
     free_matrix(doldm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath));
     free_matrix(dnewm,1,(nlstate)*(nlstate+ndeath),1,npar);
     free_vector(xp,1,npar);
     fclose(ficresprob);
     fclose(ficresprobcov);
     fclose(ficresprobcor);
     fflush(ficgp);
     fflush(fichtmcov);
   }
   
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtml(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,int jmin, int jmax, double jmeanint,char rfileres[],\
                     int popforecast, int prevfcast, int backcast, int estepm , \
                     double jprev1, double mprev1,double anprev1, double dateprev1, \
                     double jprev2, double mprev2,double anprev2, double dateprev2){
     int jj1, k1, i1, cpt;
   
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><a href='#firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a>\n \
      <li><a href='#secondorder'>Result files (second order (variance)</a>\n \
   </ul>");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4><a name='firstorder'>Result files (first order: no variance)</a></h4>\n");
      fprintf(fichtm,"<li>- Observed frequency between two states (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (html file)<br/>\n",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"),subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTMFR_",".htm"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"<li> - Observed prevalence in each state (during the period defined between %.lf/%.lf/%.lf and %.lf/%.lf/%.lf): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (html file) ",
              jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"),subdirfext3(optionfilefiname,"PHTM_",".htm"));
      fprintf(fichtm,",  <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> (text file) <br>\n",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Estimated back transition probabilities over %d (stepm) months: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n ",
              stepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PL_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Period (stable) back prevalence in each health state: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"));
      fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Life expectancies by health status at initial age, e<sub>i.</sub> (b) health expectancies by health status at initial age, e<sub>ij</sub> . If one or more covariates are included, specific tables for each value of the covariate are output in sequences within the same file (estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"));
      if(prevfcast==1){
        fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Prevalence projections by age and states:                            \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>", subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
      }
   
   fprintf(fichtm," \n<ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++){ 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
            printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);fflush(stdout);
          }
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        /* aij, bij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>- Logit model (yours is: 1+age+%s), for example: logit(pij)=log(pij/pii)= aij+ bij age + V1 age + etc. as a function of age: <a href=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">%s_%d-1.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-1.svg\">",model,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);
        /* Pij */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- P<sub>ij</sub> or conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i, %d (stepm) months before: <a href=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">%s_%d-2.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-2.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1);     
        /* Quasi-incidences */
        fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- I<sub>ij</sub> or Conditional probabilities to be observed in state j being in state i %d (stepm) months\
    before but expressed in per year i.e. quasi incidences if stepm is small and probabilities too,\
    incidence (rates) are the limit when h tends to zero of the ratio of the probability  <sub>h</sub>P<sub>ij</sub> \
   divided by h: <sub>h</sub>P<sub>ij</sub>/h : <a href=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">%s_%d-3.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-3.svg\">",stepm,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jj1); 
        /* Survival functions (period) in state j */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions in state %d. Or probability to survive in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        /* State specific survival functions (period) */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Survival functions from state %d in each live state and total.\
    Or probability to survive in various states (1 to %d) being in state %d at different ages.\
    <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, nlstate, cpt, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
        /* Period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
       if(backcast==1){
        /* Period (stable) back prevalence in each health state */
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
          fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Convergence to period (stable) back prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">%s_%d-%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
       }
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /* Projection of prevalence up to period (stable) prevalence in each health state */
         for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++){
           fprintf(fichtm,"<br>\n- Projection of cross-sectional prevalence (estimated with cases observed from %.1f to %.1f) up to period (stable) prevalence in state %d. Or probability to be in state %d being in state (1 to %d) at different ages. <a href=\"%s%d_%d.svg\">%s%d_%d.svg</a><br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">", dateprev1, dateprev2, cpt, cpt, nlstate, subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,jj1);
         }
       }
   
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Life expectancy by health state (%d) at initial age and its decomposition into health expectancies in each alive state (1 to %d) (or area under each survival functions): <a href=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">%s_%d%d.svg</a> <br> \
   <img src=\"%s_%d%d.svg\">",cpt,nlstate,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,jj1);
        }
      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
   \n<br><li><h4> <a name='secondorder'>Result files (second order: variances)</a></h4>\n\
    - Parameter file with estimated parameters and covariance matrix: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br> \
    - 95%% confidence intervals and Wald tests of the estimated parameters are in the log file if optimization has been done (mle != 0).<br> \
   But because parameters are usually highly correlated (a higher incidence of disability \
   and a higher incidence of recovery can give very close observed transition) it might \
   be very useful to look not only at linear confidence intervals estimated from the \
   variances but at the covariance matrix. And instead of looking at the estimated coefficients \
   (parameters) of the logistic regression, it might be more meaningful to visualize the \
   covariance matrix of the one-step probabilities. \
   See page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' below. \n", rfileres,rfileres);
   
    fprintf(fichtm," - Standard deviation of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROB_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variance-covariance of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOV_"));
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Correlation matrix of one-step probabilities: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"PROBCOR_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age and <b>initial health status</b> (cov(e<sup>ij</sup>,e<sup>kl</sup>)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"CVE_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - (a) Health expectancies by health status at initial age (e<sup>ij</sup>) and standard errors (in parentheses) (b) life expectancies and standard errors (e<sup>i.</sup>=e<sup>i1</sup>+e<sup>i2</sup>+...)(estepm=%2d months): \
      <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n</li>",
              estepm,subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"STDE_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Variances and covariances of health expectancies by age. Status (i) based health expectancies (in state j), e<sup>ij</sup> are weighted by the period prevalences in each state i (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"V_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Total life expectancy and total health expectancies to be spent in each health state e<sup>.j</sup> with their standard errors (if popbased=1, an additional computation is done using the cross-sectional prevalences, i.e population based) (estepm=%d months): <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",
            estepm, subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"));
    fprintf(fichtm,"\
    - Standard deviation of period (stable) prevalences: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a> <br>\n",\
            subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"));
   
   /*  if(popforecast==1) fprintf(fichtm,"\n */
   /*  - Prevalences forecasting: <a href=\"f%s\">f%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*  - Population forecasting (if popforecast=1): <a href=\"pop%s\">pop%s</a> <br>\n */
   /*      <br>",fileres,fileres,fileres,fileres); */
   /*  else  */
   /*    fprintf(fichtm,"\n No population forecast: popforecast = %d (instead of 1) or stepm = %d (instead of 1) or model=%s (instead of .)<br><br></li>\n",popforecast, stepm, model); */
    fflush(fichtm);
    fprintf(fichtm," <ul><li><b>Graphs</b></li><p>");
   
    m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    if (cptcovn < 1) {m=1;ncodemax[1]=1;}
   
    jj1=0;
    for(k1=1; k1<=m;k1++){
      /* for(i1=1; i1<=ncodemax[k1];i1++){ */
        jj1++;
        if (cptcovn > 0) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"<hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">************ Results for covariates");
          for (cpt=1; cpt<=cptcoveff;cpt++) 
            fprintf(fichtm," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[cpt],nbcode[Tvaraff[cpt]][codtabm(jj1,cpt)]);
          fprintf(fichtm," ************\n<hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">");
        }
        for(cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate;cpt++) {
          fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Observed (cross-sectional) and period (incidence based) \
   prevalence (with 95%% confidence interval) in state (%d): <a href=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\"> %s_%d-%d.svg</a>\n <br>\
   <img src=\"%s_%d-%d.svg\">",cpt,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,jj1);  
        }
        fprintf(fichtm,"\n<br>- Total life expectancy by age and \
   health expectancies in states (1) and (2). If popbased=1 the smooth (due to the model) \
   true period expectancies (those weighted with period prevalences are also\
    drawn in addition to the population based expectancies computed using\
    observed and cahotic prevalences:  <a href=\"%s_%d.svg\">%s_%d.svg</a>\n<br>\
   <img src=\"%s_%d.svg\">",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1,subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),jj1);
      /* } /\* end i1 *\/ */
    }/* End k1 */
    fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
    fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
    void printinggnuplot(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , int prevfcast, int backcast, char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
     int cpt=0,k1=0,i=0,k=0,j=0,jk=0,k2=0,k3=0,ij=0,l=0;
     int lv=0, vlv=0, kl=0;
     int ng=0;
     int vpopbased;
           int ioffset; /* variable offset for columns */
   
   /*   if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"a"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
   
     /* Contribution to likelihood */
     /* Plot the probability implied in the likelihood */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# Contributions to the Likelihood, mle >=1. For mle=4 no interpolation, pure matrix products.\n#\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n set log y; unset log x;set xlabel \"Age\"; set ylabel \"Likelihood (-2Log(L))\";");
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480"); */ /* Too big for svg */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter pngcairo size 640, 480");
   /* nice for mle=4 plot by number of matrix products.
      replot  "rrtest1/toto.txt" u 2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with point lc 1 */
   /* replot exp(p1+p2*x)/(1+exp(p1+p2*x)+exp(p3+p4*x)+exp(p5+p6*x)) t "p12(x)"  */
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-dest.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$13):6 t \"All sample, transitions colored by destination\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-ori.png\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"));
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$13):5 t \"All sample, transitions colored by origin\" with dots lc variable; set out;\n\n",subdirf(fileresilk));
       for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s-p%dj.png\";set ylabel \"Probability for each individual/wave\";",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_"),i);
         fprintf(ficgp,"unset log;\n# plot weighted, mean weight should have point size of 0.5\n plot  \"%s\"",subdirf(fileresilk));
         fprintf(ficgp,"  u  2:($5 == %d && $6==%d ? $10 : 1/0):($12/4.):6 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable \\\n",i,1,i,1);
         for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++) {
                                   fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n \"\" u  2:($5 == %d && $6==%d ? $10 : 1/0):($12/4.):6 t \"p%d%d\" with points pointtype 7 ps variable lc variable ",i,j,i,j);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,";\nset out; unset ylabel;\n"); 
       }
       /* unset log; plot  "rrtest1_sorted_4/ILK_rrtest1_sorted_4.txt" u  2:($4 == 1 && $5==2 ? $9 : 1/0):5 t "p12" with points lc variable */              
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y;plot  \"%s\" u 2:(-$11):3 t \"All sample, all transitions\" with dots lc variable",subdirf(fileresilk)); */
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot  \"%s\" u 2:($3 <= 3 ? -$11 : 1/0):3 t \"First 3 individuals\" with line lc variable", subdirf(fileresilk)); */
       fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;unset log\n");
       /* fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s.svg\"; replot; set out; # bug gnuplot",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"ILK_")); */
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
    /* 1eme*/
     for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each live state */
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each combination of covariate */
         /* plot [100000000000000000000:-100000000000000000000] "mysbiaspar/vplrmysbiaspar.txt to check */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 1st: Period (stable) prevalence with CI: 'VPL_' files ");
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate k get corresponding value lv for combination k1 */
                                   lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the value of the covariate corresponding to k1 combination */
                                   /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
                                   /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
                                   /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
                                   vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]; /* vlv is the value of the covariate lv, 0 or 1 */
                           /* For each combination of covariate k1 (V1=1, V3=0), we printed the current covariate k and its value vlv */
                                   fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",k,vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
   
                           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"V_"),cpt,k1);
                           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#set out \"V_%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",optionfilefiname,cpt,k1);
                           fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \n\
   set ylabel \"Probability\" \n   \
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n     \
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:2 \"%%lf",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
                           
                           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
                                   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
                                   else        fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
                           }
                           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"Period (stable) prevalence\" w l lt 0,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2+1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1);
                           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
                                   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
                                   else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
                           } 
                           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"95%% CI\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2-1.96*$3) \"%%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"VPL_"),k1-1,k1-1); 
                           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++) {
                                   if (i==cpt) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
                                   else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
                           }  
                           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 1,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Observed prevalence\" w l lt 2",subdirf2(fileresu,"P_"),k1-1,k1-1,2+4*(cpt-1));
                           if(backcast==1){ /* We need to get the corresponding values of the covariates involved in this combination k1 */
                                   /* fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d) t\"Backward stable prevalence\" w l lt 3",subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_"),k1-1,k1-1,1+cpt); */
                                   fprintf(ficgp,",\"%s\" u 1:((",subdirf2(fileresu,"PLB_")); /* Age is in 1 */
                                   kl=0;
                                   for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each combination of covariate  */
                                           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to k1 combination and kth covariate */
                                           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
                                           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
                                           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
                                           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
                                           kl++;
                                           /* kl=6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1); /\* 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1)=7, 6+(2-1)(2+1)+1+(1-1)=10 *\/ */
                                           /*6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
                                           /*6+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
                                           /* ''  u 6:(($1==1 && $2==0 && $3==2 && $4==0)? $9/(1.-$15) : 1/0):($5==2000? 3:2) t 'p.1' with line lc variable*/
                                           if(k==cptcoveff){
                                                           fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d)? $%d : 1/0) t 'Backward prevalence in state %d' with line ",kl+1, k,kl+1+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv], \
                                                                                   4+(cpt-1),  cpt );
                                           }else{
                                                   fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d && ",kl+1, k,kl+1+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]);
                                                   kl++;
                                           }
                                   } /* end covariate */
                           }
                           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \n");
       } /* k1 */
     } /* cpt */
     /*2 eme*/
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 2nd: Total life expectancy with CI: 't' files ");
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
                                   lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
                                   /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
                                   /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
                                   /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
                                   vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
                                   fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",k,vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
                           
                           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1);
                           for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
                                   if(vpopbased==0)
                                           fprintf(ficgp,"set ylabel \"Years\" \nset ter svg size 640, 480\nplot [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,fage);
                                   else
                                           fprintf(ficgp,"\nreplot ");
                                   for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++) {
                                           k=2*i;
                                           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ?$4 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1, vpopbased);
                                           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
                                                   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
                                                   else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
                                           }   
                                           if (i== 1) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"TLE\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i);
                                           else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"LE in state (%d)\" w l lt %d, \\\n",i-1,i+1);
                                           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4-$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
                                           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
                                                   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
                                                   else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
                                           }   
                                           fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,");
                                           fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($2==%d && $4!=0 ? $4+$5*2 : 1/0) \"%%lf %%lf %%lf",subdirf2(fileresu,"T_"),k1-1,k1-1,vpopbased);
                                           for (j=1; j<= nlstate+1 ; j ++) {
                                                   if (j==i) fprintf(ficgp," %%lf (%%lf)");
                                                   else fprintf(ficgp," %%*lf (%%*lf)");
                                           }   
                                           if (i== (nlstate+1)) fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0");
                                           else fprintf(ficgp,"\" t\"\" w l lt 0,\\\n");
                                   } /* state */
                           } /* vpopbased */
                           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out;set out \"%s_%d.svg\"; replot; set out; \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"E_"),k1); /* Buggy gnuplot */
     } /* k1 */
           
           
     /*3eme*/
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { 
       for (cpt=1; cpt<= nlstate ; cpt ++) {
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n# 3d: Life expectancy with EXP_ files:  cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
                                   lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
                                   /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
                                   /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
                                   /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
                                   vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
                                   fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",k,vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
                           
         /*       k=2+nlstate*(2*cpt-2); */
         k=2+(nlstate+1)*(cpt-1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"EXP_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f] \"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d1\" w l",ageminpar,fage,subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k,cpt);
         /*fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d-2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
                                   for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
                                   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
                                   fprintf(ficgp,",\"e%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:($%d+2*$%d) \"\%%lf ",fileres,k1-1,k1-1,k,k+1);
                                   for (i=1; i<= nlstate*2 ; i ++) fprintf(ficgp,"\%%lf (\%%lf) ");
                                   fprintf(ficgp,"\" t \"e%d1\" w l",cpt);
                                   
         */
         for (i=1; i< nlstate ; i ++) {
                                   fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+i,cpt,i+1);
                                   /*      fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d%d\" w l",subdirf2(fileres,"e"),k1-1,k1-1,k+2*i,cpt,i+1);*/
                                   
         } 
         fprintf(ficgp," ,\"%s\" every :::%d::%d u 1:%d t \"e%d.\" w l",subdirf2(fileresu,"E_"),k1-1,k1-1,k+nlstate,cpt);
       }
     }
     
     /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by initial state i */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each multivariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j : 'LIJ_' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",k,vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJ_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         k=3;
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1){
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           }else{
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           }
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=2; j<= nlstate+ndeath ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
   
     /* Survival functions (period) from state i in state j by final state j */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate if any */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each inital state  */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n# Survival functions in state j and all livestates from state i by final state j: 'lij' files, cov=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",k,vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"LIJT_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability to be alive\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         k=3;
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
           if(j==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
           fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l);
           /* for (i=2; i<= nlstate+ndeath ; i ++) */
           /*   fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+i-1); */
           fprintf(ficgp,") t \"l(%d,%d)\" w l",cpt,j);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
         fprintf(ficgp," u (($1==%d && (floor($2)%%5 == 0)) ? ($3):1/0):(",k1);
         for (j=1; j<= nlstate ; j ++){ /* Lived in state j */
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1) +j;
           if(j < nlstate)
             fprintf(ficgp,"$%d +",k+l);
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,"$%d) t\"l(%d,.)\" w l",k+l,cpt);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
   
     /* CV preval stable (period) for each covariate */
     for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
       for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV preval stable (period): 'pij' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
         for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",k,vlv);
         }
         fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
   
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"P_"),cpt,k1);
         fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n\
   unset log y\n\
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
         k=3; /* Offset */
         for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
           if(i==1)
             fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJ_"));
           else
             fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
           l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1;
           fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l);
           for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++)
             fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1);
           fprintf(ficgp,")) t \"prev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
         } /* nlstate */
         fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
       } /* end cpt state*/ 
     } /* end covariate */  
     if(backcast == 1){
       /* CV back preval stable (period) for each covariate */
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#CV Back preval stable (period): 'pij' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
           for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate and each value */
             lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate number corresponding to k1 combination */
             /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
             /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
             vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
             fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",k,vlv);
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
           
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PB_"),cpt,k1);
           fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Probability\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n                                             \
   unset log y\n                                                           \
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
           k=3; /* Offset */
           for (i=1; i<= nlstate ; i ++){
             if(i==1)
               fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"PIJB_"));
             else
               fprintf(ficgp,", '' ");
             /* l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(i-1)+1; */
             l=(nlstate+ndeath)*(cpt-1)+1;
             /* fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l); /\* a vérifier *\/ */
             /* fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d/($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1),k+l+(cpt-1)+i-1); /\* a vérifier *\/ */
             fprintf(ficgp," u ($1==%d ? ($3):1/0):($%d",k1,k+l+(cpt-1)+i-1); /* a vérifier */
             /* for (j=2; j<= nlstate ; j ++) */
             /*    fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1); */
             /*    /\* fprintf(ficgp,"+$%d",k+l+j-1); *\/ */
             fprintf(ficgp,") t \"bprev(%d,%d)\" w l",i,cpt);
           } /* nlstate */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
         } /* end cpt state*/ 
       } /* end covariate */  
     } /* End if backcast */
     
     if(prevfcast==1){
       /* Projection from cross-sectional to stable (period) for each covariate */
       
       for (k1=1; k1<= m ; k1 ++) { /* For each covariate combination (1 to m=2**k), if any covariate is present */
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=nlstate ; cpt ++) { /* For each life state */
                                   fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n#\n#Projection of prevalence to stable (period): 'PROJ_' files, covariatecombination#=%d state=%d",k1, cpt);
                                   for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each correspondig covariate value  */
                                           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to k1 combination and kth covariate */
                                           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
                                           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
                                           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
                                           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
                                           fprintf(ficgp," V%d=%d ",k,vlv);
                                   }
                                   fprintf(ficgp,"\n#\n");
                                   
                                   fprintf(ficgp,"# hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev\n ");
                                   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" \n",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PROJ_"),cpt,k1);
                                   fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\" \nset ylabel \"Prevalence\" \n\
   set ter svg size 640, 480\n     \
   unset log y\n   \
   plot [%.f:%.f]  ", ageminpar, agemaxpar);
                                   for (i=1; i<= nlstate+1 ; i ++){  /* nlstate +1 p11 p21 p.1 */
                                           /*#  V1  = 1  V2 =  0 yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
                                           /*#   1    2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */   
                                           /*# yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
                                           /*#   1       2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */   
                                           if(i==1){
                                                   fprintf(ficgp,"\"%s\"",subdirf2(fileresu,"F_"));
                                           }else{
                                                   fprintf(ficgp,",\\\n '' ");
                                           }
                                           if(cptcoveff ==0){ /* No covariate */
                                                   ioffset=2; /* Age is in 2 */
                                                   /*# yearproj age p11 p21 p31 p.1 p12 p22 p32 p.2 p13 p23 p33 p.3 p14 p24 p34 p.4*/
                                                   /*#   1       2   3   4   5  6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 */
                                                   /*# V1  = 1 yearproj age p11 p21 p31 p.1 p12 p22 p32 p.2 p13 p23 p33 p.3 p14 p24 p34 p.4*/
                                                   /*#  1    2        3   4   5  6    7  8   9   10  11  12  13  14  15  16  17  18 */
                                                   fprintf(ficgp," u %d:(", ioffset); 
                                                   if(i==nlstate+1)
                                                           fprintf(ficgp," $%d/(1.-$%d)) t 'pw.%d' with line ",                    \
                                                                                           ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
                                                   else
                                                           fprintf(ficgp," $%d/(1.-$%d)) t 'p%d%d' with line ",                    \
                                                                                           ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
                                           }else{ /* more than 2 covariates */
                                                   if(cptcoveff ==1){
                                                           ioffset=4; /* Age is in 4 */
                                                   }else{
                                                           ioffset=6; /* Age is in 6 */
                                                   /*#  V1  = 1  V2 =  0 yearproj age p11 p21 p.1 p12 p22 p.2 p13 p23 p.3*/
                                                   /*#   1    2   3    4    5      6  7   8   9   10   11 12  13   14  15 */
                                                   }   
                                                   fprintf(ficgp," u %d:((",ioffset); 
                                                   kl=0;
                                                   for (k=1; k<=cptcoveff; k++){    /* For each covariate  */
                                                           lv= decodtabm(k1,k,cptcoveff); /* Should be the covariate value corresponding to combination k1 and covariate k */
                                                           /* decodtabm(1,1,4) = 1 because h=1  k= (1) 1  1  1 */
                                                           /* decodtabm(1,2,4) = 1 because h=1  k=  1 (1) 1  1 */
                                                           /* decodtabm(13,3,4)= 2 because h=13 k=  1  1 (2) 2 */
                                                           vlv= nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv];
                                                           kl++;
                                                           /* kl=6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1); /\* 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1)=7, 6+(2-1)(2+1)+1+(1-1)=10 *\/ */
                                                           /*6+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+(1-1)*(2+1)+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
                                                           /*6+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate; 6+1+(1-1) +(2+1)*2=13 */ 
                                                           /* ''  u 6:(($1==1 && $2==0 && $3==2 && $4==0)? $9/(1.-$15) : 1/0):($5==2000? 3:2) t 'p.1' with line lc variable*/
                                                           if(k==cptcoveff){
                                                                   if(i==nlstate+1){
                                                                           if(cptcoveff ==1){
                                                                           fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d)? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p.%d' with line ",kl, k,kl+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv], \
                                                                                                           ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
                                                                           }else{
                                                                           fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d)? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p.%d' with line ",kl, k,kl+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv], \
                                                                                                           ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1),  ioffset+1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,cpt );
                                                                           }
                                                                   }else{
                                                                           if(cptcoveff ==1){
                                                                                   fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d)? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p%d%d' with line ",kl, k,kl+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv], \
                                                                                                                   ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1), ioffset +1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
                                                                           }else{
                                                                                   fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d)? $%d/(1.-$%d) : 1/0) t 'p%d%d' with line ",kl, k,kl+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv], \
                                                                                                                   ioffset+(cpt-1)*(nlstate+1)+1+(i-1), ioffset +1+(i-1)+(nlstate+1)*nlstate,i,cpt );
                                                                           }
                                                                   }
                                                           }else{ /* k < cptcoveff */
                                                                   fprintf(ficgp,"$%d==%d && $%d==%d && ",kl, k,kl+1,nbcode[Tvaraff[k]][lv]);
                                                                   kl++;
                                                           }
                                                   } /* end covariate */
                                           } /* end if covariate */
                                   } /* nlstate */
                                   fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out\n");
                           } /* end cpt state*/
                   } /* end covariate */
           } /* End if prevfcast */
           
           
           /* proba elementaires */
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#MLE estimated parameters\n#############\n");
     for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       fprintf(ficgp,"# initial state %d\n",i);
       for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
         if (k != i) {
           fprintf(ficgp,"#   current state %d\n",k);
           for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
             fprintf(ficgp,"p%d=%f; ",jk,p[jk]);
             jk++; 
           }
           fprintf(ficgp,"\n");
         }
       }
      }
     fprintf(ficgp,"##############\n#\n");
   
     /*goto avoid;*/
     fprintf(ficgp,"\n##############\n#Graphics of probabilities or incidences\n#############\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p12/p11)=p1 +p2*age +p3*age*age+ p4*V1+ p5*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# logi(p13/p11)=p6 +p7*age +p8*age*age+ p9*V1+ p10*V1*age\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12+p13+p14+p11=1=p11(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p11=1/(1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#                      +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"# p12=exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)/\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#     (1+exp(a12+b12*age+c12age*age+d12*V1+e12*V1*age)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a13+b13*age+c13age*age+d13*V1+e13*V1*age))\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#       +exp(a14+b14*age+c14age*age+d14*V1+e14*V1*age)+...)\n");
     fprintf(ficgp,"#\n");
      for(ng=1; ng<=3;ng++){ /* Number of graphics: first is logit, 2nd is probabilities, third is incidences per year*/
        fprintf(ficgp,"# ng=%d\n",ng);
        fprintf(ficgp,"#   jk=1 to 2^%d=%d\n",cptcoveff,m);
        for(jk=1; jk <=m; jk++) {
          fprintf(ficgp,"#    jk=%d\n",jk);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset out \"%s_%d-%d.svg\" ",subdirf2(optionfilefiname,"PE_"),jk,ng);
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ter svg size 640, 480 ");
          if (ng==1){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Value of the logit of the model\"\n"); /* exp(a12+b12*x) could be nice */
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset log y");
          }else if (ng==2){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Probability\"\n");
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
          }else if (ng==3){
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset ylabel \"Quasi-incidence per year\"\n");
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nset log y");
          }else
            fprintf(ficgp,"\nunset title ");
          fprintf(ficgp,"\nplot  [%.f:%.f] ",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
          i=1;
          for(k2=1; k2<=nlstate; k2++) {
            k3=i;
            for(k=1; k<=(nlstate+ndeath); k++) {
              if (k != k2){
                switch( ng) {
                case 1:
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                    fprintf(ficgp," p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                  break;
                case 2: /* ng=2 */
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x",i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                      fprintf(ficgp," exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                  break;
                case 3:
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                    fprintf(ficgp," %f*exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",YEARM/stepm,i,i+1,i+1+nagesqr);
                  break;
                }
                ij=1;/* To be checked else nbcode[0][0] wrong */
                for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++) {
                  /* printf("Tage[%d]=%d, j=%d\n", ij, Tage[ij], j); */
                  if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
                    if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                      /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                      ij++;
                    }
                  }
                  else
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",i+j+nagesqr-1,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                }
              }else{
                i=i-ncovmodel;
                if(ng !=1 ) /* For logit formula of log p11 is more difficult to get */
                  fprintf(ficgp," (1.");
              }
              
              if(ng != 1){
                fprintf(ficgp,")/(1");
                
                for(k1=1; k1 <=nlstate; k1++){ 
                  if(nagesqr==0)
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1);
                  else /* nagesqr =1 */
                    fprintf(ficgp,"+exp(p%d+p%d*x+p%d*x*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1,k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+nagesqr);
                  
                  ij=1;
                  for(j=3; j <=ncovmodel-nagesqr; j++){
                    if(ij <=cptcovage) { /* Bug valgrind */
                      if((j-2)==Tage[ij]) { /* Bug valgrind */
                        fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                        /* fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d*x",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,Tvar[j-2])]); */
                        ij++;
                      }
                    }
                    else
                      fprintf(ficgp,"+p%d*%d",k3+(k1-1)*ncovmodel+1+j-2+nagesqr,nbcode[Tvar[j-2]][codtabm(jk,j-2)]);
                  }
                  fprintf(ficgp,")");
                }
                fprintf(ficgp,")");
                if(ng ==2)
                  fprintf(ficgp," t \"p%d%d\" ", k2,k);
                else /* ng= 3 */
                  fprintf(ficgp," t \"i%d%d\" ", k2,k);
              }else{ /* end ng <> 1 */
                if( k !=k2) /* logit p11 is hard to draw */
                  fprintf(ficgp," t \"logit(p%d%d)\" ", k2,k);
              }
              if ((k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath) && ng != 1)
                fprintf(ficgp,",");
              if (ng == 1 && k!=k2 && (k+k2)!= (nlstate*2+ndeath))
                fprintf(ficgp,",");
              i=i+ncovmodel;
            } /* end k */
          } /* end k2 */
          fprintf(ficgp,"\n set out\n");
        } /* end jk */
      } /* end ng */
    /* avoid: */
      fflush(ficgp); 
   }  /* end gnuplot */
   
   
   /*************** Moving average **************/
   /* int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage, double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav, double bageout, double fageout){ */
   int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage, double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav){
      
     int i, cpt, cptcod;
     int modcovmax =1;
     int mobilavrange, mob;
     int iage=0;
   
     double sum=0.;
     double age;
     double *sumnewp, *sumnewm;
     double *agemingood, *agemaxgood; /* Currently identical for all covariates */
     
     
     modcovmax=2*cptcoveff;/* Max number of modalities. We suppose 
                              a covariate has 2 modalities, should be equal to ncovcombmax  */
   
     sumnewp = vector(1,modcovmax);
     sumnewm = vector(1,modcovmax);
     agemingood = vector(1,modcovmax);     
     agemaxgood = vector(1,modcovmax);
   
     for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
                   sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
                   sumnewp[cptcod]=0.;
                   agemingood[cptcod]=0;
                   agemaxgood[cptcod]=0;
           }
     if (cptcovn<1) modcovmax=1; /* At least 1 pass */
     
     if(mobilav==1||mobilav ==3 ||mobilav==5 ||mobilav== 7){
       if(mobilav==1) mobilavrange=5; /* default */
       else mobilavrange=mobilav;
       for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++)
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                                   for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++)
                                           mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
       /* We keep the original values on the extreme ages bage, fage and for 
          fage+1 and bage-1 we use a 3 terms moving average; for fage+2 bage+2
          we use a 5 terms etc. until the borders are no more concerned. 
       */ 
       for (mob=3;mob <=mobilavrange;mob=mob+2){
         for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){
                                   for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                                           for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
                                                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] =probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                                                   for (cpt=1;cpt<=(mob-1)/2;cpt++){
                                                           mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age-cpt][i][cptcod];
                                                           mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod] +=probs[(int)age+cpt][i][cptcod];
                                                   }
                                                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]/mob;
                                           }
                                   }
         }/* end age */
       }/* end mob */
     }else
       return -1;
     for (cptcod=1;cptcod<=modcovmax;cptcod++){
       /* for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage-(mob-1)/2; age++){ */
       agemingood[cptcod]=fage-(mob-1)/2;
       for (age=fage-(mob-1)/2; age>=bage; age--){/* From oldest to youngest, finding the youngest wrong */
         sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
         for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
         }
         if(fabs(sumnewm[cptcod] - 1.) <= 1.e-3) { /* good */
                                   agemingood[cptcod]=age;
         }else{ /* bad */
                                   for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                                           mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
                                   } /* i */
         } /* end bad */
       }/* age */
       sum=0.;
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         sum+=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
       }
       if(fabs(sum - 1.) > 1.e-3) { /* bad */
         printf("For this combination of covariate cptcod=%d, we can't get a smoothed prevalence which sums to one at any descending age!\n",cptcod);
         /* for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
         /*   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod]; */
         /* } /\* i *\/ */
       } /* end bad */
       /* else{ /\* We found some ages summing to one, we will smooth the oldest *\/ */
                   /* From youngest, finding the oldest wrong */
                   agemaxgood[cptcod]=bage+(mob-1)/2;
                   for (age=bage+(mob-1)/2; age<=fage; age++){
                           sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
                           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                                   sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                           }
                           if(fabs(sumnewm[cptcod] - 1.) <= 1.e-3) { /* good */
                                   agemaxgood[cptcod]=age;
                           }else{ /* bad */
                                   for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                                           mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
                                   } /* i */
                           } /* end bad */
                   }/* age */
                   sum=0.;
                   for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                           sum+=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
                   }
                   if(fabs(sum - 1.) > 1.e-3) { /* bad */
                           printf("For this combination of covariate cptcod=%d, we can't get a smoothed prevalence which sums to one at any ascending age!\n",cptcod);
                           /* for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){ */
                           /*   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod]; */
                           /* } /\* i *\/ */
                   } /* end bad */
                   
                   for (age=bage; age<=fage; age++){
                           printf("%d %d ", cptcod, (int)age);
                           sumnewp[cptcod]=0.;
                           sumnewm[cptcod]=0.;
                           for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                                   sumnewp[cptcod]+=probs[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                                   sumnewm[cptcod]+=mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod];
                                   /* printf("%.4f %.4f ",probs[(int)age][i][cptcod], mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
                           }
                           /* printf("%.4f %.4f \n",sumnewp[cptcod], sumnewm[cptcod]); */
                   }
                   /* printf("\n"); */
       /* } */
       /* brutal averaging */
       for (i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
         for (age=1; age<=bage; age++){
                                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemingood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
                                   /* printf("age=%d i=%d cptcod=%d mobaverage=%.4f \n",(int)age,i, cptcod, mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
         } 
         for (age=fage; age<=AGESUP; age++){
                                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=mobaverage[(int)agemaxgood[cptcod]][i][cptcod];
                                   /* printf("age=%d i=%d cptcod=%d mobaverage=%.4f \n",(int)age,i, cptcod, mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]); */
         }
       } /* end i status */
       for (i=nlstate+1; i<=nlstate+ndeath;i++){
         for (age=1; age<=AGESUP; age++){
                                   /*printf("i=%d, age=%d, cptcod=%d\n",i, (int)age, cptcod);*/
                                   mobaverage[(int)age][i][cptcod]=0.;
         }
       }
     }/* end cptcod */
     free_vector(sumnewm,1, modcovmax);
     free_vector(sumnewp,1, modcovmax);
     free_vector(agemaxgood,1, modcovmax);
     free_vector(agemingood,1, modcovmax);
     return 0;
   }/* End movingaverage */
    
   
   /************** Forecasting ******************/
   void prevforecast(char fileres[], double anproj1, double mproj1, double jproj1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anproj2, double p[], int cptcoveff){
     /* proj1, year, month, day of starting projection 
        agemin, agemax range of age
        dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed
        anproj2 year of en of projection (same day and month as proj1).
     */
     int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1;
     double agec; /* generic age */
     double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat;
     /* double ***mobaverage; */
     char fileresf[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     agelim=AGESUP;
     /* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people
        in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2).
        We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection.
     */
     /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\ */
     /*          firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model); */
    
     strcpy(fileresf,"F_"); 
     strcat(fileresf,fileresu);
     if((ficresf=fopen(fileresf,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresf);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresf);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresf);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     if(estepm < stepm){
       printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm);
     }
     else  hstepm=estepm;   
   
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
     yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and
                                  fractional in yp1 */
     anprojmean=yp;
     yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp);
     mprojmean=yp;
     yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp);
     jprojmean=yp;
     if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
     if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1;
   
     i1=cptcoveff;
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2); 
     
     fprintf(ficresf,"#****** Routine prevforecast **\n");
   
   /*            if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ */
     for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficresf,"\n#****** hpijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev \n#");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
                                   fprintf(ficresf," V%d (=) %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresf," yearproj age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){ 
                                   for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)              
             fprintf(ficresf," p%d%d",i,j);
                                   fprintf(ficresf," wp.%d",j);
         }
         for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) {
                                   fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                                   fprintf(ficresf,"\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jproj1,mproj1,anproj1+yearp);   
                                   for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){ 
                                           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm); 
                                           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
                                           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
                                           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
                                           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);
                                           
                                           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
                                                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n");
                 for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficresf,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
                                                           fprintf(ficresf,"%.f %.f ",anproj1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
                                                   } 
                                                   for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                                                           ppij=0.;
                                                           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {
                                                                   if (mobilav==1) 
                                                                           ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod];
                                                                   else {
                                                                           ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod];
                                                                   }
                                                                   if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) {
                                                                           fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
                                                                   }
                                                           } /* end i */
                                                           if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) {
                                                                   fprintf(ficresf," %.3f", ppij);
                                                           }
                                                   }/* end j */
                                           } /* end h */
                                           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
                                   } /* end agec */
         } /* end yearp */
       } /* end cptcod */
     } /* end  cptcov */
           
     fclose(ficresf);
     printf("End of Computing forecasting \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"End of Computing forecasting\n");
   
   }
   
   /* /\************** Back Forecasting ******************\/ */
   /* void prevbackforecast(char fileres[], double anback1, double mback1, double jback1, double ageminpar, double agemax, double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double bage, double fage, int firstpass, int lastpass, double anback2, double p[], int cptcoveff){ */
   /*   /\* back1, year, month, day of starting backection  */
   /*      agemin, agemax range of age */
   /*      dateprev1 dateprev2 range of dates during which prevalence is computed */
   /*      anback2 year of en of backection (same day and month as back1). */
   /*   *\/ */
   /*   int yearp, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j, k, cptcod, i, h, i1; */
   /*   double agec; /\* generic age *\/ */
   /*   double agelim, ppij, yp,yp1,yp2,jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean; */
   /*   double *popeffectif,*popcount; */
   /*   double ***p3mat; */
   /*   /\* double ***mobaverage; *\/ */
   /*   char fileresfb[FILENAMELENGTH]; */
           
   /*   agelim=AGESUP; */
   /*   /\* Compute observed prevalence between dateprev1 and dateprev2 by counting the number of people */
   /*      in each health status at the date of interview (if between dateprev1 and dateprev2). */
   /*      We still use firstpass and lastpass as another selection. */
   /*   *\/ */
   /*   /\* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\ *\/ */
   /*   /\*              firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model); *\/ */
   /*   prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
           
   /*   strcpy(fileresfb,"FB_");  */
   /*   strcat(fileresfb,fileresu); */
   /*   if((ficresfb=fopen(fileresfb,"w"))==NULL) { */
   /*     printf("Problem with back forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresfb); */
   /*     fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with back forecast resultfile: %s\n", fileresfb); */
   /*   } */
   /*   printf("Computing back forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresfb); */
   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"Computing back forecasting: result on file '%s', please wait... \n", fileresfb); */
           
   /*   if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1; */
           
   /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) { *\/ */
   /*   /\*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
   /*   /\*   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ *\/ */
   /*   /\*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
   /*   /\*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); *\/ */
   /*   /\*   } *\/ */
   /*   /\* } *\/ */
           
   /*   stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM; */
   /*   if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1; */
   /*   if(estepm < stepm){ */
   /*     printf ("Problem %d lower than %d\n",estepm, stepm); */
   /*   } */
   /*   else  hstepm=estepm;    */
           
   /*   hstepm=hstepm/stepm;  */
   /*   yp1=modf(dateintmean,&yp);/\* extracts integral of datemean in yp  and */
   /*                                fractional in yp1 *\/ */
   /*   anprojmean=yp; */
   /*   yp2=modf((yp1*12),&yp); */
   /*   mprojmean=yp; */
   /*   yp1=modf((yp2*30.5),&yp); */
   /*   jprojmean=yp; */
   /*   if(jprojmean==0) jprojmean=1; */
   /*   if(mprojmean==0) jprojmean=1; */
           
   /*   i1=cptcoveff; */
   /*   if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;} */
     
   /*   fprintf(ficresfb,"# Mean day of interviews %.lf/%.lf/%.lf (%.2f) between %.2f and %.2f \n",jprojmean,mprojmean,anprojmean,dateintmean,dateprev1,dateprev2);  */
     
   /*   fprintf(ficresfb,"#****** Routine prevbackforecast **\n"); */
           
   /*      /\*           if (h==(int)(YEARM*yearp)){ *\/ */
   /*   for(cptcov=1, k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
   /*     for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){ */
   /*       k=k+1; */
   /*       fprintf(ficresfb,"\n#****** hbijx=probability over h years, hp.jx is weighted by observed prev \n#"); */
   /*       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) { */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb," V%d (=) %d",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
   /*       } */
   /*       fprintf(ficresfb," yearbproj age"); */
   /*       for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++){  */
   /*                              for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)               */
   /*           fprintf(ficresfb," p%d%d",i,j); */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb," p.%d",j); */
   /*       } */
   /*       for (yearp=0; yearp>=(anback2-anback1);yearp -=stepsize) {  */
   /*                              /\* for (yearp=0; yearp<=(anproj2-anproj1);yearp +=stepsize) {  *\/ */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb,"\n"); */
   /*                              fprintf(ficresfb,"\n# Back Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jback1,mback1,anback1+yearp);    */
   /*                              for (agec=fage; agec>=(ageminpar-1); agec--){  */
   /*                                      nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agec)*YEARM/stepm);  */
   /*                                      nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm;  */
   /*                                      p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*                                      oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
   /*                                      hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agec,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm,oldm,savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, k);       */
   /*                                      for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){ */
   /*                                              if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ==yearp) { */
   /*               fprintf(ficresfb,"\n"); */
   /*               for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)  */
   /*                 fprintf(ficresfb,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */
   /*                                                      fprintf(ficresfb,"%.f %.f ",anback1+yearp,agec+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm); */
   /*                                              }  */
   /*                                              for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) { */
   /*                                                      ppij=0.; */
   /*                                                      for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) { */
   /*                                                              if (mobilav==1)  */
   /*                                                                      ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agec][i][cptcod]; */
   /*                                                              else { */
   /*                                                                      ppij=ppij+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agec)][i][cptcod]; */
   /*                                                              } */
   /*                                                              if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm== yearp) { */
   /*                                                                      fprintf(ficresfb," %.3f", p3mat[i][j][h]); */
   /*                                                              } */
   /*                                                      } /\* end i *\/ */
   /*                                                      if (h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm==yearp) { */
   /*                                                              fprintf(ficresfb," %.3f", ppij); */
   /*                                                      } */
   /*                                              }/\* end j *\/ */
   /*                                      } /\* end h *\/ */
   /*                                      free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm); */
   /*                              } /\* end agec *\/ */
   /*       } /\* end yearp *\/ */
   /*     } /\* end cptcod *\/ */
   /*   } /\* end  cptcov *\/ */
           
   /*   /\* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); *\/ */
           
   /*   fclose(ficresfb); */
   /*   printf("End of Computing Back forecasting \n"); */
   /*   fprintf(ficlog,"End of Computing Back forecasting\n"); */
           
   /* } */
   
   /************** Forecasting *****not tested NB*************/
   void populforecast(char fileres[], double anpyram,double mpyram,double jpyram,double ageminpar, double agemax,double dateprev1, double dateprev2, int mobilav, double agedeb, double fage, int popforecast, char popfile[], double anpyram1,double p[], int i2){
     
     int cpt, stepsize, hstepm, nhstepm, j,k,c, cptcod, i,h;
     int *popage;
     double calagedatem, agelim, kk1, kk2;
     double *popeffectif,*popcount;
     double ***p3mat,***tabpop,***tabpopprev;
     /* double ***mobaverage; */
     char filerespop[FILENAMELENGTH];
   
     tabpop= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     tabpopprev= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     agelim=AGESUP;
     calagedatem=(anpyram+mpyram/12.+jpyram/365.-dateintmean)*YEARM;
     
     prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
     
     
     strcpy(filerespop,"POP_"); 
     strcat(filerespop,fileresu);
     if((ficrespop=fopen(filerespop,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with forecast resultfile: %s\n", filerespop);
     }
     printf("Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing forecasting: result on file '%s' \n", filerespop);
   
     if (cptcoveff==0) ncodemax[cptcoveff]=1;
   
     /* if (mobilav!=0) { */
     /*   mobaverage= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
     /*   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, fage, mobaverage,mobilav)!=0){ */
     /*     fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
     /*     printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav); */
     /*   } */
     /* } */
   
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     if (stepm<=12) stepsize=1;
     
     agelim=AGESUP;
     
     hstepm=1;
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; 
           
     if (popforecast==1) {
       if((ficpop=fopen(popfile,"r"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with population file : %s\n",popfile);exit(0);
       } 
       popage=ivector(0,AGESUP);
       popeffectif=vector(0,AGESUP);
       popcount=vector(0,AGESUP);
       
       i=1;   
       while ((c=fscanf(ficpop,"%d %lf\n",&popage[i],&popcount[i])) != EOF) i=i+1;
       
       imx=i;
       for (i=1; i<imx;i++) popeffectif[popage[i]]=popcount[i];
     }
     
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i2;cptcov++){
       for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcoveff];cptcod++){
         k=k+1;
         fprintf(ficrespop,"\n#******");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficrespop," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespop,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrespop,"# Age");
         for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) fprintf(ficrespop," P.%d",j);
         if (popforecast==1)  fprintf(ficrespop," [Population]");
         
         for (cpt=0; cpt<=0;cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficrespop,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   if (mobilav==1) 
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*mobaverage[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];
                   else {
                     kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*probs[(int)(agedeb+1)][i][cptcod];
                   }
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)){
                   tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]=kk1;
                   /*fprintf(ficrespop," %.3f", kk1);
                     if (popforecast==1) fprintf(ficrespop," [%.f]", kk1*popeffectif[(int)agedeb+1]);*/
                 }
               }
               for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                 kk1=0.;
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++){
                   kk1= kk1+tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][j][cptcod]; 
                 }
                 tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]=tabpop[(int)(agedeb)][i][cptcod]/kk1*popeffectif[(int)(agedeb+(calagedatem+12*cpt)*hstepm/YEARM*stepm-1)];
               }
               
               if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt))
                 for(j=1; j<=nlstate;j++) 
                   fprintf(ficrespop," %15.2f",tabpopprev[(int)(agedeb+1)][j][cptcod]);
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
         
         /******/
         
         for (cpt=1; cpt<=(anpyram1-anpyram);cpt++) { 
           fprintf(ficrespop,"\n\n# Forecasting at date %.lf/%.lf/%.lf ",jpyram,mpyram,anpyram+cpt);   
           for (agedeb=(fage-((int)calagedatem %12/12.)); agedeb>=(ageminpar-((int)calagedatem %12)/12.); agedeb--){ 
             nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); 
             nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; 
             
             p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
             oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
             hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
             for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
               if (h==(int) (calagedatem+YEARM*cpt)) {
                 fprintf(ficresf,"\n %3.f ",agedeb+h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm);
               } 
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) {
                 kk1=0.;kk2=0;
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) {              
                   kk1=kk1+p3mat[i][j][h]*tabpopprev[(int)agedeb+1][i][cptcod];    
                 }
                 if (h==(int)(calagedatem+12*cpt)) fprintf(ficresf," %15.2f", kk1);        
               }
             }
             free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           }
         }
       } 
     }
     
     /* if (mobilav!=0) free_ma3x(mobaverage,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX); */
     
     if (popforecast==1) {
       free_ivector(popage,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popeffectif,0,AGESUP);
       free_vector(popcount,0,AGESUP);
     }
     free_ma3x(tabpop,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     free_ma3x(tabpopprev,1, AGESUP,1,NCOVMAX, 1,NCOVMAX);
     fclose(ficrespop);
   } /* End of popforecast */
    
   int fileappend(FILE *fichier, char *optionfich)
   {
     if((fichier=fopen(optionfich,"a"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with file: %s\n", optionfich);
       return (0);
     }
     fflush(fichier);
     return (1);
   }
   
   
   /**************** function prwizard **********************/
   void prwizard(int ncovmodel, int nlstate, int ndeath,  char model[], FILE *ficparo)
   {
   
     /* Wizard to print covariance matrix template */
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     int i,j, k, li, lj, lk, ll, jj, npar, itimes;
     int numlinepar;
   
     printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         /*ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';*/
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*        printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           /*        fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
     npar= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters*/ 
     for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
       jj=0;
       for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
         if(j==i) continue;
         jj++;
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i,j);
         printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
         fflush(stdout);
         for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
           /*      printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           /*      fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]); */
           printf(" 0.");
           fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
         }
         numlinepar++;
         printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
     }
     printf("# Covariance matrix\n");
   /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
   /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
   /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
   /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
   /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
   /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     fflush(stdout);
     fprintf(ficparo,"# Covariance matrix\n");
     /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
     /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
     /* #   ...\n\ */
     /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
     
     for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
       jj=0;
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if(j==i) continue;
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             jj++;
             ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
             if(itimes==1){
               printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
             }else{
               printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               /*  printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]); */
             }
             ll=0;
             for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
               for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                 if(lj==li) continue;
                 for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                   ll++;
                   if(ll<=jj){
                     cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                     if(ll<jj){
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }else{
                       if(itimes==1){
                         printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         fprintf(ficparo," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                       }else{
                         printf(" 0.");
                         fprintf(ficparo," 0.");
                       }
                     }
                   }
                 } /* end lk */
               } /* end lj */
             } /* end li */
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
             numlinepar++;
           } /* end k*/
         } /*end j */
       } /* end i */
     } /* end itimes */
   
   } /* end of prwizard */
   /******************* Gompertz Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz(double x[])
   { 
     double A,B,L=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
   
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[1]/(x[2])*(exp(x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[2]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[1]/YEARM)+x[2]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           L=L+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
    
     return -2*L*num/sump;
   }
   
   #ifdef GSL
   /******************* Gompertz_f Likelihood ******************************/
   double gompertz_f(const gsl_vector *v, void *params)
   { 
     double A,B,LL=0.0,sump=0.,num=0.;
     double *x= (double *) v->data;
     int i,n=0; /* n is the size of the sample */
   
     for (i=0;i<=imx-1 ; i++) {
       sump=sump+weight[i];
       /*    sump=sump+1;*/
       num=num+1;
     }
    
    
     /* for (i=0; i<=imx; i++) 
        if (wav[i]>0) printf("i=%d ageex=%lf agecens=%lf agedc=%lf cens=%d %d\n" ,i,ageexmed[i],agecens[i],agedc[i],cens[i],wav[i]);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf\n",x[0],x[1]);
     for (i=1;i<=imx ; i++)
       {
         if (cens[i] == 1 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agecens[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)));
         
         if (cens[i] == 0 && wav[i]>1)
           A=-x[0]/(x[1])*(exp(x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp))-exp(x[1]*(ageexmed[i]-agegomp)))
                +log(x[0]/YEARM)+x[1]*(agedc[i]-agegomp)+log(YEARM);  
         
         /*if (wav[i] > 1 && agecens[i] > 15) {*/ /* ??? */
         if (wav[i] > 1 ) { /* ??? */
           LL=LL+A*weight[i];
           /*      printf("\ni=%d A=%f L=%lf x[1]=%lf x[2]=%lf ageex=%lf agecens=%lf cens=%d agedc=%lf weight=%lf\n",i,A,L,x[1],x[2],ageexmed[i]*12,agecens[i]*12,cens[i],agedc[i]*12,weight[i]);*/
         }
       }
   
    /*printf("x1=%2.9f x2=%2.9f x3=%2.9f L=%f\n",x[1],x[2],x[3],L);*/
     printf("x[0]=%lf x[1]=%lf -2*LL*num/sump=%lf\n",x[0],x[1],-2*LL*num/sump);
    
     return -2*LL*num/sump;
   }
   #endif
   
   /******************* Printing html file ***********/
   void printinghtmlmort(char fileresu[], char title[], char datafile[], int firstpass, \
                     int lastpass, int stepm, int weightopt, char model[],\
                     int imx,  double p[],double **matcov,double agemortsup){
     int i,k;
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Result files </h4>\n Force of mortality. Parameters of the Gompertz fit (with confidence interval in brackets):<br>");
     fprintf(fichtm,"  mu(age) =%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d)) per year<br><br>",p[1],p[2],agegomp);
     for (i=1;i<=2;i++) 
       fprintf(fichtm," p[%d] = %lf [%f ; %f]<br>\n",i,p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br><br><img src=\"graphmort.svg\">");
     fprintf(fichtm,"</ul>");
   
   fprintf(fichtm,"<ul><li><h4>Life table</h4>\n <br>");
   
    fprintf(fichtm,"\nAge   l<inf>x</inf>     q<inf>x</inf> d(x,x+1)    L<inf>x</inf>     T<inf>x</inf>     e<infx</inf><br>");
   
    for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
      fprintf(fichtm,"%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf<br>\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
   
    
     fflush(fichtm);
   }
   
   /******************* Gnuplot file **************/
   void printinggnuplotmort(char fileresu[], char optionfilefiname[], double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double fage , char pathc[], double p[]){
   
     char dirfileres[132],optfileres[132];
   
     int ng;
   
   
     /*#ifdef windows */
     fprintf(ficgp,"cd \"%s\" \n",pathc);
       /*#endif */
   
   
     strcpy(dirfileres,optionfilefiname);
     strcpy(optfileres,"vpl");
     fprintf(ficgp,"set out \"graphmort.svg\"\n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp,"set xlabel \"Age\"\n set ylabel \"Force of mortality (per year)\" \n "); 
     fprintf(ficgp, "set ter svg size 640, 480\n set log y\n"); 
     /* fprintf(ficgp, "set size 0.65,0.65\n"); */
     fprintf(ficgp,"plot [%d:100] %lf*exp(%lf*(x-%d))",agegomp,p[1],p[2],agegomp);
   
   } 
   
   int readdata(char datafile[], int firstobs, int lastobs, int *imax)
   {
   
     /*-------- data file ----------*/
     FILE *fic;
     char dummy[]="                         ";
     int i=0, j=0, n=0;
     int linei, month, year,iout;
     char line[MAXLINE], linetmp[MAXLINE];
     char stra[MAXLINE], strb[MAXLINE];
     char *stratrunc;
     int lstra;
   
   
     if((fic=fopen(datafile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem while opening datafile: %s with errno='%s'\n", datafile,strerror(errno));fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem while opening datafile: %s with errno='%s'\n", datafile,strerror(errno));fflush(ficlog);return 1;
     }
   
     i=1;
     linei=0;
     while ((fgets(line, MAXLINE, fic) != NULL) &&((i >= firstobs) && (i <=lastobs))) {
       linei=linei+1;
       for(j=strlen(line); j>=0;j--){  /* Untabifies line */
         if(line[j] == '\t')
           line[j] = ' ';
       }
       for(j=strlen(line)-1; (line[j]==' ')||(line[j]==10)||(line[j]==13);j--){
         ;
       };
       line[j+1]=0;  /* Trims blanks at end of line */
       if(line[0]=='#'){
         fprintf(ficlog,"Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         printf("Comment line\n%s\n",line);
         continue;
       }
       trimbb(linetmp,line); /* Trims multiple blanks in line */
       strcpy(line, linetmp);
     
   
       for (j=maxwav;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb, line, ' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
         /*        if (errno == ERANGE && (lval == LONG_MAX || lval == LONG_MIN))*/
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a status of wave %d. Setting maxwav=%d might be wrong.  Exiting.\n", strb, linei,i,line,j,maxwav);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         s[j][i]=lval;
         
         strcpy(line,stra);
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' ');
         if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
         }
         else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
           month=99;
           year=9999;
         }else{
           printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of interview (mm/yyyy or .) at wave %d.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i, line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         anint[j][i]= (double) year; 
         mint[j][i]= (double)month; 
         strcpy(line,stra);
       } /* ENd Waves */
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.",dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of death (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       andc[i]=(double) year; 
       moisdc[i]=(double) month; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%d/%d",&month, &year)) != 0){
       }
       else  if( (iout=sscanf(strb,"%s.", dummy)) != 0){
         month=99;
         year=9999;
       }else{
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy or .).  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
       }
       if (year==9999) {
         printf("Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given.  Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%s' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a date of birth (mm/yyyy) but at least the year of birth should be given. Exiting.\n",strb, linei,i,line);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
   
       }
       annais[i]=(double)(year);
       moisnais[i]=(double)(month); 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
       errno=0;
       dval=strtod(strb,&endptr); 
       if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
         printf("Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%f' at line number %d, \"%s\" for individual %d\nShould be a weight.  Exiting.\n",dval, i,line,linei);
         fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       weight[i]=dval; 
       strcpy(line,stra);
       
       for (j=ncovcol;j>=1;j--){
         cutv(stra, strb,line,' '); 
         if(strb[0]=='.') { /* Missing status */
           lval=-1;
         }else{
           errno=0;
           lval=strtol(strb,&endptr,10); 
           if( strb[0]=='\0' || (*endptr != '\0')){
             printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);
             fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\nShould be a covariate value (=0 for the reference or 1 for alternative).  Exiting.\n",lval, linei,i, line);fflush(ficlog);
             return 1;
           }
         }
         if(lval <-1 || lval >1){
           printf("Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error reading data around '%ld' at line number %d for individual %d, '%s'\n \
    Should be a value of %d(nth) covariate (0 should be the value for the reference and 1\n \
    for the alternative. IMaCh does not build design variables automatically, do it yourself.\n \
    For example, for multinomial values like 1, 2 and 3,\n \
    build V1=0 V2=0 for the reference value (1),\n \
           V1=1 V2=0 for (2) \n \
    and V1=0 V2=1 for (3). V1=1 V2=1 should not exist and the corresponding\n \
    output of IMaCh is often meaningless.\n \
    Exiting.\n",lval,linei, i,line,j);fflush(ficlog);
           return 1;
         }
         covar[j][i]=(double)(lval);
         strcpy(line,stra);
       }  
       lstra=strlen(stra);
        
       if(lstra > 9){ /* More than 2**32 or max of what printf can write with %ld */
         stratrunc = &(stra[lstra-9]);
         num[i]=atol(stratrunc);
       }
       else
         num[i]=atol(stra);
       /*if((s[2][i]==2) && (s[3][i]==-1)&&(s[4][i]==9)){
         printf("%ld %.lf %.lf %.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d %.lf/%.lf %d\n",num[i],(covar[1][i]), (covar[2][i]),weight[i], (moisnais[i]), (annais[i]), (moisdc[i]), (andc[i]), (mint[1][i]), (anint[1][i]), (s[1][i]),  (mint[2][i]), (anint[2][i]), (s[2][i]),  (mint[3][i]), (anint[3][i]), (s[3][i]),  (mint[4][i]), (anint[4][i]), (s[4][i])); ij=ij+1;}*/
       
       i=i+1;
     } /* End loop reading  data */
   
     *imax=i-1; /* Number of individuals */
     fclose(fic);
    
     return (0);
     /* endread: */
       printf("Exiting readdata: ");
       fclose(fic);
       return (1);
   
   
   
   }
   void removespace(char *str) {
     char *p1 = str, *p2 = str;
     do
       while (*p2 == ' ')
         p2++;
     while (*p1++ == *p2++);
   }
   
   int decodemodel ( char model[], int lastobs) /**< This routine decode the model and returns:
      * Model  V1+V2+V3+V8+V7*V8+V5*V6+V8*age+V3*age+age*age
      * - nagesqr = 1 if age*age in the model, otherwise 0.
      * - cptcovt total number of covariates of the model nbocc(+)+1 = 8 excepting constant and age and age*age
      * - cptcovn or number of covariates k of the models excluding age*products =6 and age*age
      * - cptcovage number of covariates with age*products =2
      * - cptcovs number of simple covariates
      * - Tvar[k] is the id of the kth covariate Tvar[1]@12 {1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 8, 3, 7, 8, 5, 6}, thus Tvar[5=V7*V8]=10
      *     which is a new column after the 9 (ncovcol) variables. 
      * - if k is a product Vn*Vm covar[k][i] is filled with correct values for each individual
      * - Tprod[l] gives the kth covariates of the product Vn*Vm l=1 to cptcovprod-cptcovage
      *    Tprod[1]@2 {5, 6}: position of first product V7*V8 is 5, and second V5*V6 is 6.
      * - Tvard[k]  p Tvard[1][1]@4 {7, 8, 5, 6} for V7*V8 and V5*V6 .
    */
   {
     int i, j, k, ks;
     int  j1, k1, k2;
     char modelsav[80];
     char stra[80], strb[80], strc[80], strd[80],stre[80];
     char *strpt;
   
     /*removespace(model);*/
     if (strlen(model) >1){ /* If there is at least 1 covariate */
       j=0, j1=0, k1=0, k2=-1, ks=0, cptcovn=0;
       if (strstr(model,"AGE") !=0){
         printf("Error. AGE must be in lower case 'age' model=1+age+%s. ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. AGE must be in lower case model=1+age+%s. ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       if (strstr(model,"v") !=0){
         printf("Error. 'v' must be in upper case 'V' model=%s ",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error. 'v' must be in upper case model=%s ",model);fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
       strcpy(modelsav,model); 
       if ((strpt=strstr(model,"age*age")) !=0){
         printf(" strpt=%s, model=%s\n",strpt, model);
         if(strpt != model){
         printf("Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error in model: 'model=%s'; 'age*age' should in first place before other covariates\n \
    'model=1+age+age*age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.', please swap as well as \n \
    corresponding column of parameters.\n",model); fflush(ficlog);
         return 1;
       }
   
         nagesqr=1;
         if (strstr(model,"+age*age") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "+age*age");
         else if (strstr(model,"age*age+") !=0)
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age+");
         else 
           substrchaine(modelsav, model, "age*age");
       }else
         nagesqr=0;
       if (strlen(modelsav) >1){
         j=nbocc(modelsav,'+'); /**< j=Number of '+' */
         j1=nbocc(modelsav,'*'); /**< j1=Number of '*' */
         cptcovs=j+1-j1; /**<  Number of simple covariates V1+V1*age+V3 +V3*V4+age*age=> V1 + V3 =2  */
         cptcovt= j+1; /* Number of total covariates in the model, not including
                      * cst, age and age*age 
                      * V1+V1*age+ V3 + V3*V4+age*age=> 4*/
                     /* including age products which are counted in cptcovage.
                     * but the covariates which are products must be treated 
                     * separately: ncovn=4- 2=2 (V1+V3). */
         cptcovprod=j1; /**< Number of products  V1*V2 +v3*age = 2 */
         cptcovprodnoage=0; /**< Number of covariate products without age: V3*V4 =1  */
   
       
         /*   Design
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9 Weight
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          * Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8
          *   k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8
          *  cptcovn number of covariates (not including constant and age ) = # of + plus 1 = 7+1=8
          *  covar[k,i], value of kth covariate if not including age for individual i:
          *       covar[1][i]= (V2), covar[4][i]=(V3), covar[8][i]=(V8)
          *  Tvar[k] # of the kth covariate:  Tvar[1]=2  Tvar[4]=3 Tvar[8]=8
          *       if multiplied by age: V3*age Tvar[3=V3*age]=3 (V3) Tvar[7]=8 and 
          *  Tage[++cptcovage]=k
          *       if products, new covar are created after ncovcol with k1
          *  Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; # of the kth covariate product:  Tvar[5]=ncovcol+1=10  Tvar[6]=ncovcol+1=11
          *  Tprod[k1]=k; Tprod[1]=5 Tprod[2]= 6; gives the position of the k1th product
          *  Tvard[k1][1]=m Tvard[k1][2]=m; Tvard[1][1]=5 (V5) Tvard[1][2]=6 Tvard[2][1]=7 (V7) Tvard[2][2]=8
          *  Tvar[cptcovn+k2]=Tvard[k1][1];Tvar[cptcovn+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];
          *  Tvar[8+1]=5;Tvar[8+2]=6;Tvar[8+3]=7;Tvar[8+4]=8 inverted
          *  V1   V2   V3   V4  V5  V6  V7  V8  V9  V10  V11
          *  <          ncovcol=8                >
          *       Model V2 + V1 + V3*age + V3 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V8*age + V8    d1   d1   d2  d2
          *          k=  1    2      3       4     5       6      7        8    9   10   11  12
          *     Tvar[k]= 2    1      3       3    10      11      8        8    5    6    7   8
          * p Tvar[1]@12={2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          * p Tprod[1]@2={                         6, 5}
          *p Tvard[1][1]@4= {7, 8, 5, 6}
          * covar[k][i]= V2   V1      ?      V3    V5*V6?   V7*V8?  ?       V8   
          *  cov[Tage[kk]+2]=covar[Tvar[Tage[kk]]][i]*cov[2];
          *How to reorganize?
          * Model V1 + V2 + V3 + V8 + V5*V6 + V7*V8 + V3*age + V8*age
          * Tvars {2,   1,     3,      3,   11,     10,     8,       8,   7,   8,   5,  6}
          *       {2,   1,     4,      8,    5,      6,     3,       7}
          * Struct []
          */
   
         /* This loop fills the array Tvar from the string 'model'.*/
         /* j is the number of + signs in the model V1+V2+V3 j=2 i=3 to 1 */
         /*   modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4  */
         /*        k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tage[cptcovage=1]=4 */
         /*        k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4) */
         /*        k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1) */
         /*        k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2) */
         /*        k=5 Tvar[5] */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovn;k++) { */
         /*        cov[2+k]=nbcode[Tvar[k]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[k])]; */
         /*        } */
         /* for (k=1; k<=cptcovage;k++) cov[2+Tage[k]]=nbcode[Tvar[Tage[k]]][codtabm(ij,Tvar[Tage[k])]]*cov[2]; */
         /*
          * Treating invertedly V2+V1+V3*age+V2*V4 is as if written V2*V4 +V3*age + V1 + V2 */
         for(k=cptcovt; k>=1;k--) /**< Number of covariates */
           Tvar[k]=0;
         cptcovage=0;
         for(k=1; k<=cptcovt;k++){ /* Loop on total covariates of the model */
           cutl(stra,strb,modelsav,'+'); /* keeps in strb after the first '+' 
                                            modelsav==V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
           if (nbocc(modelsav,'+')==0) strcpy(strb,modelsav); /* and analyzes it */
           /*      printf("i=%d a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n",i, stra,strb,modelsav);*/
           /*scanf("%d",i);*/
           if (strchr(strb,'*')) {  /**< Model includes a product V2+V1+V4+V3*age strb=V3*age */
             cutl(strc,strd,strb,'*'); /**< strd*strc  Vm*Vn: strb=V3*age(input) strc=age strd=V3 ; V3*V2 strc=V2, strd=V3 */
             if (strcmp(strc,"age")==0) { /**< Model includes age: Vn*age */
               /* covar is not filled and then is empty */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd=V3(input): stre="3" */
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);  /* V2+V1+V4+V3*age Tvar[4]=3 ; V1+V2*age Tvar[2]=2; V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1 */
               cptcovage++; /* Sums the number of covariates which include age as a product */
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;  /* Tvar[4]=3, Tage[1] = 4 or V1+V1*age Tvar[2]=1, Tage[1]=2 */
               /*printf("stre=%s ", stre);*/
             } else if (strcmp(strd,"age")==0) { /* or age*Vn */
               cptcovprod--;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V');
               Tvar[k]=atoi(stre);
               cptcovage++;
               Tage[cptcovage]=k;
             } else {  /* Age is not in the model product V2+V1+V1*V4+V3*age+V3*V2  strb=V3*V2*/
               /* loops on k1=1 (V3*V2) and k1=2 V4*V3 */
               cptcovn++;
               cptcovprodnoage++;k1++;
               cutl(stre,strb,strc,'V'); /* strc= Vn, stre is n; strb=V3*V2 stre=3 strc=*/
               Tvar[k]=ncovcol+k1; /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
                                      because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
                                      ncovcol + k1
                                      If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2
                                      Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 Tvar[5=V3*V2]=4 + 2= 6, etc */
               cutl(strc,strb,strd,'V'); /* strd was Vm, strc is m */
               Tprod[k1]=k;  /* Tprod[1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2  */
               Tvard[k1][1] =atoi(strc); /* m 1 for V1*/
               Tvard[k1][2] =atoi(stre); /* n 4 for V4*/
               k2=k2+2;
               Tvar[cptcovt+k2]=Tvard[k1][1]; /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+k2=1)=5]= 1 (V1) */
               Tvar[cptcovt+k2+1]=Tvard[k1][2];  /* Tvar[(cptcovt=4+(k2=1)+1)=6]= 4 (V4) */
               for (i=1; i<=lastobs;i++){
                 /* Computes the new covariate which is a product of
                    covar[n][i]* covar[m][i] and stores it at ncovol+k1 May not be defined */
                 covar[ncovcol+k1][i]=covar[atoi(stre)][i]*covar[atoi(strc)][i];
               }
             } /* End age is not in the model */
           } /* End if model includes a product */
           else { /* no more sum */
             /*printf("d=%s c=%s b=%s\n", strd,strc,strb);*/
             /*  scanf("%d",i);*/
             cutl(strd,strc,strb,'V');
             ks++; /**< Number of simple covariates */
             cptcovn++;
             Tvar[k]=atoi(strd);
           }
           strcpy(modelsav,stra);  /* modelsav=V2+V1+V4 stra=V2+V1+V4 */ 
           /*printf("a=%s b=%s sav=%s\n", stra,strb,modelsav);
             scanf("%d",i);*/
         } /* end of loop + on total covariates */
       } /* end if strlen(modelsave == 0) age*age might exist */
     } /* end if strlen(model == 0) */
     
     /*The number n of Vn is stored in Tvar. cptcovage =number of age covariate. Tage gives the position of age. cptcovprod= number of products.
       If model=V1+V1*age then Tvar[1]=1 Tvar[2]=1 cptcovage=1 Tage[1]=2 cptcovprod=0*/
   
     /* printf("tvar1=%d tvar2=%d tvar3=%d cptcovage=%d Tage=%d",Tvar[1],Tvar[2],Tvar[3],cptcovage,Tage[1]);
     printf("cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
     fprintf(ficlog,"cptcovprod=%d ", cptcovprod);
   
     scanf("%d ",i);*/
   
   
     return (0); /* with covar[new additional covariate if product] and Tage if age */ 
     /*endread:*/
       printf("Exiting decodemodel: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   int calandcheckages(int imx, int maxwav, double *agemin, double *agemax, int *nberr, int *nbwarn )
   {
     int i, m;
     int firstone=0;
     
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
       for(m=2; (m<= maxwav); m++) {
         if (((int)mint[m][i]== 99) && (s[m][i] <= nlstate)){
           anint[m][i]=9999;
           if (s[m][i] != -2) /* Keeping initial status of unknown vital status */
             s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]==9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           *nberr = *nberr + 1;
           if(firstone == 0){
             firstone=1;
           printf("Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results can be biased (%d) because status is a death state %d at wave %d. Wave dropped.\nOther similar cases in log file\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr,s[m][i],m);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Date of death (month %2d and year %4d) of individual %ld on line %d was unknown, you must set an arbitrary year of death or he/she is skipped and results can be biased (%d) because status is a death state %d at wave %d. Wave dropped.\n",(int)moisdc[i],(int)andc[i],num[i],i, *nberr,s[m][i],m);
           s[m][i]=-1;
         }
         if((int)moisdc[i]==99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999 && s[m][i]>nlstate){
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %2d, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,(int)moisdc[i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Month of death of individual %ld on line %d was unknown %f, you should set it otherwise the information on the death is skipped and results are biased.\n",num[i],i,moisdc[i]); 
           s[m][i]=-1; /* We prefer to skip it (and to skip it in version 0.8a1 too */
         }
       }
     }
   
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       agedc[i]=(moisdc[i]/12.+andc[i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+annais[i]);
       for(m=firstpass; (m<= lastpass); m++){
         if(s[m][i] >0  || s[m][i]==-1 || s[m][i]==-2 || s[m][i]==-4 || s[m][i]==-5){ /* What if s[m][i]=-1 */
           if (s[m][i] >= nlstate+1) {
             if(agedc[i]>0){
               if((int)moisdc[i]!=99 && (int)andc[i]!=9999){
                 agev[m][i]=agedc[i];
                 /*if(moisdc[i]==99 && andc[i]==9999) s[m][i]=-1;*/
               }else {
                 if ((int)andc[i]!=9999){
                   nbwarn++;
                   printf("Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   fprintf(ficlog,"Warning negative age at death: %ld line:%d\n",num[i],i);
                   agev[m][i]=-1;
                 }
               }
             } /* agedc > 0 */
           } /* end if */
           else if(s[m][i] !=9){ /* Standard case, age in fractional
                                    years but with the precision of a month */
             agev[m][i]=(mint[m][i]/12.+1./24.+anint[m][i])-(moisnais[i]/12.+1./24.+annais[i]);
             if((int)mint[m][i]==99 || (int)anint[m][i]==9999)
               agev[m][i]=1;
             else if(agev[m][i] < *agemin){ 
               *agemin=agev[m][i];
               printf(" Min anint[%d][%d]=%.2f annais[%d]=%.2f, agemin=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemin);
             }
             else if(agev[m][i] >*agemax){
               *agemax=agev[m][i];
               /* printf(" Max anint[%d][%d]=%.0f annais[%d]=%.0f, agemax=%.2f\n",m,i,anint[m][i], i,annais[i], *agemax);*/
             }
             /*agev[m][i]=anint[m][i]-annais[i];*/
             /*     agev[m][i] = age[i]+2*m;*/
           } /* en if 9*/
           else { /* =9 */
             /* printf("Debug num[%d]=%ld s[%d][%d]=%d\n",i,num[i], m,i, s[m][i]); */
             agev[m][i]=1;
             s[m][i]=-1;
           }
         }
         else if(s[m][i]==0) /*= 0 Unknown */
           agev[m][i]=1;
         else{
           printf("Warning, num[%d]=%ld, s[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, num[i], m, i,s[m][i]); 
           fprintf(ficlog, "Warning, num[%d]=%ld, s[%d][%d]=%d\n", i, num[i], m, i,s[m][i]); 
           agev[m][i]=0;
         }
       } /* End for lastpass */
     }
       
     for (i=1; i<=imx; i++)  {
       for(m=firstpass; (m<=lastpass); m++){
         if (s[m][i] > (nlstate+ndeath)) {
           (*nberr)++;
           printf("Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error: on wave %d of individual %d status %d > (nlstate+ndeath)=(%d+%d)=%d\n",m,i,s[m][i],nlstate, ndeath, nlstate+ndeath);     
           return 1;
         }
       }
     }
   
     /*for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
     for (m=firstpass; (m<lastpass); m++){
        printf("%ld %d %.lf %d %d\n", num[i],(covar[1][i]),agev[m][i],s[m][i],s[m+1][i]);
   }
   
   }*/
   
   
     printf("Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total number of individuals= %d, Agemin = %.2f, Agemax= %.2f\n\n", imx, *agemin, *agemax); 
   
     return (0);
    /* endread:*/
       printf("Exiting calandcheckages: ");
       return (1);
   }
   
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
   /*printf("Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   /*fprintf(ficlog, "Visual C++ compiler: %s \n;", _MSC_FULL_VER);*/
   //#include "stdafx.h"
   //#include <stdio.h>
   //#include <tchar.h>
   //#include <windows.h>
   //#include <iostream>
   typedef BOOL(WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
   LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
   BOOL IsWow64()
   {
           BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
   
           //typedef BOOL (APIENTRY *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
           //  (HANDLE, PBOOL);
   
           //LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
   
           HMODULE module = GetModuleHandle(_T("kernel32"));
           const char funcName[] = "IsWow64Process";
           fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS)
                   GetProcAddress(module, funcName);
   
           if (NULL != fnIsWow64Process)
           {
                   if (!fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(),
                           &bIsWow64))
                           //throw std::exception("Unknown error");
                           printf("Unknown error\n");
           }
           return bIsWow64 != FALSE;
   }
   #endif
   
   void syscompilerinfo(int logged)
    {
      /* #include "syscompilerinfo.h"*/
      /* command line Intel compiler 32bit windows, XP compatible:*/
      /* /GS /W3 /Gy
         /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG" /D
         "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_USING_V110_SDK71_" /D "_UNICODE" /D
         "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope /Gd /Oi /MT /Fa"Release\" /EHsc /nologo
         /Fo"Release\" /Qprof-dir "Release\" /Fp"Release\IMaCh.pch"
      */ 
      /* 64 bits */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy
        /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O2 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" /D "NDEBUG"
        /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo /Zc:forScope
        /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir
        "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" */
      /* Optimization are useless and O3 is slower than O2 */
      /*
        /GS /W3 /Gy /Zc:wchar_t /Zi /O3 /Fd"x64\Release\vc120.pdb" /D "WIN32" 
        /D "NDEBUG" /D "_CONSOLE" /D "_LIB" /D "_UNICODE" /D "UNICODE" /Qipo 
        /Zc:forScope /Oi /MD /Fa"x64\Release\" /EHsc /nologo /Qparallel 
        /Fo"x64\Release\" /Qprof-dir "x64\Release\" /Fp"x64\Release\IMaCh.pch" 
      */
      /* Link is */ /* /OUT:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.exe" /MANIFEST /NXCOMPAT
         /PDB:"visual studio
         2013\Projects\IMaCh\Release\IMaCh.pdb" /DYNAMICBASE
         "kernel32.lib" "user32.lib" "gdi32.lib" "winspool.lib"
         "comdlg32.lib" "advapi32.lib" "shell32.lib" "ole32.lib"
         "oleaut32.lib" "uuid.lib" "odbc32.lib" "odbccp32.lib"
         /MACHINE:X86 /OPT:REF /SAFESEH /INCREMENTAL:NO
         /SUBSYSTEM:CONSOLE",5.01" /MANIFESTUAC:"level='asInvoker'
         uiAccess='false'"
         /ManifestFile:"Release\IMaCh.exe.intermediate.manifest" /OPT:ICF
         /NOLOGO /TLBID:1
      */
   #if defined __INTEL_COMPILER
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
           struct utsname sysInfo;  /* For Intel on Linux and OS/X */
   #endif
   #elif defined(__GNUC__) 
   #ifndef  __APPLE__
   #include <gnu/libc-version.h>  /* Only on gnu */
   #endif
      struct utsname sysInfo;
      int cross = CROSS;
      if (cross){
              printf("Cross-");
              if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, "Cross-");
      }
   #endif
   
   #include <stdint.h>
   
      printf("Compiled with:");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog,"Compiled with:");
   #if defined(__clang__)
      printf(" Clang/LLVM");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Clang/LLVM");       /* Clang/LLVM. ---------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__ICC) || defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
      printf(" Intel ICC/ICPC");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Intel ICC/ICPC");/* Intel ICC/ICPC. ------------------------------------------ */
   #endif
   #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
      printf(" GNU GCC/G++");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," GNU GCC/G++");/* GNU GCC/G++. --------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__HP_cc) || defined(__HP_aCC)
      printf(" Hewlett-Packard C/aC++");if(logged)fprintf(fcilog," Hewlett-Packard C/aC++"); /* Hewlett-Packard C/aC++. ---------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)
      printf(" IBM XL C/C++"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," IBM XL C/C++");/* IBM XL C/C++. -------------------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      printf(" Microsoft Visual Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Microsoft Visual Studio");/* Microsoft Visual Studio. --------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__PGI)
      printf(" Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP");/* Portland Group PGCC/PGCPP. ------------------------------- */
   #endif
   #if defined(__SUNPRO_C) || defined(__SUNPRO_CC)
      printf(" Oracle Solaris Studio");if(logged)fprintf(ficlog," Oracle Solaris Studio\n");/* Oracle Solaris Studio. ----------------------------------- */
   #endif
      printf(" for "); if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, " for ");
      
   // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4605842/how-to-identify-platform-compiler-from-preprocessor-macros
   #ifdef _WIN32 // note the underscore: without it, it's not msdn official!
       // Windows (x64 and x86)
      printf("Windows (x64 and x86) ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Windows (x64 and x86) ");
   #elif __unix__ // all unices, not all compilers
       // Unix
      printf("Unix ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Unix ");
   #elif __linux__
       // linux
      printf("linux ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"linux ");
   #elif __APPLE__
       // Mac OS, not sure if this is covered by __posix__ and/or __unix__ though..
      printf("Mac OS ");if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Mac OS ");
   #endif
   
   /*  __MINGW32__   */
   /*  __CYGWIN__   */
   /* __MINGW64__  */
   // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/b0084kay.aspx
   /* _MSC_VER  //the Visual C++ compiler is 17.00.51106.1, the _MSC_VER macro evaluates to 1700. Type cl /?  */
   /* _MSC_FULL_VER //the Visual C++ compiler is 15.00.20706.01, the _MSC_FULL_VER macro evaluates to 150020706 */
   /* _WIN64  // Defined for applications for Win64. */
   /* _M_X64 // Defined for compilations that target x64 processors. */
   /* _DEBUG // Defined when you compile with /LDd, /MDd, and /MTd. */
   
   #if UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffff
      printf(" 32-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 32-bit");/* 32-bit */
   #elif UINTPTR_MAX == 0xffffffffffffffff
      printf(" 64-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," 64-bit");/* 64-bit */
   #else
      printf(" wtf-bit"); if(logged) fprintf(ficlog," wtf-bit");/* wtf */
   #endif
   
   #if defined(__GNUC__)
   # if defined(__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100 \
                               + __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
   # else
   #  define __GNUC_VERSION__ (__GNUC__ * 10000 \
                               + __GNUC_MINOR__ * 100)
   # endif
      printf(" using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog, " using GNU C version %d.\n", __GNUC_VERSION__);
   
      if (uname(&sysInfo) != -1) {
        printf("Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
            if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"Running on: %s %s %s %s %s\n ",sysInfo.sysname, sysInfo.nodename, sysInfo.release, sysInfo.version, sysInfo.machine);
      }
      else
         perror("uname() error");
      //#ifndef __INTEL_COMPILER 
   #if !defined (__INTEL_COMPILER) && !defined(__APPLE__)
      printf("GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version()); 
      if(logged) fprintf(ficlog,"GNU libc version: %s\n", gnu_get_libc_version());
   #endif
   #endif
   
      //   void main()
      //   {
   #if defined(_MSC_VER)
      if (IsWow64()){
              printf("\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe program (probably compiled for 32bit) is running under WOW64 (64bit) emulation.\n");
      }
      else{
              printf("\nThe program is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
              if (logged) fprintf(ficlog, "\nThe programm is not running under WOW64 (i.e probably on a 64bit Windows).\n");
      }
      //      printf("\nPress Enter to continue...");
      //      getchar();
      //   }
   
   #endif
      
   
   }
   
   int prevalence_limit(double *p, double **prlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp){
     /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
     int i, j, k, i1 ;
     /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
     double age, agebase, agelim;
     double tot;
   
     strcpy(filerespl,"PL_");
     strcat(filerespl,fileresu);
     if((ficrespl=fopen(filerespl,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) prevalence resultfile: %s\n", filerespl);return 1;
     }
     printf("Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", filerespl);
     pstamp(ficrespl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"# Period (stable) prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficrespl,"\n");
     
     /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
   
     agebase=ageminpar;
     agelim=agemaxpar;
   
     i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
   
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
       //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
       k=k+1;
       /* to clean */
       //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#******");
       printf("#******");
       fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
         fprintf(ficrespl," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       }
       fprintf(ficrespl,"******\n");
       printf("******\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
   
       fprintf(ficrespl,"#Age ");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
         fprintf(ficrespl,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       }
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrespl,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficrespl,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
           
       for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
         /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
         prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
         fprintf(ficrespl,"%.0f ",age );
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
           fprintf(ficrespl,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         tot=0.;
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
           tot +=  prlim[i][i];
           fprintf(ficrespl," %.5f", prlim[i][i]);
         }
         fprintf(ficrespl," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
       } /* Age */
       /* was end of cptcod */
     } /* cptcov */
     return 0;
   }
   
   int back_prevalence_limit(double *p, double **bprlim, double ageminpar, double agemaxpar, double ftolpl, int *ncvyearp, double dateprev1,double dateprev2, int firstpass, int lastpass, int mobilavproj){
           /*--------------- Back Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
           
           /* Computes the back prevalence limit  for any combination      of covariate values 
      * at any age between ageminpar and agemaxpar
            */
     int i, j, k, i1 ;
     /* double ftolpl = 1.e-10; */
     double age, agebase, agelim;
     double tot;
     /* double ***mobaverage; */
     /* double      **dnewm, **doldm, **dsavm;  /\* for use *\/ */
   
     strcpy(fileresplb,"PLB_");
     strcat(fileresplb,fileresu);
     if((ficresplb=fopen(fileresplb,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with period (stable) back prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresplb);return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with period (stable) back prevalence resultfile: %s\n", fileresplb);return 1;
     }
     printf("Computing period (stable) back prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", fileresplb);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing period (stable) back prevalence: result on file '%s' \n", fileresplb);
     pstamp(ficresplb);
     fprintf(ficresplb,"# Period (stable) back prevalence. Precision given by ftolpl=%g \n", ftolpl);
     fprintf(ficresplb,"#Age ");
     for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficresplb,"%d-%d ",i,i);
     fprintf(ficresplb,"\n");
     
     
     /* prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);*/ /* back in main */
     
     agebase=ageminpar;
     agelim=agemaxpar;
     
     
     i1=pow(2,cptcoveff);
     if (cptcovn < 1){i1=1;}
     
     for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
       /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=1;cptcov++){ */
       //for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){
       k=k+1;
       /* to clean */
       //printf("cptcov=%d cptcod=%d codtab=%d\n",cptcov, cptcod,codtabm(cptcod,cptcov));
       fprintf(ficresplb,"#******");
       printf("#******");
       fprintf(ficlog,"#******");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
         fprintf(ficresplb," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         printf(" V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficlog," V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       }
       fprintf(ficresplb,"******\n");
       printf("******\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"******\n");
       
       fprintf(ficresplb,"#Age ");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
         fprintf(ficresplb,"V%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       }
       for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficresplb,"  %d-%d   ",i,i);
       fprintf(ficresplb,"Total Years_to_converge\n");
       
       
       for (age=agebase; age<=agelim; age++){
         /* for (age=agebase; age<=agebase; age++){ */
         if(mobilavproj > 0){
           /* bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, ageminpar, agemaxpar, oldm, savm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
           /* bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
                                   bprevalim(bprlim, mobaverage, nlstate, p, age, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
         }else if (mobilavproj == 0){
                                   printf("There is no chance to get back prevalence limit if data aren't non zero and summing to 1, please try a non null mobil_average(=%d) parameter or mobil_average=-1 if you want to try at your own risk.\n",mobilavproj);
                                   fprintf(ficlog,"There is no chance to get back prevalence limit if data aren't non zero and summing to 1, please try a non null mobil_average(=%d) parameter or mobil_average=-1 if you want to try at your own risk.\n",mobilavproj);
                                   exit(1);
         }else{
                                   /* bprevalim(bprlim, probs, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k); */
                                   bprevalim(bprlim, probs, nlstate, p, age, ftolpl, ncvyearp, k);
         }
         fprintf(ficresplb,"%.0f ",age );
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
                                   fprintf(ficresplb,"%d %d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         tot=0.;
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++){
                                   tot +=  bprlim[i][i];
                                   fprintf(ficresplb," %.5f", bprlim[i][i]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresplb," %.3f %d\n", tot, *ncvyearp);
       } /* Age */
       /* was end of cptcod */
     } /* cptcov */
     
     /* hBijx(p, bage, fage); */
     /* fclose(ficrespijb); */
     
     return 0;
   }
    
   int hPijx(double *p, int bage, int fage){
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
   
     int stepsize;
     int agelim;
     int hstepm;
     int nhstepm;
     int h, i, i1, j, k;
   
     double agedeb;
     double ***p3mat;
   
       strcpy(filerespij,"PIJ_");  strcat(filerespij,fileresu);
       if((ficrespij=fopen(filerespij,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij resultfile: %s\n", filerespij); return 1;
       }
       printf("Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij: result on file '%s' \n", filerespij);
     
       stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
       /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
   
       agelim=AGESUP;
       hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
       hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */ 
                   
       /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
       pstamp(ficrespij);
       fprintf(ficrespij,"#****** h Pij x Probability to be in state j at age x+h being in i at x ");
       i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
                   /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
                   /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
                   /*      k=k+1;  */
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         fprintf(ficrespij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
           fprintf(ficrespij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficrespij,"******\n");
         
         for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /* If stepm=6 months */
           nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */ 
           nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10 */
           
           /*        nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
           
           p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
           hpxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);  
           fprintf(ficrespij,"# Cov Agex agex+h hpijx with i,j=");
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespij," %1d-%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
             /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
             fprintf(ficrespij,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
             for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
                 fprintf(ficrespij," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
             fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
           }
           free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
           fprintf(ficrespij,"\n");
         }
         /*}*/
       }
       return 0;
   }
    
    int hBijx(double *p, int bage, int fage, double ***prevacurrent){
       /*------------- h Bij x at various ages ------------*/
   
     int stepsize;
     /* int agelim; */
           int ageminl;
     int hstepm;
     int nhstepm;
     int h, i, i1, j, k;
           
     double agedeb;
     double ***p3mat;
           
     strcpy(filerespijb,"PIJB_");  strcat(filerespijb,fileresu);
     if((ficrespijb=fopen(filerespijb,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with Pij back resultfile: %s\n", filerespijb); return 1;
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Pij back resultfile: %s\n", filerespijb); return 1;
     }
     printf("Computing pij back: result on file '%s' \n", filerespijb);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Computing pij back: result on file '%s' \n", filerespijb);
     
     stepsize=(int) (stepm+YEARM-1)/YEARM;
     /*if (stepm<=24) stepsize=2;*/
     
     /* agelim=AGESUP; */
     ageminl=30;
     hstepm=stepsize*YEARM; /* Every year of age */
     hstepm=hstepm/stepm; /* Typically 2 years, = 2/6 months = 4 */
     
     /* hstepm=1;   aff par mois*/
     pstamp(ficrespijb);
     fprintf(ficrespijb,"#****** h Pij x Back Probability to be in state i at age x-h being in j at x ");
     i1= pow(2,cptcoveff);
     /* for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){ */
     /*    /\*for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*\/ */
     /*    k=k+1;  */
     for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
       fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n#****** ");
       for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++)
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
       fprintf(ficrespijb,"******\n");
       
       /* for (agedeb=fage; agedeb>=bage; agedeb--){ /\* If stepm=6 months *\/ */
       for (agedeb=bage; agedeb<=fage; agedeb++){ /* If stepm=6 months and estepm=24 (2 years) */
         /* nhstepm=(int) rint((agelim-agedeb)*YEARM/stepm); /\* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 *\/ */
         nhstepm=(int) rint((agedeb-ageminl)*YEARM/stepm); /* Typically 20 years = 20*12/6=40 */
         nhstepm = nhstepm/hstepm; /* Typically 40/4=10, because estepm=24 stepm=6 => hstepm=24/6=4 */
         
         /*          nhstepm=nhstepm*YEARM; aff par mois*/
         
         p3mat=ma3x(1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         /* oldm=oldms;savm=savms; */
         /* hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, k);   */
         hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm, k);
         /* hbxij(p3mat,nhstepm,agedeb,hstepm,p,prevacurrent,nlstate,stepm,oldm,savm, dnewm, doldm, dsavm, k); */
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"# Cov Agex agex-h hpijx with i,j=");
         for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
             fprintf(ficrespijb," %1d-%1d",i,j);
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
         for (h=0; h<=nhstepm; h++){
           /*agedebphstep = agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm;*/
           fprintf(ficrespijb,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb - h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm );
           /* fprintf(ficrespijb,"%d %3.f %3.f",k, agedeb, agedeb + h*hstepm/YEARM*stepm ); */
           for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
             for(j=1; j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
               fprintf(ficrespijb," %.5f", p3mat[i][j][h]);
           fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
         }
         free_ma3x(p3mat,1,nlstate+ndeath,1, nlstate+ndeath, 0,nhstepm);
         fprintf(ficrespijb,"\n");
       }
       /*}*/
     }
     return 0;
    } /*  hBijx */
   
   
   /***********************************************/
   /**************** Main Program *****************/
   /***********************************************/
   
   int main(int argc, char *argv[])
   {
   #ifdef GSL
     const gsl_multimin_fminimizer_type *T;
     size_t iteri = 0, it;
     int rval = GSL_CONTINUE;
     int status = GSL_SUCCESS;
     double ssval;
   #endif
     int movingaverage(double ***probs, double bage,double fage, double ***mobaverage, int mobilav);
     int i,j, k, n=MAXN,iter=0,m,size=100, cptcod;
     int ncvyear=0; /* Number of years needed for the period prevalence to converge */
     int jj, ll, li, lj, lk;
     int numlinepar=0; /* Current linenumber of parameter file */
     int num_filled;
     int itimes;
     int NDIM=2;
     int vpopbased=0;
   
     char ca[32], cb[32];
     /*  FILE *fichtm; *//* Html File */
     /* FILE *ficgp;*/ /*Gnuplot File */
     struct stat info;
     double agedeb=0.;
   
     double ageminpar=AGEOVERFLOW,agemin=AGEOVERFLOW, agemaxpar=-AGEOVERFLOW, agemax=-AGEOVERFLOW;
     double ageminout=-AGEOVERFLOW,agemaxout=AGEOVERFLOW; /* Smaller Age range redefined after movingaverage */
   
     double fret;
     double dum=0.; /* Dummy variable */
     double ***p3mat;
     /* double ***mobaverage; */
   
     char line[MAXLINE];
     char path[MAXLINE],pathc[MAXLINE],pathcd[MAXLINE],pathtot[MAXLINE];
   
     char model[MAXLINE], modeltemp[MAXLINE];
     char pathr[MAXLINE], pathimach[MAXLINE]; 
     char *tok, *val; /* pathtot */
     int firstobs=1, lastobs=10;
     int c,  h , cpt, c2;
     int jl=0;
     int i1, j1, jk, stepsize=0;
     int count=0;
   
     int *tab; 
     int mobilavproj=0 , prevfcast=0 ; /* moving average of prev, If prevfcast=1 prevalence projection */
     int backcast=0;
     int mobilav=0,popforecast=0;
     int hstepm=0, nhstepm=0;
     int agemortsup;
     float  sumlpop=0.;
     double jprev1=1, mprev1=1,anprev1=2000,jprev2=1, mprev2=1,anprev2=2000;
     double jpyram=1, mpyram=1,anpyram=2000,jpyram1=1, mpyram1=1,anpyram1=2000;
   
     double bage=0, fage=110., age, agelim=0., agebase=0.;
     double ftolpl=FTOL;
     double **prlim;
     double **bprlim;
     double ***param; /* Matrix of parameters */
     double  *p;
     double **matcov; /* Matrix of covariance */
     double **hess; /* Hessian matrix */
     double ***delti3; /* Scale */
     double *delti; /* Scale */
     double ***eij, ***vareij;
     double **varpl; /* Variances of prevalence limits by age */
     double *epj, vepp;
   
     double dateprev1, dateprev2,jproj1=1,mproj1=1,anproj1=2000,jproj2=1,mproj2=1,anproj2=2000;
     double jback1=1,mback1=1,anback1=2000,jback2=1,mback2=1,anback2=2000;
   
     double **ximort;
     char *alph[]={"a","a","b","c","d","e"}, str[4]="1234";
     int *dcwave;
   
     char z[1]="c";
   
     /*char  *strt;*/
     char strtend[80];
   
   
   /*   setlocale (LC_ALL, ""); */
   /*   bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR); */
   /*   textdomain (PACKAGE); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_CTYPE, ""); */
   /*   setlocale (LC_MESSAGES, ""); */
   
     /*   gettimeofday(&start_time, (struct timezone*)0); */ /* at first time */
     rstart_time = time(NULL);  
     /*  (void) gettimeofday(&start_time,&tzp);*/
     start_time = *localtime(&rstart_time);
     curr_time=start_time;
     /*tml = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec);*/
     /* strcpy(strstart,asctime(&tml)); */
     strcpy(strstart,asctime(&start_time));
   
   /*  printf("Localtime (at start)=%s",strstart); */
   /*  tp.tm_sec = tp.tm_sec +86400; */
   /*  tm = *localtime(&start_time.tm_sec); */
   /*   tmg.tm_year=tmg.tm_year +dsign*dyear; */
   /*   tmg.tm_mon=tmg.tm_mon +dsign*dmonth; */
   /*   tmg.tm_hour=tmg.tm_hour + 1; */
   /*   tp.tm_sec = mktime(&tmg); */
   /*   strt=asctime(&tmg); */
   /*   printf("Time(after) =%s",strstart);  */
   /*  (void) time (&time_value);
   *  printf("time=%d,t-=%d\n",time_value,time_value-86400);
   *  tm = *localtime(&time_value);
   *  strstart=asctime(&tm);
   *  printf("tim_value=%d,asctime=%s\n",time_value,strstart); 
   */
   
     nberr=0; /* Number of errors and warnings */
     nbwarn=0;
   #ifdef WIN32
     _getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #else
     getcwd(pathcd, size);
   #endif
     syscompilerinfo(0);
     printf("\nIMaCh version %s, %s\n%s",version, copyright, fullversion);
     if(argc <=1){
       printf("\nEnter the parameter file name: ");
       if(!fgets(pathr,FILENAMELENGTH,stdin)){
         printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
         goto end;
       }
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(pathr[i-1]=='\n')
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if(i >= 1 && pathr[i-1]==' ') {/* This may happen when dragging on oS/X! */
         pathr[i-1]='\0';
       }
       i=strlen(pathr);
       if( i==0 ){
         printf("ERROR Empty parameter file name\n");
         goto end;
       }
       for (tok = pathr; tok != NULL; ){
         printf("Pathr |%s|\n",pathr);
         while ((val = strsep(&tok, "\"" )) != NULL && *val == '\0');
         printf("val= |%s| pathr=%s\n",val,pathr);
         strcpy (pathtot, val);
         if(pathr[0] == '\0') break; /* Dirty */
       }
     }
     else{
       strcpy(pathtot,argv[1]);
     }
     /*if(getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE)!= NULL)printf ("Error pathcd\n");*/
     /*cygwin_split_path(pathtot,path,optionfile);
       printf("pathtot=%s, path=%s, optionfile=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile);*/
     /* cutv(path,optionfile,pathtot,'\\');*/
   
     /* Split argv[0], imach program to get pathimach */
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s argv[1]=%s, \n",argv[0],argv[1]);
     split(argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\nargv[0]=%s pathimach=%s, \noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",argv[0],pathimach,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
    /*   strcpy(pathimach,argv[0]); */
     /* Split argv[1]=pathtot, parameter file name to get path, optionfile, extension and name */
     split(pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
     printf("\npathtot=%s,\npath=%s,\noptionfile=%s \noptionfilext=%s \noptionfilefiname=%s\n",pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #else
     chdir(path); /* Can be a relative path */
     if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0) /* So pathcd is the full path */
   #endif
     printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     strcpy(command,"mkdir ");
     strcat(command,optionfilefiname);
     if((outcmd=system(command)) != 0){
       printf("Directory already exists (or can't create it) %s%s, err=%d\n",path,optionfilefiname,outcmd);
       /* fprintf(ficlog,"Problem creating directory %s%s\n",path,optionfilefiname); */
       /* fclose(ficlog); */
   /*     exit(1); */
     }
   /*   if((imk=mkdir(optionfilefiname))<0){ */
   /*     perror("mkdir"); */
   /*   } */
   
     /*-------- arguments in the command line --------*/
   
     /* Main Log file */
     strcat(filelog, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(filelog,".log");    /* */
     if((ficlog=fopen(filelog,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with logfile %s\n",filelog);
       goto end;
     }
     fprintf(ficlog,"Log filename:%s\n",filelog);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Version %s %s",version,fullversion);
     fprintf(ficlog,"\nEnter the parameter file name: \n");
     fprintf(ficlog,"pathimach=%s\npathtot=%s\n\
    path=%s \n\
    optionfile=%s\n\
    optionfilext=%s\n\
    optionfilefiname='%s'\n",pathimach,pathtot,path,optionfile,optionfilext,optionfilefiname);
   
     syscompilerinfo(1);
   
     printf("Local time (at start):%s",strstart);
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time (at start): %s",strstart);
     fflush(ficlog);
   /*   (void) gettimeofday(&curr_time,&tzp); */
   /*   printf("Elapsed time %d\n", asc_diff_time(curr_time.tm_sec-start_time.tm_sec,tmpout)); */
   
     /* */
     strcpy(fileres,"r");
     strcat(fileres, optionfilefiname);
     strcat(fileresu, optionfilefiname); /* Without r in front */
     strcat(fileres,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
     strcat(fileresu,".txt");    /* Other files have txt extension */
   
     /* Main ---------arguments file --------*/
   
     if((ficpar=fopen(optionfile,"r"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with optionfile '%s' with errno='%s'\n",optionfile,strerror(errno));
       fflush(ficlog);
       /* goto end; */
       exit(70); 
     }
   
   
   
     strcpy(filereso,"o");
     strcat(filereso,fileresu);
     if((ficparo=fopen(filereso,"w"))==NULL) { /* opened on subdirectory */
       printf("Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Output resultfile: %s\n", filereso);
       fflush(ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
   
     /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
     numlinepar=0;
   
       /* First parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", \
                           title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled != 5) {
         printf("Should be 5 parameters\n");
       }
       numlinepar++;
       printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass);
     }
     /* Second parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"ftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n", \
                           &ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate, &ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled != 8) {
         printf("Not 8 parameters, for example:ftol=1.e-8 stepm=12 ncovcol=2 nlstate=2 ndeath=1 maxwav=3 mle=1 weight=1\n");
         printf("but line=%s\n",line);
       }
       printf("ftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\n",ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt);
     }
     /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
     /*ftolpl=6.e-4; *//* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
     /* Third parameter line */
     while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
     if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"model=1+age%[^.\n]", model)) !=EOF){
       if (num_filled == 0)
               model[0]='\0';
       else if (num_filled != 1){
         printf("ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"ERROR %d: Model should be at minimum 'model=1+age.' %s\n",num_filled, line);
         model[0]='\0';
         goto end;
       }
       else{
         if (model[0]=='+'){
           for(i=1; i<=strlen(model);i++)
             modeltemp[i-1]=model[i];
           strcpy(model,modeltemp); 
         }
       }
       /* printf(" model=1+age%s modeltemp= %s, model=%s\n",model, modeltemp, model);fflush(stdout); */
       printf("model=1+age+%s\n",model);fflush(stdout);
     }
     /* fscanf(ficpar,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%lf stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d model=1+age+%s\n",title, datafile, &lastobs, &firstpass,&lastpass,&ftol, &stepm, &ncovcol, &nlstate,&ndeath, &maxwav, &mle, &weightopt,model); */
     /* numlinepar=numlinepar+3; /\* In general *\/ */
     /* printf("title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate,ndeath, maxwav, mle, weightopt,model); */
     fprintf(ficparo,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fprintf(ficlog,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle=%d weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol,stepm,ncovcol,nlstate,ndeath,maxwav, mle, weightopt,model);
     fflush(ficlog);
     /* if(model[0]=='#'|| model[0]== '\0'){ */
     if(model[0]=='#'){
       printf("Error in 'model' line: model should start with 'model=1+age+' and end with '.' \n \
    'model=1+age+.' or 'model=1+age+V1.' or 'model=1+age+age*age+V1+V1*age.' or \n \
    'model=1+age+V1+V2.' or 'model=1+age+V1+V2+V1*V2.' etc. \n");          \
       if(mle != -1){
         printf("Fix the model line and run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n");
         exit(1);
       }
     }
     while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
       numlinepar++;
       if(line[1]=='q'){ /* This #q will quit imach (the answer is q) */
         z[0]=line[1];
       }
       /* printf("****line [1] = %c \n",line[1]); */
       fputs(line, stdout);
       //puts(line);
       fputs(line,ficparo);
       fputs(line,ficlog);
     }
     ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
      
     covar=matrix(0,NCOVMAX,1,n);  /**< used in readdata */
     cptcovn=0; /*Number of covariates, i.e. number of '+' in model statement plus one, indepently of n in Vn*/
     /* v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes cptcovn = 5
        v1+v2*age+v2*v3 makes cptcovn = 3
     */
     if (strlen(model)>1) 
       ncovmodel=2+nbocc(model,'+')+1; /*Number of variables including intercept and age = cptcovn + intercept + age : v1+v2+v3+v2*v4+v5*age makes 5+2=7,age*age makes 3*/
     else
       ncovmodel=2; /* Constant and age */
     nforce= (nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate; /* Number of forces ij from state i to j */
     npar= nforce*ncovmodel; /* Number of parameters like aij*/
     if(npar >MAXPARM || nlstate >NLSTATEMAX || ndeath >NDEATHMAX || ncovmodel>NCOVMAX){
       printf("Too complex model for current IMaCh: npar=(nlstate+ndeath-1)*nlstate*ncovmodel=%d >= %d(MAXPARM) or nlstate=%d >= %d(NLSTATEMAX) or ndeath=%d >= %d(NDEATHMAX) or ncovmodel=(k+age+#of+signs)=%d(NCOVMAX) >= %d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Too complex model for current IMaCh: %d >=%d(MAXPARM) or %d >=%d(NLSTATEMAX) or %d >=%d(NDEATHMAX) or %d(NCOVMAX) >=%d\n",npar, MAXPARM, nlstate, NLSTATEMAX, ndeath, NDEATHMAX, ncovmodel, NCOVMAX);
       fflush(stdout);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
     }
     delti3= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
     delti=delti3[1][1];
     /*delti=vector(1,npar); *//* Scale of each paramater (output from hesscov)*/
     if(mle==-1){ /* Print a wizard for help writing covariance matrix */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-1, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       fclose (ficparo);
       fclose (ficlog);
       goto end;
       exit(0);
     }
     else if(mle==-3) { /* Main Wizard */
       prwizard(ncovmodel, nlstate, ndeath, model, ficparo);
       printf(" You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       fprintf(ficlog," You chose mle=-3, look at file %s for a template of covariance matrix \n",filereso);
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
     }
     else{
       /* Read guessed parameters */
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       param= ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         j=0;
         for(jj=1; jj <=nlstate+ndeath; jj++){
           if(jj==i) continue;
           j++;
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ((i1 != i) || (j1 != jj)){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n \
   It might be a problem of design; if ncovcol and the model are correct\n \
   run imach with mle=-1 to get a correct template of the parameter file.\n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d",i,jj);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,jj);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar," %lf",&param[i][j][k]);
             if(mle==1){
               printf(" %lf",param[i][j][k]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             }
             else
               fprintf(ficlog," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %lf",param[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           if(mle==1)
             printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
         }
       }  
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads scales values */
       p=param[1][1];
       
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
   
       for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath-1; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d",&i1,&j1);
           if ( (i1-i) * (j1-j) != 0){
             printf("Error in line parameters number %d, %1d%1d instead of %1d%1d \n",numlinepar, i,j, i1, j1);
             exit(1);
           }
           printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
           fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i1,j1);
           for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
             fscanf(ficpar,"%le",&delti3[i][j][k]);
             printf(" %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficparo," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
             fprintf(ficlog," %le",delti3[i][j][k]);
           }
           fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
           numlinepar++;
           printf("\n");
           fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         }
       }
       fflush(ficlog);
   
       /* Reads covariance matrix */
       delti=delti3[1][1];
   
   
       /* free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1,nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); */ /* Hasn't to to freed here otherwise delti is no more allocated */
     
       /* Reads comments: lines beginning with '#' */
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
     
       matcov=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       hess=matrix(1,npar,1,npar);
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=1; j <=npar; j++) matcov[i][j]=0.;
         
       /* Scans npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++){
         count=fscanf(ficpar,"%1d%1d%1d",&i1,&j1,&jk);
         if(count != 3){
           printf("Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Error! Error in parameter file %s at line %d after line starting with %1d%1d%1d\n\
   This is probably because your covariance matrix doesn't \n  contain exactly %d lines corresponding to your model line '1+age+%s'.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",optionfile,numlinepar, i1,j1,jk, npar, model);
           exit(1);
         }else
           if(mle==1)
             printf("%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         fprintf(ficparo,"%1d%1d%1d",i1,j1,jk);
         for(j=1; j <=i; j++){
           fscanf(ficpar," %le",&matcov[i][j]);
           if(mle==1){
             printf(" %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           }
           fprintf(ficlog," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficparo," %.5le",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         fscanf(ficpar,"\n");
         numlinepar++;
         if(mle==1)
           printf("\n");
         fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
         fprintf(ficparo,"\n");
       }
       /* End of read covariance matrix npar lines */
       for(i=1; i <=npar; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=npar;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       if(mle==1)
         printf("\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       
       /*-------- Rewriting parameter file ----------*/
       strcpy(rfileres,"r");    /* "Rparameterfile */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilefiname);    /* Parameter file first name*/
       strcat(rfileres,".");    /* */
       strcat(rfileres,optionfilext);    /* Other files have txt extension */
       if((ficres =fopen(rfileres,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem writing new parameter file: %s\n", rfileres);goto end;
       }
       fprintf(ficres,"#%s\n",version);
     }    /* End of mle != -3 */
     
     /*  Main data
      */
     n= lastobs;
     num=lvector(1,n);
     moisnais=vector(1,n);
     annais=vector(1,n);
     moisdc=vector(1,n);
     andc=vector(1,n);
     agedc=vector(1,n);
     cod=ivector(1,n);
     weight=vector(1,n);
     for(i=1;i<=n;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* Equal weights, 1 by default */
     mint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     anint=matrix(1,maxwav,1,n);
     s=imatrix(1,maxwav+1,1,n); /* s[i][j] health state for wave i and individual j */ 
     tab=ivector(1,NCOVMAX);
     ncodemax=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
     ncodemaxwundef=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Number of code per covariate; if - 1 O and 1 only, 2**ncov; V1+V2+V3+V4=>16 */
   
     /* Reads data from file datafile */
     if (readdata(datafile, firstobs, lastobs, &imx)==1)
       goto end;
   
     /* Calculation of the number of parameters from char model */
       /*    modelsav=V2+V1+V4+age*V3 strb=age*V3 stra=V2+V1+V4 
           k=4 (age*V3) Tvar[k=4]= 3 (from V3) Tag[cptcovage=1]=4
           k=3 V4 Tvar[k=3]= 4 (from V4)
           k=2 V1 Tvar[k=2]= 1 (from V1)
           k=1 Tvar[1]=2 (from V2)
       */
     Tvar=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Was 15 changed to NCOVMAX. */
     /*  V2+V1+V4+age*V3 is a model with 4 covariates (3 plus signs). 
         For each model-covariate stores the data-covariate id. Tvar[1]=2, Tvar[2]=1, Tvar[3]=4, 
         Tvar[4=age*V3] is 3 and 'age' is recorded in Tage.
     */
     /* For model-covariate k tells which data-covariate to use but
       because this model-covariate is a construction we invent a new column
       ncovcol + k1
       If already ncovcol=4 and model=V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
       Tvar[3=V1*V4]=4+1 etc */
     Tprod=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the position of a product */
     /* Tprod[k1=1]=3(=V1*V4) for V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3
        if  V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2   TProd[k1=2]=5 (V3*V2)
     */
     Tvaraff=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Unclear */
     Tvard=imatrix(1,NCOVMAX,1,2); /* n=Tvard[k1][1]  and m=Tvard[k1][2] gives the couple n,m of the k1 th product Vn*Vm
                               * For V3*V2 (in V2+V1+V1*V4+age*V3+V3*V2), V3*V2 position is 2nd. 
                               * Tvard[k1=2][1]=3 (V3) Tvard[k1=2][2]=2(V2) */
     Tage=ivector(1,NCOVMAX); /* Gives the covariate id of covariates associated with age: V2 + V1 + age*V4 + V3*age
                            4 covariates (3 plus signs)
                            Tage[1=V3*age]= 4; Tage[2=age*V4] = 3
                         */  
   
   /* Main decodemodel */
   
   
     if(decodemodel(model, lastobs) == 1)
       goto end;
   
     if((double)(lastobs-imx)/(double)imx > 1.10){
       nbwarn++;
       printf("Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
       fprintf(ficlog,"Warning: The value of parameter lastobs=%d is big compared to the \n  effective number of cases imx=%d, please adjust, \n  otherwise you are allocating more memory than necessary.\n",lastobs, imx); 
     }
       /*  if(mle==1){*/
     if (weightopt != 1) { /* Maximisation without weights. We can have weights different from 1 but want no weight*/
       for(i=1;i<=imx;i++) weight[i]=1.0; /* changed to imx */
     }
   
       /*-calculation of age at interview from date of interview and age at death -*/
     agev=matrix(1,maxwav,1,imx);
   
     if(calandcheckages(imx, maxwav, &agemin, &agemax, &nberr, &nbwarn) == 1)
       goto end;
   
   
     agegomp=(int)agemin;
     free_vector(moisnais,1,n);
     free_vector(annais,1,n);
     /* free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
        free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n);*/
     /* free_vector(moisdc,1,n); */
     /* free_vector(andc,1,n); */
     /* */
     
     wav=ivector(1,imx);
     /* dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
     /* bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
     /* mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+1,1,imx); */
     dh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); /* We are adding a wave if status is unknown at last wave but death occurs after last wave.*/
     bh=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
     mw=imatrix(1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
      
     /* Concatenates waves */
     /* Concatenates waves: wav[i] is the number of effective (useful waves) of individual i.
        Death is a valid wave (if date is known).
        mw[mi][i] is the number of (mi=1 to wav[i]) effective wave out of mi of individual i
        dh[m][i] or dh[mw[mi][i]][i] is the delay between two effective waves m=mw[mi][i]
        and mw[mi+1][i]. dh depends on stepm.
     */
   
     concatwav(wav, dh, bh, mw, s, agedc, agev,  firstpass, lastpass, imx, nlstate, stepm);
     /* */
    
     free_vector(moisdc,1,n);
     free_vector(andc,1,n);
   
     /* Routine tricode is to calculate cptcoveff (real number of unique covariates) and to associate covariable number and modality */
   
     nbcode=imatrix(0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX); 
     ncodemax[1]=1;
     Ndum =ivector(-1,NCOVMAX);  
     if (ncovmodel-nagesqr > 2 ) /* That is if covariate other than cst, age and age*age */
       tricode(Tvar,nbcode,imx, Ndum); /**< Fills nbcode[Tvar[j]][l]; */
     /* Nbcode gives the value of the lth modality (currently 1 to 2) of jth covariate, in
        V2+V1*age, there are 3 covariates Tvar[2]=1 (V1).*/
     /* 1 to ncodemax[j] which is the maximum value of this jth covariate */
   
     /*  codtab=imatrix(1,100,1,10);*/ /* codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) */
     /*printf(" codtab[1,1],codtab[100,10]=%d,%d\n", codtab[1][1],codtabm(100,10));*/
     /* codtab gives the value 1 or 2 of the hth combination of k covariates (1 or 2).*/
     /* nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(h,j)]) : if there are only 2 modalities for a covariate j, 
      * codtabm(h,j) gives its value classified at position h and nbcode gives how it is coded 
      * (currently 0 or 1) in the data.
      * In a loop on h=1 to 2**k, and a loop on j (=1 to k), we get the value of 
      * corresponding modality (h,j).
      */
   
     h=0;
   
   
     /*if (cptcovn > 0) */
         
    
     m=pow(2,cptcoveff);
    
             /**< codtab(h,k)  k   = codtab[h,k]=( (h-1) - mod(k-1,2**(k-1) )/2**(k-1) + 1
              * For k=4 covariates, h goes from 1 to m=2**k
              * codtabm(h,k)=  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1)) + 1;
              * #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
              *     h\k   1     2     3     4
              *______________________________  
              *     1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1 i=1 1
              *     2     2     1     1     1
              *     3 i=2 1     2     1     1
              *     4     2     2     1     1
              *     5 i=3 1 i=2 1     2     1
              *     6     2     1     2     1
              *     7 i=4 1     2     2     1
              *     8     2     2     2     1
              *     9 i=5 1 i=3 1 i=2 1     2
              *    10     2     1     1     2
              *    11 i=6 1     2     1     2
              *    12     2     2     1     2
              *    13 i=7 1 i=4 1     2     2    
              *    14     2     1     2     2
              *    15 i=8 1     2     2     2
              *    16     2     2     2     2
              */
     /* How to do the opposite? From combination h (=1 to 2**k) how to get the value on the covariates? */
        /* from h=5 and m, we get then number of covariates k=log(m)/log(2)=4
        * and the value of each covariate?
        * V1=1, V2=1, V3=2, V4=1 ?
        * h-1=4 and 4 is 0100 or reverse 0010, and +1 is 1121 ok.
        * h=6, 6-1=5, 5 is 0101, 1010, 2121, V1=2nd, V2=1st, V3=2nd, V4=1st.
        * In order to get the real value in the data, we use nbcode
        * nbcode[Tvar[3][2nd]]=1 and nbcode[Tvar[4][1]]=0
        * We are keeping this crazy system in order to be able (in the future?) 
        * to have more than 2 values (0 or 1) for a covariate.
        * #define codtabm(h,k)  (1 & (h-1) >> (k-1))+1
        * h=6, k=2? h-1=5=0101, reverse 1010, +1=2121, k=2nd position: value is 1: codtabm(6,2)=1
        *              bbbbbbbb
        *              76543210     
        *   h-1        00000101 (6-1=5)
        *(h-1)>>(k-1)= 00000010 >> (2-1) = 1 right shift
        *           &
        *     1        00000001 (1)
        *              00000000        = 1 & ((h-1) >> (k-1))
        *          +1= 00000001 =1 
        *
        * h=14, k=3 => h'=h-1=13, k'=k-1=2
        *          h'      1101 =2^3+2^2+0x2^1+2^0
        *    >>k'            11
        *          &   00000001
        *            = 00000001
        *      +1    = 00000010=2    =  codtabm(14,3)   
        * Reverse h=6 and m=16?
        * cptcoveff=log(16)/log(2)=4 covariate: 6-1=5=0101 reversed=1010 +1=2121 =>V1=2, V2=1, V3=2, V4=1.
        * for (j=1 to cptcoveff) Vj=decodtabm(j,h,cptcoveff)
        * decodtabm(h,j,cptcoveff)= (((h-1) >> (j-1)) & 1) +1 
        * decodtabm(h,j,cptcoveff)= (h <= (1<<cptcoveff)?(((h-1) >> (j-1)) & 1) +1 : -1)
        * V3=decodtabm(14,3,2**4)=2
        *          h'=13   1101 =2^3+2^2+0x2^1+2^0
        *(h-1) >> (j-1)    0011 =13 >> 2
        *          &1 000000001
        *           = 000000001
        *         +1= 000000010 =2
        *                  2211
        *                  V1=1+1, V2=0+1, V3=1+1, V4=1+1
        *                  V3=2
        */
   
     /* /\* for(h=1; h <=100 ;h++){  *\/ */
     /*   /\* printf("h=%2d ", h); *\/ */
     /*    /\* for(k=1; k <=10; k++){ *\/ */
     /*      /\* printf("k=%d %d ",k,codtabm(h,k)); *\/ */
     /*    /\*   codtab[h][k]=codtabm(h,k); *\/ */
     /*    /\* } *\/ */
     /*    /\* printf("\n"); *\/ */
     /* } */
     /* for(k=1;k<=cptcoveff; k++){ /\* scans any effective covariate *\/ */
     /*   for(i=1; i <=pow(2,cptcoveff-k);i++){ /\* i=1 to 8/1=8; i=1 to 8/2=4; i=1 to 8/8=1 *\/  */
     /*     for(j=1; j <= ncodemax[k]; j++){ /\* For each modality of this covariate ncodemax=2*\/ */
     /*    for(cpt=1; cpt <=pow(2,k-1); cpt++){  /\* cpt=1 to 8/2**(3+1-1 or 3+1-3) =1 or 4 *\/  */
     /*      h++; */
     /*      if (h>m)  */
     /*        h=1; */
     /*      codtab[h][k]=j; */
     /*      /\* codtab[12][3]=1; *\/ */
     /*      /\*codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=j;*\/ */
     /*      /\* printf("h=%d k=%d j=%d codtab[h][k]=%d Tvar[k]=%d codtab[h][Tvar[k]]=%d \n",h, k,j,codtab[h][k],Tvar[k],codtab[h][Tvar[k]]); *\/ */
     /*    }  */
     /*     } */
     /*   } */
     /* }  */
     /* printf("codtab[1][2]=%d codtab[2][2]=%d",codtab[1][2],codtab[2][2]); 
        codtab[1][2]=1;codtab[2][2]=2; */
     /* for(i=1; i <=m ;i++){  */
     /*    for(k=1; k <=cptcovn; k++){ */
     /*      printf("i=%d k=%d %d %d ",i,k,codtab[i][k], cptcoveff); */
     /*    } */
     /*    printf("\n"); */
     /* } */
     /*   scanf("%d",i);*/
   
    free_ivector(Ndum,-1,NCOVMAX);
   
   
       
     /* Initialisation of ----------- gnuplot -------------*/
     strcpy(optionfilegnuplot,optionfilefiname);
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilegnuplot,"-MORT_");
     strcat(optionfilegnuplot,".gp");
   
     if((ficgp=fopen(optionfilegnuplot,"w"))==NULL) {
       printf("Problem with file %s",optionfilegnuplot);
     }
     else{
       fprintf(ficgp,"\n# IMaCh-%s\n", version); 
       fprintf(ficgp,"# %s\n", optionfilegnuplot); 
       //fprintf(ficgp,"set missing 'NaNq'\n");
       fprintf(ficgp,"set datafile missing 'NaNq'\n");
     }
     /*  fclose(ficgp);*/
   
   
     /* Initialisation of --------- index.htm --------*/
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtm,optionfilefiname); /* Main html file */
     if(mle==-3)
       strcat(optionfilehtm,"-MORT_");
     strcat(optionfilehtm,".htm");
     if((fichtm=fopen(optionfilehtm,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtm);
       exit(0);
     }
   
     strcpy(optionfilehtmcov,optionfilefiname); /* Only for matrix of covariance */
     strcat(optionfilehtmcov,"-cov.htm");
     if((fichtmcov=fopen(optionfilehtmcov,"w"))==NULL)    {
       printf("Problem with %s \n",optionfilehtmcov), exit(0);
     }
     else{
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<html><head>\n<title>IMaCh Cov %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"2\">%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n",\
             optionfilehtmcov,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model);
     }
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"<html><head>\n<head>\n<meta charset=\"utf-8\"/><meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n<title>IMaCh %s</title></head>\n <body><font size=\"7\"><a href=http:/euroreves.ined.fr/imach>IMaCh for Interpolated Markov Chain</a> </font><br>\n<font size=\"3\">Sponsored by Copyright (C)  2002-2015 <a href=http://www.ined.fr>INED</a>-EUROREVES-Institut de longévité-2013-2016-Japan Society for the Promotion of Sciences 日本学術振興会 (<a href=https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/e-grants/>Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research 25293121</a>) - <a href=https://software.intel.com/en-us>Intel Software 2015-2018</a></font><br>  \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   <font size=\"2\">IMaCh-%s <br> %s</font> \
   <hr size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\"> \n\
   Title=%s <br>Datafile=%s Firstpass=%d Lastpass=%d Stepm=%d Weight=%d Model=1+age+%s<br>\n\
   \n\
   <hr  size=\"2\" color=\"#EC5E5E\">\
    <ul><li><h4>Parameter files</h4>\n\
    - Parameter file: <a href=\"%s.%s\">%s.%s</a><br>\n\
    - Copy of the parameter file: <a href=\"o%s\">o%s</a><br>\n\
    - Log file of the run: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Gnuplot file name: <a href=\"%s\">%s</a><br>\n\
    - Date and time at start: %s</ul>\n",\
             optionfilehtm,version,fullversion,title,datafile,firstpass,lastpass,stepm, weightopt, model,\
             optionfilefiname,optionfilext,optionfilefiname,optionfilext,\
             fileres,fileres,\
             filelog,filelog,optionfilegnuplot,optionfilegnuplot,strstart);
     fflush(fichtm);
   
     strcpy(pathr,path);
     strcat(pathr,optionfilefiname);
   #ifdef WIN32
     _chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #else
     chdir(optionfilefiname); /* Move to directory named optionfile */
   #endif
             
     
     /* Calculates basic frequencies. Computes observed prevalence at single age
        and prints on file fileres'p'. */
     freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint,strstart,\
                 firstpass, lastpass,  stepm,  weightopt, model);
   
     fprintf(fichtm,"\n");
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Total number of observations=%d <br>\n\
   Youngest age at first (selected) pass %.2f, oldest age %.2f<br>\n\
   Interval (in months) between two waves: Min=%d Max=%d Mean=%.2lf<br>\n",\
             imx,agemin,agemax,jmin,jmax,jmean);
     pmmij= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       newms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       savms= matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath); /* creation */
       oldm=oldms; newm=newms; savm=savms; /* Keeps fixed addresses to free */
   
     /* For Powell, parameters are in a vector p[] starting at p[1]
        so we point p on param[1][1] so that p[1] maps on param[1][1][1] */
     p=param[1][1]; /* *(*(*(param +1)+1)+0) */
   
     globpr=0; /* To get the number ipmx of contributions and the sum of weights*/
     /* For mortality only */
     if (mle==-3){
       ximort=matrix(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); 
       /*     ximort=gsl_matrix_alloc(1,NDIM,1,NDIM); */
       cens=ivector(1,n);
       ageexmed=vector(1,n);
       agecens=vector(1,n);
       dcwave=ivector(1,n);
    
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++){
         dcwave[i]=-1;
         for (m=firstpass; m<=lastpass; m++)
                                   if (s[m][i]>nlstate) {
                                           dcwave[i]=m;
                                           /*      printf("i=%d j=%d s=%d dcwave=%d\n",i,j, s[j][i],dcwave[i]);*/
                                           break;
                                   }
       }
                   
       for (i=1; i<=imx; i++) {
         if (wav[i]>0){
                                   ageexmed[i]=agev[mw[1][i]][i];
                                   j=wav[i];
                                   agecens[i]=1.; 
                                   
                                   if (ageexmed[i]> 1 && wav[i] > 0){
                                           agecens[i]=agev[mw[j][i]][i];
                                           cens[i]= 1;
                                   }else if (ageexmed[i]< 1) 
                                           cens[i]= -1;
                                   if (agedc[i]< AGESUP && agedc[i]>1 && dcwave[i]>firstpass && dcwave[i]<=lastpass)
                                           cens[i]=0 ;
         }
         else cens[i]=-1;
       }
       
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         for (j=1;j<=NDIM;j++)
                                   ximort[i][j]=(i == j ? 1.0 : 0.0);
       }
       
       /*p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083;*/
       /*printf("%lf %lf", p[1], p[2]);*/
       
       
   #ifdef GSL
       printf("GSL optimization\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #else
       printf("Powell\n");  fprintf(ficlog,"Powell\n");
   #endif
       strcpy(filerespow,"POW-MORT_"); 
       strcat(filerespow,fileresu);
       if((ficrespow=fopen(filerespow,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with resultfile: %s\n", filerespow);
       }
   #ifdef GSL
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# GSL optimization\n# iter -2*LL");
   #else
       fprintf(ficrespow,"# Powell\n# iter -2*LL");
   #endif
       /*  for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++)
           for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++)
           if(j!=i)fprintf(ficrespow," p%1d%1d",i,j);
       */
       fprintf(ficrespow,"\n");
   #ifdef GSL
       /* gsl starts here */ 
       T = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_nmsimplex;
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer *sfm = NULL;
       gsl_vector *ss, *x;
       gsl_multimin_function minex_func;
   
       /* Initial vertex size vector */
       ss = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (ss == NULL){
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for ss", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
       /* Set all step sizes to 1 */
       gsl_vector_set_all (ss, 0.001);
   
       /* Starting point */
       
       x = gsl_vector_alloc (NDIM);
       
       if (x == NULL){
         gsl_vector_free(ss);
         GSL_ERROR_VAL ("failed to allocate space for x", GSL_ENOMEM, 0);
       }
     
       /* Initialize method and iterate */
       /*     p[1]=0.0268; p[NDIM]=0.083; */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 0, 0.0268); */
       /*     gsl_vector_set(x, 1, 0.083); */
       gsl_vector_set(x, 0, p[1]);
       gsl_vector_set(x, 1, p[2]);
   
       minex_func.f = &gompertz_f;
       minex_func.n = NDIM;
       minex_func.params = (void *)&p; /* ??? */
       
       sfm = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_alloc (T, NDIM);
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_set (sfm, &minex_func, x, ss);
       
       printf("Iterations beginning .....\n\n");
       printf("Iter. #    Intercept       Slope     -Log Likelihood     Simplex size\n");
   
       iteri=0;
       while (rval == GSL_CONTINUE){
         iteri++;
         status = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_iterate(sfm);
         
         if (status) printf("error: %s\n", gsl_strerror (status));
         fflush(0);
         
         if (status) 
           break;
         
         rval = gsl_multimin_test_size (gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm), 1e-6);
         ssval = gsl_multimin_fminimizer_size (sfm);
         
         if (rval == GSL_SUCCESS)
           printf ("converged to a local maximum at\n");
         
         printf("%5d ", iteri);
         for (it = 0; it < NDIM; it++){
           printf ("%10.5f ", gsl_vector_get (sfm->x, it));
         }
         printf("f() = %-10.5f ssize = %.7f\n", sfm->fval, ssval);
       }
       
       printf("\n\n Please note: Program should be run many times with varying starting points to detemine global maximum\n\n");
       
       gsl_vector_free(x); /* initial values */
       gsl_vector_free(ss); /* inital step size */
       for (it=0; it<NDIM; it++){
         p[it+1]=gsl_vector_get(sfm->x,it);
         fprintf(ficrespow," %.12lf", p[it]);
       }
       gsl_multimin_fminimizer_free (sfm); /* p *(sfm.x.data) et p *(sfm.x.data+1)  */
   #endif
   #ifdef POWELL
        powell(p,ximort,NDIM,ftol,&iter,&fret,gompertz);
   #endif  
       fclose(ficrespow);
       
       hesscov(matcov, hess, p, NDIM, delti, 1e-4, gompertz); 
   
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++)
         for(j=i+1;j<=NDIM;j++)
           matcov[i][j]=matcov[j][i];
       
       printf("\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       fprintf(ficlog,"\nCovariance matrix\n ");
       for(i=1; i <=NDIM; i++) {
         for(j=1;j<=NDIM;j++){ 
           printf("%f ",matcov[i][j]);
           fprintf(ficlog,"%f ",matcov[i][j]);
         }
         printf("\n ");  fprintf(ficlog,"\n ");
       }
       
       printf("iter=%d MLE=%f Eq=%lf*exp(%lf*(age-%d))\n",iter,-gompertz(p),p[1],p[2],agegomp);
       for (i=1;i<=NDIM;i++) {
         printf("%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
         fprintf(ficlog,"%f [%f ; %f]\n",p[i],p[i]-2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]),p[i]+2*sqrt(matcov[i][i]));
       }
       lsurv=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       tpop=vector(1,AGESUP);
       lsurv[agegomp]=100000;
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<=AGESUP;k++) {
         agemortsup=k;
         if (p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp))>1) break;
       }
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++)
         lsurv[k+1]=lsurv[k]-lsurv[k]*(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)));
       
       for (k=agegomp;k<agemortsup;k++){
         lpop[k]=(lsurv[k]+lsurv[k+1])/2.;
         sumlpop=sumlpop+lpop[k];
       }
       
       tpop[agegomp]=sumlpop;
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-3);k++){
         /*  tpop[k+1]=2;*/
         tpop[k+1]=tpop[k]-lpop[k];
       }
       
       
       printf("\nAge   lx     qx    dx    Lx     Tx     e(x)\n");
       for (k=agegomp;k<(agemortsup-2);k++) 
         printf("%d %.0lf %lf %.0lf %.0lf %.0lf %lf\n",k,lsurv[k],p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)),(p[1]*exp(p[2]*(k-agegomp)))*lsurv[k],lpop[k],tpop[k],tpop[k]/lsurv[k]);
       
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == AGEOVERFLOW){
           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else
         printinggnuplotmort(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, pathc,p);
       printinghtmlmort(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, \
                        stepm, weightopt,\
                        model,imx,p,matcov,agemortsup);
       
       free_vector(lsurv,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(lpop,1,AGESUP);
       free_vector(tpop,1,AGESUP);
   #ifdef GSL
       free_ivector(cens,1,n);
       free_vector(agecens,1,n);
       free_ivector(dcwave,1,n);
       free_matrix(ximort,1,NDIM,1,NDIM);
   #endif
     } /* Endof if mle==-3 mortality only */
     /* Standard  */
     else{ /* For mle !=- 3, could be 0 or 1 or 4 etc. */
       globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
       /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("First Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       if(mle>=1){ /* Could be 1 or 2, Real Maximization */
         /* mlikeli uses func not funcone */
         mlikeli(ficres,p, npar, ncovmodel, nlstate, ftol, func);
       }
       if(mle==0) {/* No optimization, will print the likelihoods for the datafile */
         globpr=0;/* Computes sum of likelihood for globpr=1 and funcone */
         /* Computes likelihood for initial parameters, uses funcone to compute gpimx and gsw */
         likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       }
       globpr=1; /* again, to print the individual contributions using computed gpimx and gsw */
       likelione(ficres, p, npar, nlstate, &globpr, &ipmx, &sw, &fretone, funcone); /* Prints the contributions to the likelihood */
       printf("Second Likeli=%12.6f ipmx=%ld sw=%12.6f",fretone,ipmx,sw);
       for (k=1; k<=npar;k++)
         printf(" %d %8.5f",k,p[k]);
       printf("\n");
       
       /*--------- results files --------------*/
       fprintf(ficres,"title=%s datafile=%s lastobs=%d firstpass=%d lastpass=%d\nftol=%e stepm=%d ncovcol=%d nlstate=%d ndeath=%d maxwav=%d mle= 0 weight=%d\nmodel=1+age+%s.\n", title, datafile, lastobs, firstpass,lastpass,ftol, stepm, ncovcol, nlstate, ndeath, maxwav, weightopt,model);
       
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       printf("# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Parameters nlstate*nlstate*ncov a12*1 + b12 * age + ...\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
           if (k != i) {
             printf("%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d ",i,k);
             for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
               printf("%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres,"%12.7f ",p[jk]);
               jk++; 
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       if(mle != 0){
         /* Computing hessian and covariance matrix only at a peak of the Likelihood, that is after optimization */
         ftolhess=ftol; /* Usually correct */
         hesscov(matcov, hess, p, npar, delti, ftolhess, func);
         printf("Parameters and 95%% confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W .\n But be careful that parameters are highly correlated because incidence of disability is highly correlated to incidence of recovery.\n It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
         fprintf(ficlog, "Parameters, Wald tests and Wald-based confidence intervals\n W is simply the result of the division of the parameter by the square root of covariance of the parameter.\n And Wald-based confidence intervals plus and minus 1.96 * W \n  It might be better to visualize the covariance matrix. See the page 'Matrix of variance-covariance of one-step probabilities' and its graphs.\n");
         for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(k=1; k <=(nlstate+ndeath); k++){
             if (k != i) {
               printf("%d%d ",i,k);
               fprintf(ficlog,"%d%d ",i,k);
               for(j=1; j <=ncovmodel; j++){
                 printf("%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%12.7f W=%8.3f CI=[%12.7f ; %12.7f] ",p[jk], p[jk]/sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]), p[jk]-1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]),p[jk]+1.96*sqrt(matcov[jk][jk]));
                 jk++; 
               }
               printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             }
           }
         }
       } /* end of hesscov and Wald tests */
   
       /*  */
       fprintf(ficres,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       printf("# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Scales (for hessian or gradient estimation)\n");
       for(i=1,jk=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
         for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
           if (j!=i) {
             fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             printf("%1d%1d",i,j);
             fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d",i,j);
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               printf(" %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               fprintf(ficres," %.5e",delti[jk]);
               jk++;
             }
             printf("\n");
             fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
             fprintf(ficres,"\n");
           }
         }
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       if(mle >= 1) /* To big for the screen */
         printf("# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"# Covariance matrix \n# 121 Var(a12)\n# 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n#   ...\n# 232 Cov(b23,a12)  Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n");
       /* # 121 Var(a12)\n\ */
       /* # 122 Cov(b12,a12) Var(b12)\n\ */
       /* # 131 Cov(a13,a12) Cov(a13,b12, Var(a13)\n\ */
       /* # 132 Cov(b13,a12) Cov(b13,b12, Cov(b13,a13) Var(b13)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(a21,a12) Cov(a21,b12, Cov(a21,a13) Cov(a21,b13) Var(a21)\n\ */
       /* # 212 Cov(b21,a12) Cov(b21,b12, Cov(b21,a13) Cov(b21,b13) Cov(b21,a21) Var(b21)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(a23,a12) Cov(a23,b12, Cov(a23,a13) Cov(a23,b13) Cov(a23,a21) Cov(a23,b21) Var(a23)\n\ */
       /* # 232 Cov(b23,a12) Cov(b23,b12) ... Var (b23)\n" */
       
       
       /* Just to have a covariance matrix which will be more understandable
          even is we still don't want to manage dictionary of variables
       */
       for(itimes=1;itimes<=2;itimes++){
         jj=0;
         for(i=1; i <=nlstate; i++){
           for(j=1; j <=nlstate+ndeath; j++){
             if(j==i) continue;
             for(k=1; k<=ncovmodel;k++){
               jj++;
               ca[0]= k+'a'-1;ca[1]='\0';
               if(itimes==1){
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"#%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }else{
                 if(mle>=1)
                   printf("%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficlog,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
                 fprintf(ficres,"%1d%1d%d",i,j,k);
               }
               ll=0;
               for(li=1;li <=nlstate; li++){
                 for(lj=1;lj <=nlstate+ndeath; lj++){
                   if(lj==li) continue;
                   for(lk=1;lk<=ncovmodel;lk++){
                     ll++;
                     if(ll<=jj){
                       cb[0]= lk +'a'-1;cb[1]='\0';
                       if(ll<jj){
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                           fprintf(ficres," Cov(%s%1d%1d,%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j,cb, li,lj);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.5e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }else{
                         if(itimes==1){
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficlog," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                           fprintf(ficres," Var(%s%1d%1d)",ca,i,j);
                         }else{
                           if(mle>=1)
                             printf(" %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficlog," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                           fprintf(ficres," %.7e",matcov[jj][ll]); 
                         }
                       }
                     }
                   } /* end lk */
                 } /* end lj */
               } /* end li */
               if(mle>=1)
                 printf("\n");
               fprintf(ficlog,"\n");
               fprintf(ficres,"\n");
               numlinepar++;
             } /* end k*/
           } /*end j */
         } /* end i */
       } /* end itimes */
       
       fflush(ficlog);
       fflush(ficres);
         while(fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar)) {
       /* If line starts with a # it is a comment */
       if (line[0] == '#') {
         numlinepar++;
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
         fputs(line,ficlog);
         continue;
       }else
         break;
     }
   
       /* while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){ */
       /*   ungetc(c,ficpar); */
       /*   fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar); */
       /*   fputs(line,stdout); */
       /*   fputs(line,ficparo); */
       /* } */
       /* ungetc(c,ficpar); */
       
       estepm=0;
       if((num_filled=sscanf(line,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm, &ftolpl)) !=EOF){
   
       if (num_filled != 6) {
         printf("Error: Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",line);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Error: Not 6 parameters in line, for example:agemin=60 agemax=95 bage=55 fage=95 estepm=24 ftolpl=6e-4\n, your line=%s . Probably you are running an older format.\n",line);
         goto end;
       }
       printf("agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%lf\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar, bage, fage, estepm, ftolpl);
     }
     /* ftolpl=6*ftol*1.e5; /\* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit *\/ */
     /*ftolpl=6.e-4;*/ /* 6.e-3 make convergences in less than 80 loops for the prevalence limit */
   
       /* fscanf(ficpar,"agemin=%lf agemax=%lf bage=%lf fage=%lf estepm=%d ftolpl=%\n",&ageminpar,&agemaxpar, &bage, &fage, &estepm); */
       if (estepm==0 || estepm < stepm) estepm=stepm;
       if (fage <= 2) {
         bage = ageminpar;
         fage = agemaxpar;
       }
       
       fprintf(ficres,"# agemin agemax for life expectancy, bage fage (if mle==0 ie no data nor Max likelihood).\n");
       fprintf(ficres,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d ftolpl=%e\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm, ftolpl);
       fprintf(ficparo,"agemin=%.0f agemax=%.0f bage=%.0f fage=%.0f estepm=%d, ftolpl=%e\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar,bage,fage, estepm, ftolpl);
   
       /* Other stuffs, more or less useful */    
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"begin-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf end-prev-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mov_average=%d\n",&jprev1, &mprev1,&anprev1,&jprev2, &mprev2,&anprev2,&mobilav);
       fprintf(ficparo,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficres,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       printf("begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       fprintf(ficlog,"begin-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf end-prev-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mov_average=%d\n",jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2,mobilav);
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       
       dateprev1=anprev1+(mprev1-1)/12.+(jprev1-1)/365.;
       dateprev2=anprev2+(mprev2-1)/12.+(jprev2-1)/365.;
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"pop_based=%d\n",&popbased);
       fprintf(ficlog,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);
       fprintf(ficparo,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       fprintf(ficres,"pop_based=%d\n",popbased);   
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-proj-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&prevfcast,&jproj1,&mproj1,&anproj1,&jproj2,&mproj2,&anproj2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       printf("prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"prevforecast=%d starting-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf final-proj-date=%.lf/%.lf/%.lf mobil_average=%d\n",prevfcast,jproj1,mproj1,anproj1,jproj2,mproj2,anproj2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       while((c=getc(ficpar))=='#' && c!= EOF){
         ungetc(c,ficpar);
         fgets(line, MAXLINE, ficpar);
         fputs(line,stdout);
         fputs(line,ficparo);
       }
       ungetc(c,ficpar);
       
       fscanf(ficpar,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",&backcast,&jback1,&mback1,&anback1,&jback2,&mback2,&anback2,&mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficparo,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficlog,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
       fprintf(ficres,"backcast=%d starting-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf final-back-date=%lf/%lf/%lf mobil_average=%d\n",backcast,jback1,mback1,anback1,jback2,mback2,anback2,mobilavproj);
       /* day and month of proj2 are not used but only year anproj2.*/
       
       
        /* freqsummary(fileres, agemin, agemax, s, agev, nlstate, imx,Tvaraff,nbcode, ncodemax,mint,anint); */
       /* ,dateprev1,dateprev2,jprev1, mprev1,anprev1,jprev2, mprev2,anprev2); */
       
       replace_back_to_slash(pathc,pathcd); /* Even gnuplot wants a / */
       if(ageminpar == AGEOVERFLOW ||agemaxpar == -AGEOVERFLOW){
           printf("Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
           fprintf(ficlog,"Warning! Error in gnuplot file with ageminpar %f or agemaxpar %f overflow\n\
   This is probably because your parameter file doesn't \n  contain the exact number of lines (or columns) corresponding to your model line.\n\
   Please run with mle=-1 to get a correct covariance matrix.\n",ageminpar,agemaxpar);
       }else
         printinggnuplot(fileresu, optionfilefiname,ageminpar,agemaxpar,fage, prevfcast, backcast, pathc,p);
       
       printinghtml(fileresu,title,datafile, firstpass, lastpass, stepm, weightopt,\
                    model,imx,jmin,jmax,jmean,rfileres,popforecast,prevfcast,backcast, estepm, \
                    jprev1,mprev1,anprev1,dateprev1,jprev2,mprev2,anprev2,dateprev2);
         
      /*------------ free_vector  -------------*/
      /*  chdir(path); */
    
       /* free_ivector(wav,1,imx); */  /* Moved after last prevalence call */
       /* free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); */
       /* free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx); */
       /* free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);    */
       free_lvector(num,1,n);
       free_vector(agedc,1,n);
       /*free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       /*free_matrix(covar,1,NCOVMAX,1,n);*/
       fclose(ficparo);
       fclose(ficres);
   
   
       /* Other results (useful)*/
   
   
       /*--------------- Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
       /*#include "prevlim.h"*/  /* Use ficrespl, ficlog */
       prlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
       prevalence_limit(p, prlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear);
       fclose(ficrespl);
   
       /*------------- h Pij x at various ages ------------*/
       /*#include "hpijx.h"*/
       hPijx(p, bage, fage);
       fclose(ficrespij);
   
       ncovcombmax=  pow(2,cptcoveff);
       /*-------------- Variance of one-step probabilities---*/
       k=1;
       varprob(optionfilefiname, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, bage, fage,k,Tvar,nbcode, ncodemax,strstart);
   
       /* Prevalence for each covariates in probs[age][status][cov] */
       probs= ma3x(1,AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
       for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
         for(j=1;j<=nlstate+ndeath;j++) /* ndeath is useless but a necessity to be compared with mobaverages */
                                   for(k=1;k<=ncovcombmax;k++)
                                           probs[i][j][k]=0.;
       prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass);
       if (mobilav!=0 ||mobilavproj !=0 ) {
         mobaverages= ma3x(1, AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
                           for(i=1;i<=AGESUP;i++)
                                   for(j=1;j<=nlstate;j++)
                                           for(k=1;k<=ncovcombmax;k++)
                                                   mobaverages[i][j][k]=0.;
         mobaverage=mobaverages;
         if (mobilav!=0) {
                                   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, mobaverage, mobilav)!=0){
                                           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
                                           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilav=%d\n",mobilav);
                                   }
         }
         /* /\* Prevalence for each covariates in probs[age][status][cov] *\/ */
         /* prevalence(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, s, agev, nlstate, imx, Tvar, nbcode, ncodemax, mint, anint, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass); */
         else if (mobilavproj !=0) {
                                   if (movingaverage(probs, ageminpar, agemaxpar, mobaverage, mobilavproj)!=0){
                                           fprintf(ficlog," Error in movingaverage mobilavproj=%d\n",mobilavproj);
                                           printf(" Error in movingaverage mobilavproj=%d\n",mobilavproj);
                                   }
         }
       }/* end if moving average */
                   
       /*---------- Forecasting ------------------*/
       /*if((stepm == 1) && (strcmp(model,".")==0)){*/
       if(prevfcast==1){
         /*    if(stepm ==1){*/
         prevforecast(fileresu, anproj1, mproj1, jproj1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj, bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anproj2, p, cptcoveff);
       }
       if(backcast==1){
         ddnewms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        
         ddoldms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);        
         ddsavms=matrix(1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
   
         /*--------------- Back Prevalence limit  (period or stable prevalence) --------------*/
   
         bprlim=matrix(1,nlstate,1,nlstate);
         back_prevalence_limit(p, bprlim,  ageminpar, agemaxpar, ftolpl, &ncvyear, dateprev1, dateprev2, firstpass, lastpass, mobilavproj);
         fclose(ficresplb);
   
         hBijx(p, bage, fage, mobaverage);
         fclose(ficrespijb);
         free_matrix(bprlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
   
         /* prevbackforecast(fileresu, anback1, mback1, jback1, agemin, agemax, dateprev1, dateprev2, mobilavproj,
            bage, fage, firstpass, lastpass, anback2, p, cptcoveff); */
         free_matrix(ddnewms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
         free_matrix(ddsavms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
         free_matrix(ddoldms, 1, nlstate+ndeath, 1, nlstate+ndeath);
       }
       
    
       /* ------ Other prevalence ratios------------ */
   
       free_ivector(wav,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(dh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(bh,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);
       free_imatrix(mw,1,lastpass-firstpass+2,1,imx);   
                   
                   
       /*---------- Health expectancies, no variances ------------*/
                   
       strcpy(filerese,"E_");
       strcat(filerese,fileresu);
       if((ficreseij=fopen(filerese,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerese); exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' ...", filerese);fflush(ficlog);
                   
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         fprintf(ficreseij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
           fprintf(ficreseij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficreseij,"******\n");
         
         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         evsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, strstart);  
         
         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
       }
       fclose(ficreseij);
       printf("done evsij\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done evsij\n");fflush(ficlog);
                   
       /*---------- Health expectancies and variances ------------*/
                   
                   
       strcpy(filerest,"T_");
       strcat(filerest,fileresu);
       if((ficrest=fopen(filerest,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with total LE resultfile: %s\n", filerest);goto end;
       }
       printf("Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"Computing Total Life expectancies with their standard errors: file '%s' ...\n", filerest); fflush(ficlog);
                   
   
       strcpy(fileresstde,"STDE_");
       strcat(fileresstde,fileresu);
       if((ficresstdeij=fopen(fileresstde,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Health Exp. and std errors resultfile: %s\n", fileresstde); exit(0);
       }
       printf("  Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
       fprintf(ficlog,"  Computing Health Expectancies and standard errors: result on file '%s' \n", fileresstde);
   
       strcpy(filerescve,"CVE_");
       strcat(filerescve,fileresu);
       if((ficrescveij=fopen(filerescve,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with Covar. Health Exp. resultfile: %s\n", filerescve); exit(0);
       }
       printf("    Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
       fprintf(ficlog,"    Computing Covar. of Health Expectancies: result on file '%s' \n", filerescve);
   
       strcpy(fileresv,"V_");
       strcat(fileresv,fileresu);
       if((ficresvij=fopen(fileresv,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
         fprintf(ficlog,"Problem with variance resultfile: %s\n", fileresv);exit(0);
       }
       printf("      Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"      Computing Variance-covariance of DFLEs: file '%s' ... ", fileresv);fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
         fprintf(ficrest,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                                   fprintf(ficrest,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficrest,"******\n");
         
         fprintf(ficresstdeij,"\n#****** ");
         fprintf(ficrescveij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) {
                                   fprintf(ficresstdeij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
                                   fprintf(ficrescveij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         }
         fprintf(ficresstdeij,"******\n");
         fprintf(ficrescveij,"******\n");
         
         fprintf(ficresvij,"\n#****** ");
         for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                                   fprintf(ficresvij,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
         fprintf(ficresvij,"******\n");
         
         eij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
         printf(" cvevsij %d, ",k);
         fprintf(ficlog, " cvevsij %d, ",k);
         cvevsij(eij, p, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int)fage, oldm, savm, k, estepm, delti, matcov, strstart);
         printf(" end cvevsij \n ");
         fprintf(ficlog, " end cvevsij \n ");
         
         /*
          */
         /* goto endfree; */
         
         vareij=ma3x(1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
         pstamp(ficrest);
         
         
         for(vpopbased=0; vpopbased <= popbased; vpopbased++){ /* Done for vpopbased=0 and vpopbased=1 if popbased==1*/
           oldm=oldms;savm=savms; /* ZZ Segmentation fault */
           cptcod= 0; /* To be deleted */
           printf("varevsij %d \n",vpopbased);
           fprintf(ficlog, "varevsij %d \n",vpopbased);
           varevsij(optionfilefiname, vareij, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, estepm, cptcov,cptcod,vpopbased,mobilav, strstart); /* cptcod not initialized Intel */
           fprintf(ficrest,"# Total life expectancy with std error and decomposition into time to be expected in each health state\n#  (weighted average of eij where weights are ");
           if(vpopbased==1)
             fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific prevalence observed (cross-sectionally) in the population i.e cross-sectionally\n in each health state (popbased=1) (mobilav=%d)\n",mobilav);
           else
             fprintf(ficrest,"the age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           fprintf(ficrest,"# Age popbased mobilav e.. (std) ");
           for (i=1;i<=nlstate;i++) fprintf(ficrest,"e.%d (std) ",i);
           fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           /* printf("Which p?\n"); for(i=1;i<=npar;i++)printf("p[i=%d]=%lf,",i,p[i]);printf("\n"); */
           epj=vector(1,nlstate+1);
           printf("Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           fprintf(ficlog,"Computing age specific period (stable) prevalences in each health state \n");
           for(age=bage; age <=fage ;age++){
             prevalim(prlim, nlstate, p, age, oldm, savm, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k); /*ZZ Is it the correct prevalim */
             if (vpopbased==1) {
               if(mobilav ==0){
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=probs[(int)age][i][k];
               }else{ /* mobilav */ 
                 for(i=1; i<=nlstate;i++)
                   prlim[i][i]=mobaverage[(int)age][i][k];
               }
             }
             
             fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav);
             /* fprintf(ficrest," %4.0f %d %d %d %d",age, vpopbased, mobilav,Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]); */ /* to be done */
             /* printf(" age %4.0f ",age); */
             for(j=1, epj[nlstate+1]=0.;j <=nlstate;j++){
               for(i=1, epj[j]=0.;i <=nlstate;i++) {
                 epj[j] += prlim[i][i]*eij[i][j][(int)age];
                 /*ZZZ  printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]);*/
                 /* printf("%lf %lf ", prlim[i][i] ,eij[i][j][(int)age]); */
               }
               epj[nlstate+1] +=epj[j];
             }
             /* printf(" age %4.0f \n",age); */
             
             for(i=1, vepp=0.;i <=nlstate;i++)
               for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++)
                 vepp += vareij[i][j][(int)age];
             fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[nlstate+1],sqrt(vepp));
             for(j=1;j <=nlstate;j++){
               fprintf(ficrest," %7.3f (%7.3f)", epj[j],sqrt(vareij[j][j][(int)age]));
             }
             fprintf(ficrest,"\n");
           }
         } /* End vpopbased */
         free_ma3x(eij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         free_ma3x(vareij,1,nlstate,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         free_vector(epj,1,nlstate+1);
         printf("done \n");fflush(stdout);
         fprintf(ficlog,"done\n");fflush(ficlog);
         
         /*}*/
       } /* End k */
       free_vector(weight,1,n);
       free_imatrix(Tvard,1,NCOVMAX,1,2);
       free_imatrix(s,1,maxwav+1,1,n);
       free_matrix(anint,1,maxwav,1,n); 
       free_matrix(mint,1,maxwav,1,n);
       free_ivector(cod,1,n);
       free_ivector(tab,1,NCOVMAX);
       fclose(ficresstdeij);
       fclose(ficrescveij);
       fclose(ficresvij);
       fclose(ficrest);
       printf("done Health expectancies\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done Health expectancies\n");fflush(ficlog);
       fclose(ficpar);
     
       /*------- Variance of period (stable) prevalence------*/   
   
       strcpy(fileresvpl,"VPL_");
       strcat(fileresvpl,fileresu);
       if((ficresvpl=fopen(fileresvpl,"w"))==NULL) {
         printf("Problem with variance of period (stable) prevalence  resultfile: %s\n", fileresvpl);
         exit(0);
       }
       printf("Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog, "Computing Variance-covariance of period (stable) prevalence: file '%s' ...", fileresvpl);fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*for(cptcov=1,k=0;cptcov<=i1;cptcov++){
         for(cptcod=1;cptcod<=ncodemax[cptcov];cptcod++){*/
             
       for (k=1; k <= (int) pow(2,cptcoveff); k++){
           fprintf(ficresvpl,"\n#****** ");
                           for(j=1;j<=cptcoveff;j++) 
                                   fprintf(ficresvpl,"V%d=%d ",Tvaraff[j],nbcode[Tvaraff[j]][codtabm(k,j)]);
                           fprintf(ficresvpl,"******\n");
         
                           varpl=matrix(1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int) fage);
                           oldm=oldms;savm=savms;
                           varprevlim(fileres, varpl, matcov, p, delti, nlstate, stepm, (int) bage, (int) fage, oldm, savm, prlim, ftolpl, &ncvyear, k, strstart);
                           free_matrix(varpl,1,nlstate,(int) bage, (int)fage);
         /*}*/
       }
                   
       fclose(ficresvpl);
       printf("done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(stdout);
       fprintf(ficlog,"done variance-covariance of period prevalence\n");fflush(ficlog);
   
       /*---------- End : free ----------------*/
       if (mobilav!=0 ||mobilavproj !=0)
         free_ma3x(mobaverages,1, AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax); /* We need to have a squared matrix with prevalence of the dead! */
       free_ma3x(probs,1,AGESUP,1,nlstate+ndeath, 1,ncovcombmax);
     }  /* mle==-3 arrives here for freeing */
    /* endfree:*/
       free_matrix(prlim,1,nlstate,1,nlstate); /*here or after loop ? */
       free_matrix(pmmij,1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(oldms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(newms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(savms, 1,nlstate+ndeath,1,nlstate+ndeath);
       free_matrix(covar,0,NCOVMAX,1,n);
       free_matrix(matcov,1,npar,1,npar);
       free_matrix(hess,1,npar,1,npar);
       /*free_vector(delti,1,npar);*/
       free_ma3x(delti3,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel); 
       free_matrix(agev,1,maxwav,1,imx);
       free_ma3x(param,1,nlstate,1, nlstate+ndeath-1,1,ncovmodel);
   
       free_ivector(ncodemax,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(ncodemaxwundef,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvar,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tprod,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tvaraff,1,NCOVMAX);
       free_ivector(Tage,1,NCOVMAX);
   
       free_imatrix(nbcode,0,NCOVMAX,0,NCOVMAX);
       /* free_imatrix(codtab,1,100,1,10); */
     fflush(fichtm);
     fflush(ficgp);
     
   
     if((nberr >0) || (nbwarn>0)){
       printf("End of Imach with %d errors and/or %d warnings. Please look at the log file for details.\n",nberr,nbwarn);
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach with %d errors and/or warnings %d. Please look at the log file for details.\n",nberr,nbwarn);
     }else{
       printf("End of Imach\n");
       fprintf(ficlog,"End of Imach\n");
     }
     printf("See log file on %s\n",filelog);
     /*  gettimeofday(&end_time, (struct timezone*)0);*/  /* after time */
     /*(void) gettimeofday(&end_time,&tzp);*/
     rend_time = time(NULL);  
     end_time = *localtime(&rend_time);
     /* tml = *localtime(&end_time.tm_sec); */
     strcpy(strtend,asctime(&end_time));
     printf("Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s",strstart, strtend); 
     fprintf(ficlog,"Local time at start %s\nLocal time at end   %s\n",strstart, strtend); 
     printf("Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
   
     printf("Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time used %s\n", asc_diff_time(rend_time -rstart_time,tmpout));
     fprintf(ficlog,"Total time was %.0lf Sec.\n", difftime(rend_time,rstart_time));
     /*  printf("Total time was %d uSec.\n", total_usecs);*/
   /*   if(fileappend(fichtm,optionfilehtm)){ */
     fprintf(fichtm,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtm);
     fprintf(fichtmcov,"<br>Local time at start %s<br>Local time at end   %s<br>\n</body></html>",strstart, strtend);
     fclose(fichtmcov);
     fclose(ficgp);
     fclose(ficlog);
     /*------ End -----------*/
   
   
      printf("Before Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
   #ifdef WIN32
      if (_chdir(pathcd) != 0)
              printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n",path);
      if(_getcwd(pathcd,MAXLINE) > 0)
   #else
      if(chdir(pathcd) != 0)
              printf("Can't move to directory %s!\n", path);
      if (getcwd(pathcd, MAXLINE) > 0)
   #endif 
       printf("Current directory %s!\n",pathcd);
     /*strcat(plotcmd,CHARSEPARATOR);*/
     sprintf(plotcmd,"gnuplot");
   #ifdef _WIN32
     sprintf(plotcmd,"\"%sgnuplot.exe\"",pathimach);
   #endif
     if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
       printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       if(!stat(getenv("GNUPLOTBIN"),&info)){
         printf("Error or gnuplot program not found: '%s' Environment GNUPLOTBIN not set.\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #ifdef __unix
       strcpy(plotcmd,GNUPLOTPROGRAM);
       if(!stat(plotcmd,&info)){
         printf("Error gnuplot program not found: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
       }else
         strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
   #endif
     }else
       strcpy(pplotcmd,plotcmd);
     
     sprintf(plotcmd,"%s %s",pplotcmd, optionfilegnuplot);
     printf("Starting graphs with: '%s'\n",plotcmd);fflush(stdout);
   
     if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0){
       printf("gnuplot command might not be in your path: '%s', err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
       printf("\n Trying if gnuplot resides on the same directory that IMaCh\n");
       sprintf(plotcmd,"%sgnuplot %s", pathimach, optionfilegnuplot);
       if((outcmd=system(plotcmd)) != 0)
         printf("\n Still a problem with gnuplot command %s, err=%d\n", plotcmd, outcmd);
     }
     printf(" Successful, please wait...");
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       /* chdir(path); */
       printf("\nType e to edit results with your browser, g to graph again and q for exit: ");
       scanf("%s",z);
   /*     if (z[0] == 'c') system("./imach"); */
       if (z[0] == 'e') {
   #ifdef __APPLE__
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #elif __linux
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "xdg-open %s", optionfilehtm);
   #else
         sprintf(pplotcmd, "%s", optionfilehtm);
   #endif
         printf("Starting browser with: %s",pplotcmd);fflush(stdout);
         system(pplotcmd);
       }
       else if (z[0] == 'g') system(plotcmd);
       else if (z[0] == 'q') exit(0);
     }
     end:
     while (z[0] != 'q') {
       printf("\nType  q for exiting: "); fflush(stdout);
       scanf("%s",z);
     }
   }

Removed from v.1.14  
changed lines
  Added in v.1.219


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